RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/TPR/G/55
18 May 1999
(99-1939)
Trade Policy Review Body Original: English
TRADE POLICY REVIEW
EGYPT
Report by the Government
Pursuant to the Agreement Establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism
(Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade
Organization), the policy statement by the Government of Egypt is attached.
Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the meeting
of the Trade Policy Review Body on Egypt.Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 3
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 5
I. KEY DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC POLICY SINCE THE LAST
REVIEW 5
(1) T HE EGYPTIAN ECONOMY IN THE SPOTLIGHT 5
(2) T RADE 6
(3) I NFRASTRUCTURE 6
(4) T ELECOMMUNICATIONS 7
(5) T OURISM 7
(6) I NVESTMENT 7
(7) P ORTS AND MARITIME TRANSPORT 8
(8) P RIVATIZATION 8
(9) B ANKING 8
(10) C APITAL MARKET 9
(11) I NSURANCE MARKET 9
II. EGYPT'S ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 9
III. EGYPT'S TRADE POLICY 10
IV. EGYPT AND THE WTO 11V. EGYPT'S WTO COMMITMENTS 12
(i) Bindings 12(ii) Balance-of-payments 12(iii) Agriculture 13
(iv) Textiles 13
(v) Intellectual property 13(vi) Trade-related  investment measures 13(vii) Anti-dumping, countervailing measures and safeguards 13(viii) Import licences 13
(ix) International standards in trade and industry 14
(x) Services 14(xi) WTO plurilateral agreements 14(xii) Competition policy 14(xiii) Customs valuation 15(xiv) Rules of origin 15
(xv) Environment 15
VI. AREAS THAT HAVE PRESENTED DIFFICULTIES 15VII. BILATERAL, MULTILATERAL AND REGIONAL AGREEMENTS 16Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 5
INTRODUCTION
1. The first half of the 1980s witnessed the upgrading of the national infrastructure in electricity,
roads, ports, telecommunications and basic services.  Today, Egypt enjoys a modern and efficient
infrastructure network covering most of the country – a fundamental pre-requisite for increased
foreign and domestic investment.
2. The second half of the 1980s witnessed the prelude to a major financial and economic reform.
The comprehensive reform measures, undertaken since January 1991, are expected to usher in a new
era of efficient economic management, financial discipline, and the framework for a dynamic, high-
growth economy.
3. The first half of the 1990s consolidated the success of the reforms during the previous decade
into a fully fledged, market based, liberal, privately led economy, that has the means, the institutionsand the capacity to face global competition in the twenty-first century.
4. Today, the economy of Egypt is poised to reap the benefits of these reforms with its acquired
experience in dealing with the world and its sound and conscientious understanding of its variables.
5. Egypt has entered a new era of its economic development.  It has accepted the principles of
market forces as the main arbiter of economic ac tivity, and has empowered the private sector to lead
our economy into the twenty-first century.  It ha s changed the nature of its Government into a
government of mediators, an instrument of change and a vehicle for progress.
6. Foreign investment is essential to the continued growth of our economy.  For this purpose,
foreign investors, along with Egyptian investors,  are actively encouraged to participate in the
implementation of the ongoing reforms in our economy.  Indeed, foreign investment is given the lead
in expanding infrastructure in Egypt.
I. KEY DEVELOPMENTS IN TRADE AND ECONOMIC POLICY SINCE THE LAST 
REVIEW
(1) T
HE EGYPTIAN ECONOMY IN THE SPOTLIGHT
7. Since the beginning of the reform programme in 1991/92, the private sector has played an
increasingly dominant role in the growth process.  Private-sector activities contributed well above
60% of total GDP.  This figure is scheduled to increase to over 85% by the end of the decade.  It hasthe lead in agriculture and irrigation, industry and mining, construction, transportation, trade, hotels
and restaurants and housing.
8. In 1995/96, private investment exceeded 50% of total investments in Egypt, reflecting the
Government's commitment to withdraw from investment activities, while at the same time facilitating
increased private-sector participation in the economy.
9. At present, private investment in the industrial and mining sector stands at 92% of the total
sector's investment.
10. The Government further encourages businessm en and multinationals to invest in non-
traditional areas, specifically in financial serv ices such as insurance as well as utilities and
infrastructure.WT/TPR/G/55 Trade Policy Review
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(2) TRADE
11. Egypt has been the centre of trade and enterprise in the Middle East for centuries, and its
location between the continents of Africa and Asia makes it  the crossroads between the east and the
west.
12. With a population of over 60 million, Egypt has the largest domestic market in the region.
13. Europe and the United States account for almost three quarters of Egypt's exports.  In
addition, almost 70% of all imports originate from the same two sources;  by far the largest source of
Egyptian imports is Europe.
14. Machinery, transportation equipment, and foodstuffs form half of Egypt's total imports.
15. While cotton contributes 40% of agricultural exports, industrial commodities are Egypt's
major export contributors, with the petroleum industry constituting 42% and the spinning andweaving industry contributing 16%.
16. The export growth rate of engineering industries over the reform period has exceeded all
expectations reaching 296%, followed by a strong upward shift in pharmaceutical exports achieving a
150% growth rate.
17. The Government has furnished a detailed export promotion programme aimed at increasing
commodity exports five-fold by the end of the decade.  To this end, measures have been taken to
further liberalize trade, remove tariff and non-tariff barriers, reduce operating costs, enhance
transparency of the trade regime, provide incentives and upgrade port services, ease customs
procedures, quality control and product standards.
18. It should be noted also that the Government  of Egypt was able to bring down its tariff
distortion to the range of 5-40% (with minor exceptions), remove all export quotas and import bans
and prior approvals, eliminate virtually all bureaucratic barriers, streamline the administration of thedrawback and temporary admission systems and amend the tariff schedule to cope with the
international community by adopting the harmonized system of classification.
(3) I
NFRASTRUCTURE
19. Realizing that the private sector is the loco motive for growth in the Egyptian economy, the
Government of Egypt has, since the beginning of the economic reform programme in 1992, focusedon investing in areas that would support private-s ector activities, rather than those which would
compete with it.
20. As such, infrastructure was given top priority with the commencement of the reform
programme.
21. Recently, the Egyptian Government has been  reviewing its traditional involvement in
investment directed towards infrastructure and utilities to include the private sector.
22. New legislation issued in 1996 and 1997 contain provisions for the private sector to invest in
infrastructure and telecommunications using schemes which provide for an active participation of the
domestic and international private sectors in infrastructure development in Egypt.Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 7
(4) TELECOMMUNICATIONS
23. Law No. 19/1998 transferred the national communications authority from the direct control of
the Ministry of Telecommunications to a joint-stock company, and a regulatory body for
telecommunications has already been established.
24. Licences were granted for the establishment of two private-sector companies for providing
mobile telephone services.
25. Internet services are currently offered by more than 30 service providers from the private
sector, and VSAT services were introduced in October 1996 to provide its services to major
organizations and companies.
(5) TOURISM
26. Egyptian tourism, which is largely private-sector dominated, is experiencing a significant
breakthrough that can be perceived on a multidirectional scale.  Currently, the Government of Egypt
is working to stimulate the tourism sector, which is a significant component of the Egyptian economy.
27. The sector continues to be a principal source of foreign currency for the country, playing an
important role in the balance of payments;  this industry currently ranks second among Egypt's major
sources of foreign currency.
(6) INVESTMENT
28. Egypt is keen on attracting foreign direct investment for several reasons, including its desire
to acquire new technology, management and marketing capabilities.  More importantly perhaps, FDI
is needed to enable the country to grow much fast er (7-8%) in order to create jobs for new entrants
into the labour market and to reduce the current unemployment rate.  The high-growth scenario
requires that the ratio of investment to GDP be increased to 25-27%.
29. In order to facilitate investment in Egypt and to provide more incentives and guarantees, Law
No. 230 of 1989, which provides certain incentives and guarantees for foreign investors who carry out
activities in Egypt in accordance with its provisions, was repealed by a unified Investment Guarantees
and Incentives Law (Law No. 8 of 1997).
30. Investment activities carried out by foreign companies in Egypt are to be conducted within
the vast areas of investment permitted under the investment law, namely, land reclamation, housing,industry, tourism, agricultural projects, oil services and transportation services, infrastructure for
drinking water, waste water, electricity, roads and communications, financial leasing, projects
financed by the social fund, underwriting and venture capital activities, air transport, overseas
maritime transport, hospital and medical treatment centres, production of computer software and
systems, and any other areas approved by the Council of Ministers.
31. Egyptian and foreign investors have the right to act separately or together in activities falling
under any of the fields of investment outlined under the Law.
32. Foreign investors can also carry out projects in Egyptian free zones, which are regulated by
the investment law and considered, for a number of purposes, as being located offshore.
33. Both capital and profits could be repatriated freely after the liberalization of the exchange
market in 1991.WT/TPR/G/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 8
34. In addition, all regulatory obstacles to market entry and business operations have been revised
over the past few years.  Licensing for local and international investment is automatic and open to
private business.
(7) PORTS AND MARITIME TRANSPORT
35. The Government of Egypt has undertaken great strides allowing private-sector companies and
individuals to engage in maritime transportation, own any kind of vessels and undertake any maritimeservices.  In addition, measures have been taken to streamline and reduce procedures.
36. The commercial code is also being revised and brought in line with modern international
practice.
(8) P
RIVATIZATION
37. The privatization programme is a fundamental component of the economic reform
programme.  The Egyptian Government is fully committe d to it.  This reflects a significant change in
government policy away from state management and control towards a reliance on market
mechanisms and the private sector.
38. The privatization programme in Egypt consists of two basic parts:
- the first and largest involves divestment of public-sector holdings in production and
manufacturing companies.
- the second part of the privatization programme is the encouragement of private-sector
investment in sectors historically controlled and operated by the public sector,
including electricity, roads, airports, maritime ports and oil and gas transmission.
39. The Public Business Enterprise Law 203 of 1991 governs the restructuring of 314 public-
sector enterprises and removed all government control over public-sector companies, restructuring
them as affiliates under 16 financially autonomous holding companies.
40. Within the context of the Government's prog ramme, privatization may take any of the
following forms:
- the transfer of ownership and control of state-owned enterprises to the private sector
through a partial or full public share flotation on both the domestic or foreign stock
exchanges.
- direct sale of a controlling interest to domestic and/or foreign investors.
- direct sale of a controlling interest to employees.
- sale or lease of company assets, unlimited sale of government-owned shares, or
liquidation.
(9) BANKING
41. The banking system in Egypt is large and well developed with Egypt showing steady progress
towards becoming an emerging market;  this sector is showing staggering prospects for expansion and
diversification.Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 9
42. The liberalization of financial services and exchange systems has benefited banking allowing
it to become more efficient.
(10) CAPITAL MARKET
43. Law No. 95 of 1992 and its amendments streamlined all pre-existing capital market
regulations and aims at ensuring a fair and organi zed market, enhancing investment and privatization,
as well as revitalizing the stock and bond market.
(11) INSURANCE MARKET
44. The Government of Egypt is currently carrying out major undertakings to restructure the
insurance sector.  A new law was issued in 1998 in order to remove restrictions on private and foreign
ownership and to encourage international fi rms to participate in the Egyptian market.
II. EGYPT'S ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
45. Since the early 1990s, the Government of Egypt has been intensifying its efforts to raise
standards of living, reduce unemployment and bring down inflation, leading to a market-based
economy and implementing a consistent economic policy mix.  GDP grew at some 5% over the past
two years, up from an average of 3.5% over the previous three years, giving a clear signal of the
success of the Government's reform policies.
46. In response to the continued favourable macroeconomic environment and institutional
reforms, national savings and investment started to pick up after a slow-down during early phases of
the programme.  The increase in public savings that resulted mainly from the reduction of budgetary
and current transfers is indicative of the strength of the stabilization programme.  On the fiscal side,
the budget deficit has been reduced significantly to 0.9% of GDP in 1996/97 down from 20% prior to
the reform programme, with revenue maximizing ef forts and significant expenditure, restructuring
and reduction achieved through downsizing the Government's activities and implementing lastingstructural improvements.
47. On the monetary side, liquidity growth has fa llen significantly from 40% to between 9% and
10% annually.  A tightened monetary policy focused on reducing the growth rate of money supply
and providing credit to the private sectors to prom ote investment.  At present, the budget deficit is
mainly financed by the non-banking sector.  Treasury bill auctions were introduced during the earlyphases.  The Central Bank's international reserv es now exceed US$ 20 billion (17 mont hs of imports)
up from US$1.5 billion (two months of imports) prior to the reform programme.
48. The Government is currently targeting:
- An annual growth rate of 6-7% by the end of the century and maintaining the current
low inflation rate at 4%.
- The budget deficit will continue its gradual decline to remain below 1% of GDP.
- The nominal interest rate will decline further to reach 7%.
- The current account (including official transfers) as a percentage of GDP will be
maintained at the same level despite exogenous factors.WT/TPR/G/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 10
- The external debt ratio as a percentage of current account receipts will decline to
almost 8% down from 9% in 1996/97 and 1997/98.
- The external debt will decline to almost 20% of GDP down from 33% in 1997/98.
III. EGYPT'S TRADE POLICY
49. The responsibility of trade policy formulation continued to be under the supervision of the
Ministerial Economic Committee, under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister.  However, theimplementation and coordination of these policies became the responsibility of the Ministry of Trade
and Supply instead of the Ministry of Economy and Foreign Trade.  Both the Ministry of Trade and
Supply and the Ministry of Economy are members of the Ministerial Economic Committee.
50. Egypt's foreign trade policy encompasses:
- Import, export and foreign exchange policies that are formulated by the Ministry of
Trade and Supply.
- The customs tariff policy, which is laid down by the Ministry of Finance in
collaboration with the Ministry of Trade and Supply and in consultation with the
productive sector.
The Ministry of Trade and Supply monitors the implementation of these policies.51. Egypt's trade policy objectives are:
- Pursuing trade liberalization within the context of the structural adjustment reform
programme.
- Implementing Egypt's commitments under the WTO.
- Achieving equilibrium in the balance of payments.
- Reducing the deficit in the balance of trade.
- Increasing exports and ensuring their diversification.
- Strengthening Egypt's position in its export markets and creating opportunities for
new markets.
- Enhancing Egypt's trade relations with its partners, especially countries with which
Egypt has preferential trade relations.
- Creating a suitable environment for investment.
- Ensuring fair trade through the creation of a mechanism to reflect its rights and
obligations within the context of the WTO.
- Achieving substantial economic growth and an improvement in living standards.
- Increasing efficiency by promoting competition and removing distortion in the
pricing system.Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 11
- Granting equal treatment for both public and private sectors including for foreign
trade activities.
- Increasing further the role of the private sector.
- Achieving sustainability in the Government's finances.
52. In order to achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the Government of Egypt has taken wide
steps in its policy reform and it has liberalized price controls totally;  they are now market-basedexcept for an international price for pharmaceuticals , which are progressively raised to their market
value.
53. There are no pricing restrictions and the policy of cost plus pricing is not applicable any more.
54. Egypt does not have any quantitative import restrictions.  All quantitative restrictions have
been abolished since 1992, except for clothing items, which are under conditional prohibition withinEgypt's rights under its Schedule LXIII.
55. The list of items requiring prior approval for import was abolished in July 1993 by Ministerial
Decree No. 288/1993.  There are no remaining products currently subject to prior import approval.
56. Egypt does not impose import bans in any of its sectors.  No import items are subject to a
tariff quota.
57. Egypt does not maintain a ban on exports.  No minimum export prices or price monitoring
systems are applied.
58. Prior export quantity and price approvals were abolished in 1993;  no export goods are subject
to quota systems.
59. Egypt does not maintain voluntary export restraints.
IV. EGYPT AND THE WTO
60. Egypt acceded to the GATT in 1970.  Its Protocol of Accession was approved by Presidential
Decree No. 2029 on 5 December 1979.
61. The Government of Egypt presented the Urug uay Round Agreements to Parliament.  After
lengthy discussions, it approved these Agreements  and it became a WTO Member upon Parliament's
ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements.
62. The required Presidential Decree was issued on 20 March 1995 and was published in the
official journal.
63. According to the Egyptian Constitution, the Ur uguay Round results are now part of Egypt's
domestic legislation, and all WTO-related decisions and rules could be challenged in the domestic
courts of law.
64. Egypt actively participated in the Uruguay Round negotiations and is a founding member of
the WTO.  Egypt participated actively in the last WTO ministerial conferences.
65. Egypt provides MFN treatment to all WTO Members only.WT/TPR/G/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 12
66. Egypt is committed to carrying out all its obligations under the various Uruguay Round
Agreements, although this is representing major challenges to the Egyptian economy, despite the
benefits, which are quite minor in certain areas.
67. Egypt emphasizes the importance both of keeping sectors in which developing countries
enjoy a comparative advantage adequately open to international trade, and also that the special and
differential treatment provisions for developing countries under the different WTO Agreements aretranslated into specific enforceable dispensations , in order to facilitate developing countries'
developmental efforts.
68. Some sectors of the economy have raised concerns over the implication of trade liberalization
on their ability to face foreign competition, especially in the areas of textiles and clothing, and
pharmaceuticals, in addition to the TRIMs obligations for assembly industries.
69. With regard to the process of implementation of the Uruguay Round results, the Government
of Egypt has established a National Committee composed of representatives of competent ministries
and authorities and headed by the Minister of Trade and Supply to oversee on a regular basis the
implementation of the Uruguay Round results, incl uding any necessary by-laws and regulations, to
make sure that such regulations reflect Egypt's compliance with the Uruguay Round obligations.
70. One of the main roles of the National Committee is:
- Identifying WTO provisions that have not been implemented or those that have not
been adequately implemented.
- Identifying the difficulties that prevent Egypt, as a developing country, from
maximizing its benefits from the use and implementation of WTO provisions.
- Addressing how WTO provisions can enhance the trade position of Egypt, and
assisting the Government in implem enting its obligations under the WTO
Agreements.
V. EGYPT'S WTO COMMITMENTS
(i) Bindings
71. Under the Uruguay Round, Egypt's commitment to bi ndings provided greater predictability in
its trade policy.  Egypt has committed itself to bind all its tariff rates;  Egypt's Schedule ofCommitments  No. LXIII shows the bound tariff rates.
72. The recent reduction in the maximum tariff was introduced in 1998.  The maximum tariff
now stands at 40%, with the exception of motor vehicles and parts, alcoholic beverages and tobacco
products.
(ii) Balance of payments
73. Egypt does not maintain a quota system, or quantitative restrictions on imports for balance-of-
payments purposes.  Egypt has disinvoked Article XVIII:B.Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 13
(iii) Agriculture
74. Egypt does not maintain quantitative restrictions on imports or exports of agricultural
products.  Poultry, edible oil and cream have been tariffied according to Egypt's obligations under the
WTO Agreement on Agriculture.
(iv) Textiles
75. Only clothing items are under conditional prohibition;  the remaining items on the banned list
will be removed by the year 2002 according to Egypt's offer under the Agreement on Textiles and
Clothing.
(v) Intellectual property
76. Egypt is availing itself of the transition periods under Article 65 of TRIPS Agreement to meet
its obligations under the areas covered by the Agreement.
77. It should be noted that Egyptian law takes into consideration Egypt's obligations under the
international conventions that deal with intellectual property rights (TRIPS Agreement).
(vi) Trade-related  investment measures
78. The trade policy and business environment in Egypt today offers investors a myriad attractive
features, in addition to a stable macroeconomic environment, a liberalized trade atmosphere and afreely convertible currency with full rights to effect all transfers abroad.
79. As a result of the recent regulatory and economic reforms, all price controls have been
removed, allowing for a flexible and free business environment.  Investment in all sectors of the
economy is encouraged, and investment service offices have been established in all governorates for
the purpose of facilitating procedures and resolving investors' problems.
(vii) Anti-dumping, countervailing measures and safeguards
80. In 1997, Egypt initiated a number of anti-dumping cases under the relevant WTO Agreement.
81. In 1998, the New National Law No. 161/1998 concerning practices in international trade and
its regulations was issued.
82. Egypt has already notified this law under the WTO Agreements.
83. The time limits and the procedures prescribed under the Egyptian Law/WTO Agreement are
strictly followed by the designated authority.
84. The administrating body for trade remedies in Egypt is the International Trade Policies
Department of the Minist ry of Trade and Supply.
(viii) Import licences
85. The list of items requiring prior approval for import was abolished in July 1993.  There are no
remaining products currently subject to prior import approval.WT/TPR/G/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 14
(ix) International standards in trade and industry
86. Egypt is a signatory to the WTO Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and
Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and there is greater emphasis on bringing Egyptian
standards up to international levels.
87. Egypt's policy objectives for establishing technical regulations and standards are to upgrade
the quality of Egyptian product competitivenes s, promote Egyptian exports, and facilitate
international trade.
88. The goods that are subject to technical requirements are those related to health and safety and
consumer protection.
(x) Services
89. Recognizing the importance of the services sect or in achieving higher economic growth, the
Egyptian Government is giving added emphasis to improving services such as banking, insurance, the
capital market, telecommunications,  roads, ports and air transport.
90. In the financial sector, the Egyptian Government undertook several reform measures aimed
primarily at reviving the stock market and reforming the insurance sector.  The Egyptian Stock
Exchange commenced operations in early 1992, since then, the capital market has progressed and hasgrown significantly.
91. The banking sector has recently witnessed major developments;  amendments to the banking
law were ratified by Parliament, allowing for private ownership in the public sector.
92. Since 1996, the privatization programme progressed rapidly;  the scope of Egypt's
privatization plan has increased the share of private-sector economic activity through the continued
downsizing of its civil service by 2% a year, ongoing divestitures of the banking sector, as well as
scheduled privatization of the public sector, banks and insurance companies.
93. All regulatory obstacles to market entry and business operations have been revised over the
past few years.  Licensing for local and international investment is automatic and open to private
business.
94. It should be noted that the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) recognizes
movement of natural persons as one of the modes for supply of services.  The commitmentsundertaken by the developed countries have very little to offer to the developing countries in terms of
opening their markets or facilitating administrative arrangements and providing national treatment in
the area of movement of natural persons.
(xi) WTO plurilateral agreements
95. Egypt is a member of the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft but is not a member of the
Agreement on Government Procurement and only participates as an observer.
(xii) Competition policy
96. Egypt has no competition law at present, but a draft law is being prepared and will be
presented to Parliament in the near future.  The draft law takes into consideration the experiences of
other countries.Egypt WT/TPR/G/55
Page 15
(xiii) Customs valuation
97. Egypt has benefited from the transitional period under the Customs Valuation Agreement.
98. According to Article 22 of customs law, valuation for customs purposes is the price of the
item on the registration date on the customs declaration, if offered for sale in a free competitive
market between an independent buyer and independent purchaser, in accordance with the Brussels
Definition of Valuation (BDV).  Egypt is a signatory to the Convention on BDV.
(xiv) Rules of origin
99. Egypt has no specific rules of origin;  it follows the GATT practice of using the Form A
Certificate.  Egypt is participating in the negotiations on the harmonization programme of rules of
origin under the WTO, and the Technical Committee in Brussels.
(xv) Environment
100. The Government of Egypt is concerned about the fact that environmental standards may be
used as a new barrier to trade, in particular for the exports that are of interest to developing countries,
which should be allowed to participate in developing these standards, and should be assisted in having
easy access to environmentally sound technologies.
VI. AREAS THAT HAVE PRESENTED DIFFICULTIES
101. The Government of Egypt is concerned about the fact that certain WTO Agreements were not
fully or faithfully implemented by the developed countries, which did not fulfil their commitments as
they were supposed to.
102. In this regard, it is to be noted that the developed countries have misused trade-remedy
measures in the field of anti-dumping, and countervailing;  it should be noted that the repeated anti-
dumping investigations which have been conducted by certain trade partners on the same product
(cotton fabrics), without giving full consideration to the special dispensation of provisions ofArticle 15 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement, has resulted in trade harassment for Egyptian exporters of
textiles;  the provisions of the TBT and SPS Agreements have also adversely affected other products.
103. The transition periods are not sufficient in some of the Agreements, to help the Egyptian
economy to accommodate and meet its obligations under these Agreements.
104. Egypt still needs technical assistance in the field of notification analysis and preparation.
105. As regards technical assistance and advice provided to developing countries under
Article 27.2 of the Understanding on dispute settlement, it is very limited in nature and is not even
close to the scope, size and kind of assistance required by developing countries in this respect.
106. The Government of Egypt recommends that the implementation of provisions granting
developing countries more favourable thresholds should be examined in order to evaluate theadequacy of these thresholds and whether they should be refined, or even reconsidered in light of the
experience of implementation.
107. Numerous special and differential treatment provisions are vague and uninspirational in
nature.  In this regard it should be noted that a number of special and differential treatment provisions
have not been implemented, while others have been partially implemented.WT/TPR/G/55 Trade Policy Review
Page 16
VII. BILATERAL, MULTILATERAL AND REGIONAL AGREEMENTS
108. An Agreement to establish an Arab free-trade area was approved in February 1997.  The
implementation programme on the gradual removal of customs duties among members started at the
beginning of 1998, and is to be completed over a period of ten years.
109. Egypt is currently negotiating the establishment of a free-trade area with the European Union.
110. The Government of Egypt decided to join the Common Market for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA) and became a member on 29 June 1998.
111. Egypt is a member of the following commodity agreements:
- International Agreement on Jute and Jute Products;
- International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives;
- International Tropical Timber Agreement;
- International Grains Agreement:
- International Cotton Advisory Committee;
- International Sugar Agreement.
112. The Egyptian Government considers that the benefit of free-trade agreements is to enhance
Egyptian exports, improve the efficiency of domestic industry through international competition,attract capital investment and provide growth in th e economy.  Included in the benefits is growth in
employment and demand for more highly qualified employees, as well as wider choice and lower
prices for consumers.
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