WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/REG117/3
27 August 2001
(01-4123)
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements Original:  English
FREE TRADE AREA BETWEEN THE EFTA STATES
AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Communication from the Parties
I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE AGREEMENT
1. Membership, Dates of Signature, Ratification and Entry into Force
The Parties to the Agreement (hereinafter "the Agreement") are the EFTA States (Iceland,
Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) on the one hand, and the Republic of Macedonia (hereinafter
"Macedonia"), on the other hand.
The Agreement and the bilateral agricultural arrangements were signed on 19 June 2000 and
are expected to enter into force in the second half of 2001.
The Agreement and the bilateral agricultural arrangements, as the instruments creating the
Free Trade Area between the EFTA States and Macedonia, were notified to the Council for Trade inGoods on 11 December 2000 in accordance with Article XXIV:7(a) of General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade 1994.
2. Type of Agreement
The Agreement creates a free trade area in conformity with the criteria set out in
Article XXIV: 8 (b) of GATT 1994.  Customs duties and other restrictions on trade have been
eliminated on substantially all trade.
3. Scope
The free-trade area established by the Agreement and the bilateral agricultural arrangements
provide the framework for trade relations between the EFTA States and Macedonia.
The Agreement covers trade in industrial products (HS Chapters 25-97), fish and other marine
products (Annex II) and processed agricultural products (Protocol A).  The products covered are
products originating in the EFTA States or in Macedonia in accordance with the rules of origin set out
in Protocol B of the Agreement.
The products excluded from the coverage of the Agreement (Annex I) are products which
originally fell within Chapters 1 to 24 ("agricultural products") in the nomenclature preceding the
Harmonised Description and Coding  System (HS), but which were transferred at the time of the
introduction of the Harmonised System into HS Chapters 25 to 97 ("industrial products").  The
products listed in Annex I are thus products which are excluded from the application of the provisionsof the Agreement relating to industrial products.  However, the products may be covered by the
bilateral agricultural arrangements or by the protocols relating to processed agricultural products
(Protocol A).WT/REG117/3
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4. Trade Data
Data on the trade figures between the EFTA States and Macedonia are attached at Annex.
II. TRADE PROVISIONS
1. Import Restrictions
1.1. Duties and charges
Article 4.1 of the Agreement provides that no new customs duties on imports or charges
having equivalent effect may be introduced in trade between the Parties.
Article 4.2 of the Agreement provides that the Parties shall abolish on the date of entry into
force of the Agreement all customs duties on imports and any charges having equivalent effect on
products originating in an EFTA State or Macedonia, except as provided for in Annex III.  Annex III
contains dismantling lists of respectively six and nine years for certain products originating in the
EFTA States.
1.2. Quantitative restrictionsArticle 8.1 of the Agreement provides that no new quantitative restrictions on imports or
exports and measures having equivalent effect shall be introduced in trade between the Parties.
Article 8.2 of the Agreement provides that the EFTA States and Macedonia shall abolish on
the date of entry into force of the Agreement quantitative restrictions on imports and exports and
measures having equivalent effect, except as provided for in Annex IV.  Annex IV stipulates that
Macedonia may continue to apply its licensing system on imports and exports during a transitionalperiod of four years as of the entry into force of the Agreement.
2. Export Restrictions
2.1. Duties and charges
Article 7.1 of the Agreement provides that no new customs duties on exports or charges
having equivalent effect shall be introduced in trade between the Parties.
Article 7.2 of the Agreement provides that the Parties shall abolish between them on the date
of entry into force of the Agreement all customs duties on exports and charges having equivalent
effect.
2.2. Quantitative restrictions
See Section II.1.2 above.
3. Rules of Origin
Protocol B of the Agreement lays down the rules of origin.  In general, origin is confirmed
when:
(a) the good is wholly obtained or produced in the territory of a Party;  orWT/REG117/3
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(b) each of the non-originating materials used in the production of the good undergoes an
applicable change in tariff classification set out in the specific rule for that good
(detailed in Annex II to Protocol B), and the good satisfies any other applicable
requirement set out in that rule, as a result of production in the territory of a Party;and
(c) the good satisfies other particular circumstances as set out in Protocol B of the
Agreement.
The rules of origin enable bilateral cumulation of  origin between the Parties;  i.e. materials
originating in a Party shall be considered as materi als originating in the other Party when incorporated
into a product obtained there.
4. Standards
4.1. Technical regulations
Article 11 of the Agreement states that the Parties shall co-operate in the field of technical
regulations, standards and conformity assessment and through appropriate measures promote inparticular European-wide solutions.  The Joint Committee shall establish guidelines for the
implementation of this provision.  The Parties agree to hold immediate consultations in the framework
of the Joint Committee in case a Party considers that another Party has taken measures which are
likely to create, or have created, a technical obstacle to trade, in order to find appropriate solutions.
The extent of the Parties’ obligations to notify draft technical regulations are governed by the WTOAgreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
4.2. Sanitary and phytosanitary measuresArticle 12.3 of the Agreement states that the Parties shall apply their sanitary and
phytosanitary regulations in a non-discriminatory manner and not introduce any new measures that
have the effect of unduly obstructing trade.
5. Safeguards
5.1 Global safeguards
There are no specific provisions in the Agreement related to global safeguard actions, thus the
WTO provisions are applicable.
5.2 Safeguards applied between the PartiesArticle 24 of the Agreement establishes the procedures for the application of safeguard
measures between the Parties in the cases of Rules of competition concerning undertakings
(Article 17);  Dumping (Article 19);  Emergency action on imports of particular products (Article 20);
Re-export and serious shortage (Article 22);  and Fulfilment of obligations (Article 32).
Article 17 of the Agreement provides for the application of safeguard measures by a Party in
accordance with Article 24, if a Party to the Agreement considers that given practice restricts or
distorts competition and thereby is incompatible with the provisions of Article 17.
Article 19 of the Agreement provides for the application of safeguard measures by a Party in
accordance with Article 24 of the Agreement and in accordance with Article VI of the GeneralWT/REG117/3
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Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, if a Party to the Agreement finds that dumping within the
meaning of Article VI GATT 1994 is taking place.
Article 20 provides for the application of general safeguard measures by a Party, where any
product is being imported in such quantities and under such conditions as to cause or threaten tocause:
(a) serious injury to domestic producers of like or directly competitive products in the
territory of the importing Party;  or
(b) serious disturbances in any sector of the economy or difficulties which could bring
about serious deterioration in the economic situation of a region.
Article 22 provides for the application of safeguard measures by a Party in accordance with
Article 24 if a Party to the Agreement considers that given practice leads to:
(a) re-export to a third country against which the exporting Party maintains, for the
product concerned, quantitative export restrictions, export duties or measures or
charges having equivalent effect;  or
(b) a serious shortage, or threat thereof, of a product essential to the exporting Party to
the Agreement.
Article 31 provides for the application of safeguard measures by a Party in accordance with
Article 24, if a Party to the Agreement considers that the other Party has failed to fulfil an obligation
under the Agreement.
When conditions no longer justify the maintenance of safeguard measures, the measures shall
be relaxed, substituted or abolished.
5.3. Structural adjustment measuresThe provisions related to structural adjustment measures in Article 21 entail an element of
asymmetry in favour of Macedonia, which may take exceptional measures in the form of increased
import customs duties on imports derogating from the provisions of Article 4.
Such measures may only be applied to infant industries or sectors undergoing restructuring or
facing serious difficulties, particularly where these difficulties produce important social problems.Article 21.3 specifies the criteria for applying structural adjustment measures, which may be applied
in the form of customs duties not exceeding 25 per cent ad valorem, for a period not exceeding three
years.  The Macedonian authorities shall inform the Joint Committee of any such exceptional measure
it intends to take, and when taking such measures, Macedonia shall provide the Joint Committee with
a schedule for the elimination of the duties.  All measures taken under this Article shall cease to applynine years after the entry into force of the Agreement.
6. Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures
Article 19 of the Agreement provides that if a Party finds that dumping within the meaning of
Article VI of GATT 1994 is taking place in trade relations governed by the Agreement, it may takeappropriate measures against that practice in accordance with Article VI of the GATT 1994 and
agreements related to that Article, under the conditions and in accordance with the procedures laid
down in Article 24 of the Agreement.WT/REG117/3
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7. Subsidies and State-Aid
Article 18 of the Agreement refers to subsidies:
(a) Paragraph 1 sets out that the rights and obligations of the Parties relating to subsidies
and countervailing measures are governed by Article XVI of the GATT 1994 and theWTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures.
(b) Paragraph 2 foresees that the EFTA States will make their notifications on subsidies
to the WTO available to Macedonia, which in turn will notify its subsidies to the
EFTA States.
(c) Paragraph 3 stipulates that before a Party initiates an investigation to determine the
existence, degree and effect of any alleged subsidy, the Party considering initiating an
investigation shall notify in writing the Part y whose goods are subject to investigation
and allow for a 30-day period with a view to finding a mutually acceptable solution.
Consultations shall take place in the Joint Committee if any Party so requests within
ten days from the receipt of the notification.
8. Sector-Specific Provisions
8.1. Agriculture
The individual EFTA States (Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein/Switzerland) and Macedonia
have concluded bilateral agricultural arrangements, which form part of the instruments creating the
free trade area.  These arrangements, which take the form of exchanges of letters between the
respective Parties, provide for either duty-free or preferential treatment on agricultural products ofexport interest for Macedonia.
The bilateral agricultural arrangements contain specific rules of origin, generally based on the
"wholly-obtained" criteria.
8.2. Fish and other marine products
Free trade in fish and other marine products is part of the prevailing EFTA free trade regime,
and the Agreement covers trade in these products (as specified in Annex II), on which duties and
other restrictions are eliminated with some exceptions.  The EFTA countries and Macedonia have
committed themselves to liberalise substantially all the trade in these products under the FTA upon
entry into force of the Agreement.  However, for a limited number of fish products listed in Tables 2and 3 of Annex II, Macedonia is to gradually abolish customs duties and charges having equivalent
effect on imports from an EFTA State.  The tariff dismantling will take place over periods of four and
seven years, respectively.
9. Other
9.1. State monopolies
According to Article 10.1 of the Agreement, the EFTA States shall ensure that any state
monopoly of a commercial character be adjusted, with the exceptions listed in Protocol C, so that no
discrimination regarding the conditions under which goods are procured and marketed exists betweennationals of the Parties.  These goods shall be procured and marketed in accordance with commercial
considerations.  Macedonia shall progressively adjust any of its state monopolies of a commercial
character so that at the latest by the end of th e third year following the entry into force of theWT/REG117/3
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Agreement no discrimination regarding the conditio ns under which goods are procured and marketed
will exist in Macedonia between nationals of Macedonia and the EFTA States.  The Joint Committee
will be informed of the measures adopted to implement these objectives.
9.2. Rules of competition concerning undertakingsArticle 17 of the Agreement provides for rules of competition concerning undertakings.
Paragraphs 17.1 and 17.2 define which agreements and practices by undertakings are incompatible
with the proper functioning of the Agreement, while paragraph 17.3 provides that if a Party to the
Agreement considers that a given practice is incompatible with the provisions stipulated in
paragraphs 1 and 2, it may take appropriate measures under the conditions and in accordance with the
procedures laid down in Article 24.  The provisions  of paragraph 17.1 and 17.2 also apply to activities
of public undertakings and undertakings for which the Parties grant special or exclusive rights, in so
far as this does not obstruct the particular public task assigned to the public entities.
9.3. Internal taxation
Further to Article 13 the Parties shall apply internal taxes and other charges and regulations in
accordance with Article III of GATT 1994 and other relevant WTO Agreements.  Paragraph 13.2
provides that exporters may not benefit from repayment of internal taxation in excess of the amount of
direct or indirect taxation imposed on products exported to the territory of one of the Parties to the
Agreement.
9.4. Payments and transfersArticle 14 of the Agreement prohibits restrictions on current payments and transfers between
the Parties to the Agreement.
9.5. Public procurementUnder Article 15, effective liberalisation of the Parties’ respective public procurement
markets on the basis of non-discrimination and reciprocity, is considered an integral objective of the
Agreement.  The Parties are to elaborate within the framework of the Joint Committee rules which
shall be based on the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement.
9.6. Intellectual propertyIn accordance with Article 16 of the Agreement,  the Parties shall grant and ensure adequate,
effective and non-discriminatory protection of intellectual property rights in accordance with theprovisions listed in Annex V to the Agreement and the international agreements referred to therein.
Article 16.2 states that the Parties shall accord each others’ nationals treatment not less favourable
than that accorded to their own nationals.  Exemp tions to this rule must be in accordance with
Article 3 of the WTO TRIPS Agreement.  Paragraph 3 of Article 16 stipulates that the Parties shall
grant each others’ nationals treatment not less fav ourable than that accorded to any other State.
Finally, paragraph 4 foresees that the provisions on the protection of intellectual property rights shall
be reviewed at the request of any Party with a view to further improving the level of protection.WT/REG117/3
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III. GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE AGREEMENT
1. Exceptions and Reservations
Article 9 of the Agreement allows Parties to impose prohibitions or restrictions on imports,
exports or goods in transit on grounds of public morality, public health or public security; theprotection of health and life of humans, animals and plants, including the environmental measures
necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health; of the protection of intellectual property;  of
rules related to gold, silver or the conservation of exhaustive natural resources.
Article 25 permits the taking of security measures when a Party considers such measures
necessary to prevent disclosure of information contrary to their essential security interests, for the
protection of their essential security interests or for the implementation of international obligations ornational policies, as further defined in Article 25.
2. Accessions
Any State that is a Member of the European Free Trade Association may accede to the
Agreement, provided that the Joint Committee decides to approve its accession, to be negotiatedbetween the acceding State and the Parties concerned, on such terms and conditions as may be set out
in that decision.
3. Dispute Settlement Procedures
Article 31 provides that the Parties at all times shall endeavour to agree on the interpretation
of the Agreement and make every attempt to co-operate and consult in order to arrive at a mutually
satisfactory resolution of any matter that might affect the operation of the Agreement.
Any Party may request in writing consultations with another Party regarding any measures
that it considers could affect the operation of the Agreement, and allow for ten days of consultationsin the Joint Committee with the Party concerned in order to find an acceptable solution to the matter
at hand.  Disputes between the Parties which are not settled by way of consultation within 90 days of
the receipt of the request for consultation may be referred to arbitration by any Party by means of a
written notification.  The procedures and rules on the constitution and functioning of the arbitral
tribunal are set out in Annex VI to the Agreement.   The award of the tribunal shall be final and
binding on the Parties to the dispute.
5. Institutional Framework
The Agreement establishes a Joint Committee, which shall be responsible for the
administration of the Agreement and shall meet whenever necessary but normally once a year.  The
Joint Committee may take decisions in cases provid ed for in the Agreement.  The Joint Committee
shall be composed of the representatives of the Parties.WT/REG117/3
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ANNEX
Trade Coverage of the EFTA-Macedonia FTA in 2000 (exports and imports)
Main agreement and bilateral agricultural arrangements
HS Total Trade Duty Free Reduced
dutyWithout
ConcessionsDuty Free Reduced
DutyWithout
Concessions
In US dollars In per cent
01 0
02 0
03 115,593 115,593 100%
04 8,818 7,506 1,312 85% 15%
05 32,292 32,292 100%
06 2,649 2,649 100%
07 128,105 42,581 48,531 36,993 33% 38% 29%
08 29,612 16,502 13,110 56% 44%
09 115,552 66,620 48,932 58% 42%
10 0
11 0
12 18,692 300 18,392 2% 98%
13 1,692 1,692 100%
14 4,235 4,235 100%
15 2,129 2,129 100%
16 0
17 121,491 121,491 100%
18 232,933 232,933 100%
19 7,658 6,978 680 91% 9%
20 79,119 42,366 33,152 3,601 54% 42% 4%
21 579,399 538,082 41,317 93% 7%
22 71,896 7,444 64,452 10% 90%
23 0
24 3,365,378 3,365,378 100%
25 3,889 3,889 100%
26 0
27 5,559,407 5,559,407 100%
28 104,199 104,199 100%
29 443,514 443,514 100%
30 2,590,937 2,590,937 100%
31 1,743 1,743 100%
32 708,727 708,727 100%
33 161,766 161,766 100%
34 151,860 151,860 100%
35 91,956 85,931 6,025 93% 7%
36 0
37 8,362 8,362 100%
38 1,320,591 1,241,605 78,986 94% 6%
39 446,242 446,242 100%
40 257,455 257,455 100%
41 0
42 49,306 49,306 100%
43 9,269 9,269 100%
44 3,185,230 3,185,230 100%
45 0
46 0
47 16,423 16,423 100%WT/REG117/3
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HS Total Trade Duty Free Reduced
dutyWithout
ConcessionsDuty Free Reduced
DutyWithout
Concessions
In US dollars In per cent
48 590,613 590,613 100%
49 29,767 29,767 100%
50 12,229 12,229 100%
51 6,889 6,889 100%
52 95,647 95,647 100%
53 0 0
54 39,523 39,523 100%
55 53,479 53,479 100%
56 49,542 49,542 100%
57 15,366 15,366 100%
58 85,705 85,705 100%
59 37,903 37,903 100%
60 0 0
61 589,949 589,949 100%
62 3,070,508 3,070,508 100%
63 112,436 112,436 100%
64 296,085 296,085 100%
65 989 989 100%
66 714 714 100%
67 0 0
68 81,334 81,334 100%
69 43,942 43,942 100%
70 9,850 9,850 100%
71 6,682 6,682 100%
72 873,727 873,727 100%
73 112,580 112,580 100%
74 12,127 12,127 100%
75 1,942 1,942 100%
76 28,107 28,107 100%
78 1,564 1,564 100%
79 0 0
80 0 0
81 0 0
82 135,932 135,932 100%
83 27,656 27,656 100%
84 2,723,743 2,723,743 100%
85 933,371 933,371 100%
86 42,914 42,914 100%
87 760,301 760,301 100%
88 26,927 26,927 100%
89 1,597 1,597 100%
90 631,086 631,086 100%
91 275,241 275,241 100%
92 15,469 15,469 100%
93 914 914 100%
94 161,227 161,227 100%
95 509,566 509,566 100%
96 3,587 3,587 100%
97 227 227 100%
Total 32,537,076 28,733,218 86,324 3,717,534 88.3% 0.3% 11.4%
Source:  World Trade AtlasWT/REG117/3
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EFTA STATES' TRADE WITH MACEDONIA
1997 1998 1999 2000 1997/98 1998/99 99/2000
In thousand US dollars Percentage Change
IMPORTS
Iceland 0 0 68 27 - 655.6 -60.3
Norway 441 406 396 423 -7.9 -2.5 6.8
Switzerland 3,046 6,516 4,023 7,642 113.9 -38.3 90.0
EFTA 3,487 6,931 4,487 8,092 98.8 -35.3 80.3
Share in EFTA's tot. imports 0.00% 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%
EXPORTS
Iceland 0 0 0 15 - - -
Norway 392 526 1,968 1,388 34.2 274.1 -29.5
Switzerland 64,813 63,329 64,189 23,042 -2.3 1.4 -64.1
EFTA 65,205 63,855 66,157 24,445 -2.1 3.6 -63.1
Share in EFTA's tot. exports 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.02%
IMPORTS + EXPORTS
Iceland 0 9 68 42 - 655.6 -38.2
Norway 833 932 2,364 1,811 11.9 153.6 -23.4
Switzerland 67,859 69,845 68,212 30,684 2.9 -2.3 -55.0
EFTA 68,692 70,786 70,644 32,537 3.0 -0.2 -53.9
Share in EFTA's total trade 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.01%
 No percentage calculated
Source: World Trade Atlas0.030.020.42 1823
0510152025
Iceland Norway SwitzerlandEFTA States' trade with Macedonia 
(2000 - million US dollars)
Imports
ExportsWT/REG117/3
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EFTA STATES' TRADE WITH MACEDONIA BY SELECTED COMMODITIES (HS)
1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000
IMPORTS In thousand US dollars In per cent
Iceland
Total imports from Macedonia 9 68 27 100.0 100.0 100.0
In per cent of imports from world 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
     HS 62  Woven apparel or clothing accessories 4 27 19 44.4 39.7 70.4
     HS 61  Knitted apparel or clothing accessories 1 5 7 11.1 7.4 25.9
     HS 64  Footwear 2 17 1 22.2 25.0 3.7
Norway
Total imports from Macedonia 406 396 423 100.0 100.0 100.0
In per cent of imports from world 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
     HS 62  Woven apparel or clothing accessories 198 143 178 48.8 36.1 42.1
     HS 61  Knitted apparel or clothing accessories 57 36 97 14.0 9.1 22.9
     HS 64  Footwear 65 93 87 16.0 23.5 20.6
     HS 84  Machinery, mechanical appliances 0 1 10 0.0 0.3 2.4
     HS 08  Fruit and nuts 1 1 1 0.2 0.3 0.2
     HS 20  Preparations of vegetables, fruit 6 4 5 1.5 1.0 1.2
     HS 21  Misc. edible preparations 0 0 5 0.0 0.0 1.2
     HS 09  Coffee, tea, maté and spices 0 0 4 0.0 0.0 0.9
Switzerland
Total imports from Macedonia 6,516 4,023 7,642 100.0 100.0 100.0
In per cent of imports from world 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%
     HS 62  Woven apparel or clothing accessories 537 941 2,769 8.2 23.4 36.2
     HS 24  Tobacco 961 271 2,243 14.7 6.7 29.4
     HS 72  Iron and steel 31 8 868 0.5 0.2 11.4
     HS 61  Knitted apparel or clothing accessories 489 686 474 7.5 17.1 6.2
     HS 64  Footwear 48 51 201 0.7 1.3 2.6
     HS 07  Vegetables 502 225 128 7.7 5.6 1.7
     HS 09  Coffee, tea, maté and spices 149 245 111 2.3 6.1 1.5
     HS 28  Inorganic chemicals 43 47 91 0.7 1.2 1.2
     HS 52  Cotton 0 18 86 0.0 0.4 1.1
     HS 95  Toys and sports equipment 0 66 78 0.0 1.6 1.0
EXPORTS In thousand US dollars In per cent
Iceland
Total exports to Macedonia 0 0 15 - - 100.0
In per cent of exports to world: 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
     HS 48  Paper, paperboard 0 0 15 - - 100%
     HS
     HS
Norway
Total exports to Macedonia 526 1,968 1,388 100.0 100.0 100.0
In per cent of exports to world: 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
     HS 85  Electrical machinery 115 447 289 21.9 22.7 20.8
     HS 40  Rubber 0 0 204 0.0 0.0 14.7
     HS 84  Machinery, mechanical appliances 11 198 149 2.1 10.1 10.7
     HS 03  Fish, crustaceans 50 133 115 9.5 6.8 8.3
     HS 91  Clocks and watches 10 5 97 1.9 0.3 7.0
     HS 95  Toys and sports equipment 0 1 82 0.0 0.1 5.9
     HS 90  Optical, medical, su rgical instruments 28 28 60 5.3 1.4 4.3
     HS 94  Furniture and bedding 0 176 44 0.0 8.9 3.2WT/REG117/3
Page 12
1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000
Switzerland
Total exports to Macedonia 63,329 64,189 23,042 100.0 100.0 100.0
In per cent of exports to world: 0.08% 0.08% 0.03%
     HS 27  Mineral fuels, oil 1,161 2,522 5,559 1.8 3.9 24.1
     HS 44  Wood 85 48 3,171 0.1 0.1 13.8
     HS 30  Pharmaceutical products 17,165 18,460 2,590 27.1 28.8 11.2
     HS 84  Machinery, mechanical appliances 12,815 11,357 2,554 20.2 17.7 11.1
     HS 38  Misc. chemical products 4,282 3,648 1,317 6.8 5.7 5.7
     HS 24  Tobacco 0 0 1,121 0.0 0.0 4.9
     HS 32  Tanning, dye, paints, putty, inks 2,413 1,671 708 3.8 2.6 3.1
     HS 87  Vehicles (not railway) 797 896 654 1.3 1.4 2.8
     HS 85  Electrical machinery 3,048 5,090 603 4.8 7.9 2.6
     HS 90  Optical, medical, surgical instruments 2,209 3,206 570 3.5 5.0 2.5
Source:  World Trade Atlas
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