RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONIP/C/W/117/Add.4
5 February 1999
(99-0451)
Council for Trade-Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property RightsOriginal:  English
REVIEW UNDER ARTICLE 24.2 OF THE APPLICATION OF THE
PROVISIONS OF THE SECTION OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
ON GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
Checklist of Questions1
Responses from Turkey
Addendum
The present document represents the responses to the Checklist which the Secretariat has
received from Turkey, by means of a communication from its Permanent Mission, dated
20 January 1999.
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I. RESPONSES TO THE QUESTIONS IN DOCUMENT IP/C/13
A. GENERAL
1. Is protection for geographical indications provided through unfair competition law, e.g.,
passing off, false designation of origin; through a formal procedure for notification/registration
before protection is available; or through both?  Does the recognition of a geographical indication
require registration?
Concerning the unregistered geographical indications, direct protection has been provided by
the unfair competition provisions of the Tu rkish Competition Code enacted in 1956, Article 56.
Yes, for the recognition of a geographical indication, registration is required according to
Decree Law No. 555 on Geographical Signs Protection in Turkey.
2. Is there one single regime of protection of geographical indications for all products?  If not,
identify the different regimes.
There is one single regime for the protection of geographical indications for all products.
3. Do(es) the regime(s) of protection of geographical indications also extend to services?
No, the regime of protection of geographical indications does not extend to services.
                                                     
1 Documents IP/C/13 and IP/C/13/Add.1.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 2
4. What provisions of law or regulations are directed to the recognition of geographical
indications required by Articles 22.2 and 23.1 of the TRIPS Agreement?  Citations to laws should be
provided and, if the texts of the laws have not been notified to the WTO, copies should be provided
pursuant to Article 63.2.
Concerning to the question forwarded in accordance with Article 22.2 of the TRIPS
Agreement, see third and fourth paragraphs of the response to question 47 below.
Trademark Decree-Law No. 556 has provisions as follows:Absolute Grounds for Refusal for Registration
Article 7 (c):  trademarks which consist exclusively of signs of indications which serve in
trade to indicate the kind, characteristics , quality, intended purpose, value, geographical
origin, or designate the time of production on the goods or of rendering of the service or other
characteristics of goods or services;
Article 7 (f):  trademarks which are of such a nature as to deceive the public, such as to the
nature, quality, place of production or geographical origin of the goods and services.
As to the Article 23.1 of the TRIPS Agreement, the Geographical Signs Decree covers not
only wines but also all other products.  Article 15 (b) forbids any person to use a name which conveys
a false impression as to its origin;  or of the translated name;  or usage of the name accompanied by
expressions such as "style", "type", "method", "as produced in" or other similar descriptions.
5. If the required recognition of geographical indications is not provided through statutes or
regulations, please explain, in detail, the mechanism or mechanisms through which the protection
required is provided.
Explained in the response to question 47 below.
6. Please provide a few examples of domestic geographical indications protected in accordance
with the means discussed above and indicate the means by which such protection is provided.
Examples of domestic geographical indications protected in accordance with Decree Law
No. 555 are as follows:
For Carpets
- HEREKE SILK HAND-MADE CARPET
- HEREKE SILK-WOOL HAND-MADE CARPET
- HEREKE WOOL HAND-MADE CARPET
- SIMAV HAND-MADE CARPET- BÜNYAN HAND-MADE CARPET
- SIVAS HAND-MADE CARPET
-T A ŞPINAR HAND-MADE CARPET
- KARS HAND-MADE CARPET
- TÜRKMEN HAND-MADE CARPET- PAZIRIK HAND-MADE CARPET
- YUNTDA ĞI HAND-MADE CARPET
- SÜMER KARS HAND-MADE CARPET
- KULA HAND-MADE CARPETIP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 3
- BERGAMA HAND-MADE CARPET
- MILAS HAND-MADE CARPET
-D Ö ŞEME ALTI HAND-MADE CARPET
-Y A ĞCIBEDIR HAND-MADE CARPET
- YAHYALI HAND-MADE CARPET- ÇANAKKALE HAND-MADE CARPET
- GÖRDES HAND-MADE CARPET
- INCE ISPARTA (HASGÜL) HAND-MADE CARPET
For Kіlіms
-JİRKAN K İLİMİ
-E ŞME-YÖRÜK K İLİMİ
-S Ü P E R  İNCE KİLİM
For Spirits
- TÜRK RAKISI
7. Is the higher level of protection required for wines and spirits under Article 23.2 of the TRIPS
Agreement provided for any other product?  If so, please specify such products and the law under
which they are protected.
Yes, the higher level of protection required for wines and spirits, such as, the natural,
agricultural, mining, industrial products and handicrafts can enjoy the same level of protection.
B. DEFINITION AND CRITERIA FOR RECOGNITION
8. How are geographical indications defined?
It is defined in Article 3 of Decree-Law on Geographical Signs.  According to this Article:The name of a place, an area or a region of a product's origin shall mean "Designation of
Origin" when all of the following conditions are met:
(a) a product originating from a place, an area, a region or, in exceptional cases, a
country, of which the geographical boundaries have been defined;
(b) a product, the quality or characteristics of which are essentially or exclusively due to
the inherent natural and human factors of this place, area or region;
(c) a product, the production, processing and preparation of which take place within the
defined boundaries of this place, area or region.
The name of a place, an area or a region of a product's origin shall mean "Geographical
Indication" when the following conditions are met:
(a) a product originating from a place, an area, or a region, of which the geographical
boundaries have been defined;
(b) a product possessing a specific quality, reputation or other characteristics attributable
to this place, area or region;IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 4
(c) a product, at least one of the activities of production, processing or preparation of
which take place within the defined boundaries of this place, area or region.
9. Would such a definition comprise geographical indications identifying products of a certain
quality or reputation which are indirectly linked to a specific region?
According to Article 3 of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs, the definition comprises
geographical indications identifying products of a certain quality or reputation directly linked to a
specific region.
10. In determining whether recognition should be given a geographical indication, what criteria
are considered?
The conditions of Article 3 of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs are considered as
criteria of a geographical indication.
11. Is there any human creativity involved in the making of specific products under protection by
the system of geographical indications?  If so, how much?  And do these products involve any humanfactors?
Yes, human factors are involved within the criteria of "designation of origin".  Products which
involve a certain decree of human creativity within the sense of creative design shall be protected by
Industrial Design Decree-Law.
12. Are there any other intellectual property rights involved, such as patents for example?
No.
13. What authority, if any, may define the geographical region or area for which rights are
claimed and on what basis is such definition made?
There is no such authority under Decree-Law No. 555.  The applicant must indicate the
geographical region or area.
14. Does your legislation contain criteria for homonymous geographical indications for wines?
No.  There is not any special provision.
15. Does your national legislation provide for recognition and protection of geographical
indications or appellations of origin of foreign countries?
The protection conferred by this law is available to natural and legal persons who are
domiciled or who have industrial or commercial establishment within the territory of the Turkish
Republic, or the Paris or Berne Conventions or the Agreement Establishing the World Trade
Organization.
Natural or legal persons other than those referred to in the first paragraph of this Article, who
are nationals of states which accord legal and de facto protection to the nationals of the Turkish
Republic shall enjoy according to the reciprocity rules protection in Turkey.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 5
The last paragraph of Article 8 of Decree-Law No. 555 says:
"The International Agreement being reserved, with respect to the geographical sign
applications for products originating in other countries, the Institute shall apply the provisions
of Articles 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 in its examination if and where the registration requirementsin the country of origin conform to the provisions of this Article, where inspection is available
as provisioned in Article 20, where the country of origin is affording reciprocal protection of
the geographical sign registration applications from Turkey.  Where a geographical sign
registered in another country is the same with a protected geographical sign in Turkey, the
registration shall be made after evaluating the regional and traditional use of the name and the
possibility of confusion.  The use of such a sign shall be allowed only under the condition that
the name of the country of origin is to be indicated clearly and visibly on the label."
16. Is there any specific prohibition in the legislation legations/rules/procedures covering
geographical indications not protected in the country of origin?  If so, please specify the relevant
statutory provision.
Yes, there is specific prohibition in our legislation saying that the names which are not
protected or their period of protection have expired or names and signs not allowed to be used by the
countries shall not be registered as a geographical sign.
C. 
PROCEDURE FOR RECOGNITION
17. With respect to any formal system for reco gnition of geographical indications, must the
applicant be a governmental organization or can a private entity own the rights to a geographical
indication?
According to Article 7 of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs, the following natural and
legal persons are entitled to apply for registration:
(a) Natural or legal persons who are producers of the product;(b) consumers associations;
(c) public institutions related to the product or the geographical region.
18. What are the competent authorities where the protection of a geographical indication can be
obtained?
The Turkish Patent Institute is the competent authority where the protection of a geographical
indication can be obtained.
19. Do the procedures which lead to the recognition of a geographical indication take place ex
officio or must they be based on the initiative of an entity or person?
They must be based on the initiative of a legal entity or person.
20. What, if any, fees are involved in the application and maintenance of rights in a geographical
indication?
The fee for filing the application is TL 18,000,000.  The fees for maintenance are not paid.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 6
21. If criteria must be set out in an application for recognition of a geographical indication, are
those criteria purely geographical in nature?
No.  Those criteria are not purely geographical in nature.  As provided in paragraph 3 of
Article 3 of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs, the traditional geographical or non-geographicalnames which have become customary in the current language designating a product originating in a
place, an area or region which fulfill the conditions may also be used as designations of origin.
22. What other criteria, if any, must be set out in an application for recognition of a geographical
indication?
See the replies to question 10 above and question 23 below.
23. What information must be supplied in an application for rights in a geographical indication?
According to Article 8 of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs, an application for the
registration of a geographical sign must be filed with the following:
(a) A petition for registration including in formation identifying the applicant, and
information concerning the applicant's group as specified in Article 7;
(b) the name of the product and the designation of origin or the geographical indication
to be registered;
(c) the description of the product; technical information and documents explaining the
physical, chemical, microbiological and similar characteristics of the product and if
necessary of the raw material;
(d) the description of the geographical area, information and the documents clearly
indicating the geographical boundaries;
(e) production techniques of the product and if relevant the authentic and specific local
techniques and conditions;
(f) evidence that the product is in compliance w ith the provisions of Article 3 in respect
of the sign requested for registration;
(g) information detailing the inspection structure provided for in Article 20;
(h) information detailing the labeling, marking and means of using the registered
designation of origin or geographical indication;
(i) evidence that the application fee has been paid;
(j) other particulars as specified in the Implementing Regulations.
The International Agreement being reserve d, with respect to the geographical sign
applications for products originating in other countries, the Institute shall apply the provisions of
Articles 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 in its examination if and where the registration requirements in thecountry of origin conform to the provisions of this Article, where inspection is available as
provisioned in Article 20, where the country of origin is affording reciprocal protection of the
geographical sign registration applications from Turkey.  Where a geographical sign registered in
another country is the same as a protected geographical sign in Turkey, the registration shall be madeIP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 7
after evaluating the regional and traditional use of the name and the possibility of confusion.  The use
of such sign shall be allowed only under the condition that the name of the country of origin is to be
indicated clearly and visibly on the label.
24. Must the goods or services with respect to which a geographical indication is claimed be set
out?
Yes, as it is indicated above, the goods with respect to which a geographical indication is
claimed must be set out.
25. What mechanisms are provided to oppose the recognition of a geographical indication?  How
is an investigation conducted after such a complaint?
Pursuant to Article 11 of the Decree-Law on Ge ographical Signs, within six months of the
publication of the application, anybody legitimately concerned may object to the registration by filing
an objection at the Institute with respect to conformity with Articles 3, 5, 7 and 8.
The Institute receiving the application shall have the objection examined by one or more of
the public institutions or universities or independent private institutions which have expertise in the
subject-matter.  The examination fees to be paid to  these institutions and the fees for the services of
the Institute shall be borne by the applicant and be payable to the Institute.  Objections by public
institutions are not subject to fees.
26. Who can oppose the recognition of a geographical indication?
Anybody legitimately concerned may object to registration.
27. If your national legislation provides for recognition and protection of geographical
indications or appellations of origin of foreign countries, what is the procedure that has to be
followed in order to obtain such recognition and consequent protection?
As it has been emphasized in the response of question 23 above, the last paragraph of
Article 8 states that the International Agreement being reserved, with respect to the geographical sign
applications for products originating in other countries, the Institute shall apply the provisions ofArticles 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 in its examination if and where the registration requirements in the
country of origin conform to the provisions of this Article, where inspection is available as
provisioned in Article 20, where the country of origin is affording reciprocal protection of the
geographical sign registration applications from Turkey.  Where a geographical sign registered in
another country is the same with a protected geographical sign in Turkey, the registration shall bemade after evaluating the regional and traditional use of the name and the possibility of confusion.
The use of such a sign shall be allowed only under the condition that the name of the country of origin
is to be indicated clearly and visibly on the label.  Those who are domiciled outside the country can
only be represented by trademark agents.  See Article 14 of the Decree-Law.
D. 
MAINTENANCE
28. How long does recognition for a geographical indication continue?
Protection of geographical signs shall be of an unlimited duration.  It is valid up to the
declaration of invalidity by the court.
See also the response to question 29 below.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
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29. If recognition of a geographical indication mu st be renewed or reaffirmed, what information
must be provided in order to effect such a renewal or reaffirmation?  Specify any fees involved in
renewal or reaffirmation.
According to the Decree-Law, there is no n eed to renew, but under Article 14 of the
Implementing Regulations, inspection reports prepared/made by the owner of a registered
geographical sign must be submitted to the Turkish Patent Institute every ten years.
The Institute examines the reports as to wh ether the criteria of Implementing Regulations
Article (5) (i) submitted during the application are the same as in the reports.  If the inspection report
shows that it is not enough and the required information not correctly given during the application, the
registration of the geographical sign shall be declared invalid.
30. Must a geographical indication be used in order to maintain rights?  If so, how is such use
determined?
The Decree-Law on Geographical Signs does not require mandatory use of a geographical
sign.
31. Is there a specified limit for non-use before rights in a geographical indication cease and, if
so, what is that limit?
No.  There is no specified limit for non-use.
32. Who monitors the use of geographical indications to determine if the criteria identified in the
application continue to be met?
According to Article 20 of Decree Law No. 555, the owner of the registered geographical
indication shall monitor the use of the geographical indication.
33. If a government entity is responsible for monitoring the use of geographical indications, what
are its procedures for doing so?
As regards the control under Article 14 of the Implementing Regulations, see the response to
question 29 above.
34. Are there means by which interested parties may request termination of a geographical
indication based on non-use or failure to maintain the criteria identified in the application?  Describe
the procedure.
For the first part of the question, see the answers to questions 30 – 33 above.For the second part of the question, see the answers to questions 28 – 29 above.
35. Do the procedures which lead to the forfeiture of a geographical indication take place
ex officio or must they be based on the initiative of an entity or person?
It must be based on the initiative of an entity or a person.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 9
E. SCOPE OF RIGHTS AND USE
36. May anyone who meets the criteria submitted to obtain recognition of a geographical
indication use that geographical indication after recognition is given or must additional criteria or
procedures be followed by that party before use is permitted?
Anyone who meets the criteria submitted to obtain recognition of a geographical indication
may use that geographical indication after recognition is given.
37. Who makes the determination regarding use of a geographical indication by particular
parties, the entity responsible for the recognition or the entity that obtained the recognition?
The entity that obtained the recognition.  See the response to question 36 above.
38. Are there fees involved in receiving authorization to use a particular geographical indication
and if so, what are those fees and how are they established?
There is no fee determined.  But it is necessary to get fee by the owner of registered
geographical indication, for the inspection and other expenses.
39. If there is a dispute regarding use of a geographical indication by a particular party, what
procedures are followed to resolve it?
The person may apply to the courts.  Courts are authorized for these disputes.
40. Must individual authorized users of a geographical indication use that geographical
indication continually to retain their right to us e it and, if so, how is use determined and how long will
disuse be permitted?
No.
41. If there is a dispute over continuity of use by a particular party, how is it resolved?
See the responses to questions 28, 29 and 39 above.
42. Does the regime for protection of geographical indications allow geographical indications to
be licensed and, if so, what conditions are imposed on such licences?  If such conditions are not met,
what is the effect on the geographical indication?
There are no special provisions related to licensing.
43. How is "grand fathered use" of a geographical indication, under Article 24.4 of the TRIPS
Agreement, applied in your country?
According to Article 19 of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs, the scope of protection
shall not extend to geographical signs which have been continuously used or used in good faith for a
minimum period of ten years prior to 15 April 1994, i.e. the date of signing of the Agreement
Establishing the World Trade Organization.
F. RELATIONSHIP TO TRADEMARKS
44/45/46. What steps are taken to ensure that, in recognizing a geographical indication, the
obligations of Article 16.1 of the TRIPS Agreemen t are not nullified and impaired?  What steps areIP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 10
taken to ensure that, in recognizing a geographic al indication, the obligations of Article 16.2 and 16.3
of the TRIPS Agreement are not nullified and impaired ?  What procedures are foreseen in case of a
conflict of a geographical indication with a trademark?
According to Article 18 of Decree Law No. 555 on Geographical Signs:" Where a geographical sign has been applied for registration in accordance with this Decree
Law, the application for registration of a trademark corresponding to the provisions of Article
15 or to be used in relation to the same product shall be refused.
"The claim specified in Article 15 of this Decree Law can be asserted against an application
for the registration of a trademark within five years of the general recognition in Turkey ofthe violation of the registered geographical sign.  The same claims can be asserted against a
registered trademark within five years of the date of registration provided that the date of
general recognition of the violation of the geographical sign is earlier than the publication
date of the trademark.
"Claims under the second paragraph of this Article can be asserted only for a valid
geographical sign registered in good faith.
"Trademarks registered in breach of the first paragraph shall be declared invalid.
"Validity of a registered trademark shall upho ld and its use in good faith shall continue,
provided that the application for the registered trademark was filed in good faith and
registered or that the right of use was acquired before the registered geographical sign has
acquired protection in its country of origin or before the coming into effect of this Decree
Law.
"A previously registered trademark with features that are liable to mislead the public as to
actual characteristics of the product shall not be registered as a designation of origin or as a
geographical indication."
According to Article 7 (c) of Decree Law No. 556 on Trademarks:
"Trademarks which consist exclusively of signs or indications which serve in trade to indicate
the kind characteristics, quality, intended purpose, value, geographical origin , or designate
the time of production of the goods or of rendering of the service or other characteristics of
goods or services," are absolute grounds for refusal for the registration of a trademark.
G. 
ENFORCEMENT
47. How are rights in the geographical indications enforced?  Are provisions under unfair
competition law?  Trademark law?  Other laws?  Provide citations to the laws and, if they have not
been notified under Article 63.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, please provide copies.
Under the Turkish legal system, the protection of geographical indications has been provided
in either direct or indirect way.
The direct protection is twofold.  Firstly, if it is a registered geographical indication, the direct
protection meant is the provisions of Decree La w No. 555 on Geographical Indications which came
into force in 1995.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 11
Concerning the unregistered geographical indications, a second way of direct protection has
been provided by the unfair competition provisions of the Turkish Competition Code enacted in 1956.
In Article 56, the Code describes unfair competition as "… is the abuse of economic competition in
any manner by means of deceitful acts or other acts incompatible with good faith".  The samples
given by the Code for the acts incompatible with good faith is broad enough to cover geographicalindications in order to bring an unfair competition action.
The indirect protection of geographical indications has been provided through the protection
of consumers under "The Consumer Protection Act", enacted in 1995.  Article 4 of the Act has given
the description of the defective product in such a way that qualitative or quantitative shortcomings,
which arose in the goods against the labels, standards or against promises of the vendor or according
to the other reasonable expectations of the buyer, are sufficient enough to call a product defective.  Inthis framework for a product which has a false geographical indication, a consumer may apply for
remedies described in Article 4 (reduction in the price, annulment of the contract, etc.) or, if there is
harm, he/she may bring an action for damages in accordance with Article 24 of the said Act.  In such
a case, Consumer Associations and the Minister of Industry and Trade may prevent the production
and selling through an action before the court.
In case of misleading advertisement, the Minister of Industry and Trade has given the
capacity to order administrative fines in Article 16 of the Consumer Protection Act.
48. Who has the right to enforce a geographical indication?
The primary persons to bring action are the natural or legal persons who are producers of the
product, consumer associations and public institutions of the geographical region (Article 15 of the
Decree) and chambers of commerce and industry (Article 24A(c) of the Decree).
49. What judicial or administrative bodies have jurisdiction over enforcement actions related to
geographical indications?  Are there fees involved and, if so, what are those fees?
In the Turkish legal system, only the judicial bodies have jurisdiction over enforcement
actions.  As in the case of other industrial property legislation, the Decree Law on Geographical
Indications (Article 30) requires the establishment of specialized courts for all type of conflicts
including the challenges against administrative decisions of the Turkish Patent Institute.Nevertheless, the Supreme Council for Judges and Prosecutors has assigned the competence, for the
time being, to the Commercial Courts in relation to ratione materia  jurisdiction, without regarding
whether the claim is commercial or not.  Concerning  criminal actions, it is the General Criminal Court
which has jurisdiction over the act of infringement.
There is no fee involved for criminal actions.  The State bears the necessary cost to carry out
the criminal proceedings during the procedure.  However, it is the convict who should pay the
expenses at the end of the procedure (the Act of Criminal Procedure - Articles 406-415).
In case of civil actions, the plaintiff is obliged to pay an action levy (to bring the action before
the court) determined as a lump sum for a calendar year by the Ministry, of Finance at the beginning
of each year.
50. Must the public be notified of the existence of a geographical indication and, if so, how and
how often?
Notification of the public on the existence of a geographical indication has been provided
through the publication in the Turkish Official Journal in accordance with the provisions of Article 12
of the Geographical Indications Decree.  This publication is basically based on the application forIP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 12
registration and the application also is notified by the two highest circulating national newspapers and
one local newspaper in addition to the above-mentioned Official Journal (Article 9).
51. Is unauthorized use of a geographical indication subject to criminal action and, if so describe
the procedures.  If the law has not been notified pursuant to Article 63.2 of the TRIPS Agreement,please provide a copy.
Article 24A of the Geographical Indications Decree describes three types of infringement and
criminal remedies:
(a) infringements which require one to two years of imprisonment and a fine between the
amount of 300 million and 600 million Turkish Lira:
- false declaration on the identity of the application;- removal of the geographical indication sign.
(b) infringements which require two to thre e years of imprisonment and a fine between
600 million and 1 billion Turkish Lira:
- affixing a false sign on the goods, commercial documents or advertising
material to convey the misimpression on the existence of a legally-protectedgeographical indication.
(c) infringements which require two to four years of imprisonment and a fine between
600 million and 1 billion Turkish Lira, and closing down the business premises and
preventing commercial activities at least for one year:
- commitment of the actions described in Article 24 of the Decree.
Natural or legal persons who are producers of the product, consumer associations, chambers
of commerce and industry and the Turkish Patent Institute have been given the competence, within
the scope and framework in Article 24A, to bring a criminal action by complaint.
The time prescription is two years from the date of being informed on the act and the
infringer.
Seizure, confiscation and destruction of the goods and the equipment to produce them are
among the remedies.
Since all industrial property infringements are considered as an urgent matter in the
legislation, infringement cases are dealt with during the term of judicial vacation.
H. 
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
52. Is your government party to an international agreement for the notification and/or
registration of geographical indication?  If so, please name the international agreement and explain
the relationship between it and your national legislation.
No.IP/C/W/117/Add.4
Page 13
53. What other international agreements, if any, have been entered into?  What do those
agreements provide?
No.
II. RESPONSES TO THE QUESTIONS IN DOCUMENT IP/C/13/ADD.1
A. GENERAL (SECTION A OF DOCUMENT IP /C/13)
1. Does your economy's industrial property law and/or related law prevent the use of
geographical indications identifying wines or spirits against products not originating in the place
indicated by the geographical indication, even where the true origin of the goods is indicated or the
geographical indication is used in translation or accompanied by expressions such as "kind", "type",
"style", "imitation" or the like?
Yes, Article 15 (b) of the Decree-Law on Geographical Signs, relating to all products,
provides that registered names shall be protected against any usage of the name through indicating a
real geographical place as a word but which conveys a false impression as to its origin;  or of the
translated name, or usage of the name accompanied by expressions such as "style", "type", "method","as produced in" or other similar descriptions.
B. 
DEFINITION AND CRITERIA FOR RECOGNITION (SECTION B OF DOCUMENT IP /C/13)
2. Is there a clear distinction among the terms "geographical indications", "appellations of
origin" and "indications of source" in your economy's industrial property law and/or related law, orare there any substantive criteria to distinguish these terms?
Yes, there is a clear distinction among the terms "Designation of Origin" and "Geographical
Indication".  See the response to question 8 under I above.
3. Does your legislation contain criteria for homonymous geographical indications for wines
and spirits?
No.
C. 
RELATIONSHIP TO TRADEMARKS (SECTION F OF DOCUMENT IP /C/13)
4. Does your economy's industrial property law and/or related law provide the refusal or
invalidation of a trademark registration, which consists of or contains geographical indications
identifying wines or spirits with respect to such wines or spirits not originating in the indicated
territory?
See response to question 44 under I above.
__________