RESTRICTEDWORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATIONWT/ACC/CHN/17
21 March 2000
(00-1155)
Working Party on the
Accession of ChinaOriginal:  English
COMMUNICATION FROM CHINA
The following communication concerning China's trade regime, dated 20 March 2000, is
being circulated to members of the Working Party at the request of the People's Republic of China.
_______________
With a view to facilitating the process of the Working Party on China, the Chinese Delegation
has the honour to submit to the WTO Secretariat the following documents concerning China's trade
regime:
1. An updated version of Memorandum on China's Trade Regime;
2. A comprehensive list of China's relevant laws and regulations.
It should be noted that the examination of China's trade regime had already been completed at
the 11th Session of GATT Working Party on China in 1992.  It is therefore for the purpose of
transparency that the Chinese Delegation submits this updated version of Memorandum on China's
Trade Regime.  This updated Memorandum should serve to help Members of the Working Party on
China to better understand the development and progress of China's economic and trade system, and
to facilitate drafting of the factual part of the draft Report of the Working Party on China.
The list of China's relevant laws and regulations is being provided in full text, the vast
majority of which are accompanied by English translations.  It should be noted that, should there be
any discrepancies between the original Chinese text and the English translation, the Chinese text shall
prevail.WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 2/3
Memorandum on China's Foreign Trade Regime
(Revised Edition)
March 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. INTRODUCT ION ................................................................................................................5
1. Basic features of China's economy ......................................................................................5
2. China's economic reform .....................................................................................................5
3. China's foreign trade reform ...............................................................................................6
II. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND OPEN CITIES IN CHINA.................................7
III. IMPORT AND EXPO RT REGIME ...................................................................................8
1. Foreign trade plans.......................................................................................................... .....8
2. China's foreign exchange administration system...............................................................8
3. Restrictions on import and export.....................................................................................114. Customs tariffs and other charges on import and export ...............................................13
5. Trade remedies............................................................................................................... .....15
IV. OTHER MEASURES PERTAINING  TO IMPORT AND EXPO RT...........................15
1. Price Administration ......................................................................................................... .15
2. Internal taxes and regulations ...........................................................................................163. Technical standards.......................................................................................................... ..16
V. CHINA'S FOREIGN T RADE RELATI ONS...................................................................17
1. Bilateral trade and payment agreements..........................................................................17
2. Goods originating in or Destined fo r Hong Kong, China, Macao, China and
Chinese Taipei................................................................................................................. ....17
3. Trade with adjacent countries ...........................................................................................17
4. Rules of origin .............................................................................................................. .......17
VI. PUBLICATION AND ADMINISTRATIO N OF TRADE RE GULATIONS ...............18
1. General sources of  information .........................................................................................18
2. Exchange controls affecting import and export...............................................................18
3. Administration of Import and Export ..............................................................................18
4. Customs tariffs and other charges on import and export ...............................................185. Regulations concerning TBT and SPS ..............................................................................18
6. Governmental agreements affecting trade policy ............................................................19
7. Enterprises Engaged in Foreign Trade.............................................................................19
VII. CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE  REGIME AND THE WTO............................................19WT/ACC/CHN/17
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I. INTRODUCTION
1. Basic features of China's economy
China has a territory of 9.6 million square kilometres and a population of 1.25 billion as of the
end of 1998 and nearly 70% of which dwell in the rural area.  In 1999, the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) of China totaled RMB 8.2054 trillion yuan (approximately equal to US$990 billion).  In 1998,
the net per capita income for rural residents was RMB 2,160 yuan (approximately US$260), and theper capita dispensable income for urban dwellers was RMB 5,425 yuan (approximately US$655).
China's foreign trade has been developing rapidly in recent years.  In 1999, total imports and
exports of goods reached US$360.65 billion, of which exports stood at US$ 194.93 billion, and
imports, $165.72 billion. China's export value in 1998 accounted for 3.4% of the world's total.
2. China's economic reform
Since 1979, China has been progressively reforming its economic system.  The objective of
the reform is to establish and improve the socialist market economy, in which market forces play a
fundamental role in allocation of resources under the macro-economic regulation by the State and the
economic activities follow the law of value and adapt to the interplay of supply and demand.  The
economy has achieved higher efficiency through market price mechanism and competition.
The reform package introduced in 1994 covering banking, finance, taxation, investment,
foreign exchange and foreign trade sectors has brought about major breakthroughs in China's
establishment of socialist market economy.  In this process, the operational mechanism of state-owned
enterprises was transformed under the principle of "clear definition of property rights andresponsibilities, separation of government from enterprise, and scientific management".  Efforts were
made to create a modern enterprise system for the state-owned sector, and the latter is gradually
getting on the track of growth through independent operation, responsible for its own profits and
losses.  A nation-wide unified and open market system is taking shape with closer integration of urban
and rural markets as well as domestic and overseas markets.  The role of government in economicregulation is gradually transformed. An improved macroeconomic regulatory system has emerged
with indirect means playing a central role in the management and market forces playing a
fundamental role in the allocation of resources. The new tax and financial system has been established
and is functioning effectively, separating the policy financing from commercial financing and
enhanced role of the central bank in financial regulation and supervision. The exchange rate of the
Chinese currency Renminbi has been unified and remained stable. Renminbi has already been made
convertible on current accounts.  With further liberalization of prices, the absolute majority ofconsumer and producer products are now subject to market prices.  Market now plays a much more
significant role in boosting supply and meeting demand. There is an increased awareness of the need
for risk management of investment and financial activities, and the avenues for corporate fund-raising
have been much broadened.
China intends to continue the reforms in the following aspects:
(1) Reform of the state-owned enterprises
The reform has been intensified to enable the large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises
to establish a system of modern enterprise, under which they will become independent legal entities
and players in market competition that are res ponsible for their own survival and development.
(2) Develop and improve the market system
The market mechanism as characterized by market-determines-prices should be further
enhanced. Currently, prices of most products and services are determined by market forces, except forWT/ACC/CHN/17
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an extremely limited number of products and services whose prices are subject to government
regulation. Financial market and productions input market for land, labor, technology and
information, etc. should be actively cultivated and standardized so as to form a national unified and
open market system.  Market rules should be formulated and improved upon for enhanced market
regulation and supervision, standardized order of circulation, opposing monopoly and combatingunfair competition.
(3) Transform the role of government
In accordance with the principle of separation of government from enterprise, the role of
government has undergone major changes. The future function of government in economic
management should genuinely shift to formulation and execution of macro-regulatory policies,development of infrastructure and creation of a fine environment for economic development.
Functions that should not be performed by the government will be further transferred to enterprises,
market and social network. The key for improving the macro-regulatory system is to establish a
mechanism that enables the mutual assistance and balance of planning, banking and finance, and the
more effective coordination of comprehensive macroeconomic policies and optimizing the use ofeconomic leverages.
(4) Standardize and improve the mechanism of distribution and speed up the reform of the social
security system
The basic distribution system of "to each according to his work" and the co-existence of
multi-forms of distribution shall be upheld and improved upon. Legal means, distribution policies and
social security measures shall be used to coordinate distribution between urban and rural areas,
different regions and industries as well as di fferent social groups. The reform of pension,
unemployment and healthcare insurance system should be accelerated to foster the faster developmentof a multi-layer social security structure encompassing social security, social relief, social welfare,
mutual assistance, and individual savings as means of security.
(5) Accelerate drafting of economic legislation
The reform and opening-up should proceed simultaneously with the development of the legal
system to ensure closer coordination among decision-making in the areas of reform, development andlegislature work. High priority should be given to economic legislation so as to guide, promote and
safeguard the healthy development of the socialist market economy through means of law.
3. China's foreign trade reform
As a component of China's economic restructuring, the foreign trade reform has achieved
breakthroughs in the following aspects: uniformity of trade policies, fair competition and self-
responsibility for profits and losses, and establishment of a foreign trade administration system and
operational system that conform to international practice. The foreign trade reform currently has the
following specific features: improved policy of export promotion that meets the needs of market
economy and complies with international practice. For example, export credit and export creditinsurance are introduced; there is much less direct ad ministrative intervention in foreign trade, and the
mandatory plan has been replaced by market forces; the Foreign Trade Law and its supportive rules
and regulations have been enacted, as a result, foreign trade is regulated mainly by indirect means
such as economic and legal instruments. The criteria of applying for foreign trading rights by all types
of enterprises have been significantly eased, and the manufacturing enterprises or institutes ofscientific research have obtained trading rights. The laws and regulations on administration of import
and export commodities have been amended and improved to bring about greater uniformity and
transparency in foreign trade policies and administration. The number of tariff and non-tariff
measures has been gradually reduced, resulting in significant drop in the scope and number of importWT/ACC/CHN/17
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items that are subject to administrative regulation.  Trade-related intermediary service industries are
taking shape. The government is de-linked from ente rprises, and efforts have been made to create a
fair environment of competition in which enterpri ses are genuinely independent players, responsible
for their own profits and losses. China's foreign trade regime is already under a market-oriented
mechanism.
Currently, China is deepening the foreign trade reform in the light of the requirements for
building the socialist market economy and the objectives of the reform are:
(1) Gradually lower the overall tariff level to the average of the WTO developing
Members.
(2) Further enhance the uniformity of foreign trade policies.
(3) Strengthen the development of trade-related legal system and seek early enactment of
necessary laws and regulations, and improve transparency of foreign trade policies.
(4) Within 3 years after entry into WTO, the approval system for foreign trading rights
will be phased out, and import and export trade will be fully liberalized.
(5) According to the bilateral agreements that China has concluded with relevant WTO
Members and also the terms of the WTO Accession Protocol, China will furtherreduce the scope of quantitative restrictions for greater market access.
II. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND OPEN CITIES IN CHINA
Since 1979 China has established a number of zones and areas where more open policies are
applied. They include 5 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 14 coastal open cities, 6 open cities alongthe Yangtze River, 21 provincial capital cities and 13 inland boundary cities. These areas enjoy
greater flexibility in utilizing foreign capital, introducing foreign technology and conducting
economic cooperation overseas.
With the continuous development of China's reform and opening-up, a nation-wide pattern of
opening to the outside world has basically taken shape. Those special policies are no longer applied to
the above-mentioned areas, and some of those policies are now extended to the whole country. Atpresent, foreign investors are entitled to the following preferential treatments in these areas:
(1) Foreign-invested enterprises located in SEZs or the Economic and Technical
Development Zones of open coastal cities are entitled to a corporate income tax rate
of 15%. Legitimate profits remitted abroad by foreign investors are exempted fromincome tax. (Note: foreign-invested enterprises not located in SEZs or the Economic
and Technical Development Zones of open coastal cities are subject to the normal
income tax of 33%.)
(2) The preferential income tax rate of 15% is applicable to technology- intensive or
knowledge-intensive items or projects with foreign investment of over
US$30 million.
(3) The preferential income tax rate of 15% is  applicable to foreign-invested enterprises
that operate in the fields of energy, transport and port construction.
The establishment of SEZs and other special economic areas is approved by the State
Council. There is no plan to set up any new special economic zone.WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 8
China applies a system of socialist market economy whereas all the foreign-invested
enterprises across the country and state-owned firm s within SEZs operate under market mechanism.
In 1999, foreign trade volume of SEZs accounted for nearly one fifth of the nation's total. The national
laws and regulations on taxation are applicable to SEZs in a uniform manner. Laws and regulations on
patent, copyright, trade mark and bankruptcy applied to state-owned enterprises in SEZs conform tolaws and regulations as applied in other parts of China.
III. IMPORT AND EXPORT REGIME
1. Foreign trade plans
China no longer maintains foreign trade plans. Trade entities across the country conduct
import and export business on their own account in light of market demands.
The Chinese Government annually formulates plans of national economic and social
development, including expected growth rates and forecast of national economy, GDP, budget and
foreign trade. The development plans have to go through deliberation and passage by the National
People's Congress on an annual basis and then be published for implementation. The plans also
include expected annual growth rate and forecast for foreign trade.
2. China's foreign exchange administration system
(1) Major government agencies administrating foreign exchange and financial institutions
operating foreign exchange business
China is one of the member countries of International Monetary Fund (IMF). On
1 December 1996, China formally accepted the obligations of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4 of the
IMF's Articles of Agreement, removing exchange restrictions on current account transactions, and
hence Renminbi has become fully convertible under current account.
As a state bureau affiliated with the People's Bank of China (PBC), the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange (SAFE) is the administrative organ empowered to regulate foreign exchange in
accordance with law.  Its main functions are:
(a) Design and implement the BOP statistical system in accordance with the international
conventions, design and organize the implementation of the reporting system, collect
the BOP data, and compile the BOP statements;
(b) Analyze the BOP situation, propose the po licy suggestion to the BOP, undertake the
research on the capital and financial account convertibility;
(c) Design the regulations on foreign exchan ge market, monitor the market discipline;
cultivate and develop the market; analyze and forecast the market force;  make
proposals to PBC on exchange rate policy;
(d) Design the regulations on the curren t account regulations, monitor the exchange
under current transactions in accordance with the regulations;  regulate themanagement on foreign exchange accounts in China;
(e) Monitor the transactions, inflow and out flow of capital and financial account in
accordance with the related regulations;
(f) Manage the foreign exchange reserves in accordance with the rules;WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 9
(g) Design the administrative regulations and rules and inspect the domestic entities'
implementation of the regulations and penalize the illegal activities;
With the approval of PBC, wholly state-owned commercial banks, policy banks, joint stock
commercial banks, foreign banks, Chinese-foreign joint venture banks and non-bank financialinstitutions within the territory of China may ope rate foreign exchange business within the approved
scope of their business. According to the division of work over financial supervision, PBC and SAFE
exercise supervision over the foreign exchange business operated by the financial institutions.
(2) Foreign exchange allocation mechanisms
The purpose of China's foreign exchange reform is to gradually reduce administrative
intervention and increase the role of market forces. Before 1978, the forex administration in China
was highly centralized, under which the central government was responsible for all forex receipts and
payments in accordance with plans. Since 1979, the forex retention system was applied in China, and
on this basis, the business of foreign exchange swap was gradually cultivated and developed, thus
introducing market mechanism into the domain of forex distribution. In early 1994, the forex retentionand surrender system was terminated, and the official RMB exchange rates was unified with the
(forex swap) market rates. The banking exchange system was adopted and a nation-wide unified inter-
bank forex market was established, thus realizing the conditional convertibility of Renminbi under
current account.  Since the second half of 1996, foreign investment enterprises (FIEs) were also
incorporated into the banking exchange system, and then the remaining exchange restrictions on
current account were eliminated. At the end of that year, the Article VIII of IMF agreement was
smoothly accepted, hence realizing the full convertibility of Renminbi under current account.
Under current system, China administrates foreign exchange transactions primarily in light of
following principles:
(a) Elimination of foreign exchange payment under current account. For their foreign
exchange payment under current account, domestic entities (including FIEs) could
purchase forex with RMB at market exchange rates from designated banks or debit
their forex accounts directly upon presentation of valid documents. The payments
such as pre-payment, commission and etc., exceeding the proportion or limit, the
entities could purchase forex from the banks upon bona fide test by SAFE. Foreignexchange for personal use by individuals may be purchased directly from the banks
upon valid documents within the limit. For amounts exceeding the limit, individuals
could purchase forex from the banks upon the presentation of valid documents to
SAFE for bona fide test.
(b) A system of forex sales with the banks is applied to current account receipts. The
current account forex receipts of domestic establishments, except those permitted to
retain in forex accounts, should be repatriated promptly into China and be sold to the
designated banks at the market rates.  All FIEs are allowed to open forex settlement
accounts and retain their current account forex receipts within the limit. Some of  theChinese-funded enterprises that meet certain criteria may also open forex settlement
accounts with the designated banks to retain current account forex receipts within the
limit.
(c) A clearance system for forex payment for import and forex receipt from export is
adopted. Since 1, 1991, China began to adopt a clearance system of forex receipt for
export and from 1 August 1994, China started the clearance system of forex payment
for import. The former means that SAFE certifies the corresponding forex receipt
following the export, while the latter refers to the clearance of imported products by
the SAFE after the payment has been made. The clearance system of forex receiptWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 10
from export and forex payment for import has become an important means in
monitoring the flow of forex for import and export, conducting bona fide test of
receipt and payment under the current account and to preventing loss of forex and
impact of illegal capital flow.
(3) Exchange rates system
Since the unification of exchange rates on 1 January 1994, China has begun to adopt a single
and managed floating exchange rate regime based on demand and supply of the market.  PBC
publishes the reference rates of RMB against US dollar, HK dollar and Japanese yen based on the
weighted average prices of foreign exchange transactions during the previous day's trading. The
buying and selling rates of RMB against US dollar on the inter-bank forex market can fluctuate withinthe range of 0.3% on either side of the reference rate. As for HK dollar and Japanese yen, the range is
1% on either side of the reference rates. The designated foreign exchange banks may deal with their
clients at the listed rate they set up within the stipulated range. The listed exchange rate of US dollar
can not be 0.15% higher or lower than the reference rate, and those for HK dollar and Japanese yen
can not exceed the reference rate by 1%. The middle rates for other foreign currencies are based onthe rates of RMB against US dollar and cross-exchange rates of other foreign currency on
international market. The buying and selling rate can not exceed 0.5% of the middle rate.
(4) Inter-Bank Forex Market
From 1 January 1994, the Chinese-funded enterprises have withdrawn from the forex swap
centers, the designated forex banks have become major participants in the foreign exchange
transactions. On April 1, 1994, an inter-bank forex market, i.e., China's Foreign Exchange Trading
System was set up in Shanghai and its branches were opened in several cities. Since April 4, China
Forex Trading System has been officially put into operation, adopting a system of membership,respective quotation, concentrated trading and forex market settlement. The designated forex banks
deal on the inter-bank market according to the wo rking position limit on banking exchange stipulated
by SAFE and cover the position on the market. PBC conducts necessary intervention through the
central bank's forex open market operating office located at China's forex trading center, according to
the macro economic objectives, aiming at regulating market supply and demand and maintaining the
stability of RMB exchange rate.
(5) Foreign investment enterprises
After the foreign exchange swap centers were closed down on 1 December 1998, the forex
dealing of the FIEs was channelled into the banking exchange system. To encourage foreign direct
investment, China grants national treatment to foreign investment enterprises in exchangeadministration:
(a) FIEs are allowed to open forex settlement accounts to retain receipts under the current
account within the maximum amount stipulated by SAFE, and receipts in excess of
the maximum amount must be sold to the designated forex banks.
(b) No restrictions are imposed on the payment and transfer of current transactions by
FIEs. FIEs could purchase forex from the designated forex banks or debit their forex
accounts for any payment under current transactions, upon the presentation of valid
documents to the designated forex banks or SAFE for bona fide test.
(c) FIEs could open forex accounts to retain the foreign-invested capital, and they could
sell them upon the approval of SAFE.WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 11
(d) FIEs could borrow forex directly from domestic and overseas banks. They may
borrow and repay the loan on their own without prior approval. But they must register
with SAFE afterwards.
(e) Foreign investors of the FIEs could make outward foreign exchange remittance
directly from their forex accounts or purchasing from the banks for the fund allocated
after liquidation according to law.
(f) FIEs are allowed to reinvest their RMB profits and enjoy the same treatment as the
foreign exchange investment.
3. Restrictions on import and export
(1) Generally applicable import and export restrictions
China prohibits import of certain commodities, including various types of weapons,
ammunition and explosives, narcotic drugs, poisons, obscene materials, and foodstuffs, medicines,
animals and plants are inconsistent with China's standards on food, medical, animals and plants.China also prohibits export of narcotic drugs, poisons, materials containing State secrets, precious and
rare animals and plants.
(2) Import and export licensing
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (MOFTEC) is the sole competent
authority to administrate the licensing system in China. It authorizes the Administrative Bureau of
Quota and License (ABQL), the Spec ial Commissioner Offices (SCO) located in 16 provinces and the
Commissions of Foreign Economic Relations and Tr ade (COFTEC) at provincial level or in the
autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and those with independentbudgetary status to issue import and export licenses according to the stipulated scope of commodities.
(a) Import licensing system
In 1984, the State Council promulgated the "Interim Regulations on Licensing System for
Import Commodities", and MOFTEC and the General Customs Administration issued "Detailed Rules
for the Implementation of the Interim Regulations on Licensing System for Import Commodities".The Interim Regulations are uniformly implemented throughout China. The import licensing system
ensures that the limited foreign exchange resources are used for imports most needed by national
economic development and that necessary assistance can be provided to the domestic industries. In
1999, of the total import value of US$ 165.7 billion, imports subject to licensing represented 8.45%,
covering US$ 14 billion. MOFTEC decides which products should be subject to import licensing
according to the relevant provisions of "Foreign Trade Law".
China's import licensing system is administer ed without discrimination among countries or
regions.
In 1993, China applied import restrictions to 53 product categories. And in 1999, the number
has been reduced to 35 with a cut by 34%.  These product are:  (1) Processed oil;  (2) Wool;
(3) Polyester fiber;  (4) Acrylic fibers;  (5) Polyester fillet;  (6) Natural rubber;  (7) Vehicles tyres;
(8) Sodium cyanide;  (9) Sugar;  (10) Fertilizer;  (11) Tobacco and its products;  (12) Acetate tow;
(13) Cotton;  (14) Motor vehicles and their key parts;  (15) Motorcycles and their engines andchassises; (16) Colour television sets and TV kinescope;  (17) Radios, tape recorders and their main
parts;  (18) Refrigerators and their compressor;  (19) Washing machines;  (20) Recording equipment
and its key parts;  (21) Cameras and their bodies(without lenses);  (22) Watches;  (23) Air
conditioners and their compressor;  (24) Audio and video tape duplication equipment;  (25) CraneWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 12
lorries and their chassises;  (26) Electronic microscopes;  (27) Open-end spinning machines;
(28) Electronic colour scanners;  (29) Grain;  (30) Vegetable oil;  (31) Wine;  (32) Colour sensitive
material;  (33) Chemical under supervision and control that are used for chemical weapon;
(34) Chemicals used to produce narcotics;   (35) Laser disc production facility.
The licensing agencies authorized by MOFTEC issue import license on the basis of import
documents submitted by the applicants approved by the competent departments.
The examination and approval of the license takes two to three working days. The license can
not be bought, sold or transferred. The import licenses are valid for one year. However, the import
licenses spanning two years can only be valid till the end of March the next year at the latest. The
import licenses can be extended once, but extension cannot exceed the end of March next year.
In 1999, there are 13 commodity categories which are imported by the foreign trade
companies designated by MOFTEC. These categories are as follows:  (1) Processed oil  (2) Fertilizer
(3) Tobacco (4) Vegetable oil (5) Grain (6) Natura l rubber (7) Wool (8) Acrylic fibers (9) Sugar
(10) Cotton (11) Crude oil (12) Steel (13) Plywood.
Enterprises may apply for import licenses to the Quota and License Administrative Bureau of
MOFTEC, or Special Commissioner Offices in 16 pr ovinces, or Commissions on Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade of various provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the
central government and those with independent budgetary status.
(b) Export licensing system
The export licensing system is administered in accordance with the "Interim Procedures for
the Export Licensing System". In 1992, there were 143 categories of products subject to exportlicensing which accounted for 48.3% of the total value of the China's exports. In 1999, the total
number of products subject to export licensing has been reduced to 58 categories and 73 items with an
export value of US$ 18.5 billion, taking up only 9.5% of the total. The export licenses for these
products are issued according to the stipulated commodity scope respectively by Administrative
Bureau of Quota and License(ABQL), the Special Commissioner Offices (SCO) located in
16 provinces and the Commissions of Foreign Ec onomic Relations and Trade (COFTEC) of various
provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government and those withindependent budgetary status. The main criteria to identify the products subject to export licensing is
the relevant provisions in the "Foreign Trade Law": 1) to maintain national security or public
interests; 2) shortage of supply in the domestic market or for the effective protection of domestic
exhaustible resources; 3) limited market capacity of importing countries or regions 4) obligations
stipulated in the international treaties and agreements China has concluded or acceded to.
The application for export license must be submitted to the license issuing institutions
authorized by MOFTEC together with documents approving the export by the competent departments
and other relevant materials (such as the Export Qualification Certificate for the enterprises, export
contract and so on). The procedures are the same for all export destinations. Decision on the requestfor an export license usually takes three working days. The licenses are valid for six months and can
be extended once, but will expire at the end of February of the second year at the latest.
Enterprises with foreign investment engaged in exporting products which are not produced by
themselves must obtain export licenses if the products are subject to licensing. If the products are notsubject to licensing, customs clearance will be given after examination has been made by the Customs
on the basis of export contracts and other relevant documents.WT/ACC/CHN/17
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4. Customs tariffs and other charges on import and export
(1) Legal basis and principles of China's tariff policy
The Customs tariff of China is a main charge imposed on imported and exported goods. The
purpose of levying tariff is twofold:  (a) to regulate import and export so as to promote and supportdomestic production, and (b) to serve as an important source of revenue for the treasury of the Central
Government.
China's tariff policy is to promote the economic reform and opening to the outside world,
provide assistance to domestic industry and oppose trade discrimination.
As for the legal basis of China's Tariff Policy, please refer to the list of laws and regulations
provided by the Chinese delegation to the WTO Secretariat.
The basic principles for establishing duty rates are as follows:(a) Duty-free or low duty rates are applied to those imported goods, which are needed for
the national economy and the people's livelihood but cannot be produced or
sufficiently supplied domestically;
(b) Import duty rates on raw materials are generally lower than those on semi-
manufactured or manufactured products;
(c) For parts or components of machinery, equipment and instruments which cannot be
produced domestically, or quality of domestic products is not up to high standard, the
import duty is lower than the duty on complete products;
(d) Higher duty rates are applied to those products which can be produced domestically
or which are not essential for the national economy and the people's livelihood;
(e) A still higher duty is applied to imported products, the equivalent of which can be
produced domestically and which need protection;
(f) The majority of products are free of export duty.
(2) Tariff classification and structure
China adopted the Harmonized Commodity Desc ription and Coding System (HS) as from
1 January 1992 and joined the International Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Descriptionand Coding System in the same year.  There are 21 sections, 97 chapters and 7066 tariff headings in
the Customs Import and Export Tariff of the PRC.
Tariff rates are fixed by the State Council. Partial adjustment to the duty rates is subject to
deliberation and final decision by the State Tariff Commission.
China’s current simple average of import duties is 14.44%. Among the 7066 tariff headings,
tariff rates for 709 headings is below 5%, those for 2015 is 5%-9%, those for 1356 is 10%-15% and
those for 2896 is above 15%.
As for information on tariff rates for specific products and import statistical data for recent
years, reference may be made to the data tape and CD-ROM submitted by China to the WTO
Secretariat.WT/ACC/CHN/17
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There are two columns of import duty rates: general rates and preferential rates. The
preferential rates apply to imports originating in countries and regions, with which China has
concluded reciprocal tariff agreements, whereas the general rates apply to imports from other sources.
At present, 36 items including tungsten ore, ferrosilicon and some of aluminum products are
subject to export duties.
(3) Customs valuation
The overwhelming majority of China's customs duties are ad valorem  duties. The duty-paying
value of imported goods is assessed according to the C.I.F. price based on the normal transaction
value. If the transaction value of imported goods cannot be ascertained, the duty-paying value isdetermined based on the transaction value or computed value of identical or similar goods.
The duty-paying value of exported goods is the F.O.B. price of the goods deducting export
tariff.
The Customs Law provides for appeal procedures. In case a person obligated to pay the duty
is involved in a dispute over duty payment with  the Customs, he may apply to the Customs for a
reconsideration of the case. If he rejects the decision, he may sue at the People's Court.
Upon accession to WTO, the Chinese Government is committed to implement the Agreement
on the Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs 1994.
(4) Tariff exemptions
In accordance with international practices and provisions of China’s Customs Law, import
duty reductions or exemptions are available for the following goods:
(a) A consignment of goods, on which customs duties are estimated below RMB
10 yuan;
(b) advertising articles and samples, which are of no commercial value;
(c) goods and materials, which are rendered gratis by international organizations or
foreign governments;
(d) fuels, stores, beverages and provisions for use en route loaded by any means of
transport, which is in transit across the border;
(e) exported goods being replaced;
(f) goods damaged prior to the Customs release;(g) goods covered by international treaties providing for tariff reductions and exemptions
which China has entered into or acceded to;
(h) goods temporarily imported;(i) goods imported under the processing program;(j) goods imported costlessly for offset purpose;(k) domestic- or foreign-funded projects encouraged by the country;WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 15
(l) articles for scientific research, education and the disabled.
Imported goods shall be put under the Customs supervision and control. The Customs duty
shall be recovered if such goods are sold, transferred or used for other purposes during the time period
of supervision and control.
5. Trade remedies
(1) Anti-dumping and countervailing
China has promulgated Anti-dumping and Countervailing Regulations of the PRC.
(2) Safeguard measures
At present, China is going through the legislative procedure of drafting legislations regarding
safeguard measures in accordance with the Article 29 of the Foreign Trade Law and the Agreement
on Safeguards of the WTO.
IV. OTHER MEASURES PERTAINING TO IMPORT AND EXPORT
1. Price Administration
(1) Domestic price administration system
China currently applies a mechanism of market-based price under macro-economic
adjustment. There are presently three types of prices: government price, government guidance price
and market-regulated price. The Government price is set by price administration authorities and
cannot be changed without the approval by these authorities. The Government guidance price is a
more flexible form of pricing. The price administration authorities stipulate either a basic price or a
floating ranges. Enterprises can, within the limits of the guidance and taking into account the marketsituation, make their own decisions on prices. As for market-regulated prices, enterprises are free to
fix prices in accordance with supply and demand to the extent permitted by generally applicable laws,
regulations and policies concerning prices. Products and services subject to Government pricing are
those having a direct bearing on the national economy and the basic needs of people livelihood,
including those products scarcely available in China.
As for products presently subject to Government guidance pricing and Government pricing,
please refer to Annex 4 of the Protocol of China.
In formulating Government prices and Gove rnment guidance prices, the following four
elements are taken into account: normal production costs, supply and demand situation, relative
government policies and prices of related products. When fixing prices of consumer goods,consideration is given to the limit of consumers' purchasing power.
With deepening of the reform on China's price system, the share of Government prices has
dropped substantially and that of market-regulated prices has increased:
(a) In the total volume of social retailing products, the share of Government prices is
about 4%, that of Government guidance pr ices 1.2%, and that of market-regulated
prices 94.7%;
(b) In the total volume of agricultural products purchased from farmers, the share of
Government prices registers 9.1%, that of  Government guidance prices 7.1%, and that
of market-regulated 83.3%;WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 16
(c) (3) In the total volume of production inputs sales, the share of government prices is
9.6%, that of government guidance prices 4. 4%, and that of market-regulated prices
86%;
The share of directly government-controlled prices has been much reduced that it is even
smaller than that in major Western market economies.  The Chinese Government considers that
China's price system is becoming increasingly rationalized, creating a relatively fair marketplace for
all enterprises to compete on an equal footing.
(2) Government pricing of imported products
National treatment is applied in the areas of government pricing for all imported goods.
(3) Price administration of products destined for other territories
Export prices are fixed by enterprises without government intervention.
2. Internal taxes and regulations
There are three major types of taxes levied on products and services:  (a.) the Value-added
Tax (VAT) levied on goods and services for processing, maintenance and assembling;  (b.) the
Consumption Tax on some selected consumer products;  (c.) the Business Tax on providing services,transferring intangible assets and selling real estate.
Both VAT and Consumption Tax are applicable to entities importing goods. VAT and
Consumption Tax on imported goods are collected by the Customs at the point of entry.
VAT will be reimbursed once goods are exported and exported goods are exempted from
Consumption Tax.
The State Council determines all policies on the tax levy and withdrawal, adjustment of tax
types and tax rates (tax value), as well as the tax exemption of Value-added Tax, Consumption Tax
and Business Tax. The laws and regulations are interpreted and implemented by the Ministry of
Finance and the State Administration of Taxation. Value-added Tax and Consumption Tax are leviedand administered by the State competent departments of taxation, while the Business Tax is collected
and administered by the local competent departments of taxation.
3. Technical standards
(1) The principle of compulsory entry-exit inspection and quarantine
According to the provisions of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and
Phytosanitary Agreement (SPS) of WTO, China applies compulsory inspection and quarantine to the
entry-exit commodities concerning the national security, life and health of human beings, animals and
plants, environmental protection, and those involving deceptive activities, as well as animals andplants and their processed products.
(2) Standards of inspection and quarantine
Most of China's standards are the same as or equivalent to the international standards.
(3) National treatment on entry inspection and quarantineWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 17
China implements the same standards, technical regulations and accreditation procedures of
inspection and quarantine to both import goods and domestic goods. There is no discrimination
against the imported goods, animals and plants and their processed products.
V. CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS
1. Bilateral trade and payment agreements
China has entered into bilateral trade and payment agreements with 146 countries and
regions.
2. Goods originating in or Destined for Ho ng Kong, China, Macao, China and Chinese
Taipei
China resumed exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao respectively in 1997 and
1999. Hong Kong and Macao became two Special Administrative Regions of China. Based on the
policy of "One country, Two systems", Hong Kong, China and Macao, China, as China's Separate
Customs Territories and Members of WTO, will continue to implement the obligations and enjoy
rights of the WTO. For products originating in Hong Kong, China and Macao, China, customs duties
are applied at rates equivalent to the rates levied on goods originating in countries enjoying Most-Favored-Nation treatment.
Quotas and licensing are applied only to a certain products exported to Hong Kong and
Macao, in particular fresh and frozen food products. Export quotas are allocated under the export
licensing system according to the market capacity of Hong Kong and Macao and the exportcapabilities of China’ s provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities.
Taiwan is part of China's territory. For historical reasons, there have been no direct economic
exchanges between China's mainland and Taiwan since the founding of the PRC. At present, there is
no direct trade between China's mainland and Taiw an. Tariff is imposed on imports from Taiwan
which are transshipped to China's mainland via third party (mainly Hong Kong and Macao) in
accordance with relative laws and regulations.
3. Trade with adjacent countries
China's frontier provinces and regions have border trade with India, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam,
Laos, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Pakistan. Currently, there are two major forms of border trade: frontier traffickingamong people along the border, and petty sum cash payment trade.
4. Rules of origin
In case an imported product is processed and manufactured in several countries, the country
of origin of the product shall be the last country in which the product underwent substantialtransformation. Substantial transformation is underst ood to mean processing which results in a change
of the four-digit level tariff classification or in an added value (including all cost-related expenditures)
exceeding 30% of the total value. These rules origin  are applicable to all imported products. The rules
of origin applied for statistical purposes are the same.  However, for statistical purposes, the Customs
also records countries of consumption and trading countries.WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 18
VI. PUBLICATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF TRADE REGULATIONS
1. General sources of information
The Chinese Government regularly issues publications providing information on China's
foreign trade system: "Almanac of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade" and "The Bulletin of
MOFTEC" published by MOFTEC; "Statistical Yearbook of China", published by the State StatisticalBureau; "China's Customs Statistics"(Quarterly), edited and published by the Customs General
Administration.
China's laws and administrative rules and regulations of the State Council relating to foreign
trade are all published. So are the regulations issued by Ministries and Commissions. Such laws and
regulations are available in the "Bulletin of the State Council", the "Collection of the Laws and
Regulations of the People's Republic of China (PRC)" and "MOFTEC Gazette". The administrative
regulations and directives relating to foreign trad e are also published in MOFTEC's official website
(http:// www.moftec.gov.cn) and periodicals.
2. Exchange controls affecting import and export
The State Administration of Foreign Exchange publishes all the valid laws and regulations of
foreign exchange control on the website of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
(http://www.safe.gov.cn) and via the news media.
3. Administration of Import and Export
MOFTEC, together with the relevant departments, decides the items and specific quantities of
products subject to import and export licensing and make timely adjustment according to the need of
the current situation. These information will be published on "International Business" newspaper and
"MOFTEC Gazette".
4. Customs tariffs and other charges on import and export
China's customs laws and regulations, import and export duty rates, and customs procedures
are published in the "State Council Bulletin" and in the press media, and are available upon request.
The procedures concerning application of duty rates, customs value and duty determination, drawback
and duty recovery, as well as the procedures c oncerning duty exemptions and reduction, are also
published.
The State Statistics Bureau publishes quarterly customs statistics, calculated according to
country of origin and consumption. The Customs General Administration publishes trade figures on
the basis of eight-digit H.S. headings.
5. Regulations concerning TBT and SPS
China has set up the TBT and SPS inquiry points of inspection and quarantine which have
been notified to the WTO's SPS and TBT Committee.
Laws, regulations, rules, standards and procedures on entry-exit inspection and quarantine
have been published in publications such as the "MOFTEC Gazette". The information can also be
acquired from the State Administration of Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine, or from China'sinquiring points of TBT and SPS for inspection and quarantine.WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 19
6. Governmental agreements affecting trade policy
The bilateral trade agreements between China and its trading partners and protocols on the
exchange of goods negotiated under them are published in "The Treaty Series of the PRC".
7. Enterprises Engaged in Foreign Trade
The "Directory of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Enterprises" and "China's
Foreign Trade Corporations and Organizations" are two publications, which identify foreign trade
corporations and other enterprises in China engaged in foreign trade.
VII. CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE REGIME AND THE WTO
China originally assumed contracting party status of GATT by accepting the "Protocol of
Provisional Application", dated October 30, 1947. On July 10th, 1986, China submitted formalapplication for the resumption of its GATT original contracting party status. The Council of GATT
established a Working Party in 1987 and began to examine China's resumption of its original GATT
contracting party status. China fully participated in the Uruguay Round of Negotiation and signed the
Final Act. As WTO succeeded GATT in 1995, China decided to apply for accession to the WTO on
November 28th , 1995.
It is of far-reaching significance for China to join WTO which will greatly promote its
opening to the outside world and establishment of market economy, and enable China to fully
participate in making of the multilateral trade rules as well as conduct trade with WTO Members
within a stable and predictable legal framework.
The Chinese Government has an adequate capability to comply with WTO obligations and to
exercise WTO rights as provided in the relevant WTO Agreements. The Chinese Government insists
that it accedes to WTO as a normal WTO Member, and WTO Members shall take necessary action to
ensure the conformity of their laws, regulations and administrative procedures to ensure the fullapplication of WTO rights to China.
In accordance with the Constitution of the PRC, the Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress has the power to annul those regulations and administrative decrees issued by both
central and local government that contravene the Constitution and laws. The State Council has the
power to annul those inappropriate regulations and administrative decrees issued by both central and
local government. The Chinese Government considers that these features of the Chinese legal systemwill ensure an effective and uniform implementation of the obligations resulting from China's
accession to WTO.WT/ACC/CHN/17
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MARCH 2000
LIST OF LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(1949-1999)
1. Laws and regulations relating to customs administration
2. Laws and regulations relating to imports and exports3. Laws and regulations relating to foreign investment4. Other laws and regulations dealing with economic issues that affect trade
1. General
2. Taxation3. Foreign exchange administration
4. Import and export quarantine ad inspection
5. Intellectual property protection
6. Agriculture and forestry
7. Quality and technology supervision8. Land administration
9. Sanitary and medication
10. Mineral resources
5. Laws and regulations relating to trade in services
1. Finance
2. Transportation
3. Telecommunication
4. Tourism
5. Culture
6. Others
_______________
1. Laws and Regulations Relating to Customs Administration
1. Customs Law of the People's Republic of China
2. Rules for the Implementation of Administrative Punishments under the Customs Law of the
People's Republic of China
3. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Duties4. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Customs External Auditing
5. Measures on Customs Supervision and Control over Bonded Zones
6. Interim  Provisions on Exemption from Im port Duties and Taxes on Articles for Scientific
Research and TeachingWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 21
7. Interim Provisions on Exemption from Import Duties and Taxes on Articles Used Exclusively
for Disabled Persons
8. Measures of the Customs of the People's Republic of China Governing the Levying of Import
Duties on Articles of Entry Passengers' Baggage and Personal Postal Parcels (Chinese Text Only)
9. Interim Provisions Concerning Import Duties on Articles Carried into China by Foreigners
Permanently Residing in China (Chinese Text Only)
10. Interim Measures of the Customs of the People's Republic of China Concerning Vessel
Tonnage Duties
2. Laws and Regulations Relating to Imports and Exports
11. Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China
12. Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of  China on the Licensing System for Importing
Commodities
13. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Contracts for the Import
of Technology
14. Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on
Administration of Contracts for the Import of Technology
15. Rules of the People's Republic of China on the Origin of Export Commodities
16. Interim Measures for Administration of  Export Goods (Chinese Text Only)
17. Interim Measures for Import Administration of Machinery and Electronics Products18. Interim Measures for Administration of Operation of Import Goods19. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Anti-dumping and Anti-subsidy20. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Control of Nuclear Export21. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Export Control of Nuclear Dual-Use Items
and Related Technologies
22. Regulations of the People's Republic of Chin a on Administration of Controlled Chemicals
23. Interim Provisions on Vesting Private Production Enterprises and Private Scientific Research
Academies or Institutes with the Self-operated Import and Export Right
3. Laws and Regulations Relating to Foreign Investment
24. Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures
25. Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures
26. Decision Concerning the Revision of Article 100 in Regulations for the Implementation of the
Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Equity Joint VenturesWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 22
27. Circular of the State Council Concerning the Revision of the Third Paragraph of Article 86 in
Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign
Equity Joint Ventures
28. Several Provisions Concerning the Investments Made by the Various Parties to Chinese-
foreign Equity Joint Ventures
29. Supplementary Provisions to the Several Provisions Concerning the Investments Made by the
Various Parties to Chinese-foreign Equity Joint Ventures
30. Interim Provisions Concerning the Period of Jo int Operation of Chinese-foreign Equity Joint
Ventures
31. Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital Enterprises32. Rules for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Capital
Enterprises
33. Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-foreign Contractual Joint Ventures34. Rules for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-
foreign Contractual Joint Ventures
35. Interim Provisions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on the
Administration of Resident Representative Offices of Foreign Enterprises
36. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Exploitation of Offshore Petroleum
Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Enterprises
37. Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Exploitation of On-shore
Petroleum Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Enterprises
38. Interim Provisions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on Preferential
Treatment for the Construction of Ports and Piers with Chinese and Foreign Joint Investment
39. Interim Provisions of the State Council of the People's Republic of China on Preferential
Treatment for the Construction of Ports and Piers with Chinese and Foreign Joint Investment
40. Interim Provisions Concerning Chinese-foreign Cooperation in the Design of Engineering
Projects
41. Provisions of the State Council for the Encouragement of Foreign Investment42. Provisions of the State Council Concerning th e Encouragement of Investment in Developing
Hainan Island
43. Interim provisions on Administration of Foreign Chambers of Commerce44. Interim provisions on Guiding the Direction of Foreign Investment45. Catalogue for the Guidance of Industries for Foreign Investment46. Measures for Liquidation of Foreign Investment EnterprisesWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 23
4. Other Laws and Regulations Dealing with Economic Issues that Affect Trade
47. General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China
48. Contract Law of the People's Republic of China49. Guaranty Law of the People's Republic of China50. Company Law of the People's Republic of China51. Law of the People's Republic of China Against Unfair Competition
52. Law of the People's Republic of China on th e Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests
53. Advertisement Law of the People's Republic of China54. Pricing Law of the People's Republic of China55. Law of the People's Republic of China on Tobacco Monopoly56. Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Tobacco
Monopoly
57. Civil Procedure Law of th e People's Republic of China
58. Administrative Procedure Law of  the People's Republic of China
59. Law of the People's Republic of China on Administrative Review (Chinese Text only)
60. Arbitration Law of the People's Republic of China61. Individual Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China62. Regulations for the Implementation of the Individual Income Tax Law of the People's
Republic of China
63. Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment
and Foreign Enterprises
64. Rules for the Implementation of the Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China for
Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises
65. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Tax Collection
66. Rules for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the
Administration of Taxation Collection
67. Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding the
Application of Provisional Regulations on Such Taxes as Value-added Tax, Consumption Tax andBusiness Tax to Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises
68. Interim Regulations Concerning Urban Real Estate Taxes69. Interim Regulations Concerning the Vehicle and Vessel Usage License Plate TaxWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 24
70. Interim Regulations of the People' s Republic of China on Stamp Tax
71. Provisions Concerning the Payment of Royalties for the Exploitation of Offshore Petroleum
Resources
72. Interim Provisions Concerning the Payment of Royalties for Chinese-foreign Cooperative
Exploitation of Petroleum Resources on Land
73. Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Value-added Tax74. Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Consumption Tax
75. Interim Regulations of the People' s Republic of China on Business Tax
76. Interim Regulations of the People's Republ ic of China on Land Appreciation Tax
77. Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Resources Tax
78. Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Deed Tax
79. Measures for Levying Tax on the Vessel Transportation Revenue of Foreign Companies80. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Control81. Provisions on the Sale and Purchase of and payment in Foreign Exchange
82. Interim Provisions for Statistical Monitoring of Foreign Debt
83. Provisions on Administration of Buying and Selling of Spot and Forward Foreign Exchange
by Financial Institutions on Clients' Behalf
84. Measures for Administration of the Foreign Exchange Involved in Investment Abroad
85. Measures for Administering Verification of Export Collection of Foreign Exchange
86. Measures Governing the Declaration of Statistics on International Receipts and Payments87. Measures for Administration of External Guarantee by Institutions within the Chinese
Territory (Chinese Text Only)
88. Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People's Republic of China89. Rules for the Implementation of the Frontier Health and Quarantine Law of the People's
Republic of China
90. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine91. Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Entry
and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine
92. Law of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity InspectionWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 25
93. Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Import
and Export Commodity Inspection
94. Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China
95. Rules for the Implementation of the Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China
96. Interim Provisions on Claims for Priority in Applying for Registration of Trademarks97. Patent Law of the People's Republic of China98. Rules for the Implementation of the Patent Law of the People's Republic of China99. Regulations on Patent Agency100. Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China
101. Regulations for the Implementation of Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China
102. Provisions on the Implementation of International Copyright Treaties103. Regulations for the Protection of Computer Software104. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Protection of New Varieties of Plants105. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Customs Protection of Intellectual
Property
106. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife107. Regulations of the People's Republic of China for the Implementation of Terrestrial Wildlife
Protection
108. Regulations of the People's Republic of China for the Implementation of Wild Aquatic
Animal Protection
109 Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China110. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Protection of Wild Plants111. Regulations on Administration of Pesticide112. Regulations on Administration of Medicine for Animals (Chinese Text Only)
113. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Seeds (Chinese Text
Only)
114. Regulations on Administration of Breeding Stock and Poultry (Chinese Text only)
115. Regulations on Administration of Fodder and Fodder Additives (Chinese Text only)
116. Metrology Law of the People's Republic of China117. Rules for the Implementation of the Metrology Law of the People's Republic of ChinaWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 26
118. Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China
119. Regulations for the Implementation of the Standardization Law of the People's Republic of
China
120. Measures of the People's Republic of China for the Supervision and Administration of
Imported Instruments of Measurement
121. Law of the People's Republic of China on Product Quality122. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Product Quality
Certification
123. Interim Regulations on Safety Supervision over Boilers and Pressure Receptacles (Chinese
Text Only)
124. Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China
125. Regulations for the Implementation of the Land Administration Law of the People's Republic
of China
126. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of the Urban Real Estate
127. Interim Regulations of the People's Republic  of China Concerning the Assignment and
Transfer of the Right to Use State-owned Land in the Urban Areas
128. Interim Measures for the Administration of the Foreign-Invested Development and
Management of Tracts of Land
129. Regulations on Protection of Capital Farmland130. Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People's Republic of China
131. Measures for the Implementation of the Pharmaceuticals Administration Law of the People's
Republic of China
132. Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China
133. Measures for Control of narcotic Drugs
134. Measures for Control of Psychotropic Drugs135. Measures for Control of Radioactive Drugs136. Measures Concerning Administration of Toxic Medicine for Medical Use (Chinese Text
Only)
137. Regulations on Administration of Blood Products138. Regulations Concerning Supervision of Cosmetics Sanitation139. Regulations on Administrative Protection of PharmaceuticalsWT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 27
140. Regulations on Protection of Types of Traditional Chinese Medicine
141. Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China142. Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of
China
143. Decision of the State Council on Revising the Provisions on the Administration of Collection
of the Mineral Resources Compensation
144. Measures for Registration Administration of  Exploration Blocks of Mineral Resources
145. Measures for Registration Administration of Mineral Resources Exploitation
146. Measures for Control of Transfer of Exploration Rights or Mining Rights
5. Laws and Regulations Relating to Trade in Services
147. Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China148. Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks
149. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Financial Institutions
with Foreign Capital
150. Measures of the People's Republic of China on the Control of Carrying the National Currency
into and out of China
151. Securities Law of the People's Republic of China152. Insurance Law of the People's Republic of China153. Railway Law of the People's Republic of China
154. Maritime Code of the People's Republic of China
155. Civil Aviation Law of the People's Republic of China156. Highway Law of the People's Republic of China157. Provisions for the Administration of Civil Aviation Service Sales Agencies158. Provisions of the People's Republic of China on Administration of the International Goods
Shipping Agency Industry
159. Postal Law of the People's Republic of China160. Rules for the Implementation of the Postal Law of the People's Republic of China
161. Regulations Concerning Radio Administration of the People's Republic of China
162. Regulations on Administration of Travel Agencies163. Regulations on Administration of Tour Guides (Chinese Text Only)WT/ACC/CHN/17
Page 28
164. Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics
165. Rules for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection
of Cultural Relics
166. Regulations of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Administration of the
Protection of Underwater Cultural Relics
167. Regulations on the Administration of Audio-visual Products168. Regulations on Administration of Films169. Regulations on Publication Administration170. Regulations on Administration of the Printing Industry
171. Regulations on Administration of Business Performances
172. Regulations on Radio and Television Administration173. Law of the People's Republic of China on Lawyers174. Interim Regulations of the People's Re public of China Concerning Notarization
175. Law of the People's Republic of China on Certified Public Accountants
176. Construction Law of the People's Republic of China
177. Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certified Public Architects
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