differ for
road expert of
of Agriculture,
of fine texture us
poor roads, especial
contain much vegeta
matter. The coarser soils,
, which contain some
sand or gravel, wiil often make
very satisfactory roads for light
traffic provided they are kept in
proper repair.
If the road is composed of fine
clay or soil, it will sometimes pay
to resurface it with top soil
from an adjacent field which has
sand or gravel mixed with it.
This method, called the top-soil
method, is now in successful use
in Virginia, North Carolina and
Georgia, and probably other
states.
The earth road can best be
crowned and ditched with a road
machine, and not with picks and
shovels, scoops, and plows- One
road machine, with a suitable
power and operator, will do the
work of many men with picks
and shovels, and do it better.
Lhe rouu machine should be
used when the soil is damp, so as
to make the soil bake when it
dries out. If it is worked dry, it
takes more power to draw the
machine, and, besides, dry earth
and dust retain moisture and
quickly rut after rains. The use
of clods, sods, weeds or vegeta
ble matter in building earth
roads should be avoided because
they also retain moisture.
It is a great mistake to put the
working of the earth off until
August or September. The sur
face is then baked dry and hard.
It is not only difficult to work
but is unsatisfactory work when
done. Earth which is is loose
and dry will remain dusty as
long as the dry weather lasts
and then turn to mud as soon as
the rains begin. By using the
* road machine in the spring of
the year while the soil is soft and
damp, the surface is more easily
shaped and soon packs down in
to a dry hard crust which is less
liable to become dusty or muddy
in winter.
Storm water should be dispos
ed of quickly before it has time
to penetrate deeply into the sur
face. This can be done by giv
ing the road a crown or slope
'romi the center to the sides
For an earth road which is 24
feet wide the center should be
not less than 6 inches nor more
than 12 inches higher than the
outer edges of the shoulders. A
narrow road which is too high
in the middle will become rutted
almost as quickly as one which
is too Hat for the reason that on
the narrow road all the traffic is
forced to use only a narrw strip,
both sides of the road which pre
Shoulders are often formed on
vent storm water from flowing
into side ditches, retaining it in
the ruts and softening the road
way. These ruts and shoulders
can be entirely eliminated with
the road machine or split-log
drag.
Ordinarily, the only ditches
needed are those made with the
road machine, which are wide
and shallow. Deep, narrow
ditches wash rapidly, especially
on steep slopes, which is anoth
er good reason for decreasing
the steepness of the grades. It
is difficult to maintain an earth
road, or any kind of road for that
matter, on a steep grade.
The width of the earth road
^ will depend on the traffic. As a
' rule, 25 or 30 feet from
ditch to ditch is sufficient, if the
road is properly crowned. A
s^road that is narrower than 25
i.et is difficult to maintain for
above stated reason that on <
roads the teams are more <
\ 1
f-.
Aack than on a wider <
,-iyasing it to rut if sub- j
<r to heavy hauling. '
iiie road should not be loosen
ed, dug, or plowed up any more <
than is absolutely necessary. The >
road should be gradually raised, '
not lowered, hardened, not sof- i
tened. <
On flat lands, where water u
moves slowly, grading material i
should be taken from the lower i
ditch and culverts supplied where
waterways occur. A shallow
ditch on the upper side makes it
possible to give culverts a good
fall- Two or more small pipes,
nstead of one huge one of equal
capacity, may be used for col
verts, especial-y if ihe large pipe
necessitates much grading or
raising of the roadway. At least
G inches should be left between
each pipe and earth should be
tamped around them thoroughly
so as to prevent a washout.
To prevent washing on steep
roads, the water should be car
ried under the surface at fre
quent intervals from the upper
to the lower side, and from the
lower side away from the road.
Five 12-inch pipes in a mile of
roadway is about as cheap and
far better than one 24-inch pipe.
The water must be disposed of
before it gains force or head
way, or has time to damage the
roaa.
The maximum velocity for a
24-inch vitrified tile flowing full
without head on a grade of 2
inches per hundred feet is 3.0
feet per second, or about 21/,
miles per hour. When the grade
is increased to 3G inches in .100
feet, the velocity becomes 20
feet per second or about 13 3-4
miles per hour. This discharge
for the 24 inch pipe in the first
instance v/ill be 5086 gallons per
minute. It will therefore be seen
that a 24-inch pipe laid on a
grade of 36 inches to the hun
dred feet will have over five
times the capacity of the same
pipe laid on a grade of 1 inch to
the hundred feet. (
Under the same conditions the
maximum velocity for a 12 inch
tile on a grade of 1 inch per 100 ’
feet equals 1. 1-4 per second or
about 7-8 miles per hour and i
for the same tile on a grade of '
36 inches to the hundred feet, |
the velocity would be 7l/> feet
per second or about 5 1-6 miles
per hour. The discharge for the
12 inch tile in the first instance
would be 442 gallons per minute ,
and for the steeper grade 2,- 1
650 gallons per minute or about
five times as much.
oy increasing me iun, we in
crease the capacity of the pipe,
decrease the size of the pipe if
necessary, and therefore de
crease the cost of the culverts
Furthermore, culverts laid Hat
will soon till up, but if given a
good fall, they will keep them
selves clear
It* much fall is obtained in a
culvert pipe, the spillway should
be paved. Earth should be
tamped under and around the
pipe in layers, and should be of
sufficient depth to prevent the
pipe from being broken by traf
fic, but under no circumstances
should a ridge over the culvert
be allowed, for it not only en
dangers the life of the culvert,
but is a menace to traffic.
An attempt to drain mud holes
with culvert pipe will fail in
most cases. The water should be
drained off by means of open
ditches; the soft mud thrown out
and replaced with just enough
good, firm earth to make it level
(after consolidation) with the
surrounding surface. If mud
holes in earth roads are filled
with brush or stone, it will usu
ally result in two mud holes, one
at each end.
Repairs to roads should be
made when needed, and not once
a year after crops are “laid by”.
One day’s labor, judiciously dis
tributed throughout the year,
will accomplish more and better
work in the maintenance of an
larth road thahthe same amount
>f labor expended in six days,
. * /
:J
specially if thfi six days are in
August, September, or October,
v’hen the ground is hard and dry.
Because of its simplicity, its '
‘fiiciency and cheapness, the
plit-log drag or some* similar de
uce is destined to come into
nore and general use. With the
Irag properly built and its use j
veil understood, the maintenance
jf earth and gravel roads be- j
:omes a simple and inexpensive
matter. Care should be taken
to make the log so light that one
man can lift it with ease, as a i
light drag can be drawn by two
medium sized horses and res-;
ponds more readily to various
methods of hitching and shift
ing positions of the operator
than a heavier one.
Bunting Thoroughly Tested.
In very truth a modem be.ttl*.eM|
floes, In modern phrasing, carry Bonn
Bunting. About $160,000 la spent bj
the United States navy for flags each
year. Every case of bunting costs the
government $560; every roll costs
911.26. The bunting comes from Mas
sachusetts. Every piece 1b subjected
to the most severe test. It must
weigh five pounds to every forty yards
and stand the weight teBt of seventy
pounds to two square inches. It is
steeped in salt water for ala hours
and then exposed to the sun for the
same period of time. If after this
treatment It continues to be bunting
ct a distinguishable color it la pvw
pounced fit tor av^lce.
SAVES DAUGHTER
Advice of Mother no Doubt Pre
vents Daughter’s Untimely End.
Ready, Ky.—" I was not able to do
anything for nearly six months," writes |
Mrs. Laura Bratcher, of this place, "and
was down in bed for three months.
I cannot tell you how I suffered with i
my head, and with nervousness and 1
womanly troubles.
Our family doctor told my husband he '
:ould not do me any good, and he had i
to give it up. We tried another doctor,
aut he did not help me.
At last, my mother advised me to take
Cardui, the woman’s tonic. 1 thought
t was no use for I was nearly dead and |
lothing seemed to do me any good. But
I took eleven bottles, and now 1 am able i
o do all of my work and my own
washing.
I think Cardui is the best medicine in
he world. My weight has increased, !
tnd 1 look the picture of health. "
If you suffer from any of the ailments
)ecuiiar to women, get a bottle of Cardui i
oday. Delay is dangerous. We know '
t will help you, for it has helped so i
nany thousands of other weak women
n the past 50 years.
At all druggists.
, Writ, u: Chattanooga Uadldna Co.. Lafllu’
Ldrliory Dept., Chattanooga, Ttnn., for Sftcimi
'•utrmetifn, on your east and 84-pog. book,^Homo
rraatmont (or Women." In plain wcappar. jL&ISS
Mm m Ha
What State Cleared On Hogs.
Special to Independent.
Little Rock, March 26.—The
State of Arkansas is just $1,
528.06 ahead because Dr. J. L
Greene of the State Hospital for
Nervous Diseases, is a hog rais
er, and in the two years he has
been in the game, the profit
would have been more than dou
bled but for bad management on
the part of the stockmen in
charge last spring. All this
was done on an investment of
$1,637-85.
Two years ago Dr. Greene im
pressed the State Board of'
Charities with the loss the in
stitution was sustaining through
the sale of the slop from the
state hospital, and advised the
purchase of hogs, and good ones.
The Board accordingly purchas
! ed thirty sows and one boar, pay
ing for therp $1,637.85. Almost
immediately cholera attacked
the hogs and one-third of the
sows succumbed before the se
rum with which the herd was in
oculated, took effect. The rav
ages of the diesase were checked
and such a system has since been
followed that the pigs are im
mune, and no more have been
lost. Every expense in keeping
the hogs,the slop which is fed to j
them, with the cost of erecting
the buildings and the men who
care for the stock, amounts to
$4,121.68 in the two years.
The state has derived, through
the sale of hogs and of pork to
the institution, it being charged
at the miarket price, $2,616.19.
It still has 104 on hand, with
prospects for a material increase
in the spring. The hospital pos
sesses two of the finest Berk
shire boars in the world, and
they are valued at $500 each.
One was purchased for $200
when but a pig
The finest of the young boars f
are sold by the state to farm
ers who desire them, the price
for this registered stock being
$25. There is one young boar,
now only about four months old,
that Dr. Greene expects to be
worth $1,000 by the timie he is
a year of age, and he will not be
sold at any price, being worth
too much to the state’s breeding
pen.
A careless stocktender caused
toe state to lose all of the young
which were expected last spring,
so Dr. Greene figures he is only
•eally chargeable for a year in .
-he development of the state’s
lerd.
I s?^sraa?t5-i7.
I l2gSrZ2££?£«g*n?
I evening feed a teaspoonfS ofLWork‘aaa to
f Bee |>ee stock
I « «■' your fc* J31®
|_ltWlU increase your profit,,'
>ome I I
to Pori: 1^1
^ New Spring | /"B
Coats with soft 1 jfl
Ironts and lapels IB
that roll i < > u hirh- | IB
ever button you i Vm
wish to stop ^ HB
k!’ Hig!> v e s .
3\Jl Straight hanging
3k | ■ trousers.
—s hvery suit is
—I guaranteed to he
= all-wool, last in
jjT 1 color, London
\( \ cold- w a t e r
A 1 shrunk,and hand
| tailored.
vial see them.
iS WOLFF-GOLOMAN
Mp MERCANTILE
HH COMPANY
I No more hunting for the tobacco thatej
1 bodied—rich-Tipe-melloW'frssl