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SAMUEL GOMPERS
(Continued from Page One)
lating punishment for contempt, and
limiting the use of the injunction
which was included in the Clayton
Anti-Trust law passed by the Sixty
third Congress grew out of litigation
against trade unions and their offi
cials, with which Gompers was di
rectly concerned. The contempt sec
tion of the Clayton Act was framed
to meet conditions which arose thru
the conviction of Gompers, John Mit
chell and Frank Morrison, officers
of the American Federation of La
bor of contempt of court in 1908. Jus
tice Daniel Thew Wright of the Su
preme court of the District of Co
lumbia sentenced the three labor
leaders to jail for violation of an in
junction prohibiting the Federation
from boycotting the Bucks Stove and
Range Company, of St. Louis. An
appeal carried to the Supreme court
set aside the conviction on technical
grounds, and new contempt proceed
ings were instituted. Another con
viction and sentence in the lower
courts were set aside by the Su
preme court on the ground that the
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statute of limitation had expired be
fore the second proceedings were be
gun.
During the seven years this case
was in litigation, Gompers exerted
his influence to reform injunction
and contempt procedure, Court de
cisions holding that trade unions
could be prosecuted as combinations
in restraint of trade under the Sher
man x\nti-Trust law prompted him to
couple with these reforms a demand
for a specific exemption from anti
trust prosecutions for labor organi
zations. All these were incorporated
in the Clayton revision of the anti
trust laws.
Throughout the twenty yeras of an
ti-trust agitation which followed the
enactment of the Sherman anti-trust
law, Mr. Gompers was active in urg
ing legislation and litigation against
the big combinations of capital which
had grown up in the industrial world.
He conducted a campaign against the
United States Steel corporation which
culminated 4n an exhaustive investi
gation of that concern by a commit
tee of the House of Representatives.
In his long administration of the
American Federation of Labor, Mr.
Gompers was constantly called upon
to avert threatened schisms in the
organization, and to bring together
factional elements which developed
from time to time. By his efforts
compiomise alter comproise was el
fected, and the unity of the federa
tion was maintained. Throughout, he
was a staunch advocate of the “trade
union” system of labor organization
as opposed to the “inductrial union”
system, and his efforts and those of
his followers developed the American
labor movement along the lines of
the former plan. He was constantly
called upon by unions affiliated with
the Federation to act as arbitrator
and mediator in labor disputes, and
he probably settled by his individual
efforts more strikes than any other
man in labor history.
Samuel Gompers was born in
London, England, January 21, 1950.
His father was a cigar maker and
Samuel was the eldest of eight chil
dren. His mother wras a woman of
excellent education and through her
influence he was led to study. Not
withstanding the fact that at the age
of ten he began to help his father
support the family. He went to school
after his sixth to his tenth year and
was then apprentenced to a shoe
maker. This trade was not to his
liking, however, and he learned the
trade of his father and while working
as a cigar-maker attended evening
school for four years.
He came to the United States when
he was thirteen years old and work
ed as a cigar-maker in New York
City. In 1864 he first became iderti
fled with the labor movement when
he helped organize th Cigar-Makers
Intel national union. Ue served as
secietary and president of the r ■'ion
for six years and under his manage
ment it became a large and success
ful organization. He also edited the
local paper of the Cigar-Makers Un
ion, the “Picket” during that time.
It was in connection with this work
that he became interested in a na
tional association of frade unions that
would preserve the autonomy, of the
local organizations. Under his lead
ership the Cigar-Makers union fought
the Knights of Labor on this princi
ple. He served as president of the
New York State Federation of Labor
for two years, and in 1881 founded
the national Federation, serving as
its president for the first five years
without compensation.
Several opportunities to enter pub
lic office were declined by Mr. Gom
pers at different times in his career.
He refused to run for the state sen
ate in New York, although offered
both the Republican and Democratic
nominations. He declined a republi
can nomination for Congress. Gov
ernor Hill of New York offered him
a place on the state board of arbitra
tion and President McKinley tender
ed him an appointment on the In
dustrial Commission, but he declined i
both. He was active in the agitation
for a treaty between the United
States and Great Britain which would
provide for the arbitration * of all
disputes.
In 1898 he served as a delegate to
the National conference held at Sar
atoga, N. Y., to discuss ways and
means to meet the conditions in the
United States growing out of the
Spanish-American war and he was a
member of the committee that pres
ented the views of that conference to
President McKinley.
Notwithstanding earnest opposition
by a substantial part of the union la
bor element, Mr. Gompers took an!
active part in the organization of the'
National Civic Federation, formed to
establish better relations between cap
ital and labor. He represented labor
in the Federation, and was vice-pres
ident of the organization. He also
took part in many congresses, con
ferences and conventions devoted to
the promotion of social service.
He was affiliated with the Society
for Ethical Culture of New York City,
established in 1867 by Felix Adler,
and in addition to the American Fed
eration of Labor he remained an ac
tive member of the Cigar-Makers In
ternational L nion. He also belonged
to the Free and Accepted Masons,
the Independent Order of Odd Fel
lows, the Benevolent and Protective
Order of Elks and the Home Club.
He was the author of numerous
small pamphlets in the nature of
tracks on labor questions, wrote a
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book on the world labor movement
and edited the “American Federation
ist,” the official organ of the Ameri
can Federation.
Throughout his career, Mr. Gom
pers refused to become identified
with any political party, taking the
position that he could be of more ser
vice to the cause of labor by holding
himself aloof from identification with
any single political organization.
He married Sophia Julian, of New
York, and their family consisted of
three sons and a daughter.
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