Ama vy a * v »* i* vi v no liiotvi ivtii
structures which the British
cherish because in them, they
feel, is visibly incorporated
the prestige of England, not the least
picturesque and interesting is Walmer
castle, on the coast of Kent, the offi
cial home of the lord warden of the
Cinque ports.
The lord wardenship is an older and
more picturesque monument than Wal
mer castle. The office of lord war
den is far more ancient than his
dwelling. About that office are gath
ered the earliest activities out of
which the British navy grew, writes
Martin Conway in Country Life. The
present functions of the lord warden
may not be of any executive value as
contributing to national defense, but,
as long as there is a lord warden liv
ing at Walmer, the small beginnings of
the navy in a remote past remain vis
ibly memorialized. Such a memorial
is more efficient than any pile of stone
that the ingenuity of man could raise.
Nothing more vividly brings the past
into the present or enforces on living
men the amount of their Indebtedness
to those from whom they descend than
a living ceremonial recurrently per
formed in accordance with an ancient
and unbroken tradition.
No one knows when the lord war
denship was founded or by what
earliest stages it came into being. Ne
cessity enforced the defense of the
southeastern coast of England, and to
that end the small maritime forces of
the little ports along it had be co
ordinated. The original five ports
were Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover
and Sandwich; to these others were
added, as well as inland localities
which had to contribute financial aid.
intimately the jurisdiction extended
round the coast from Seaford in Sus
sex to near Margate in Kent.
Importance of the Cinque Ports.
Throughout the Middle Ages down
to the time of Henry VII the Cinque
ports thus enlarged and organized had
to furnish the crown with nearly ail
the ships and men needed for naval
purposes. The oldest existing charter
dates from Edward I, but it refers to
older documents as far back as the
time of Edward the Confessor. Duties
and corresponding privileges went on
accumulating. Such an organization
could not exist without a head, but his
office was of correspondingly gradual
growth. At one time it was an office
of great power and importance. It
was generally coupled with the gover
norship of Dover castle. The lord
warden was admiral of the ports. He
had his court of chancery at Dover. (
He still retains the duty of appointing
the judge of the admiralty court of the
Cinque ports as well as the justices j
of the peace in the same areas; but ,
his most important functions have be- .
come decorative, monumental and pic- (
turesque, not, however, as aforesaid,
nnimnortanf. <
The maritime activity which led to ]
the discovery of America and the be- i
gimaings of a world commerce neces- -
sarily made a great change in British ,
.paya'I affairs. Local levies of ships ]
and sailors were bound to be replaced ]
sooner or later by something in the ]
nature of a national navy. The change -
Is alrea-dy apparent in the days of ,
Henry VIII, and from that time the. <
importance of the Cinque ports as the <
nation’s naval base declined and with :
iit the power of the lord warden. It is < .
noteworthy that the erection of Wal- ]
mkv castle dates from this period. It
was built in the reign of Henry VIII
along with other castles round the
■coast, such as the neighboring Deal
and Sandown and the remote Lindis
fame on Holy island in Northumber
land. Previously the coast had been
protected by a succession of earth
works, the Great and Little Bulwarke,
for instance, within the parish of Wal
mer. They had embrasuresefor guns,
and were connected by communication,
trenches.
Built by Henry VIII.
The Kentish castles built by Henry
VIII were completed about 1540 and
placed under the control of the lord
warden. The following description of
them is compressed from Elgin: In
the center is the keep—a circular tow
er containing a bomb-proof magazine
for ammunition. It Is surrounded by
bastions with fifty-two port-holes be
low, commanding the encompassing
moat. Tunnels or chimneys were con
trived to carry off the smoke of the
guns. There were larger embrasures 1
Avi v emuKrix ucai uiu up|jn pai L 1/1 Lite
bastions. The entrance from the land
ward side was by a drawbridge and
strong machicolated gateway. Within
each castle was a well. The bastion
walls were 20 feet thick below and 11
feet above. Their architect was prob
ably one Steven von Haschenperg.
The garrison of Walmer consisted of
a captain, lieutenant, two porters, ten
gunners and four soldiers.
Less than a century later we read
of Walmer castle as much decayed and
threatened by the sea at high tides;
moreover, rain drives into the rooms
and powder houses, the gate is decayed
“with loose stones hanging over,” and
so forth. It was presumably patched
up. During the Civil war the castles
changed hands more than once. Wal
mer was besieged by Parliament troops
in 1648, and held out for a month be
fore surrendering. It was “much
spoiled with the granades,” but the
repairs were only estimated to cost
£300. The castles continued to be of
military importance throughout the
seventeenth century.
Additions by Lord Wardens.
The first lord warden to make Wal
mer castle his residence was the duke
of Dorset, appointed in 1708 and again
in 1727. About 1730 he made various
alterations and additions to the old
structure to provide the necessary ac
commodation for a household; further
considerable additions were made by
Mr. Pitt, the earl of Liverpool, and
Earl Granville. Apart from certain
chambers belonging to the original
military work and since merely adapt
ed to the uses of domestic service, the
oldest parts of the existing mansidn
are the chambers built by the duke of
Dorset. Buck's view, dated 1735,
shows the general aspect of this build
ing. It is raised over the central mass
of the castle ami follows the outlines
of its walls. There is nothing remark
able about the architecture or the dec
oration of the rooms. A small central
hall, a long passage leading through it,
with others branching off as con
venience dictated—these are the ele
ments of the plan. The plain stone
wall is pierced by oblong sash-win
dows and the crest of the wall is
battlemented.
The duke of Dorset’s additions were
mainly on the sea front, which re
mains much as he left it. I believe
the drawing-room was his—a pleasant,
sunny chamber—but Lord Granville
idded to it. Mr. Pitt built the room#
jver the southern rampart. Finally,
n 1863, Lord Granville added a story
containing thirteen rooms over the
fate-house bastion. He also built the
:ower. The stone employed came from
:he demolition of Sandown castle. He
idded to the drawing-room, as an al
cove, the littre room fn which it Is as
serted that Neison and Pitt used t#
confer.
There Is nothing stately or Impres
sive about the aspect of the Interior,
>ut the irregularity of the plan addk to
he effect of domestic comfort and pri
vacy which pervades the house. One
can easily understand how successive
’arnllies have become attached to it
Externally there are several quite im
iressfve points of view, chiefly those
vhich command the massive and pre
cipitous walls rising from the moat..
3ne of the walls, pulled down on the
>ccasion of Queen Victoria’s visit to
nake a new dining-room, was soim
ifterward rebuilt. Talleyrand when
le visited Walmer Insisted on sleeping
n Pitt’s room.
Camel-Hair Belting.
Belting used on machinery in the
Russian petroleum fields is made of
camel’s hair, which is said to resist
freases better than rubber, cotton, or
eather.
t - - - - -
Poor Worm!
Heck—My wife contradicts me con
tinually.
Peck—My wife acts as if my ideas
weren’t worth discussing.—Boston
Transcript.
Disappearing.
“I notice a great deal of majesty
and glory have gone from our outlook
on the world just now.”
“Yes; a lot of second lieutenants
have been mustered out.”
%
Changed Positions.
“Alas! feet are no longer on the
rail.”
“Perhaps not, but tongues are.”
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