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ISy Nome Mine Workers' Union. No. 240, International Union of Mine,
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Nome, Alaska, September 1 <>. lit 17.
I KK.HTI I I \i:>S.
Germany has established. accord
cording to dispatches. a bureau
wherein the morale of the nations
opposing the Central Powers is
carefully reported by the army ol
men engaged in that particulai
•work. It is called the psychological
Bureau and is supposed to he an
important aid in determining defi
nit< war p diei-s from time to time.
it is said that tlie result of these
observations have in a measure
determined the policy of 'fright
fulness'' v.hhh from time to time
is r> ported, such as tin bombard
ing of hospitals the sinking of hos
pital ships and the attacks upon
unarmed turns of the enemies'
loa.-: Mm . fie bomhardment oi
Scarborough and. the ruthless
submarining
It is r -n ,rs iblo that I be import
ail- Of labile.!lg ellenii*’S with tile
notion o: a cruel and relentless po
ll- v in u.ir. said to lit regarded
now as an important factor, should
also have been one of the oldest
pel it ie.- of warlike tribes • merging
from barbarism.
it is ef < otirse quite true that
the oia :u; n Potts of the C ‘litral
Power.- have contributed ill no j
small '.v..v to the moral * fleet of i
11. ise . a- \ 1 be- hate 1 a 1 at
<al their enemy tin ‘‘Hues" they |
have reported with exaggeration
<;-ir cruel methods in war. and
they have dot e their best to cjr.'il- •
late to the full the stories ot
"frightl'ulness' with ''rills, for the
excitation of the horror, the terror.!
and the great alarm of those v. ho
were against Germany.
This without doubt was the very
purpose of that policy of frightful- j
ness, and the Gorman enemies hale
contributed to its sueess in no J
small degree. The r-ports collated j
by the German bureau of psycho
logy confirm this.
Strangely enough the race which
ma le similar extensive uses of this j
policy of frightfulness in European1
history was this very race of Huns |
after whom Kipling saw fit to nano
the Teutons. That strange tan
the! came from ’' - !■' rev ging
pillaging and destr vittg as w.-ll as
i laquering. sedulously cultivated in
their personal appearance a id in
their methods of warfare, every
thing calculated to terribly impres.
the enemies
They flattened their noses, thcj
wore their coarse liair long. they
sashed in horrible manner theii
laces and rode into action with the
scalps of their enemies dangling
from their horses.
Tluir very appearance scared the
Cloths to terror beyond words, so j
that they hurriedly retreated below
the Dneistcr. below the Truth, and
m"’or stayed Heir terror stricken
exodus until they sought and re
tained permission from the Roman
Emperor to cross the Danube and
settle it) the plains of Thrace.
It is certainly an interesting mat
ter that this same idea should be
the twentieth century idea at the [
bottom of he psychological bureau
u Berlin, and that it is likely to
function in a similar manner is
without doubt the hope tit the hack
of litis ruthless noliev of conducting
th0 wr.r which is .it the bottom of
llie-r methods
It is of course highly improbable
that the result will be anywhere sew
extensive as it was in that dark
age when the Huns first invaded
Europe. But it is extremely in-,
^tractive that war should betray in
this ago of high explosives, subma
rines. modern rifle:, machine guns
>-u<h an interc sting reversion to tlie
savage methods of an earlier type
The explanation probably is that
while the mechanical features ot
war. the cion title implements of
war have advanc 'd, the psvvhnb
of the human fa'-tors engaged
111 r in dill are relatively little
advanced, compared to the tdchni
■al progress that lias been made,
rite degree to 'vhich this may be
true, wi I be the degree in which
the German policy will be success
ful.
It will !>;• recollected that Ger
man generals earlier In the war did j
lid not mi:n words in thij respect
rhev opi lily declared that this war
would ■ t 1 in a victory lor those 1
whose -TVes" would stand the or
leal In _• t and that tlnre was no
lucstiot i lit that that would iit
fjernuw.
The i entitle aspect of this view
point i nin ti.:.t is too inter'sting
to overlook In the animal king
lorn i..: . runs carnivores depend
for tlie-i : in cess ip securing their
prey on the terroism which they
ire a * i ' \. iti in their victims
many such resulting in numerous
cases i>: practical nerve paralysis
in. t i P ar which prevents the vic
IiIlls i.ak'Pg !'s escape bv Tliglit or
'tier''.: Moreover trany tiirds.
reptih .- til*', animals simulate fero
city. by uttering tries similar to
those used by • arnivores or other
liras! 111 -prey , aft' 'ting the saint
■ olor • ii<< in plumag or on their
pelt- p ward off enemies which
might otherwise prey upon them.
Trie' in this war we get ha- k to
tin- elemental. and even in out
most advanced scientific condition.
■ :vilization is but skin 11 ■ p.
Mut alter i ll. this conception ol
t!i to "s oi frightfulness and its ef
fei t on Hit- nerves while it has been
the most open and the most obvi
ous i.- not rentin'*! to any particu
lar sphere of human activity. The
in:.:ii prr.tec tion thrown around pto
per'ty lows and the like lias beer
ill latent 'ear of such a policy. It
lias !e-cn also especially conspicu
ous in efforts to crush labor orga
nizations. wlicn tb" dread machine
ry of tlie law was invoked express
ly for the purpose of bciuiibing
unionist atliv'lies. Moreover it lias
're iu. nl.y happened that the em
ployers through an open policy of
aggri ion up in the part of hired
gunmen, endeavored to exeitate the
nerves of tie. workeis to fear which
in turn would icsuit in "brow
heater." submission.
it is quite unnecessary to dwell
upon instances of the kind. They
are all too familiar.
'['lie important point is that the
nerves of the vi rims of sin li a po
li' v of frightfulness are insensibly
factors which aid in tlie success ot
tliit policy. It required a Richard
Crookback to rise above the super
stitions of the soul, and cynically
declare that “Conscience is a word
that cowards use to keep the strong
in awe", if we interpret in that
passage the play upon the nerves
for the idea of “conscience”.
Reverting to the Huns, tne Goths
themselves lent stiength to the
peculiar methods'of the spectacular
and warlike, personal and military
idea of frightfulness theHuns sought
lo inculcate. They spread the super
stition that the Huns originated
from the hateful witches who fled
to the deserts and who bred with
the daemons of the wilderness and
< reated this savage tribe of cruelty
incarnate.
To spread this notion was th
delight of ell the Goths in order to
disparage their terrible enemy
What th 'y did do was in reality to
increase the superstitious awe of
the cruel foe that drove them south
wauls with such relentless ferocity.
The advinability of tin poll y or
frightfulness may v.eli be doubted
as it apparently is doubted by a
number of Germans themselves
They have not only manifested op
position to it at home, but they
have entered very positive denial,
even in the face of the most ob
vious facts, abroad.
It may excite fear, but it is still
more calculated to reuse determin
ation, and it is not unlikely that
the reason for a world in arms to
day can be psychologically explain
ed as due in no small measure to
the fact that quite a number who
might approve German methods in
other respects have no use what
ever for the policies which they
have adopted with tHe deliberate
intention of exciting terror and pro
stration following on lhat terror in
their foes.
The fact is that human iieinc
art advancing beyond the stage
when tlie policy of frightfulncss
can lie tolerated in any phase of
society. The almost fanatic deter
mination to improve the world, in
dustrially. politically, so. ially, .
mrkir.g humanity immune to the po. -
ible suerss of this poMcy. The po
licv of frightfulncss belongs to a
past age and its success lias not
warranted its otherwise under
standabie application in this war.
To be completely successful it
was necessary that the Germans
could devise strange instruments.
r< markable discoveries not ace:
ible to the enemies of the Central
Powers, but they can do no such
tiling. "The villainy that til -y i>-. a
t lice. t !.• A ill-.- may execute, and
it ge hard with them uu< they
will letter tin- instruction", to pa
ra;!.?:!- Shylock.
Iii fact we see this being done.
The Germans use gas; the Allies
have devised an improved applica
tion of this principle in war: the
Gormans used liquid fire the Allies,
have been able to so improve this
that, tlie Germans have practically
abandoned it.
And so all along the "line.
In addition there is no sign
; visible of any of the Allies break
I ing down from nerves. There is
more or less an entire absence ol
any such a thing as physical fear j
upon the part of all the nations in
volved. The possibility of moral
fear is aways to be apprehended,
but the weapons which may be de
vised for that must be something
so extremely modern it is hard to
see how it can be excited.
The fact of the matter is this
that we are now on this earth at
a stage of relative intellectual as ;
well as moral equality. Conse
quently what one will do to im
prove its position on the field ot j
battle, the other can also do with
equal success. The Entente Allies
have long ago given over the silly
superstition as to German scientific
siip-rioritv and superior Ci rmar.
efficiency. That in the three years
rf war lias been proven incorrect,
because, simply, the Allies t lcru
selves overtook the Germ; n devices
in their own devising.
Much simpler now is the equa
tion. It is now a question of food
supply, man power, munitions out
put, and finance in tli > material]
aspects of the war. and of deter
mination, tenacity of purpose and
ability to persevere to the end on
the psychological side.
Any person that cares to work
out the solution on this has:-'., with
absolute impartiality of investiga
tion could ery reasonably reach
a definite and correct solution botlr
c‘ the question as to ho v long the
war will last ami as ti how it wih]
end
Xo doubt some of them
the psychological bureau in
lin will be able, if no* censure
afford valuable information on
head Its work Ihese days nia;
lays
Her
d. to I
this
not
be wholly reassurring to autocracy
unvw here.
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