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V
^Dr.VT.
McQillycuddy
I_
Chief Craiy Horse
By ELMO SCOTT WATSON
I1KN American Indian day, which i»
observed annually on the fourth i'ri
day In September, is celebrated this
year, It will find a recently dedi
cated memorial to one of the out
standing individuals of the red race.
out nt Kurt Itoblnson, >ct>., there
Inis been erected a monument, cut
front the granite of the Black Hills
of South Dakota, on which are en
graved the symbols of a pipe of
peace and a broken bow, arrow and
tomahawk. On It also Is a bronze
tablet which tells the passer-by that near this
spot on September 5, 1877, Crazy Horse of the
Oglu la Sioux was killed—dying as he had lived,
a fighting man.
Chief Crazy Horse (Tashunka Witko) was
only thirty-three years oid wlten his warrior
career ended, hut he had already written his
name high in the annals of the Old West. Al
though he was the principal leader In the two
greatest victories ever won by his people over
the white men. It was the Irony of fate that in
each case credit for the achievement should be
given to another Sioux chief whose name and
fame happened to be more familiar to the white
men than was Crazy Horse's. One of them was
Ited Cloud, whom most historians record as be
Ing the leader In the so-called “Fetterman Mas
sacre" near Fort Phil Kearney, Wyo., In 1866,
despite the testimony of Indian survivors that
he was neither in command that day nor did he
have any hand in planning or carrying out the
ambush of Fetterman’s ill-fated command. The
other was Sitting Bull, who is popularly (and
erroneously) believed to have been mainly re
sponsible for the maneuvers of the Indians which
resulted in the disaster to Custer's command on
the Little Big Horn In Montana ten years later.
Crazy Horse was horn in 1844, the son of an
Oglala Sioux chief of the same name. His mother
died when he was two years old, hut his step
mother, who was also his aunt, raised him as
tier own. Trained by her and his father in the
rigorous physical regime required of young boys
of the Sioux, he early learned the lessons of cour
age, self-denial, generosity, modesty, truthfulness
and fair dealing which so strongly characterized
ids later life, A fine horseman and a skillful
hunter, he Joined his first war party when
he was only sixteen years old and by the time of
the first serious war between the Sioux and the
whites (1866) Crazy Horse's tribesmen looked
to him as a principal war leader, and even the
Cheyenne chiefs, allies of the Sioux, practically
acknowledged his leadership.
Although Crazy Horse had distinguished him
self In the Fetterman battle and at the famous
Wagon Box Fight a year later, he rose to his
greatest heights ns a general In 1870 and 1877.
On June 17, 1876, he attacked the army of Hen.
George Crook on the Itosebud river In Montana
aud fought that experienced Indlan-llghter to
a .standstill, thus breaking up the army's plan
of campaign anil making certain the annihilation
of Custer’s command a week later. The only
army officer who defeated him fairly and square
ly was Gen. Nelson A. Miles ("Bear Coat") who
did that at Battle butte In the Wolf mountains
In Montana on January 8. 1877, an engagement
which led directly to Crazy Horses surrender
a few months later.
By this time the hostile Sioux hud begun to
realize that the white man was too powerful
for them. Through the influence of Chief Spotted
Tail of the Brule Sioux, an uncle of Crazy Horse,
ttie Oglulu chieftain was persuaded to come In to
Fort Itoblnson, Neb., and surrender, which he
did on May 6, 1877.
At the time of Crazy Horse’s surrender, his
wife was suffering from tuberculosis, and the
medical care given her by Dr. V. T. McGllly
cuddy, a surgeon with the Third cavalry, not
only won for him the friendship of the Oglnla
chief but also the name of Wasicu Waknn, the
"White Miracle Man" and Taaunkn Wltko Kola,
"the Friend of Crazy Horse." The events lead
ing up to Crazy Horse’s death are told In this
first-hand account by Doctor McGillycuddy, who
Is still living in California:
"In September, 1S77, General Crook held an
important council at Fort Kobinson with Crazy
Horse. I was In the Indian camp that day and
the council was a heated one. It finally broke
up with no results except to create the belief
In Crook’s mind that Crazy Horse was meditat
ing desertion and an attempt to rejoin Sitting
Bull, who was still In Canada where he had
Limpy, yellow uoq
and Weasel Bear
<•
^y*. i J*&+*y*s
White Bull
--White Bull
at the Battle at Rose Bud
NOTES ON THE PICTURES
Picture of Cruy Horse, said to be the only
photograph ever taken of tha famous chief,
from the collections of E. A. Brininstool; Pic
ture of Limpy, Yellow Dog and Weasel Beer,
three Cheyenna Indian survivors of the Battle
of the Rosebud, courtesy of T. J. Gatchell of
Buffalo, Wyo.; Portrait of White Bull and
"White Bull at the Battle of the Rosebud" from
Stanley Vestal'e "Warpath," courtesy of the
Houghton Mifflin company.
•. ■ - ,t
found refuge under the British flag after the
Custer battle In 1870.
"This Impression regarding the desertion of
Crazy Horse was the result of a purposeful mis
interpretation by the government interpreter who
was an enemy and feared Crazy Horse. Of this
I was Informed by Louis Bordeaux, a reliable
man who checked the Interpreting. The feeling
was added to by Ited Cloud's Jealousy of Crazy
Horse's increasing power and Importance.
“Three days later a courier arrived from Gen
eral Crook w ho had gone to Fort Laramie, Wyo.,
with orders to General Bradley, commandant at
Fort Robinson, to arrest Crazy Horse. The next
morning a force of three troops of cavalry and
a field piece and myself as medical oflioer left
the post an hour before daylight for a march
of live miles to the camp to make the arrest.
We arrived at daylight and found hut a de
serted camp ground. Crazy Horse and his peo
ple, lodges and everything had scattered and
gone. That evening a courier arrived from Major
Burke, commanding at the Spotted Tall agency
40 miles east, saying that Crazy Horse had ar
rived alone and was In Spotted Tail's camp.
“An order was sent to Major Burke to arrest
Crazy Horse and return him to Fort Robinson.
Burke Informed Chief Spotted Tall of his orders.
Spotted Tail’s reply was: 'Crazy Horse is a
chief. He Is my guest. He cannot he arrested,
but If the soldier chief will set the time we will
council with him.'
“At 9:00 a. m. next day Spotted Tall and
Crazy Horse appeared at Burke's ofllce. Crazy
Horse was not Informed that he was a prisoner
hut that General Bradley nt Fort Robinson
wnnted him there for a council. HIs reply was:
•It Is well. I will go.' Entering the waiting ambu
lance, and surrounded hy Indian scouts and a
cavalry escort, he started for Fort Robinson.
"At 5:00 p. m. they arrived at the adjutant's
ofllce. In the meantime Bradley had Issued or
ders to Captain Kennlngton, officer of the day,
that Immediately upon his arrival Crazy Horse
was to he confined In the guard house. Antici
pating the arrival. I was standing In front of
the adjutant's office and shook hands with Crazy
Horse on his arrival. He entered and said be
was there for council. But Instead of meeting
Bradley, he was taken charge of by Kennlngton
and was led to the guard house which they en
tered quietly.
"When Crazy Horse observed the steel bars
between the guard room and the cells he gave
an outcry: This Is a prison!’ and. seizing a
knife In each hand from his belt, fought his
way to the parade ground where I was standing.
Kennlngton was hanging on one wrist and Little
Big Man, an Indian scout, on the other. Then,
the chief suddenly fell tc the ground, writhing
and groaning. I worked my way In between the
guard and examined him. He was frothing at
the mouth, pulse weak and Intermittent, blood
trickling from the upper edge of his hip. A pri
vate of the Ninth Infantry had transfixed him
with his bayonet and his case was hopeless.
"I then worked my way to American Horse,
[he friendly chief, who was sitting on his horse
and Informed him that Crazy Horse was badly
hurt and that we would [dace him In the guard
house and I would care for him. His answer
was: ‘No, Waslcu Wakan. he Is a chief and can
not be put In prison.’ The officers were at their
quarters, orderlies had vanished and no one to
carry orders. So 1 tried to arrange matters and
advised Kennington to hold the ground while I
crossed the parade ground to the general's quar
ters to explain matters. That resulted ns fol
lows: ‘Please give my compliments to the officer
of the day. He Is to carry out Ills original orders
and put the Indian In the guard house.’
“I returned to Kennington and we proceeded
to put Hie Indian In the guard house. As we
started to lift him, a tall Sioux grasped my hand
and In the sign language said that they did not
want to see me hurt and for me to desist. The
Indians had begun cocking their rifles. So, an
other trip to the general to explnln matters and
I remarked to him: 'General, I know the temper
and feelings of these Indians. You may be able
to Imprison Crazy Horse, but It will mean the
death of a good many soldiers and Indians. If
you will pardon me for suggesting It, we may
be able to compromise on the adjutant's office
where I can cnre for him, for he will die before
morning.'
After muon reluctance ne acquiesced ana 1
returned to the scene. On being Informed of
what I had done. Amerlcnn Morse dismounted
and spread his blanket on the ground. The In
dians placed the chief on It and carried him Into
the adjutant’s office. By administration of hypo
dermics of morphia, etc., I eased his sufferings.
I remained with him until his death at 11:00
p. m. and there were present then Kennlngton,
officer of the day: I-emley, officer of the gunrd;
old man Crazy Horse; and Chief Touch the
Cloud (Mahpla Yutan), six foot four In height.
When Crazy Horse died this chief drew the blan
ket over the face of the dead man and standing
up, pointed to the body nnd said: ‘There lies
his lodge,' then pointing up, 'The chief hns gone
above.'
“I then returned to my quarters across the
parade ground, accompanied by Touch the Cloud,
who slept on his blanket outside my door through
the night, as there was still danger of trouble.
After I retired, word of the death of the chief
got out and all we could hear were the walls
and death songs from all quarters, as we were
surrounded for miles by the Indian camps. The
whole garrison of 1,(100 men was kept on guard
for the night, but matters finally adjusted them
selves.
"Next day the body was removed to the
Spotted Tall agency und placed on the usual
platform. I.ater In the fall when we moved the
Indians 800 miles to the Missouri river, It accom
panied us. In the fall of 1878 when the Indians
were moved back to the present Pine Ridge
agency, the body was brought back and con
cealed there."
To this day the last resting place of the chief
remains a secret among the Sioux and, since It
has never been marked. It Is altogether fitting
that there should he some memorial to him, such
as the monument recently dedicated at Fort
Robinson, In the land he loved and for which he
fought so valiantly. For, as Bourke, writing of
the chiefs first sepulcher at the Spotted Tall
agency—a simple one of plain pine slabs—has
said: ‘‘Just as the grave of Custer marked the
high-water mark of Sioux supremacy In the
trans-Mlssourl region, so does the grave of Crazy
Horse mark the ebb from which no tide has
ever risen.”
• by Waatarn Union
Howe About:
More $40 Executives
Clear Writing
Men vs. Women
(F). Dell Syndicate.—WNU Service.
By ED HOWE
I.V MY town we onee employed
only high-priced experts to man
age the street railway; It was not
believed an ordinary local man could
handle so great a problem. But
somehow the experts could not pre
vent a steady falling off In revenues,
or Increase In expenses, so a local
man, at thirty or forty dollars a
week, was given a trial. He turned
out to be the most capable superin
tendent we had ever had. . . .
There are thousands of big Institu
tions In this country In need of the
services of thirty or forty-dollar a
week men In the management. One
railroad official gets $1115,000 a year,
hut In spite of his great ability, the
Income Is steadily declining. Are
some of our suffering big Institu
tions being robbed by their own offi
cials. through the payment of out
rageous salaries?
In n book copyrighted In 10Jf! n
selected list of forty men of con
siderable age and prominence wrote
what Is Intended to he inspirational
messages to the young. All of
them, with two exceptions, nre un
natural, not understandable, and
in some cases, 'onllsh. The head of
a great university Includes this In
his message: "Take find's armor;
hold your ground, tighten the belt
of truth about your loins, wear In
tegrity as your coat of mall, and
hnve your feet shod with the stabil
ity of the gospel of peace; above
all, take faith as your shield, to en
able you to quench nil the fire
tipped darts flung by the evil one,
put on salvation as your helmet, and
take the spirit ns your sword." . . .
I try to be honest and decent in my
Judgments, but to me this is dread
ful stuff. It isn’t beautiful, It isn't
sensible; It has no appeal whatever
—no excuse for existence. Yet ask
ten average Americans to write for
a large audience, and seven will at
tempt something like it. The writer
quoted is probably nn excellent man.
In his private capacity no doubt
Ids opinions nre sound, helpful and
interesting, yet when asked to write
a message to mankind, he thinks It
Ills duty to write nonsense. It Is
another of the American ways that
cause so much astonishment abroad ;
no really creditable foreigner, asked
to write a message for the young,
would sign his name to such mean
ingless and foolish stuff as this.
* • •
Men are meaner than women, yet
for the best Interest of themselves
and their families men try to get nt
the practical sense of things. Worn
en refuse to do It. One of the most
surprising things I have encoun
tered In long years of rending Is the
statement that there has never been
a woman philosopher. Why is it
that In the long list of the specially
wise there Is not the name of a
woman? I can see no natural rea
son why women should not he as
wise as men, since they hnve lived
ns long, and experienced ns much.
. . . One explanation Is women
have fought the men Instead of
worked with them. Women do not
always win, hut the general goal of
their sex Is to make slaves of the
men. Winning men work; winning
women go In for society, amuse
ments; play cards, dance, or do
showy welfare work with funds pro
vided bv their victims. . . . The
philosophy of every woman Is fur
ther weakened by the gross flattery
showered upon her when she Is
fourteen to twenty-five years old.
and the false Impression she thus
gets of herself Interferes with cor
rect thinking when old nnd neglect
ed.
* • •
Something I once heard I have
carried along in m.v iniml for years,
as new. Important, and Inspiring
hope. I cannot remember whether
I rend it in newspaper, hook or mag
azine, nr heard some one say It;
nor ran I recall the name of the
author. . . . Briefly, the statement
was that If a man practices good
behavior for Its own sake (because
it Is finally easier and more profit
able than hail behavior, and renders
his success In life more probable)
such practice Improves his Intelli
gence; strengthens and betters his
brain, ns other organs of the body
may he Improved by exercise. . . .
Thus a well-behaved man has a
double advantage: 1. His good con
duct pays him, in Increasing his
comforts; 2. lie is pursuing the
course In life best calculated to Im
prove his Intelligence and his char
acter.
* » •
The story told during the war
that a German soldier ran his bay
onet through a Belgian baby, and
carried it all day ns a trophy, was
disproved. . . . But Americans can
not deny that an American stole a
two-year-old baby, brutally heat It
to death because of Its frightened
cries, and later collected a flfty
thousand-dollnr ransom from the
distressed parents.
• • *
What Is the lesson of the moment,
the hour, the century, or of all time?
I believe It Is the dangerous and
growing power of politicians, the
press and radicals, all representing
minorities, and the cowardice of the
majority in refusing to enforce nec
essary decency.
Lethal Talons of the American Bald Eagle.
Prepared by National Geographic Society,
Washington, L>. C.—WNU Service.
AULE3 usually nest In out-of
the-way places. But recently
two American eagles were
discovered housekeeping only 30
tidies from Baltimore. Accustomed
to living In the vicinity of water,
they selected n tall pine tree near
the Mngothy river as the site for
an immense nest.
Building a huge structure of
sticks at considerable height from
the ground, several large white eggs
were laid, and the two birds took
turns remaining on the nest for the
month's period of Incubation. An
ornithologist who, risking attack,
scaled the tree numerous times was
fortunate enough to observe the two
young eaglets from the time they
were hatched until they (lew away
eleven weeks Inter.
Eagles and their many relatives
among the hawks and vultures are
distributed throughout the world,
except over the open sens, the bar
ren Antarctic continent, and the
smallest and most Isolated of
oceanic Islands. Wherever found,
they appeal even to the novice in
knowledge of things outdoors be
cause of their manner of life and
predatory habits, ltobnst of form
and strong in flight, they are re
marked at every appearance.
The emblem of the Sumerian city
of Lagash, in the third millennium
before the Christian Kru, was an
eagle, which was engraved on the
tablets and seals of the leaders and
was carried as a military standard
by the army. An eagle also ap
peared on the seal of the King of
I'r, and continued in double-headed
form In Illttlte art, on certain coins
of the Mohammedans, on the flags
of Turkoman princes, and so on
into modern times.
The eagle symbol is probably de
rived from forms similar to our
golden eagles or closely allied to
that species, as several species of
that type are ftpirnl In the regions
mentioned.
Messenger of Zeue.
To early Greeks the eagle was
the messenger of Zeus unil the
only bird that dwelt In heaven—a
fancy based, perhaps, on the high
flying powers of these birds. A sil
ver eagle standing on a spear was
placed on the military standards of
the legions of Home, and this em
blem has been used widely as a
conventional badge of military pow
er. Today It is a common decoration
on flagstaffs In many countries.
An American species of this group,
the bald eagle, Is found In the de
sign of the coat of arms of the
United States, which appears on the
Great Seal. A rfepresontatlon of It
Is blazoned on many of our coins
and decorations. It also appears on
the President's flag, and on the
President’s seal In the bronze plate
on the floor of the vestibule of the
White House.
The fierce harpy eagle, a bird of
dauntless courage, called by the
Aztecs “the winged wolf," is en
graved on the official coat of arms
and seal of Mexico and appears on
the flag of that country. It Is dis
tinguishable from our species by Its
prominently crested head.
The eagles and their kin form the
group of birds of the order or Fal
conlformes, which Includes about
288 distinct species, with many ad
ditional geographic races, so that In
all there are recognized somewhat
more than 700 living forms. The or
der is divided into four principal
families.
The eagles, hawks, kites, and
their relatives, forming the family
Accipltrldae, Include the largest
number of forms. They are mainly
birds of medium to large size, with
broad wings, strong legs, feet armed
with sharp claws, and strongly
hooked bills. Many possess light
colored eyes, which, with their ac
tive Interest In any movement that
might indicate possible prey, give
them a fierce and aggressive ap
pearance.
Their Methods of Flight.
Flight In the hawklike birds va
ries considerably, according to the
kind. Eagles, the large hawks, and
the vultures, both of the New and
Old worlds have broad wings
which they flap slowly. Frequently
they soar with set wings, utilizing
air currents rising from the heated
surfaco of the earth or currents
generated by winds. These birds
frequently soar for hours with
scarcely a wing beat, turning and
wheeling In the sky, often at such
altitudes that they appear as mere
specks against the blue.
The turkey vulture Is a well
known species that Is particularly
adept In this art. In fact, it finds
this method of progression so
adapted to ite needs that frequently
it remains In its roost through the
day when the air is heavy and still.
The falcons have longer, more
pointed wings that enable them to
tly with great speed, and, though
they may enjoy soaring, they do not
practice this so constantly as the
other hawks. The larger species
can capture the swiftest Hying sand
pipers and ducks on the wing with
out the slightest difficulty.
The food of birds of the hawk
group is highly varied, though It is
taken entirely from the nnlmal
kingdom. The larger species of
falcons subsist mainly on various
kinds of birds anil small mammals,
but the smaller kind, such ns spar
row hawks and falconets, eat Ha
zards, grasshoppers and other In
sects, and mice. The bearded vul
tures of the Old world are said
to carry turtles and large bones
from the carcasses of dead animals
to a great height, In order to drop
them on rocks, where they break
open so that the bird can eat the
marrow.
Some species of hawks, particu
larly certain forms that range In
the tropics, eat snakes as their
principal food. There Is one group
of species found In India and ad
jacent regions In which this habit
is so constnrit that the birds are
known as "serpent eagles." The
osprey and some of the sea eagles
confine their attention mainly to
fish, which they capture alive by
plunging after them as they ap
proach the surface of the water.
The powerful harpy eagle feeds reg
ularly on monkeys.
The golden eagle, one or the most
powerful of American birds of prey,
has a varied menu. Where prairie
dogs ate present In large numbers,
these are favored food; a pair of
eagles will destroy several hundred
In the course of a season. At times
they turn to sharp-tailed grouse
when those are abundant, proving
a scourge to the flocks. Jack rab
bits, cottontails, marmots, and
ground squirrels are killed In large
numbers.
They also attack lambs and
fawns on occasion, and one observ
er records that three golden eagles
working together pulled down and
killed a prong-horn antelope during
severe winter weather when other
food was scarce. They will kill
and eat coyotes caught In traps, and
will also steal the halt when wolf
traps are halted with meat. Snakes
and wild ducks, nnd an occasional
goose, also may figure In their diet.
Hawk Tribe Always Hunted.
The hand of civilized man has
been raised universally against the
hawk tribe, and birds of this group
are shot or otherwise destroyed at
every opportunity. It is rare, In
deed, for hawks to come within gun
range of a hunter without receiving
a charge of shot, and they are
killed In many localities by setting
steel traps on the tops of posts or
poles that the birds utilize as
perches.
The majestic bald eagle, our na
tional bird, has fallen under the
displeasure of some farmers and
has been rather relentlessly hunted.
ltlrd lovers have taken up the
tight on behalf of this great bird of
freedom, declaring that he has been
misrepresented nnd that his occa
sional thefts of poultry are more
than offset by services in keeping
our beuches clear of dead fish.
The flight nnd nppearance of
hawks and other birds, and certain
of their anatomical features, were
used by the augurs of ancient Home
in their prophecies of the future. A
more practical use of these bird*
was found among the North Ameri
can Indians, particularlyof the I’lalns
aud I’ueblo groups, when beautiful
headdresses were made from the
large feathers of the golden eagle,
and other ornaments and decora
tions were fashioned from the
smaller feathers of this bird and
from the feathers of hawks.