section_path: Reaction types/Forward and backward reactions/Backward reactions
section_name: Backward reactions
paragraph_text: Backward reactions
  
  Reactions that proceed in the backward direction to approach equilibrium are often called non-spontaneous reactions, that is, Δ G {\displaystyle \Delta G} is positive, which means that if they occur at constant temperature and pressure, they increase the Gibbs free energy of the reaction. They require input of energy to proceed in the forward direction. Examples include: