section_path: Design process/Action-centric model
section_name: Action-centric model
paragraph_text: Action-centric model
  
  The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model. It posits that:
  
  The action-centric perspective is based on an empiricist philosophy and broadly consistent with the agile approach and methodical development. Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers. Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.
  
  At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities:
  
  The concept of the design cycle is understood as a circular time structure, which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.