section_path: Letters/Romanization
section_name: Romanization
paragraph_text: Romanization
  
  There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script. The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity. In this system, ⟨ κ ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ c ⟩, the diphthongs ⟨ αι ⟩ and ⟨ οι ⟩ are rendered as ⟨ ae ⟩ and ⟨ oe ⟩ (or ⟨ æ,œ ⟩); and ⟨ ει ⟩ and ⟨ ου ⟩ are simplified to ⟨ i ⟩ and ⟨ u ⟩. Smooth breathing marks are usually ignored and rough breathing marks are usually rendered as the letter ⟨ h ⟩. In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek, ⟨ κ ⟩ will usually be rendered as ⟨ k ⟩, and the vowel combinations ⟨ αι, οι, ει, ου ⟩ as ⟨ ai, oi, ei, ou ⟩. The letters ⟨ θ ⟩ and ⟨ φ ⟩ are generally rendered as ⟨ th ⟩ and ⟨ ph ⟩; ⟨ χ ⟩ as either ⟨ ch ⟩ or ⟨ kh ⟩; and word-initial ⟨ ρ ⟩ as ⟨ rh ⟩.
  
  Transcription conventions for Modern Greek differ widely, depending on their purpose, on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek-based transcription systems, and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter-by-letter transliteration or rather a phonetically based transcription. Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the International Organization for Standardization (as ISO 843), by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, by the Library of Congress, and others.