section_path: Open hostility and escalation (1948–1962)
section_name: Open hostility and escalation (1948–1962)
paragraph_text: Open hostility and escalation (1948–1962)
  
  The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. With the US assistance, the Greek military won its civil war. Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist – Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948.