text: V. METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL PHENOMENA. ................. 10 5.1 Tropical cyclones ................................................. 10 5.2 Tornadoes ...................................................... 11 5.3 Riverfloods ..................................................... 11 5.4 Storm surges ..................................................... 12 5.5 Avalanches ...................................................... 12 5.6 Landslides ...................................................... 12 VI. EARTHQUAKES ..................................................... 13 6.1 Seismic aspects ................................................... 13 6.1.1 Calculation of seismic hazard .................................. 13 6.1.2 Example of an empirical formula ............................... 16 6.1.3 The activity of faults ........................................ 16 6.1.4 Fault recognition ........................................... 17 6.2 Hazards during earthquakes ......................................... 17 6.2.1 Fractured bedrock on steep slopes .............................. 17 6.2.2 Loose surface materials on steep slopes .......................... 10 6.2.3 Liquefaction of loose flat-lying sedimentary deposits ................ 18 6.2.4 Cohesive natural embankments, levees and earth dams ............... 19 6.3 Landslides ...................................................... 19 6.3.1 Concepts and risk management ................................ 19 6.3.2 Information required to assess risk .............................. 20 6.3.3 Advice on using information .................................. 20 6.3.4 Composite risk and mapping .................................. 22 6.4 Seismic microzonation ............................................ 22 VII. VOLCANOES ....................................................... 23 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7.2 Hazard zoning ii 7.3 Risk assessment and mitigation ...................................... 24 7.4 Methods of hazard assessment ....................................... 24 VIII. RISK ANALYSIS -A METHODOLOGY .................................. 25 8.1 Factors affecting impact ............................................ 25 8.2 Method of approximation .......................................... 26 8.3 Simulated impacts ................................................ 26 8.4 Possible application to urban and regional planning ....................... 27 IX. RISK ANALYSIS AND PHYSICAL PLANNING ............................. 28 X. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................ I ....... 30 ANNEXES I. Agenda.......,..................................................... 32 II. List of participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 III. Note on the definition of the concept of vulnerability and on the evaluation 
analysis: The text appears to be focused on natural disasters, their causes, effects, and risk assessment, which suggests that it is related to the field of natural resources and environment. The topics covered, such as tropical cyclones, earthquakes, volcanoes, and landslides, are all related to natural phenomena that can have significant impacts on human populations and infrastructure.