text: cumulative 1978-1982 (IiTO: NATO:WarsawTreatyOrganization; NorthAtlantic TreatyOrganization) Supplier Navalcraft Majorsurface combatants2.1 Othersurface combatants El Submarines Missile attack boatsTotal 125 497 20 94USSR 32 134 8 53Other WTO 5 7USA 27 97 1France 17 48 2 16UK 13 35 6Other NATO 31 155 7 11China 21 2 8 Source: UnitedStates ArmsControl andDisarmament Agency, WorldMilitary Expenditure andArmsTransfers 1972-1982 (washington, D.C.,April1984J,p.99. 2.1Majorsurface combatants include aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, destroyer escorts andfrigates. !VOthersurface combatants include motortorpedo boats,submarine chasers andminesweepers. I...A/40/535 English Page28 79.Aswithotherconventional weapons, therehasbeenanoticeable increase in thedemandforthemostmodern weapons, inclUding anti-ship gUidedmissiles, the delivery ofwhichhasprovided relatively smallcoastal navieswithasignificant increase inwar-fighting capabilities. 80.International stability isatriskduetomanyfactors, amongwhichthereis sometimes adisproportionate increase inarmstransfers, bothquantitative and Qualitative innature andtending todisseminate atthegloballevelhigh-level weapontechnology. Despite thedeclarations oftheGeneral Assembly intheFinal Document oftheTenthSpecial Session, heldin1978,thatthelimitation and gradual reduction ofarmedforces andconventional weapons should beresolutely pursued withintheframework ofprogress towards general andcomplete disarmament, (para.811,andthatconsultations should becarried outamongmajorarmssupplier andrecipient countries onthelimitation ofalltypesofinternational transfer of conventional weapons (para.85),nosuchconsultations havetakenplace. Aswith otherconventional weapons, thetransfer Ofnavalarmshascontinued unabated. CHAPTER III NAVALFORCES ANDNAVALARMSSYSTEMS A.Majordevelopments inthepast50years 81.Navies hadchanged significantly bytheendoftheSecond WorldWar.The battleship, thecapital shipin1939,hadtoyieldtotheaircraft-carrier. Battles werefoughtoverthehorizon without theopponents evereKchanging gun-fire. Grouped aroundtheaircraft-carrier, othervessels actedasescorts or provided shorebombardment duringlanding operations. Thesubmarine underwent greatchanges aswell. Theinvention ofthesnorkel (adevice eKtended fromjust belowthesurface permitting thesubmarine totakeinairandsooperateitsdiesel engines torecharge itsbatteries) enabledittoremain submerged forlongperiodS, whichwasessential ifitwastosurvive against radar-equipped surface vessels and aircraft. Atthesametime,however, thedevelopment ofradarandofacoustical detection devices underwater (sonar) greatly enhanced thedetection capabilities of surface ships,submarines andaircraft. 82.Thesetransformations wererelatively minorcompared towhatwastocome. Sincethe1950snavies haveeKperienced suchprofound developments thattheir appearance hascompletely changed. Nuclear energy, electronics andnewweapons systems haveimproved thecapabilities ofnaviestolevelsinconceivable 30or 40yearsago.Recentreports suggest thatfurther newdevelopments areimminent, theconsequences ofwhicharestilldifficult toevaluate. B.Thenuclear revolution 83.OfalltheChanges thathavetakenplace,thoselinkedtonuclear energyare doubtless themostsignificant andhavemultiplied thecapabilities ofnaval vessels andtheweapons they carry~ Themostimpressive demonstrations ofthis I...A/40/535 English Page29 revolution areclearly thedevelopment ofnuclear energyforpropulsion purposes andthedevelopment ofnuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMsl fordeployment onbeardnuclear-powered submarines, asdescribed inparagraphs 102 to106below. 84.Atomic energyisalsousedforpropulsion insomevessels, particularly in
analysis: The text appears to be a report or analysis of naval forces and arms systems, discussing the development of naval vessels and weapons, including the use of nuclear energy and advanced technologies. It also touches on the international implications of these developments, including the risk of destabilization and the lack of consultations among major arms supplier and recipient countries.