text: Is needed ls not autarky but, as the VIenna Programme points out. •the attainment of a frontier beyond which their (developing countries') knowledge and resources wll I enable them to ensure growth and overcome dependence• (5}, and the ability to make and carry out technological decisions Independently. Of course the structure and composition of the Indigenous research and develop­ ment capabilities would differ from country to country depending on their specific problems, resources and Interests. So what has been done In this field over the five years since the VIenna Conference? 258 NATURE OF PROGRESS Achievements Soviet scholars ere loci lned to agree with the assessment of the UN Advisory Committee on Science and Technology tor Development that this period "has not passed In vein" (6). And most of the progress In carrying out the VIenna Programme has been achieved precisely at national levels. For example. there has been considerable headway In national legislation In the sphere of science and technology. According to UNCTAD experts, abou~ 30 legislative acts In thts field are currently In force In the 17 developing and Andean Pact countries <7>. Anti-trust legislation aimed at fighting the restrictive business practices of the monopol les has been either Introduced or strengthened In Argentina, Venezuela, Ghana, India, Nigeria. Pakistan, Peru, Sri Lanka,, Thailand, and a number of other countries. Many states have changed legislation on foreign patents and Investments which now makes It possible to carry out the depackaglng of offers from multinational corporations and purchase technology ilthout allowing foreign capital In or within the framework of non-equity arrangements. National bodies tor the management of science and technology have also come Into being. It Is fair to say that a number of developing countries (e.g •• Mexico, India, Algeria) are shaping out their own national scientific pol lcles. More money Is being earmarked for research 
analysis: The text discusses the progress made by developing countries in attaining technological independence and overcoming dependence on developed countries. It highlights the achievements in national legislation, anti-trust laws, and the establishment of national bodies for science and technology management. The text also mentions the allocation of more funds for research and development. Given the focus on technological development and independence, it is likely that the text falls under a category related to science, technology, and economic development.