text: with foreign States. Further the Indian Penal Code treats the acts aimed against foreign States as crimes, with suitable punishments. 103. India has been against any advocacy of racial or religious hatred, and has consistently followed the policy of non-violence (ahimsa). Accordingly, India has become a party to the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apart ­ heid. The Indian Parliament has already passed legisla ­ tion on this matter, namely, the Anti-Apartheid (United Nations Convention) Act, 1981. 104. The subject of religious hatred has been dealt with above under article 18 of the Covenant. 350Documents of the seventeenth to twenty-second sessions Article 21 105. All Indian citizens, under article 19 (b) of the Constitution of India, have the fundamental right “to assemble peacefully and without arms”. 106. The right however is not an absolute or un­ limited one, but is subject to reasonable restriction. The State by law can impose restrictions on this right “in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, or public order”. 107. Further, exercise of this right, for instance, the holding of public meetings in public places is sub­ ject to the control of the appropriate local authority in this regard for maintenance of peace and public order. The Indian Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code of India provide for temporary prohibition of meetings or assemblies to preserve peace in the concerned area. Article 22 108. The right to freedom of association is guaran ­ teed under the Constitution of India. Article 19 of the Indian Constitution guarantees a fundamental right to all citizens to form associations or unions, However, clause (4) of article 19 empowers the State to make any law imposing, in the interests of the sovereignty and in­
analysis: The text appears to discuss the legal framework and constitutional provisions related to freedom of assembly, association, and expression in India. It mentions international conventions and treaties, such as the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, and Indian laws like the Indian Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code. The text does not mention economic development, natural resources, or industry, which are more tangible and concrete topics. Instead, it focuses on the legal and political aspects of human rights and freedoms.