text: para. (11) of the comments to art. 16/17], at pp. 12-13. This assessment of the practice of States is else reflected in the most recent comprehensive study of the subject:csee J. Larnmers, &.U&ion 0~ I- WatercouL EQP (1984) p. 301. u!u This position is in accord wit.h that taken in the Helsinki Rules of the International Law Association, See especially comment (d) to article XI. ILA, Helsinki Rules, m, note 189, ppe 503-504. - 162 -order to attain . . . adequate protection of an international watercourse [ aye tern] 1’ mayrin Borne situations, call for joint participation in the application of pollution control measures. l,Q5/ These obligations contained in articles 6 and 9 are also relevant to the duty to harmonise policies, addressed in paragraph (7) below. (6) The obligations of prevention, reduction and control all apply to pollution “that may cause appreciable harm to other watercourse States or to their end ronment” . Pollution below that threshold would not fall within paragraph 2 but, depending upon the circumetances , might be covered either by article 22 or by article 25, to be discussed below. Several examples of appreciable harm that pollution may cause to a watercourse State or to its environment are provided at the end of the firat sentence of paragraph 2. The list is preceded by the word “including”, which indicates that it does not purport to be exhaustive, but is provided for purposes of illustration only. Pollution of an international watercourse [system] may cause harm not only to “human health or safety” or to“the uee of the waters for any beneficial purpose” m/ but also to “the living resources of tb.e international watercourse [system]", flora and fauna dependent upon the watercourse, and the ’ amenities connected with it. W/ The term “environment” of other watercourse lw Such participation and co-operation may take E number of forms,
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the international law and regulations related to the protection of international watercourses, including the prevention, reduction, and control of pollution. The focus is on the obligations of States to protect the environment and prevent harm to other States and their environments. The text also mentions the importance of joint participation and cooperation in applying pollution control measures.