text: The.absence of developed scientific and technological Infra­structure, the lack of qualified personnel and availability of relatively redundant unqual If led labour force represent an acute socio-economic problem In the maJority of developing countries. It Is possible to achieve efficient exploitation of Industrial and other enterprises and proJects created In developing countries only through carrying out para! lei programmes of train­ Ing qualified national cadres capable of participating effectively both In management and In direct productive work. Dynamic expansion of economic and technological co-operation of the USSR with developing countries has made It ~'sslble tor them to rapidly Increase their own manpower potential and become tamll far with the latest achievements In the field of sci~nce, technology and production management. In the process of economic and technological co-operation of the Soviet Union with developing countries various forms of ~ass training of national cadres have been developed. They Include the formation and development of the pub I lc education system. construction of higher education and secondary special lzed educa­ tion establishments. vocational training centres, training of workers and specialists with the assistance of soviet specialists directly during construction and exploitation of co-operation proJects as well as training of foreign citizens In the USSR. MTTHOOS OF SOVIET CO-OPERATION While considering various forms of assistance In the field of promoting adherence of the national cadres of developing 450 countries to modern technology, first of all It Is necessary to underline the exclusive role which has been played and Is still played today by the most popula-r and cheap method of training· consisting In on-Job training of local personnel by Soviet specialists working In cooperation projects built with the USSR assistance. In the course of technical assistance while carryfng out construction, Installation and adjustment of equlp11ent, mastering production processes and, In certain· cases, solving production planning and organization problems the Soviet specia­ l lsts share wll I lngly their knowledge, experience. production 
analysis: The text discusses the challenges faced by developing countries in terms of lack of scientific and technological infrastructure, qualified personnel, and labor force. It highlights the importance of training national cadres to participate effectively in management and direct productive work, and mentions the methods of Soviet cooperation in achieving this goal. The text focuses on the training of local personnel by Soviet specialists working in cooperation projects, and the sharing of knowledge and experience. Based on this, it is likely that the text is related to economic development and education.