text: gramme has now become national policy and is supported by other ex- ternal donors. The urban programme in Thailand now reaches all major secondary cities. In Bangkok, PHC is now in- stitutionalized and has achieved 88 per cent immunization coverage for all antigens, except measles, which is at 67 per cent. The urban programme has been extended to cover a working and street children project. In Indonesia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka, UBS programmes are also important components of UNICEF country programmes and reach sig- nificant numbers of the urban poor. In Bangladesh, the slum improvement is beyond the pilot stage, but is ham- pered by the lack of a national urban policy. A pilot project in urban PHC has started in five townships in Myan- mar using voluntary health workers and micro-plans prepared by the ex- isting health infrastructure. Based on new definitions of urban areas, the urban population of China is now 50 per cent of the total popula- tion. Although child survival indica- tors such as LMR, UaMR and nutritional status show that urban areas in China arc still relatively better off, a special investigation on the situation of Chi- nese urban children is needed. In Latin America, UBS achieved good results in Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua in die areas of commu- nity development, water supply and basic services respectively. UBS is gradually taking hold in Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, Mauritania and Sudan, but as Africa is the most rapidly urbanizing region more exten- sive programme development is re- quired. The PHC programme in Addis Ababa has established a model for other cities in the region, particularly in reaching high levels of immuniza- tion coverage. n UChildren in especially difficult circumstances There is a growing international focus on the needs of children in urban areas and on working and street chil-
analysis: The text appears to be focused on the development of urban programs and initiatives aimed at improving the health and well-being of children in urban areas. The emphasis on immunization coverage, community development, and basic services suggests a strong connection to health and humanitarian aid.