text: created. But these experiences have often failed, because of the lack of interest and of the lack of training of women and of the insufficient financial resources of the co-operatives. This has been for example the case in the Sudan. ~/ 42. As for credit, commercial African banks allocate only 5 per cent of their loans to the agricultural sector, and these loans are essentially made to men with land as collateral. Development banks set up to promote development (and particularly agricul­ tural development) make loans to family heads, that is once more to men. Some original types of credit institutions have been created which are lending both to men and women, but the loans are often at a high interest rate and the institutions have small resources and encur losses greater than formal banking institu­ tions. 158 E/ECA/CM.9/5 43. Government policies tending to modernize marketi~g networks and integrate small enterprises in wider commercial r.ational or international networks, can also harm women. Examples of this are in two regions of Norocco, the Gharb and the El Jadida, where several co-operatives have been established and where production is directed towards foreign markets. Production relies on women's work which have now an even more crushing work-load during peak seasons. But it is the family head which receives a lump sum for all the work done. ~/ 44. In conclusion, development policies do not take generaTly account of the real distribution of work in the countryside and ignore the needs and the interest of women which supply a fun­ damental part of agricultural production. If development policy cannot consider women in isolation from men and has to be based on biological realities and particularly take the family as the basic social unit, it is also impossible to conceive that moder­
analysis: The text discusses the challenges faced by women in agricultural development and the lack of consideration of their needs and interests in development policies. It highlights the limited access to credit, training, and resources that women face, which hinders their participation in agricultural production. The text also mentions the burden of work on women during peak seasons, where they are expected to work long hours without recognition or compensation. The discussion focuses on the need for development policies to take into account the real distribution of work in the countryside and recognize the importance of women's contributions to agricultural production.