text: Commonweal thSecretariat ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••71 28 72 28 73-87 28 73 28 74 29 7S 29 76 30 77 30 78-81 30 82 31 83 31 84 32 85 32 86 32 87 32 88-98 33 88-89 33 90 33 91 33 92 33 93 34 /...••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••Fund•••••••••••••••••••• f,•• ......, .WorldHealthOrgani.ation •••••••••••••••••••••••••FoodandAgriculture Organisation ofthe UnitedNations••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••International LabourOrganilation ••••••••••••••••• Inte:national CivilAviation Organi.ation ••••••••• WorldMeteorological Organisation •••••••••••••••••International Monetary Universal POltalUnion International Telecommunication Union International Maritime Organi.ation International FundtorAgricultural Development ••• UnitedNations Indultrial Development Organization2.Speciali.ed agencie. andreletedorgani.ations of theUnitedNationl 'Ylt~m••••••••••••••••••••••••• AndeanDevelopment Corporation ••••••••••••••••••••••••African Development Bank•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• International AirTransport Allociation •••••••••••••••Inter-American Development Bank•••••••••••••••••••••••c.Summariel ofreplies received fromintergovernmental organizations•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••J../44/588 English Paqe5 CONTENTS (continuad) Paragraphs f.UO. Int.rnational RoadTransport Union•••••••••••••••••••• I'lamia Dev.lopm.nt Bank•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Organilation ofAmerican State,••••••••••••••••••••••• Organilation forEconomic Co-operation andD.v.lopm.nt OPECFundforInternational D8velopm.nt •••••••••••••••95 97 9834 3434 34 35 Appendix. Statistical tables••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 37 /...A/44/588 English Page6 I.INTRODUCTION 1.Theinternational community viewswithdeepconcern theparticular problems facingtheland-locked developing countries because oftheirgeographical handicaps. Itisinthisper.spective thattheGeneral Assembly andtheUnited Nations Conference onTradeandDevelopment (UNCTAD) havecontinued toreiterate theirappealforincreased financial and~echnical assistance tothosecountries. Inordertomobilize suchassistance itisessential thattheawareness ofthe distinct nature andevolving dimension oftheseparticular problems befurther fostered. Accordingly, initsresolution 42/174of11Dec~mber 1987,theGeneral Assembly, welcoming thereportonthegeographical disadvantage ofland-locked developing countries submitted toitatitsforty-second session, 1/requested the Secretary-General ofUNCTADtoprepare another reportforSUbmission toitatits forty-fourth session. PartsIIIandIVofthepresent reporthavebeenprepared in response tothatrequest. 2.PartVofthereportwasprepared inaccordance withparagraph 12of Conference resolution 137(VI),inwhichtheSecretary-General ofUNCTADis required tokeepunderconstant reviewtheprogress intheimplementation of specific actionrelated totheparticular needsandproblems oftheland-locked developing countries assetoutinthatresolution, aswellasinConference resolutions 63(IIl), 98(IV)and123(V). 11.MAINCONCLUSIONS ANDPOLICY OPTIONS 3.Theweakeconomic performance ofmost land-lock~d developing countries over thelast30years refl~cts thedirect andindirect impactofgeographical situation onkeymacro-economic variables. TheGovernments ofland-locked countries can, through tradeanddevelopment policy, modifythepriceandincomeeffects of )naccessibi1ity tointernational trade,butthAirroomformanoeuvre in distributing thecostsandrisksoftransit-transport amongtheil"producers and consumers islimited bytheneedtoachieve appropriate balance between foreign-exchange requirements andforeign-exchange availability, andbetween public expenditure requirements andnon-inflationary meansofraising revenue. 4.Supply-side measures designed, interalia,torehabilitate, maintain and improve investment intransit corridor infrastructure, topromote bilateral and subregional transit agreements, totraintransit managers andtoestablish
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the economic and developmental challenges faced by land-locked developing countries, with a focus on trade, infrastructure, and economic policy. The report seems to be analyzing the impact of geographical isolation on these countries' economic performance and proposing policy options to mitigate these effects. The text also mentions international organizations and agencies involved in addressing these issues.