text: end of the Second World War, a number of fields. notably agriculture and lextiles, haVe been kept outside of multilateral trade negotiations. As lariff barriers were gradually reduced, non-tariff barriers became more prominent except nhere regional econonic integraEion took place. The arguments for keeping agriculture and lexEiles outside the scope of trade liberalization were evenlua1ly extended to other fiel.ds. contributing to a proliferation of quantitative restrlctions. International !rade became increasingly "managed", and arrangements i{ere made outside of GATT rules, as in lbe case of 'rvoluntary" export restraints. 64. The international community has already agreed co a number of trade policy measures in favour of the developing countries. A system of generatized' non-reciprocal. and non-discriminatory !a(iff preferences - the Generalized SysEem of Preferences - was thought to be a significan! conEribution but it has not' as inpleftented. lj.ued up to expectations o,,ti' ng rnainly to the limited product coverage, Furthermore' the overall reductions in tariffs under the Tokyo Round have reduced the preference margins. Atl the existing schemes bave noe been renewed but, as ftost have been modified in product coverage' ceilings and designaced beneficiarj.es, it is ttifficult to establish lthether, on balance, the scbemes have been improved. 65. In recent years' structura! change in industrial countlies has produced freouent calls for protection of domesti.c industries frorn foreign conpetition. TheA/40 /708 Enqli sh Page 16 adjustment policies and industrial policies that emerged in developed countriesduring Che 1960s often became instruments of protectionism and sources of extensivesubsi.dies. Arthough public policy is now shifting tosards market principles and non-i nter vent ion, this shift has not prevented a resurgence of protectionist senliment, and Governments have yielded in varying degrees to demands for importrestrainl. Thus, althouqh the need for gradual,Iy phasing out uncompetitiveindustries is recognized by covernments, their abillty to reslst the pressures tosupport lhem has been uneven.
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the trade policies and agreements between countries, specifically in the context of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Tokyo Round. It mentions the protection of domestic industries, the reduction of tariffs, and the establishment of trade preferences. The text also touches on the issue of non-tariff barriers and the management of international trade. Given these themes, it is likely that the text is related to the field of international trade.