text: 1970s the share of rnar.ufacturing has remained arounc 9.6 per cent without any clear upward trend, an indication that the in­dustrialization process is not making significant p regress. In 1980, according to the World Bank, manufacturing accounted for 15 per cent of total output in low-income countries, and 13 per cent in middle-income countries, so that Africa is practically at the bottom in relation to other developing areas. African manufac­ turing output represents less than 1 per cent of total world manufacturin£ output (in last yeur's Survey it was estimated at 0.2 per cent), and specifically is lower than the manufacturing output of such developing countries as Brazil, India and Hong Kong. 101. In addition to being s~all, African manufacturing industry is concentrated in only a few countries. In 1981 only 12 countries recorded value added in manufacturing of mere than $500 ~illion, and they contributed more than 90 per cent of total manufacturing output. North Africa is the major industrial area, with 43.6 per cent of total value added, while of the other sub­ regions only ~/est Africa is significant, with 29. 1 per cent. A 1- geria is the most impcrtant industrial country in terms of value added, and is followed by Nigeria. The only other countries with value added of more than $1 billion are, in declining order, Egypt, Morocco, Zambia, Zaire and the Ivory Coast. In the sample of 26 countries the share of manufacturing in GDP in 1981 was distributed as follows: Share in GDP {Percentege) Over 15 10-15 5-10 Under 5 Number of countries 5 9 9 3 The most industrialized countr: appears to be Zimbabwe, with manufacturing rerresenting 26.5 per cent of GDP, an eYceptional rate putting Zimtabwe quite near the average rate for industrial market economies in 1980 (27 per cent). 60 E/ECA /CM. 9/5 
analysis: The text primarily discusses the state of manufacturing in Africa, highlighting its small share in total output, its concentration in a few countries, and its limited value added. It also provides a comparison with other developing regions and countries. The text does not mention natural resources, environment, agriculture, forestry, fishing, health, education, employment, humanitarian aid, culture, or science and technology.