text: fringed by a legislative measure, resort can be had to the Supreme Court or the High Court challenging such measures as ultra vires the Constitution. Where a Gov­ ernment official is involved in the violation of rights of an individual the aggrieved person may seek remedy through writ petition or declaration. 7. Administrative remedies 15. In India, the Supreme Court and the High Courts have jurisdiction to issue prerogative writs against the unlawful administrative action and for pro­ tecting the fundamental rights of the individuals, (arts. 32 and 226). In other words superior courts have juris ­ diction to review the exercise of powers by subordinate authorities such as lower courts, quasi-judicial tribunals and officials through writs. The Supreme Court 'and High Courts have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of (a) Habeas corpus (b) Mandamus (c) Certiorari (d) Prohibition (e) Quo warranto. 16. The Indian Courts have generally done away with the technicalities of British law in issuance of the prerogative writs. The discretionary powers of the In­ dian courts are wider. This is clear from article 136 (1) which reads: Notwithstanding anything contained, in this Chapter, the Su­ preme Court may, in its discretion grant special leave to appeal from any judgment, determination, sentence or order in any cause or mat­ ter passed or made by any court or tribunal in the territory of India. 17. Courts may also grant injunction and declara ­ tions in their equitable jurisdiction. 18. In addition, within the administrative ma­ chinery itself appeal to higher levels is permissible. The principles of natural justice are to be applied in such a process. 8. Court structure 19. In view of the frequent references made to the “Courts ” in the following pages of the report, it may 
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the legal framework and mechanisms for protecting individual rights and challenging administrative actions in India. It mentions specific articles and sections of the Constitution, as well as the powers and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The language used is formal and technical, suggesting a focus on legal and constitutional matters.