text: headings of (a) joinder of parties (RSC 0.15, r.4) and (b) third party procedure (RSC 0.16); these rules apply to both civil and criminal proceedings, although the matter does not arise in the latter. In France the rules are dealt with under (a) pluralité de parties (CPCN 323-324) and (b) intervention (CPCN 325-338); these rules apply to civil proceedings only, the rare instances in which intervention occurs in criminal proceedings being dealt with in CPP 87, 388.1, 418 and 698.2. The distinction between the notions (a) and (b) in England and (a) and (b) in France can be expressed as follows: 1. civil; 2. civil! 3. civil; 4. civil! there is more than one plaintiff or defendant from the beginning an additional plaintiff or defendant joins the proceedings voluntarily an additional plaintiff or an additional defendant is compelled to appear in the proceedings a third party is compelled by the defendant to appear in the proceedings, as a third party and not as an additional plaintiff England (a) (a) (a) (b) France (a) (b) volontaire (b) £fflr£fi£, also called mise en cause (b) forcée, also called mi-ss-en gause In England the multiple parties produced by situations 1. and 3. are called co-plaintiffs or co-defendants: the additional party in situation 2. is an intervener; the additional party in situation 4. is a third party. In France the multiple parties produced by sitxiation 1. are called codemandeurs or codéfendeurs: the additional parties in situations 2., 3. and 4. are intervenants. - 1181 - In criminal proceedings in England joinder of parties is called jpinder of defendants, who are termed co-accuseds. In criminal proceedings in France there are coprévenus. coaccusés• intervenants volontaires (under CPP 87, 388.1, 418, 698.2) and intervenants forcés (under CPP 388.1). The equivalent in the United States of English joinder of parties is the 
analysis: This text appears to be a comparative analysis of the rules and terminology used in England, France, and the United States regarding the joinder of parties and third-party procedures in civil and criminal proceedings. The text provides a detailed comparison of the different rules and terminology used in each country, suggesting that the category should be related to law or justice.