text: distant fromthescopeofapplication ofitsownmilitary alliance although perhaps withthesupport. indifferent waysandtodifferent extents, ofothermembers of thatalliance andwiththemostsophisticated military means. inclUding the hypothetical, butnotaprioridiscounted. utilization ofnuclear weapons inthat conflict. 272.Inconnection withtheabove-mentioned formsofnavalptesence, thecontinued establishment and/orreinforcement ofmilitary basesabroad. particularly foreign navalbases,constitute aproblem deserving particular attention. Inmostcases foreign navalbasesareestablished asaresultofbilatetal arrangements between soveteign States; recentyearshavewitnessed adecline inthenumberofsuchbases owingtoavariety offactors. However. toalatgemajority ofStates, foreign navalbasesareperceived asgenetating greater pointsoffriction andtension in theregions concerned ratherthancontributing togreater stability andsecurity. TheseStatestherefore regardthecontinuing presence offoreign navalbasesasan unwelcome factorofdestabilization toregional security andhenceasapotential threattointernational peaceandsecurity. Basesandothermilitary installations inNon-Self-Governing Territories giverisetoadditional problems towhichthe Special Committee ontheSituation withregardtotheImplementation ofthe Declaration ontheGranting ofIndependence toColonial Countries andPeoples and theFourth Committee oftheGeneral Assembly havedevoted continuing attention for anumberofyearsandwhiChhavebeenthesubject ofnumerous resolutions receiving widesupport intheGeneral Assembly. 273.Atthelocallevel,theexistence ofnavalforceshasoftentendedtoprompt theuseofforceinthesettlement ofdisputes, indirectcontravention ofthe Chatter oftheUnitedNations. Incidents ofopenconflict haveoccurred inseveral partsoftheworldinthepastfewyeats, andtheconjunction ofagreatet number ofsovereign States, eachwiththeinherent rightofself-defence, andlargerSea areaswhichfallundernational jurisdiction givescauseforthebeliefthatthere maybemorerather thanfewersuchincidents inthefuture. Moreover, inaddition toincidents onthehighseas,theremaybeincreased riskofincidents incoastal watersorviolations ofcoastal security alongtheshoreline itself; thismaybe particularly thecaseinthelightoftheproliferation Oflight.missile-armed warships. Thereisevengreater need,therefore, fortheexercise ofmoderation andtesttaint onthepattofall.andrecourse tothemachinery provided inthe Charter oftheUnitedNations. iffurther threats tosecurity atetobecontained. I...A/40/535 English Page75 B.Implications forthefreedom ofnavigation and international shipping routes 274.Inoneparticular sense,theactivities ofnavalforcesrepresent something of aparadox withregardtothefreedom ofnavigation andinternational shipping routes. TosomeStates, navalforces represent amenace tosuchliberties, in theiruseoftheoceanstodemonstrate theirmobility andpowerandintheir capacity fortheapplication offorceinvarious wayslwhereas, tootherStates ­ particularly thosethathavetraditionally depended onoverseas tradeandfree accesstomaritime resources -navalforces areseenasanessential meansof safeguarding theirinterests insuchfreedoms. Itisbelieved thatthisapparent paradox mightberesolved byfullandpositive application oftheelements reflected inthefollowing paragraphs. 275.Asstatedpreviously, theextension ofterritorial waters, theintroduction of exclusive economic zonesandthedesignation ofrulesforrightsofpassage through territorial waters, archipelagic waters andstraits usedforinternational navigation, assetoutintheConvention ontheLawoftheSea,areexpected to haveinteractive effects onthedeployment andactivities ofnavalforces. 276.Inagrowingly interdependent worldthefreedom ofthehighseasisas important asithaseverbeen,indeed, insomerespects itmaywellbeevenmore important thanhitherto. Article 87oftheCOnvention ontheLawofthesea stipulates: "thehighseasareopentoallStates, whether coastal orland-locked, freedom ofthehighseasisexercised undertheconditions laiddownintheConvention andbyOtherrulesofinternational law"(para.1). TheArticlelistsspecific freedoms, suchasthatofnavigation andoverflight, thencontinues: "These freedoms shallbeexercised byallStateswithdueregardforthe interests ofotherStatesintheirexercise ofthefreedom ofthehigh seas•••"(para.2). Article 88statessimply:
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the implications of naval forces on international relations, security, and the freedom of navigation. It touches on issues related to military alliances, territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and the Convention on the Law of the Sea. These topics suggest that the text is more focused on the realm of international relations and security rather than economic development, natural resources, or other categories.