text: nication' was held at the Centre for Communication Programmes at Johns Hopkins University (Balti- more) in the summer, and is being adapted and translated for use in fran- cophone Africa and Latin America. The course will be delivered in close collaboration with national schools of education and public health. In Afri- ca, the course will be conducted in Tunisia, and discussions on a course for the Latin American region arc- under way with Peruvian and Colom- bian institutions.Water supply and sanitation As the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade draws to a close it is impossible not to reflect on its inability to achieve the numeri- cal objective of WATSAN services for all by 1990. An estimated one billion people arc still without access to ade- quate sate drinking water supplies and two billion (excluding China) live in communities without sanitation services. Failure to cover their needs can be attributed mainiv to acute economichardship in the 1980s and population growth rates that outstripped the ca- pacity ot governments and interna- tional agencies to deliver on the De- cade's promises. Questions also re- main as to the political commitment of governments to their expressed ideals, and this very large factor in the equation will continue to impact on WATSAN programmes. Equally important in any assess- ment of the Decade is the extraordi- nary degree to which objectives were.in fact, accomplished. The many ac- tors in this enormous undertaking improved the lot of an average 102 million people a year between 1981 and 1990, and technologies and proce- dures were developed that should bring the goal of services for all very much closer to reality by the year 2000. Specific UNICEF inputs to this WAT- SAN partnership with governments have delivered low-cost services in almost 100 countries to some 16 mil-
analysis: The text primarily discusses the progress and challenges of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, highlighting the need for continued efforts to improve access to clean water and sanitation services. It also mentions the development of a course to train professionals in this field. These themes suggest that the text is most closely related to the fields of health, education, and humanitarian aid.