text: areconfronted; thissearchischaracterized notonlybyseizing andbuilding on political openings thatareconducive todurable solutions, especially thatof voluntary repatriation, through theworkoftripartite commissions (madeupofthe Governments ofthecountry ofasylum, thecountry oforigin, andUNHCR), butalso bycloseconsultations withtherefugees themselves soastoascertain whatthey seeasintheirbestinterests. 36.13 Therolethatdevelopment assistance mightplayinencouraging solutions to refugee situations, especially thesolutions ofvoluntary repatriation andlocal integration, shouldbeemphasized. Notonlydoestheinternational community need torecognize thesheermagnitude oftherefugee problem anditsimpactonthe socio-economic infrastructures andecological systems ofthereceiving countries, mostofwhicharedeveloping countries, butthereisalsotheneedtohighlight the rolethatdevelopment assistance canplaybothinpreventing refugee outflows and contributing totheirsolution. 36.14 Giventhecomplex natureoftherootcausesofrefugee outflows, arecurring element inmanyofthemisoftenunderdevelopment oreconomic privation. Appropriately targeted development aidcouldplayasignificant roleinreversing oratleastmitigating situations leading torefugee outflows; thisisnottosay thatrefugees leaveprimarily foreconomic reasons, butitistoacknowledge that aidcouldhavearoletoplay,forexample, inencouraging positive humanrights developments ordiscouraging situations conducive toviolations ofbasicrights. Itisafactalsothatsevere economic hardship, whenanaddedelement in situations ofbroadcivildisorder, canbeafactortipping thebalance infavour ofdeparture, thuscreating arefugee situation. 36.15 Alinkalsoexistsbetween economic factors oropportunities infirstasylum countries andtheonwardspontaneous movement ofasylum-seekers fromthose countries tocountries chosenforfinalsettlement; thisphenomenon isoftencalled "irregular movements". Again,appropriately targeted development assistance might helptoreducetheproblems posedbysuchmovements. 2.Overall strategy 36.16 Thestrategy willconsist ofarangeofdifferent typesofinitiatives and activities, thenatureofwhich,insummary form,isasfollows: (a)Carrying outcontinuing consultations withGovernments inorderto promote further accession toawiderangeofinternational andregional legal instruments relating torefugees. aswellastoencourage themtoadoptpositive national legislation andadministrative regulations onrefugees; (b)Publication ofarticles innewspapers andacademic journals, aswellas participation inconferences andpublicdebates onrefugee questions, inorderto buildupaclimate ofpublicopinion favourable torefugees; (c)Closemonitoring, through directdialogue withGovernments andwiththe assistance ofotherrelevant agencies, ofsituations involving asylum-seekers and -6-41 Digitized by Dag Hammarskjöld Libraryrefugees toensurethatobligations assumed andresponsibilities owedtowards refugees arerespected; (d)Developing contingency planning soastoimprove thepreparedness and response capabilities ofUNHCRtorefugee emergencies andtorespond effectively to anyinvitation oftheSecretary-General toparticipate inspecial humanitarian operations; (e)Providing assistance torefugees insuchawaythatrefugees themselves areinvolved inthedelivery ofassistance programmes andthatthoseprogrammes are characterized byadevelopment orientation fromtheearliest possible stage; (f)Initiating andencouraging thecreation, wherecircumstances permit, of tripartite commissions soastofacilitate andencourage voluntary repatriation; (g)Ensuring inallrelevant situations alinkage between refugee aidand development assistance, especially inthedeployment ofdevelopment assistance asa meansofcementing permanent solutions, bothvoluntary repatriation andlocal integration; (h)Carrying outcontinuing consultations withGovernments toassurean adequate numberofresettlement placesintheircountries forrefugees, especially forvulnerable groups suchasrefugee women,incaseswhereresettlement isseento
analysis: The text primarily focuses on the topic of refugees, discussing the root causes of refugee outflows, the role of development assistance in addressing refugee situations, and the overall strategy for addressing refugee crises. The text highlights the importance of addressing the economic and socio-economic factors that contribute to refugee outflows, as well as the need for development assistance to promote durable solutions, such as voluntary repatriation and local integration.