text: recognition of the possibility of conflict between the interests of parents and their children, and of the need for a child's interests to be investigated and reported to the court by an independent representative. Panels of guardians ad litem have been set up by local authorities in accordance with regulations. The service is now well established and guardians ad litem are considered to assist the quality of decision-making in the proceedings in which they are represented. Adoption 309. A new framework for adoption in England and Wales reflecting up-to-date practice was also introduced in May 1984 in the form of the Adoption Agencies Regulations 1983, together with provisions which allow courts to declare a child free for adoption before formal placement with prospective adopters. In December 1985, the custodianship provisions of the Children Act 1975 were implemented, enabling persons caring for children on a long-term basis to obtain legal custody. 310. In January 1988, the Adoption Act 1976 came into force, implementing the remaining sections of the 1975 Children Act. Each local authority in England and Wales is required to provide an adoption service to meet the needs of adopted children and their parents, guardians or adopting parents. An approved adoption society may also provide such a service, providing for collaboration between the statutory and voluntary sectors. 311. The Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978, which came into operation on 1 September 1984, consolidates enactments relating to adoption in Scotland, including the provisions of part I of the Children Act 1975. Implementation of those provisions was accompanied by the Adoption Agencies (Scotland) Regulations 1984, which provide an improved framework for the practice and procedures of adoption agencies in Scotland. 312. The Adoption (Northern Ireland) Order 1987, made on 18 December 1987, makes corresponding provision for Northern Ireland. It requires each Health 
analysis: The text appears to be discussing legislation and policies related to the welfare and care of children, particularly in the context of adoption and family law. It mentions the establishment of guardians ad litem, the implementation of various acts and regulations, and the provision of services by local authorities and approved adoption societies. These topics suggest that the text is primarily concerned with the well-being and protection of children, rather than with more general economic or scientific issues.