text: 144.Thedevelopment ofaballistic missile remains themostdangerous aspectof SouthAfrica's nuclear capability. According toreports, SouthAfricarecently conducted asuccessful testofamodified version ofthe Isra~'li missile, Jericho 11,whichcouldbeusedtolaunchnuclear warheads overadistance of 1,000kilometres. Inaddition, asaresultofcloseco-operation withthe Government ofIsrael, Pretoria alsohasthecapability toplacealow-level satellite inorbit(seeparttwoofthepresent document). Meanwhile, Southhfrica continues tobenefit fromitsmembership intheInt~rnational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).lil 145.TheGovernmental Affairs Committee oftheUnitedStatesSenatewasreported to beinvestigating evidence thatSouthAfrica, IsraelandotherStateshadreceived sensitive information fromthreetopUnitedStates Ener~yDepartment weapons laboratories. Itappears thatsuchinformation isusefulintheproduction and testing ofnuclear weapons. a51 E.Assessment oftheimpactofsanctions andother measures ontheSouthAfrican economy 146.Theforegoing analysis reveals thatsanctions havehadanimpactonthe regime. Inspiteoftheloopholes, alessthanvigorous implementation andthe lackofco-ordination, sanctions compounded seriously thestructural difficulties oftheSouthAfrican economy. If,however, otherWestern Stateshadshownthesame political willmanifested bytheNordic andotherStatesinadopting sanctions against SouthAfrica, theeffects ofsanctions couldhavebeenstaggering, particularly iftheyhadtargeted explicitly themainareasofdependence and vulnerability oftheSouthAfrican economy. Itshouldbeemphasized thatboththe leaders oftheSouthAfrican blackmajority andthefront-line Stateshave repeatedly calledfortheimposition ofsanctions. 147.External trade,transport facilities, foreign financing, foreign andexpertise arecrucial totheviability ofthea~arth~Q economy. fragility andvulnerability oftheeconomy isclear,measures adopted Statesseeking anendtoapart~ havebeeninadequate forachieving objective. Theability ofSouthAfricatopurchase oilandtoexpand -38-technology Whilethe bythose the itsarmamentsprDduction, albeitatapremium price,demonstrates thattheoilandarmsembargoes arebeingopenlyviolated. Likewise, SouthAfrica's external tradecontinues to thriveasaresultoftherelatively weaksanctions adopted thusfarbymajor Western States. Alongthoselines,thecurrent procedure ofdisinvestment froln SouthAfricafollowed bythemajority oftransnational corporations provides the SouthAfrican companies withinvaluable accesstotechnology andotherformsof capital. Sucharrangements havetheeffectofstrengthening domestic industrial capabilities. 148.TheexportofSouthAfrican c3pilal also reflel~ts tosomeextenttheweakness ofthepresent measures. NotonlyareSouthAfricav transnational corporations involved inhelping Pretoria tosetupch~nnels fortneevasion ofsanctions, but theyaraalsobecoming part,ofteninanunpublicized way,ofothertransnational corporationsJ thereby avoiding ~~estigmaattachnd toSouthAfrican firms. 149.Incontlast, theeffectiveness ofpeople'S sanctions isevidence ofthe growing world-wide rejection oftheregime. Moreimportant, theyreflect the collective pressure thatgroupsandindividuals canexert,asvoters, consumers, tradeunionists, students andshareholders topersuade theirGovernments, corporations andlocalauthorities tosevereconomic tieswithSouthAfrica. People'S sanctions havebeeninstrumental infostering aclimate ofpublicopinion inwhichitisnolongermorally acceptable todealwithA»AL~ SouthAfrica. 150.Overall, theuneveneffectiveness ofthecurrent government sanctions liesin thelackofco-ordination, monitoring andenforcement ofthesemeasures ond,above all,inthelackofpolitical will.Existing pressures, restrictions andsanction ~eedtobetightened, strengthened andpossibly extended; loopholes needtobe closedandavoldance strategies blockedifsanctions aretoachieve theirgoal. -39-IV.INTERNATIONAL ACTION AGAINST APARTHEID A.Genera! 151.Although proposals weremadetoimposefurther sanctions against SouthAfrica andtostrengthen current measures, Governments andintergovernmental organizations
analysis: The text primarily discusses the economic and political implications of the apartheid regime in South Africa, specifically focusing on the country's nuclear capability, international trade, and the effectiveness of sanctions. The author also touches on the theme of international action against apartheid. Given the emphasis on economic and political aspects, it is likely that the text falls under one of the categories related to economics, international relations, or politics.