text: Convention mayhowever haveprovided theanswer when,undertheheading ofpeaceful usesoftheseas(art.301),itdeclares that I...A/40/535 English Page55 "inexercising theirrightsandperforming theirduties underthisCOnvention, StatesParties shallrefrain fromanythreatoruseofforceagainst the territorial integrity orpolitical independence ofanyState,orinanyother mannerinconsistent withtheprinciples ofinternational lawembodied inthe Charter oftheUnitedNations." Thus,military activities whichareconsistent withtheprinciples ofinternational lawembodied intheCharter oftheUnitedNations, inparticular withArticle 2, paragraph 4,andArticle 51,arenotprohibited bytheconvention ontheLawofthe Sea. 3.Internal waters 189.Beforeconsidering theterritorial seaitisnecessary todealbriefly with theregimeofinternal waters. Internal watersaresituated onthelandward side ofthebaseline fromwhichthebreadth oftheterritorial seaismeasured. Internal watersinclude waterswithinports,watercourses andcertain gulfsand bays. Theprincipal feature whichdistinguishes internal waters fromterritorial seaisthatundercustomary international lawthesovereignty ofthecoastal State inthesewatersisnotlimited byarightofinnocent passage infavourofforeign shipping. Theonlyexception isthespecial caseinwhichstraight baselines have beendrawnacroSsdeeplyindented orisland-fringed coastlines enclosing waters whichhadnotpreviously beenconsidered internal waters. Therightofinnocent passage exists insuchwaters. 4.Territorial sea 190.ByvirtueoftheCOnvention ontheLawoftheSea,coastal States mayextend theirterritorial seauptoabreadth of12miles. Thishassettled a long-standing controversy concerning thebreadth oftheterritorial seawithc.laims varying from3to200miles. Coastal Statesarethusempowered toexercise sovereignty overtheterritorial seauptoadistance of12miles,itssea-bed, subsoil andsuperjacent airspace. 191.Allshipsenjoytherightofinnocent passage through theterritorial sea. Undertheregimeofinnocent passage thereishowever nofreedom ofoverflight for foreignaircraft, andsubmarines arereauired tonavigate onthesurface andshow theirflags. TheConvention inarticle 19clarifies themeaning ofinnocent passage bye~umer~ting activities whichcanbeconsidered notinnocent; manyof whichfallwithinthecategory ofmilitary orquasi-military activities. TheY include, forinstance: "(a)anythreatoruseofforceagainst thesovereignty, territorial integrity orpolitical independence ofthecoastal State, Orinanyother mannerinviolation oftheprinciples ofinternational lawembodied inthe Charter oftheUnitedNationsl "Cb)anyexercise orpractice withweapons ofanykind, "(c)anyactaimedatcollecting information totheprejudice ofthe defence orsecurity ofthecoastal Statel /...A/40/535 English Page56 "(e)thelaunching, landing ortaking onboardofanyaircraftl "(f)thelaunching, landing ortaking onboardofanymilitary devicel '1(1)anyotheractivity nothaving adirect bearing onpassage." 192.Acoastal Statemayreauire foreign shipsexercising therightofinnocent passage tou~esealanesandtraffic separation schemes asitmaydesignate or prescribe fortheregulation ofthepassage ofships(art.22),.Thisreauirement applies particularly totankers, nuclear-powered shipsandshipscarrying nuclear orotherinherently dangerous ornoxious substances ormaterials. Moreover, such ships, whenexercising therightofinnocent passage, mustcarrydocuments and observe special precautionary measures established forthembyinternational agreements. 193.Acoastal Statemayadoptlawsandregulations relating toinnocent passage withrespect to,forinstance, Ca)thesafetyofnavigation andtheregulation of maritime traffic I(b)theprotection ofnavigational aidsandinstallationsl (c)theprotection ofcables andpipelinesl and(d)marinescientific research and hydrographic surveys. Inexercising therightofinnocent passage, foreign ships mustcomply withsuchlawsandregulations. 194.Acoastal Statemustnothampertheinnocent passage offoreign ships.Itmay suspend suchpassage temporarily forreasons ofsecurity. Itmustnotdiscriminate onthebasisofthenationality ofsuchshipsorthedestination ororiginoftheir
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the legal framework and regulations related to the territorial sea, internal waters, and innocent passage, as established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. It seems to be focused on the rights and obligations of coastal states and foreign ships, with an emphasis on safety, security, and environmental concerns. This suggests that the category may be related to the regulation of maritime activities, which is closely tied to international trade and economic development.