text: despite the fact that, for example in France and Spain, the words action or acçipn are replaced by recours and recurso. Divorce suit is a suitable non-technical equivalent for proceedings brought by one spouse, but it would be unusual to use fiait to describe divorce or separation proceedings brought by both spouses jointly (e.g. France, CPCN 1088, 1139; Spain, CC 81(1), 86). A further point about the non-technical equivalents is that the kinds of proceedings described as action, sait and lawsuit are normally begun by writ or by summons (assignation, citation, citación, emplazamiento). except that divorce proceedings in England are begun by petition, Non-contentious proceedings, on the other hand, are usually begun by application or motion (requête, instancia 2., petición, solicitud). The foregoing remarks may have generated more doubts than certainties, but one thing should be clear; if in doubt, use proceedings. 2. Names of parties (i) Usage in England 2/ Plaintiff + defendant : in contentious civil proceedings begun by writ or by summons in the High Court or a county court (these proceedings are actions, also called suits if they are matrimonial causes: see section 1 above) Complainant + defendant Petjtimer + respondent: in contentious civil proceedings begun by complaint in a magistrates' court in contentious civil proceedings begun by petition in the High Court or a county court Applicant + respondent : in contentious civil proceedings begun by application in the High Court or a county court Petitioner; applicant ; in non-contentious civil proceedings begun by petition or application, respectively, in any court II RSC 0.15, r.4(l), CCA 15(3), MCA 4(3), 9(1), 15(1), 55(1), 109. - 1122 - Prosecutor + defendant : in criminal proceedings (s3m. accused, see Note 1(4)) Appellant + respondent : in all appeal proceedings. Usage in the United States is much the same as in England, except that 
analysis: The text appears to be discussing legal terminology and procedures in various countries, specifically England and the United States. It mentions different types of proceedings, parties involved, and methods of commencement. The language used is formal and technical, indicating a focus on legal processes and terminology.