text: physical features were comprehensively and scientifically mapped for the first time. A nation-wide network of metereological laboratories and observatories was set up. Pioneering work on malaria and kala-azar was carried out. Fairly modern communica­ tion systems were set up. The Indian Renal~sance: The 20th century brought with It a major reawakening In the Indian scientific community. J.C. Bose first worked on the experimental demonstration of the production and detection of 5-25 mm electromagnetic waves. and later on accurate measurement·of·bJophyslcal parameters rela­ ting to plant growth and behaviour. C.V. Raman discovered the famour Raman Effect In 1928. S.N. · Bose worked with Einstein on the Bose-Einstein statistics. · Meghnad Saha1s theory on thermal Ionization and Srtnivasa RemanuJan1s work on number theory are equ~lly well-known. PLANNED DEVELOPMENT After Independence in 1947. and especially with the advent of planned development In 1951. science and technology got a new bo.;>st. A chain of national laboratories covering the whole spec­ trum of science and technology. Including medical and biological sciences. as well as engineering, were set up. Similarly, advanced research in nuclear energy and fundamental scientific research were encouraged. A major space programme was launched. Statistics were harnessed In the cause of planning. Expenditure on scienti­ fic and research has Increased manyfold over the years. ------ ---~------ Plan Years Number 1st 1951-56 2nd 1956-61 3rd 1961-66 4th 1969-74 5th 1964-79 Annual 1979-80 6th 1980-85 9-4 Outlay (Rupees In Plan amount 140 330 710 1420 6930 2080. 19190 125 millions} Non-Plan ·amount 60 340 730 23t0 6870 2220 14780 Total 200 670 1440 3730 13800 4300 33970 Assuming one US$ to equal Rs.5 during the first plan and Rs.10 during the 6th plan, one can say that Plan expenditure on scienti­ fic research has gone up from US$ 28m. In the 1st plan to US$ 
analysis: The text appears to focus on the scientific and technological advancements in India, mentioning the establishment of laboratories, observatories, and research programs. It also discusses the growth of scientific research and its relation to planning and development. This suggests that the category would likely be related to science and technology.