text: because of bistorical causes haee no inherent, ineei,lable causal reLationship. For exanple, there is no inherent causal relationship belween the intelleclual f aculti,es of a group and its race. The bioloqist and geneticist Alberc Jaccuard orites that hunan i.ntelLigence depends so nuch on the interaction betlreen inherited characteristics and the environment lhat "it is inpossible !o infer any classification ot intellectual potential correspondinq to the genetic inheritances oi the garious buman groups on the basis of a classifrcalion of their otserved intellectoal perfornance". 20,/ 56. The relaeionships outlined above are dlfficult to comprehend and comnunicate fully rrecause to do so requlres an understanding of causal Links - those that do exist, as l'ell as some that do not'. The historical tactors that led to the subrdinati.on of various ethnic aroups are pidely understood and are no longer tolerated. Sl,avery and colonialisn are vieoed as lotally abhorrent, and the torms ot explicit racial di.scri.ninatton that grossly reinforced racisn for many years are noi, illegal alnost everyehere. These causal links are well understood. Consequently. major etforts are being rnade throuqhout the inlernational conmunity to elininate the vesti.ges of slavery; coloniali,sm and explicit racial d isc r im ina tion. 57. Action to combat inpLicit racist attitudes and prejudices has not advanced as far. Only gradually is an inteqrated, potenti.ally et f ect ilre, strategy beinq deeeloped, A na'ior elenent in this strat.egy ls t.he structural approach ained at relnoving the act.ual disadvantaqes experienced by ninorities, ,1!h a vleo to chanqinq perceptions ot minoricies, botb by nenbers of lhese groups themselves and by others. In this context i! is irnportant to have role nodels and authority figures froo diverse ethnic aroups. A second approach lnvolves increased contact betlreen groups, preferably fron a very early age, so Ehat ing rouP-ou tq roup
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the historical and ongoing impact of racism and discrimination on marginalized groups, and the efforts to combat these issues. It touches on the importance of understanding causal relationships, the need for structural changes, and the role of education and role models. The text does not seem to be focused on economic or environmental issues, but rather on social and cultural concerns.