text: transboundary harm, there should be no hesitation in requiring its ban until necessary preventive measures were taken. This approach, in their view, was only fair, One member, however, felt that article 20 should apply only .ln respect of those activities which posed a high probability of causing disastrous transboundary harm. According to this view, the obligation of the State of origin should be clarified; namely whether it should refuse authorimation to conduct the activity, or should also withdraw authorisation. Thus the relationship between this article and the civil liability dgime introduc-d in Chapter V should be further clarified. For example, it should be more clear whether the ability to pay compensation, under article 20, referred to that of a State or the operator. Another member felt that the obligation of banning an activity of this rrature should be reciprocalr the other State shou;+I also agree not to conduct similar activities in its territory. - 269 -(d) Chapter IV. Liability 508. This chapter, the Special Rapporteur explafne%, intended to elaborate in specific articles the concept of liability, which as a principle was introduced in article Q on '*reparation**. Accordingly, liability would be incurred in case of transboundary harm, regardless of any preventive measures which the State of origin might have taken. The only difference was in the amount of ccxnpeasation. Xn the Special Rapporteur's original view the concept of reparation in the articles did not entirely correspond to the classical one as used in the State rtsponsibility topic. Under these articles, reparation did not smount to total restitution since deductions were permissible. Such deductions would contemplate, for exsmple, costs of preventive measures taken specifically for the benefit of the affected State ,or the extent to which the affected State might also have benefited from that activity, etc. The
analysis: The text discusses the concept of liability and ban on activities that cause transboundary harm, which suggests a connection to environmental and natural resources. The mention of "preventive measures" and "compensation" also indicates a focus on environmental protection.