text: and other social sectors" connected with humanitarian activities. That was the policy adopted by the EEC Council of Ministers in October 1986, which took the decision to suspend new direct investments in South Africa, but allowed exceptions for activities involving the interests of the victims of apartheid. In the United States, section 5060 of the Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 bans new investment, contribution of funds and loans or other extension of credit, but does not cover reinvestment of profits. Similarly, the Governments of Australia, Austria, Ireland, Luxembourg, France and Spain have enacted laws banning new investments in South Africa. However, the restrictions on the flow of direct foreign investment to South Africa through legislative measures do not imply outright disinvestment, although they have serious implications for South Africa's future economic growth. Side by side with such limitations of the restrictions on new investment imposed through legislative enactments, disinvestment actions by TNCs have in many cases been followed by licensing or other forms of surreptitious contractual agreements with their former subsidiaries that allow for the transfer of technology, which is so vital to South African industries. Some of the issues relating to licensing and non-equity participation by TNCs are discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. C. Mechanics of disinvestment 18. Investment withdrawals take several forms, but for present purposes they can be broadly distinguished into three categories: first, total shut-down of operations, including sales and representative offices and subsidiaries; secondly, reduction of direct investment, i.e. partial sales and dilution; thirdly, sale of an ongoing operation to third party, local management and trust. Licensing agreements have been used in all these modes of withdrawal and constitute key components of all except the first option. The three methods of investment withdrawal are briefly examined below with reference to 
analysis: The text appears to be discussing the economic and political implications of disinvestment in South Africa during the apartheid era. It mentions the decisions made by the EEC Council of Ministers, the US government, and other countries to restrict direct foreign investment in South Africa, as well as the actions taken by transnational corporations (TNCs) to disinvest from the country. The text also touches on the issue of licensing agreements and their role in the transfer of technology. Given the focus on economic and political issues, it is likely that the text falls within the realm of international relations or economic policy.