text: developing countries rnake it unlikely that other countries uitl be in a posilion to increase signlficantly tbeir lmport denand in tbe imnediatse future' Thus' a lower rate of trade expansion appears likely in the years ahead' 2U A' Proteccionisn and the trading environment 52. A pareicularly di.squieting fact is thac despite the increase in trade flows regisEered last year, the trading environnent has continued to deceriorale' The expectalion tha! the recovery rrould curb protectionist encroacbmenl and pledges to rotl back protective neasures notui ths land ing, actlons to restrict trade once again far outeeighed trade liberalization measures ln 1984' jl:/ Altbouqh -Progress was nade in the field of tariffs thanks to accelerated inPlementation of lhe Tokyo Round tariff-cut agreenents' exEension and irnprovenent of preferential cariff schemes and certain unilaEeral lariff concessions On the part of some countrles' non-lariff neasures (NTMa) continued tO proliferate so that the proportion of trade subject !o various !14)es of reslraints aceually increased' 53. whife some NT}|g are legal under special arrangenents and deroqations of norns of che Generar Agreenent on Tariffs €nd Trades (GATT) - for instance the Multifibre Arrangenent - nost are inconsislen! rtith GATT rules and regulaclons' such is lhe case of tbe voluntary export restraints and orderly marketinq arranqernents thal have cone to doninate trade in steel and to Play an inportant role in lhe autonobile, shipbuilding' consumer eleccronics and footwear narkets' NTMS often discriminale against specific suPpliers, esPecially Ehose witb linited retaliatoryA/40/59'l English Page 15 poser. According to UNCTAD eslimates, in 1983-1984, 55.3 per cent of developed narket econoniesr manufactured inports frorn developing countries rrere subject to NTfis while onLy 22.7 per cenl of cbe same 9o6ds coning fron olher developed countrj.es irere so restricted. 3y Because they lake nany forms and their enforcernent is often subject to adninistraEive discretion, Nrlrts are difficult to
analysis: The text discusses the challenges and trends in international trade, specifically the protectionist measures and non-tariff barriers that restrict trade between developed and developing countries. It also touches on the impact of these measures on trade expansion and the economy. Given the focus on trade and economic development, it is likely that this text belongs to one of the categories related to economics.