text: do not appear to be able to influence the pace and magnitude of the labour migration flow. Furthermore, Such labour emigration does not necessarily lead to a reduction in unemployment partly because the skiLls of those who leave are not a\rays easy to rePlace. (t) Fertllity, Iabour supply and employment 208. Althouqh a complicated set of methodological problems heavily affects research into interactions between employment and fertility, accumul.ated evidence to date seems to support the hypothesis that the impact of childbearing upon participation of females in the labour force changes during the course of industrialization. 5/ The magnituale anal the predominant directions of causality in lhe relacionship betneen fertllity and economic activity depend crucially on the type of employment (job opportunities) 6/ as well as on a number of comnron antecedents, among which the level of education seens to be the nost important in many developing countries' 209. In pre-industrial societies, fertitity is likely to have little or no effect' whereas in early industr ia li za Cion it.s constraininq influence on participaCion of females in the labour force increases and, at a later slager may become less imporcant in hiqhly industrialized economics. 210. womenrs productive and reproductive roles tend to be compatible ln rural areas of low-income countries, since fanily agriculture and cottage industries keep women close to the home, permit flexibility in working condltions and require low investnent of the motherrs time. ?/ only the pregence of infan!6 significantly depresses the participation rate of females. Grandparents and older giblings are usually available for the card of younger children. In some cultures child-caring roles are also shared by other members of extended farnilies' V Moreover ' as tbe economic contribution of both children and women is of prime importance for the family. 9/ any remaining incompatibility betvteen child-care and work is often
analysis: The text discusses the relationship between fertility, labor force participation, and employment, highlighting the impact of industrialization on these factors. It also touches on the role of education and family structures in shaping this relationship. Given the focus on labor force participation, employment, and the impact of industrialization, it seems most fitting to categorize this text under the categories related to employment and economic development.