text: wasofficially supported bytheTurkish Ministry ofNational Defence, theTurkish Defence Industry Development Administration, theTurkish Ministry ofForeign Affairs andtheTurkish CivilAviation Association. ARMSCOR officials, aswellas defence correspondents fromSouthAfrica, weregranted visastoenterTurkeyfor IDEA'89.ThiswasthefirsttimethatSouthAfricawasallowed toparticipate in anarmsexhibition inamembercountry oftheNorthAtlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO)sincetheadoption ofSecurity Council resolution 591(1986)of 28November 1986.Par.ticipation hySouthAfricain=~EA'89wasinbreachof Security Council resolution 558(1984), inwhichtheCouncil requested allStates torefrain fromimporting arms,ammunition ofalltypesandmilitary vehicles produced inSouthAfrica, andofCouncil resolution 591(1986), inwhichthe Council calleduponallStates"toprohibit theimportorentryofallSouth African armaments fordisplay ininternational fairsandexhibitions undertheir jurisdiction". Inanofficial replytoalettersent ~ytheChairman ofthe Special Committee concerning theparticipation ofARMSCOR inIDEA'89,the Government ofTurkeystatedthatSouthAfrica's participation intheExhibition had beenan"unfortunate incident" owingtoa"regretful oversight" nftheprivate company thathadorganized theExhibition (seepara.222). 141.InMay1989,itwasreported thatARMSCORwas"bidding towinanorderfora towedartillery systemforaNATOPowerinacompetition scheduled laterthis year". ThereportaddedthatTurkeyrequired 400-500 gunsandhadsetarange requirement ofmorethan30kilometres, mostexisting systems runoutat 25kilometres, whereas theARMSCOR gunclaims arangeofover35kilometres. There arereportedly atleast10companies competing forthisorder. Soonafterthe IDEA'89Exhibition, andimmediately afterthedisclosure ofTurkey's participation inthecompetition forthe155-mmgun,theregimeannounced theextension ofa preferential tradeagreement withtheGovernment ofTurkeythatallowsdomestic electrical appliances tobeimported underpermit fromTurkeyataceiling dutyof 3percent.SouthAfrican importers wouldnormally havetopayduties and surcharges ranging from40to181percentforsuchitems. SouthAfricahasa favourable tradebalance ofmorethanR400million peryear,butaccording tothe rlllim~.lfl1_.MA.U, "theconcession toTurkeyhaslesstodowiththebalance oftrade between thetwocountries thanwithgeography •••whetherit'sforsteel,minerals, manufactured goodsorweapons, Turkeyisausefulconduit forSouthAfrican exports intovaluable MiddleEastmarkets". ~!V 142.Overtheyears,the111egal saleofarmstoSouthAfrica andthepurchase of SoulhAfrican armaments hasbecomearatherprofitable business. Violators of sanctions haveadopted sophisticated techniques todisguise theSouthAfrican originordestination ofthegoodstheyaretrading. Ev~nthoughtheUnitedStates adopteditsComprehensive Anti-AParth§~ Actin1986,itwasonlyinApril1989 thataUnitedStates-based company wassuccessfully prosecuted forimporting four usedSouthAfricanjetengines. ThecomJ?t:lny inquestion, AirGround Equipment Sales,agreedtopayafineof£1million. Inthesamemonth, aUnitedStates courtsentenced aformerarmsexpert, ThomasDolce,to10yearsinprisonfor passlng hundreds ofclassiCledmilltacydocwnents toSouthAfrica.UIRecently.in theNetherlands andtheUnited Kingdom, theillegal saleofarmshasledtoseveral -37-convictions. TheseincJ.dents showthatthearmsembargo needstobestrictly enforced. 143.Awell-guarded secretwithin SouthAfricaistheextentofitscollaboration withotherStates onnuclear matters. Nevertheless, investigative reporting and information emanating fromintelligence agencies, andreported bythemedia, indicate thatSouthAfricahasdeveloped anuclear capability. Aninvestigation conducted byauthorities intheFederal Republic ofGermany revealed thatits domestic companies, NeueTechnoloqien GmbHandPhysikalisch Technische Beratung, haddelivered nuclear technology toSouthAfrica. 111ItwaGalsoreported thata company ofthefederal Republic ofGermany, Rohstoff Einfuhr GmbH,andaSwiss firm,OrdaAG,wereinvolved insupplying nuclear materials toSouthAfrica andto several otherStates. Bothfirmsarecontrolled byAlfred Hempel, acitizen ofthe Federal Republic ofGermany whoownsothercompanies aswell,including onein SouthAfrica. Theactivities ofthesecompanies wereunderinvestigation by relevant authorities inSwitzerland, theFederal Republic ofGermany, andthe UnitedStates. ~I
analysis: The text primarily discusses the economic and political relations between South Africa and Turkey, with a focus on the arms trade and sanctions. It also touches on the topic of nuclear capabilities and collaboration between South Africa and other countries. Given the emphasis on international trade, politics, and technology, it seems likely that the text falls under the categories of international trade and science and technology.