def tracking_error(self, benchmark, ddof=0):
        """Standard deviation of excess returns.

        The standard deviation of the differences between
        a portfolio's returns and its benchmark's returns.
        [Source: CFA Institute]

        Also known as: tracking risk; active risk

        Parameters
        ----------
        benchmark : {pd.Series, TSeries, 1d np.ndarray}
            The benchmark security to which `self` is compared.
        ddof : int, default 0
            Degrees of freedom, passed to pd.Series.std().

        Returns
        -------
        float
        """

        er = self.excess_ret(benchmark=benchmark)
        return er.anlzd_stdev(ddof=ddof)
def tracking_error ( self , benchmark , ddof = 0 ) : er = self . excess_ret ( benchmark = benchmark ) return er . anlzd_stdev ( ddof = ddof )
Standard deviation of excess returns.

        The standard deviation of the differences between
        a portfolio's returns and its benchmark's returns.
        [Source: CFA Institute]

        Also known as: tracking risk; active risk

        Parameters
        ----------
        benchmark : {pd.Series, TSeries, 1d np.ndarray}
            The benchmark security to which `self` is compared.
        ddof : int, default 0
            Degrees of freedom, passed to pd.Series.std().

        Returns
        -------
        float