Analog processors for solving various computational problems are provided. Such analog processors comprise a plurality of quantum devices, arranged in a lattice, together with a plurality of coupling devices. The analog processors further comprise bias control systems each configured to apply a local effective bias on a corresponding quantum device. A set of coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices is configured to couple nearest-neighbor quantum devices in the lattice. Another set of coupling devices is configured to couple next-nearest neighbor quantum devices. The analog processors further comprise a plurality of coupling control systems each configured to tune the coupling value of a corresponding coupling device in the plurality of coupling devices to a coupling. Such quantum processors further comprise a set of readout devices each configured to measure the information from a corresponding quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices.
Please help me write a proper abstract based on the patent claims. CLAIM: 1. (canceled) 2. An analog processor, comprising: a plurality of quantum devices in a periodic arrangement; a plurality of local bias devices coupled to the plurality of quantum devices; a plurality of coupling devices, wherein: a first coupling device in the plurality of coupling devices selectively operable to tunably couple a first quantum device and a second quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices, a first a first set of two or more coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices crosses a second set of two or more coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices, and proximate to where the first set of two or more coupling devices crosses the second set of two or more coupling devices, the first set of two or more coupling devices is electrically isolated from the second set of two or more coupling devices. 3. The analog processor of claim 2, wherein the periodic arrangement is two-dimensional. 4. The analog processor of claim 2, wherein each local bias device in the plurality of local bias devices is inductively coupled to a corresponding quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices. 5. The analog processor of claim 2, wherein each quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices comprises a loop of superconducting material interrupted by at least one Josephson junction. 6. The analog processor of claim 5, wherein each quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices comprises a respective compound Josephson junction. 7. The analog processor of claim 6, wherein each quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices comprises a respective loop inductively coupled to a respective one of the compound Josephson junctions. 8. The analog processor of claim 2, wherein the plurality of coupling devices comprises a plurality of monostable rf-SQUIDS. 9. The analog processor of claim 2, wherein the plurality of quantum devices represent nodes in a graph, and the plurality of coupling devices represent edges in the graph and the graph is non-planar. 10. The analog processor of claim 2, further comprising a plurality of read out devices, a respective read out devices of the plurality of read out devices is coupled to a respective one of the quantum devices of the plurality of quantum devices. 11. A computational system, comprising: a first digital computer; and an analog processor in communication with the first digital computer, the analog processor comprising: a plurality of quantum devices in a periodic arrangement, a plurality of local bias devices communicatively coupled to the plurality of quantum devices, and a plurality of coupling devices, wherein a coupling device in the plurality of coupling devices selectively operable to tunably couple a first quantum device and a second quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices, and the plurality of quantum devices and the plurality of coupling devices form a non-planar graph; a quantum device control system to apply a local bias field on one or more quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices, via one or more local bias devices of the plurality of local bias devices; and a coupling device control system to tune a coupling value for one or more coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices. 12. The computer system of claim 11, further comprising a second digital computer in communication with the first digital computer and remote from the first digital computer. 13. The computer system of claim 12, further comprising non-transitory computer-readable storage media containing processor-executable instructions, which when executed cause at least one processor to: send a computational problem to be solved from the second digital computer to the first digital computer. 14. The computer system of claim 13, wherein the processor-executable instructions when executed further cause the at least one processor to: send an answer to the computational problem from the first digital computer to the second digital computer. 15. The computer system of claim 14, wherein the processor-executable instructions when executed further cause the at least one processor to: send the computational problem to be solved from the first digital computer to analog processor; and receive the answer to the computational problem to be solved from the analog processor. 16. The computer system of claim 11, further comprising non-transitory computer-readable storage media containing processor-executable instructions, which when executed cause at least one processor to: initialize the analog processor in an initial state. 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the processor-executable instructions when executed further cause the at least one processor to: cause the analog processor to evolve away from the initial state towards a final state. 18. The computer system of claim 17, further comprising a read-out device communicatively coupled to one or more quantum devices in the plurality of quantum devices; and wherein the processor-executable instructions when executed further cause the at least one processor to: readout, in conjunction with the read-out device, a plurality of final states from the plurality of quantum devices. 19. The computer system of claim 11, wherein the processor-executable instructions when executed further cause the at least one processor to: map an instance of a computational problem to the analog processor. 20. A method of determining a result of a computational problem using an analog processor, comprising: receiving at a first digital computer, including a digital processor, an instance of the computational problem defined over an input graph, wherein the input graph is non-planar; and determining a mapping of the instance of the computational problem onto the analog computer, by the digital processor. 21. The method of claim 20, wherein the analog processor comprises a plurality of quantum devices, a plurality of readout devices associated with the plurality of quantum devices, and a plurality of coupling devices selectively operable to tunably couple pairs of quantum devices in the plurality of quantum devices, the method comprises: setting a state of at least one quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices, by the digital processor; setting a coupling strength of at least one of the coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices to an initial state, by the digital processor; allowing the analog processor to evolve toward a final state, by the digital processor; and reading out a final state of at least one quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices via the at least one readout device in the plurality of readout devices to determine a result of the computational problem, by the digital processor. 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising returning the result of the computational problem, by the digital processor. 23. The method of claim 21, wherein allowing the analog processor to evolve toward the final state by the digital processor, comprises: causing a decrease in an effective temperature of the analog processor, by the digital processor, causing an increase of a temperature of the analog processor from a base temperature, by the digital processor, and then causing a decrease in the temperature of the analog processor toward the base temperature, by the digital processor, or evolving, by the digital processor, the analog processor adiabatically. 24. The method of claim 20, further comprising returning the mapping of the instance of the computational problem onto the analog computer. 25. The method of claim 20, wherein the analog processor comprises a plurality of quantum devices arranged in a lattice, and the method comprises embedding the instance of the computational problem into the lattice, by the digital processor. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the input graph of the instance of the computational problem is a graph selected from the group consisting of an expansion of K5, and an expansion of K3,3. 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the instance of the computational problem comprises a plurality of variables, and the analog processor further comprises a plurality of coupling devices selectively operable to tunably couple pairs of quantum devices in the plurality of quantum devices, the method comprises: associating a first variable in the plurality of variables with a first quantum device in plurality of quantum devices; associating a second variable in the plurality of variables with a second quantum devices in plurality of quantum devices, wherein the first quantum device and the second quantum device are nearest neighbors in the lattice; and associating a third variable in the plurality of variables with a third quantum devices in plurality of quantum devices, wherein the first quantum device and the third quantum device are next-nearest neighbors in the lattice. 28. The method of claim 20 wherein the analog processor comprises a plurality of quantum devices and a plurality of local bias devices associated with the plurality of quantum devices, and the method comprises: setting, by the digital processor, a local bias value for at least one quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices via at least one local bias device in the plurality of local bias devices. 29. A data processing system for determining a route of a travelling salesperson, comprising: a first digital computer; a second digital computer in communication with the first digital computer and remote from the first digital computer; an analog processor in communication with the first digital computer, the analog processor comprising: a plurality of quantum devices in a periodic arrangement, a plurality of local bias devices communicatively coupled to the plurality of quantum devices, and a plurality of coupling devices, wherein a coupling device in the plurality of coupling devices is selectively operable to tunably couple a first quantum device and a second quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices, and the plurality of quantum devices and the plurality of coupling devices form a non-planar graph; a quantum device control system to apply a local bias field on one or more quantum device in the plurality of quantum devices, via one or more local bias devices of the plurality of local bias devices; and a coupling device control system to tune a coupling value for one or more coupling devices in the plurality of coupling devices; and non-transitory computer-readable storage media containing processor-executable instructions, which when executed cause at least one processor to: send an instance of the travelling salesman problem to be solved from the second digital computer to the first digital computer, send the instance of the travelling salesman problem to be solved from the first digital computer to analog processor, receive and answer to the instance of the travelling salesman problem to be solved from the analog processor, and send the answer to the instance of the travelling salesman problem from the first digital computer to the second digital computer. 30. The computer system of claim 29, wherein the processor-executable instructions when executed further cause the at least one processor to: direct the movement of the travelling salesperson per the answer to the instance of the travelling salesman problem. 31. The computer system of claim 29, wherein the second digital computer is carried by the travelling salesperson. 32. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of quantum devices for use in quantum computation in a periodic arrangement; and a plurality of coupling devices among the quantum units, each coupling device being configured to couple a pair of quantum devices of plurality of quantum devices, wherein: the plurality of quantum devices and the plurality of coupling devices form a non-planar graph. 33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein a quantum device of the pair of quantum devices being configured to have quantum states. 34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the quantum device of the pair of quantum devices being configured to have binary quantum states. 35. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein each quantum device of the plurality of quantum devices being a superconducting device. 36. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein each coupling device of the plurality of coupling devices being a superconducting device. 37. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein each plurality of coupling devices of the plurality of coupling devices being configured to tunably couple a representative pair of quantum devices of plurality of quantum devices. 38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein each plurality of coupling devices of the plurality of coupling devices being configured to tunably couple a couple the representative pair of quantum devices of plurality of quantum devices to a set of values ranging from a maximum coupling value for ferromagnetic coupling, and a maximum coupling value for anti-ferromagnetic coupling. 39. The apparatus of claim 37, further comprising a coupling device control system to tunably couple representative pair of quantum devices of plurality of quantum devices. 40. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising a quantum device control system to control a plurality of effective biases applied to the plurality of quantum devices wherein each effective bias of the plurality of effective biases is applied to a corresponding quantum device. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, further comprising a plurality of quantum device controllers to control the plurality of effective biases applied to the plurality of quantum devices wherein each controller of the plurality of quantum device controllers is associated with a corresponding quantum device. 42. The apparatus of claim 40, further comprising a plurality of readout devices capable of detecting information stored in the plurality of quantum devices.