According to some aspects, a method is provided of operating a circuit quantum electrodynamics system that includes a physical qubit dispersively coupled to a quantum mechanical oscillator, the method comprising applying a first electromagnetic pulse to the physical qubit based on a number state of the quantum mechanical oscillator, wherein the first electromagnetic pulse causes a change in state of the quantum mechanical oscillator, and applying, subsequent to application of the first electromagnetic pulse, a second electromagnetic pulse to the quantum mechanical oscillator that coherently adds or removes energy from the quantum mechanical oscillator.
Please help me write a proper abstract based on the patent claims. CLAIM: 1. A method of operating a circuit quantum electrodynamics system that includes a physical qubit dispersively coupled to a quantum mechanical oscillator, the method comprising: applying a first electromagnetic pulse to the physical qubit based on a number state of the quantum mechanical oscillator, wherein the first electromagnetic pulse causes a change in state of the quantum mechanical oscillator; and applying, subsequent to application of the first electromagnetic pulse, a second electromagnetic pulse to the quantum mechanical oscillator that coherently adds or removes energy from the quantum mechanical oscillator. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: driving the physical qubit to a ground state prior to application of the first electromagnetic pulse; and driving the physical qubit to the ground state after application of the first electromagnetic pulse. 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring a parity of the quantum mechanical oscillator by applying a third electromagnetic pulse to the physical qubit based on the number state of the quantum mechanical oscillator. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising measuring the number state of the quantum mechanical oscillator by applying a fourth electromagnetic pulse to the physical qubit. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a frequency of the first electromagnetic pulse is based on the number state of the quantum mechanical oscillator. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein an amplitude of the first electromagnetic pulse is less than a magnitude of a dispersive coupling between the physical qubit and the quantum mechanical oscillator. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the change in state of the quantum mechanical oscillator caused by the first electromagnetic pulse is a quantum phase change of one or more Fock state components of the quantum mechanical oscillator. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a qubit frequency shift per photon in the quantum mechanical oscillator is larger than a qubit transition line width. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electromagnetic pulse includes a first frequency component and wherein the quantum mechanical oscillator is resonant at a second frequency, different from the first frequency. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a frequency of the second electromagnetic pulse is a resonant frequency of the quantum mechanical oscillator. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the second electromagnetic pulse is based at least in part on the first electromagnetic pulse. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the physical qubit comprises a Josephson junction. 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the physical qubit is a superconducting transmon qubit. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantum mechanical oscillator is a radiation cavity. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the quantum mechanical oscillator is a microwave stripline cavity. 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the first electromagnetic pulse comprises microwave frequencies. 17. A circuit quantum electrodynamics system, comprising: a physical qubit; a quantum mechanical oscillator dispersively coupled to the physical qubit; and at least one electromagnetic radiation source configured to independently apply electromagnetic pulses to the qubit and to the oscillator by: applying a first electromagnetic pulse to the physical qubit based on a number state of the quantum mechanical oscillator to cause a change in stale of the quantum mechanical oscillator; and applying a second electromagnetic pulse to the quantum mechanical oscillator to coherently add or remove energy from the quantum mechanical oscillator. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein: the quantum mechanical oscillator is a first quantum mechanical oscillator; the system further comprises a second quantum mechanical oscillator coupled to the physical qubit; and a quality factor of the second quantum mechanical oscillator is lower than a quality factor of the first quantum mechanical oscillator. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the change in state of the quantum mechanical oscillator caused by the first electromagnetic pulse is a quantum phase change of one or more Fock state components of the quantum mechanical oscillator. 20. The system of claim 17, wherein a qubit frequency shift per photon in the quantum mechanical oscillator is larger than a qubit transition line width. 21. The system of claim 17, wherein the first electromagnetic pulse includes a first frequency component and wherein the quantum mechanical oscillator is resonant at a second frequency, different from the first frequency. 22. The system of claim 17, wherein the physical qubit comprises a Josephson junction. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the physical qubit is a superconducting transmon qubit. 24. The system of claim 17, wherein the quantum mechanical oscillator is a radiation cavity. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the quantum mechanical oscillator is a microwave stripline cavity. 26. The system of claim 17, wherein the first electromagnetic pulse is configured to comprise microwave frequencies.