Interior of Fort Kinburn, October 18, showing the effects of two hours' bombardment - ILN 1855.jpg
ILN staff, After Joseph Archer Crowe
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Interior of Fort Kinburn, October 18, showing the effects of two hours' bombardment ILN 1855, Kinburn fortress, Battle of Kinburn (1855), Joseph Archer Crowe, The Illustrated London News 1855
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Interior of Fort Kinburn, October 18, showing the effects of two hours' bombardment ILN 1855, Interior of Fort Kinburn, October 18, showing the effects of two hours' bombardment, Interior of Fort Kinburn, October 18, showing the effects of two hours' bombardment
Fort Kinburn, after the Bombardment. Illustration for The Illustrated London News, 1 December 1855.
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FORT KINBURN AFTER THE BOMBARDMENT. THESE three Sketches of Fort Kinburn by our Artist and Correspondent, who accompanied the expedition, give a pretty fair notion of the terrible havoc produced by the combined fire of the French floating batteries and the English fleet. An eye-witness of the attack says it surpassed anything he had ever seen in the Crimea : "Heavy as the fire has been from time to time during the bombardments of Sebastopol, it never was anything like that opened by the Allied fleets in force, intensity, din, or grandeur." Under so frightful a fire-storm (feu d'enfer), it was no wonder that the place very soon became too hot for the Russians. As the buildings in the inner space of the fort were chiefly of wood they fell an easy prey to the flames. Our own Correspondent explains how this was in the following passage of a recent letter:- " The difficulty of procuring stones for the erection of solid masonry in a country which, for hundreds of miles, offers no other material to work upon than sand, explains the slightness of these buildings. The greater part of them had been burnt entirely to the ground, others had been rent to fragments by the balls and shells which entered them from all sides, and the whole presented an aspect of desolation and ruin not surpassed in any portion or the great wreck of Sebastopol. ' There was no refuge anywhere from you,' said the old Russian Commandant. The houses of the courts were untenable; the casemates of the south were invaded by shot from the northward, and those of the east by shot from the west; and those which were safest from direct fire were not proof against the perpendicular fall of heavy thirteen-inch shells from the English mortar-boats. In truth the casemates, although built of solid mason-work, were none of them bomb-proof, the stone to all appearance having rotted with age.
So weak, indeed, were they considered by the Russians themselves, that there were guns in two or three only of the stone embrasures; and the strength of the Russian artillery consisted mainly in the barbette pivot-guns of the upper parapet, and nine or ten mortars in the interior of their works. The vaults, which were unused for hostile purposes, had apparently been made into provision magazines, or places of safety for charts, records, and miscellaneous articles: one of them smelt powerfully of sour beer, another of rotten cheese-none of saltpetre or sulphur. The whole cement which bound the fabric together had fallen away every- where, and left the stones carried thither centuries ago by the Turks or Genoese to exfoliate and dwindle away. And this was not only the condition of the vaults internally, but of the outer walls also. In many places the Russians had made efforts to strengthen the traverses and magazines by piling up iron wheels of gun-carriages in rows, and mixing them with sand. * * * There were but two or three pieces of ordnance in the whole fort capable of being fired at the time of the surrender. The carriages of the pivot-pieces, built of Russian pine, had in almost every instance been smashed, leaving the long tube of iron projecting into the air in a variety of attitudes-many of them so severely hit that they tumbled off the parapet and had fallen into the yard below. The guns themselves had not been spared. One had been struck and broken into pieces, another had its breech knocked of', a third its muzzle, whilst a fourth and fifth bad received such dents in their sides as to split them and render them unfit for further use. The ground around the guns bore marks of the explosions of our shells and their effects, where the fine sand had drunk the blood of the unfortunate slain. In eight or nine instances’ shells had fallen upon the vents of the casemates below, and, exploding as they fell into the vaults, caused those clouds of black duet-smoke which I had witnessed so frequently during the bombardment. The whole circumference of the parapets was marked by similar explosions, and it was creditable to the Russians that they fought so long under such adverse circumstances. Nay, if the old Commandant's assertion be true, the garrison would not have surrendered so soon as they did had the fire been confined to the gun-boats, mortar-vessels, and small steamers. It was only when the English fleet, led by Sir Edmund Lyons, closed in where they never dreamt that a three-decker could come, that despair seized them and they lost heart.
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キンバーン砦の内部。2時間の砲撃の影響を示している。 ILN1855、キンバーン要塞、キンバーンの戦い(1855)、ジョセフ・アーチャー・クロウ、イラストレイテド・ロンドン・ニュース1855
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10月18日、キンバーン砦の内部、2時間の砲撃の影響を示すIN1855、10月18日、キンバーン砦の内部、2時間の砲撃の影響を示すININ、ININ、ININ、ININ、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN、IN『イラストレイテド・ロンドン・ニュース』の挿絵、1855年12月1日。[脚注の使い方] 金武より少し早い。探検隊に同行したアーティストと特派員によるキンバーン砦の3つのスケッチは、フランスの浮砲台とイギリスの艦隊の複合砲火によって生み出された恐ろしい嫌悪感をかなり公正に表現している。目撃者の証言によると、クリミア半島で見たことの無いものを上回ったという。「セバストポリ砲撃のときの火災は時として重かったが、連合軍艦隊が武力、強度、規模、壮大さで開いたようなものではなかった」恐ろしい嵐(feu d'enfer)のもと、その場所がすぐにロシア人には暑すぎるのも不思議ではなかった。砦の内側の建物は主に木材であったため、炎に簡単に餌食になった。我々の回答者は、最近の手紙の次の一節で、これが「砂以外の材料を提供しない国で固形石造りを建設するための石の準備が困難になっていること」で、これらの建物の微妙さを説明しています。それらの大部分は全焼し、他の部分は四方から入った球体や砲弾によって断片化されており、全体としてはセバストポリの大難破というほどの荒廃・荒廃の様相を呈していた。「あなたからどこにも避難所はありませんでした」と、旧ロシア司令官は言った。南の砲郭艦は北から、東の砲郭艦は西から砲撃され、直火で安全な砲郭艦はイギリスの迫撃砲艦の重砲13インチ砲弾の垂直落下に対しては、耐えられなかった。実際には、石材は固い石材でできているものの、爆弾に耐える物はなかったが、年代とともに腐った外観の石はどれもなかった。確かに、ロシア軍自体は非常に弱く、石畳の2つまたは3つしか銃がないと考えていました。そして、ロシアの大砲の強さは主に、上欄干のバーベットピボットガンと、作業の内部に9つまたは10個の迫撃砲で構成されていました。敵対的な目的では使われなかった保管庫は、雑誌やチャート、記録、雑貨の安全場所として作られたようである。布地を縛り合わせたセメントは、どこにでも落ち、石は数世紀前にトルコ人やジェノヴァ人によって持ち去られ、剥がされてどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんどんそして、これは内部のアーチの条件だけでなく、外壁の状態でもあった。ロシアは、砲架の鉄輪を連続して積み上げ、砂で混ぜることで、トラバースやマガジンを強化する努力を多くの場所で行った。※ ※降伏時に発砲できる砦全体に2、3個分の武器があった。ロシアンマツで作られたピボットピースの客車は、ほぼすべての場面で破壊され、さまざまな姿勢で鉄の長いチューブが空中に突き出していたため、非常にひどく命中し、欄干から転げ落ち、下の庭に落下した。銃自体も助からなかった。1つは粉々に砕かれ、1つは後が3分の1の銃口をノックし、4と5番目の銃口は側面に分裂し、さらなる使用に適さないような歯ごたえを受けた。銃の周りの地面は、私たちの砲弾の爆発とその効果の痕跡があり、細かい砂が不幸な死者の血を飲んだ。8回または9回の実験で、砲郭下のベントに砲弾が落ち、砲郭に落ちて爆発すると、砲撃中に私が頻繁に目撃した黒いデュエット煙の雲を引き起こした。欄干の周囲全体も同様の爆発があり、そのような不利な状況下で長く戦ったことはロシア人にとっても信頼できることであった。ネイは、もしも旧司令官の主張が真実ならば、砲撃が砲艦、迫撃砲艦、小型汽船に限定されていたので、守備隊はすぐに降伏しなかっただろう。エドモンド・ライオンズ卿率いるイングランド艦隊が、三隻の騎士が来るとは夢にも思わなかったところに、絶望が彼らを捉え、彼らは心を失った。
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adverse witness sour mix pivot shot wonder-struck creditable hostile fire gun smoke barbette carriage two-thirds letter bomb ground rent two hearts left eye closed exfoliate heavy hitter dwindling dwindle after-hours after hours pine away unfitness unfit bombardment gun carriage inner tube two-side up three-decker eye chart smoke bomb battle fleet effects barbette