Instruction: Given these paragraphs about Large language models, when did LLMs emerge?

Context:
A large language model (LLM) is a language model consisting of a neural network with many parameters (typically billions of weights or more), trained on large quantities of unlabelled text using self-supervised learning. LLMs emerged around 2018 and perform well at a wide variety of tasks. This has shifted the focus of natural language processing research away from the previous paradigm of training specialized supervised models for specific tasks.

Properties
Though the term large language model has no formal definition, it often refers to deep learning models having a parameter count on the order of billions or more. LLMs are general purpose models which excel at a wide range of tasks, as opposed to being trained for one specific task (such as sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or mathematical reasoning). The skill with which they accomplish tasks, and the range of tasks at which they are capable, seems to be a function of the amount of resources (data, parameter-size, computing power) devoted to them, in a way that is not dependent on additional breakthroughs in design.

Though trained on simple tasks along the lines of predicting the next word in a sentence, neural language models with sufficient training and parameter counts are found to capture much of the syntax and semantics of human language. In addition, large language models demonstrate considerable general knowledge about the world, and are able to "memorize" a great quantity of facts during training.

Hallucinations
Main article: Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
In artificial intelligence in general, and in large language models in particular, a "hallucination" is a confident response that does not seem to be justified by the model's training data.

Emergent abilities

On a number of natural language benchmarks involving tasks such as question answering, models perform no better than random chance until they reach a certain scale (in this case, measured by training computation), at which point their performance sharply increases. These are examples of emergent abilities.
Unpredictable abilities that have been observed in large language models but that were not present in simpler models (and that were not explicitly designed into the model) are usually called "emergent abilities". Researchers note that such abilities "cannot be predicted simply by extrapolating the performance of smaller models". These abilities are discovered rather than programmed-in or designed, in some cases only after the LLM has been publicly deployed. Hundreds of emergent abilities have been described. Examples include multi-step arithmetic, taking college-level exams, identifying the intended meaning of a word, chain-of-thought prompting, decoding the International Phonetic Alphabet, unscrambling a word’s letters, identifying offensive content in paragraphs of Hinglish (a combination of Hindi and English), and generating a similar English equivalent of Kiswahili proverbs.

Architecture and training
Large language models have most commonly used the transformer architecture, which, since 2018, has become the standard deep learning technique for sequential data (previously, recurrent architectures such as the LSTM were most common). LLMs are trained in an unsupervised manner on unannotated text. A left-to-right transformer is trained to maximize the probability assigned to the next word in the training data, given the previous context. Alternatively, an LLM may use a bidirectional transformer (as in the example of BERT), which assigns a probability distribution over words given access to both preceding and following context. In addition to the task of predicting the next word or "filling in the blanks", LLMs may be trained on auxiliary tasks which test their understanding of the data distribution such as Next Sentence Prediction (NSP), in which pairs of sentences are presented and the model must predict whether they appear side-by-side in the training corpus.

The earliest LLMs were trained on corpora having on the order of billions of words. The first model in OpenAI's GPT series was trained in 2018 on BookCorpus, consisting of 985 million words. In the same year, BERT was trained on a combination of BookCorpus and English Wikipedia, totalling 3.3 billion words. In the years since then, training corpora for LLMs have increased by orders of magnitude, reaching up to hundreds of billions or trillions of tokens.

LLMs are computationally expensive to train. A 2020 study estimated the cost of training a 1.5 billion parameter model (1-2 orders of magnitude smaller than the state of the art at the time) at $1.6 million.

A 2020 analysis found that neural language models' capability (as measured by training loss) increased smoothly in a power law relationship with number of parameters, quantity of training data, and computation used for training. These relationships were tested over a wide range of values (up to seven orders of magnitude) and no attenuation of the relationship was observed at the highest end of the range (including for network sizes up to trillions of parameters).

Application to downstream tasks
Between 2018 and 2020, the standard method for harnessing an LLM for a specific natural language processing (NLP) task was to fine tune the model with additional task-specific training. It has subsequently been found that more powerful LLMs such as GPT-3 can solve tasks without additional training via "prompting" techniques, in which the problem to be solved is presented to the model as a text prompt, possibly with some textual examples of similar problems and their solutions.

Fine-tuning
Main article: Fine-tuning (machine learning)
Fine-tuning is the practice of modifying an existing pretrained language model by training it (in a supervised fashion) on a specific task (e.g. sentiment analysis, named entity recognition, or part-of-speech tagging). It is a form of transfer learning. It generally involves the introduction of a new set of weights connecting the final layer of the language model to the output of the downstream task. The original weights of the language model may be "frozen", such that only the new layer of weights connecting them to the output are learned during training. Alternatively, the original weights may receive small updates (possibly with earlier layers frozen).

Prompting
See also: Prompt engineering and Few-shot learning (natural language processing)
In the prompting paradigm, popularized by GPT-3, the problem to be solved is formulated via a text prompt, which the model must solve by providing a completion (via inference). In "few-shot prompting", the prompt includes a small number of examples of similar (problem, solution) pairs. For example, a sentiment analysis task of labelling the sentiment of a movie review could be prompted as follows:

Review: This movie stinks.
Sentiment: negative

Review: This movie is fantastic!
Sentiment:

If the model outputs "positive", then it has correctly solved the task. In zero-shot prompting, no solve examples are provided. An example of a zero-shot prompt for the same sentiment analysis task would be "The sentiment associated with the movie review 'This movie is fantastic!' is".

Few-shot performance of LLMs has been shown to achieve competitive results on NLP tasks, sometimes surpassing prior state-of-the-art fine-tuning approaches. Examples of such NLP tasks are translation, question answering, cloze tasks, unscrambling words, and using a novel word in a sentence. The creation and optimisation of such prompts is called prompt engineering.

Instruction tuning
Instruction tuning is a form of fine-tuning designed to facilitate more natural and accurate zero-shot prompting interactions. Given a text input, a pretrained language model will generate a completion which matches the distribution of text on which it was trained. A naive language model given the prompt "Write an essay about the main themes of Hamlet." might provide a completion such as "A late penalty of 10% per day will be applied to submissions received after March 17." In instruction tuning, the language model is trained on many examples of tasks formulated as natural language instructions, along with appropriate responses. Various techniques for instruction tuning have been applied in practice. OpenAI's InstructGPT protocol involves supervised fine-tuning on a dataset of human-generated (prompt, response) pairs, followed by reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), in which a reward function was learned based on a dataset of human preferences. Another technique, "self-instruct", fine-tunes the language model on a training set of examples which are themselves generated by an LLM (bootstrapped from a small initial set of human-generated examples).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model

Response: Around 2018.


Instruction: List the television series Kang Se-jung appeared in

Context: Kang Se-jung (born January 15, 1982) is a South Korean actress. She made her entertainment debut as a singer for the K-pop girl group Papaya in 2000; the group released two albums before disbanding in 2001. Kang began acting full-time in 2004, and has appeared in television series such as Assorted Gems (2009) and Heartless City (2013). Upon turning to acting, she used the stage name Go Na-eun before reverting to use of her birth name in 2017.

Response:
- Assorted Gems
- Heartless City


Instruction: Tell me whether these are European countries or names of bands: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel, Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd

Response:
Some of the elements in that list aren't either European countries or names of bands! The following don't fit in either category: Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel.

The following are European countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal

And the bands in the list are: Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd


Instruction: What causes leaves to change color in fall

Response:
Leaves are green due to the presence of chlorophyll. During the spring and summer months when trees are growing, there's an abundance of chlorophyll pigments in the leaves.

Chlorophyll serves the vital function of capturing sun rays and converting it to energy for the plants i.e, plants food & source of nourishment. In late summer, early fall as the days shorten there's less solar energy and thus Chlorophyll starts to breakdown giving way for other pigments such as Carotenoids to become more obvious and there orange-yellow-red colors to surface giving the trees the famous "fall color" look


Instruction: Imagine you are the last person on Mars. Write a diary entry describing your thoughts and feelings.

Response: Today was a beautiful day on Mars. The sun was shining brightly and the air was crisp and cool. I was able to take in the beauty of the planet and the sky, which I had never seen before. I felt like I was on another world, but I knew I was still in the same place. I took a walk around the dome and marveled at the beauty of the planet. It was so peaceful and I felt like I was in a dream. I smiled as I thought about how much I was learning about Mars and its inhabitants. It was a great day. Pity it could not last.


Instruction: The Bud Freeman All-Stars featuring Shorty Baker

Response: AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated: "Tenor-sax great Bud Freeman, who is often associated with the Eddie Condon school of Nicksieland, is heard heading an excellent swing quintet for this 1960 studio session. Trumpeter Harold "Shorty" Baker (best known for his periods with Duke Ellington) made too few small-group recordings throughout his life so this is one of his best ... the group plays superior standards and a couple of originals on this fine swing date"


Instruction: What two colors are used in the Canadian flag?

Context: The National Flag of Canada (French: le Drapeau national du Canada), often simply referred to as the Canadian flag or, unofficially, as the maple leaf flag or l'Unifolié (French: [l‿ynifɔlje]; lit. 'the one-leafed'), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured a stylized, red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the centre. It is the first flag to have been adopted by both houses of Parliament and officially proclaimed by the Canadian monarch as the country's official national flag. The flag has become the predominant and most recognizable national symbol of Canada.

Response: The Canadian flag colors are red and white.


Instruction: Who was the first player sent off during a soccer match?

Context:
This is a list of all occasions where a football player was sent off from a FIFA World Cup match due to a foul or misconduct, either as a direct expulsion (red card) or as a second caution (yellow card) within the match.

This list includes all dismissals since the first World Cup in 1930. The use of physical red and yellow cards to respectively indicate dismissals and cautions is a later invention, having been introduced at the 1970 tournament.

Only players are listed, even if they were at the substitutes' bench at the time of the sending off. Managers and other technical staff members are not covered.

Statistics
Plácido Galindo was the first player to be sent off in a World Cup match, playing for Peru against Romania in a 1930 match officiated by Alberto Warnken. Although physical red cards were introduced from 1970, they were not put in practice until the 1974 World Cup, when referee Doğan Babacan sent off Chile's Carlos Caszely during a match against West Germany.
Two players have received red cards twice: Cameroon's Rigobert Song (1994 and 1998) and France's Zinedine Zidane (1998 and 2006).
Five dismissals have taken place during final matches: Argentina's Pedro Monzón and Gustavo Dezotti (both 1990), France's Marcel Desailly (1998) and Zinedine Zidane (2006), and John Heitinga of the Netherlands (2010).
Uruguay's José Batista received the quickest red card, in the first minute in a game against Scotland in 1986.
A few expulsions either took place after the final whistle of the match or were awarded to players at the substitutes' bench (or both), and thus did not reduce the number of players on the pitch during the game. Two of them, that of Leandro Cufré of Argentina (vs Germany, 2006) and that of Denzel Dumfries of the Netherlands (vs Argentina, 2022), took place after the penalty shoot-outs of knockout matches, making them the latest red cards.
Three goalkeepers have been sent off in the tournament: Italy's Gianluca Pagliuca (1994), South Africa's Itumeleng Khune (2010), and Wales's Wayne Hennessey (2022).
The match with the most dismissals was Portugal vs Netherlands of 2006, when referee Valentin Ivanov dished out 4 red cards, 2 for each team.
The referee who has sent off the most players is Arturo Brizio Carter, 7 red cards, in 5 different matches (also a record).
The team that has the greatest number of expulsed players is Brazil, with 11 – in 9 different matches, a record shared with Argentina. The team whose opponents have received the most red cards is Germany (incl. West Germany), with 20 – in 18 different matches, also a record.
The 2006 World Cup had the highest amount of red cards: a total of 28 players were sent off (in 20 matches, also a record).

Response: Plácido Galindo was the first player to be sent off in a World Cup match, playing for Peru against Romania in a 1930 match officiated by Alberto Warnken. Although physical red cards were introduced from 1970, they were not put in practice until the 1974 World Cup, when referee Doğan Babacan sent off Chile's Carlos Caszely during a match against West Germany.


Instruction: Which of the following grow on trees?: apples, lemons, potatoes, carrots

Response: Apples and lemons grow on trees


Instruction: How can I change a bad habit?

Response:
Each habit has a trigger event, an action you subconsciously take after the trigger event happens, and the reward that make you keep following the same habit. When you say a habit is bad, it actually means the action you take after the trigger event is something you do not want to keep doing.

An effective way to make changes is to replace the action to something different. To make this alternative action effective, this action will need to also produce the reward that your brain is seeking for.

In order to find an effective alternative action, you will need to understand what is your trigger and what is the reward.

Figuring out the trigger is the first step. You can try to think about what happened when you started to take actions. One way to find the pattern is to write down what happened. Then, you can look at them to find the pattern.

Once you find out the trigger, you can try to remind you to change your action after experiencing the trigger event. With your changed action, you will be able to gradually figure out the reward hidden in your old habit. Some actions will not give you the satisfying feeling like old time. After some try-and-error, you can likely tell the new action that actually gives you the same satisfying feeling. Then, you can keep following the new action. Essentially, this new action helps you form the new habit, which suppress the old habit.

Finally, please note that when you are having extra stress, you may find it is harder to follow the new habit and start to worry about picking up the old habit again. Please trust yourself to keep the new habit. You faith will help you push through difficult situations.


Instruction: Give me some of the most famous characters Marvel Comics has produced from this list.

Context: Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its stable of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015.

Response: Some of the most famous characters Marvel have produced include Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, and Wolverine. These characters are often affiliated with teams of superheroes, such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy.


Instruction: What text data set examples of Generative artificial intelligence

Context:
A generative artificial intelligence or generative AI is a type of AI system capable of generating text, images, or other media in response to prompts. Generative AI systems use generative models such as large language models to statistically sample new data based on the training data set that was used to create them.

Notable generative AI systems include ChatGPT, a chatbot built by OpenAI using the GPT-3 and GPT-4 large language models and Bard, a chatbot built by Google using the LaMDA model. Other generative AI models include artificial intelligence art systems such as Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E.

Generative AI has potential applications across a wide range of industries, including software development, marketing, and fashion. Investment in generative AI surged during the early 2020s, with large companies such as Microsoft, Google, and Baidu as well as numerous smaller firms developing generative AI models.

Modalities
A detailed oil painting of figures in a futuristic opera scene
Théâtre d'Opéra Spatial, an image generated by Midjourney
A generative AI system is constructed by applying unsupervised or self-supervised machine learning to a data set. The capabilities of a generative AI system depend on the modality or type of the data set used.

Text: Generative AI systems trained on words or word tokens include GPT-3, LaMDA, LLaMA, BLOOM, GPT-4, and others (see List of large language models). They are capable of natural language processing, machine translation, and natural language generation and can be used as foundation models for other tasks. Data sets include BookCorpus, Wikipedia, and others (see List of text corpora).
Code: In addition to natural language text, large language models can be trained on programming language text, allowing them to generate source code for new computer programs. Examples include OpenAI Codex.
Images: Generative AI systems trained on sets of images with text captions include such as Imagen, DALL-E, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion and others (see Artificial intelligence art, Generative art, Synthetic media). They are commonly used for text-to-image generation and neural style transfer. Datasets include LAION-5B and others (See Datasets in computer vision).
Molecules: Generative AI systems can be trained on sequences of amino acids or molecular representations such as SMILES representing DNA or proteins. These systems, such as AlphaFold, are used for protein structure prediction and drug discovery. Datasets include various biological datasets.
Music: Generative AI systems such as MusicLM can be trained on the audio waveforms of recorded music along with text annotations, in order to generate new musical samples based on text descriptions such as "a calming violin melody backed by a distorted guitar riff".
Video: Generative AI trained on annotated video can generate temporally-coherent video clips. Examples include Gen1 by RunwayML and Make-A-Video by Meta Platforms.
Multimodal: A generative AI system can be built from multiple generative models, or one model trained on multiple types of data. For example, one version of OpenAI's GPT-4 accepts both text and image inputs.

Response: text data set examples of Generative artificial intelligence Data sets include BookCorpus, Wikipedia


Instruction: Write the first paragraph of a blog post describing the appeal of gravel bikes in the bay area.

Response: For many years, cycling has been a staple in the bay area. Its temperate climate, easy access to nature, and bike-friendly sentiment have fostered a steady growth of interest in the sport, especially with the rise of COVID creating a shift toward distanced outdoor activities in recent years. Traditionally, cycling has had three modalities: mountain biking, road biking, and cyclocross. Recently, a fourth modality, gravel biking, has had a rapid rise in popularity.


Instruction: What are some interesting facts about tigers?

Response:
1. Tiger stripes are unique.
2. Tigers can use their ears to communicate.
3. India has over half the world's population of tigers.
4. Only one in ten hunts are successful.


Instruction: How many full-length "The X-Files" movies are there?

Response: Two: "The X-Files: Fight the Future" and "The X-Files: I Want to Believe"


Instruction: Classify each of the following music genres as broadly popular or niche: Rock, Hip Hop, Pop,   Heavy Metal, Bluegrass, Country

Response: Broadly Popular: Rock, Hip Hop, Pop. Niche: Heavy Metal, Bluegrass, Country.


Instruction: What is the difference between a bath and a shower?

Response: While both a bath and a shower are common ways to get clean, they involve different processes. A bath is when someone fills a tub and immerses themselves in it, whereas a shower is when someone stands under a steady stream of water in order to get clean.


Instruction: What is the national bird of India

Response: The Peacock


Instruction: What is insurance?

Response:
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.

An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, insurance carrier, or underwriter. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a policyholder, while a person or entity covered under the policy is called an insured. The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which the insured has an insurable interest established by ownership, possession, or pre-existing relationship.


Instruction: What are the steps to put an elephant into a fridge?

Response: Wake up. You can't afford a fridge.


Instruction: Tell me whether each of these refers to the book called "Don Quixote": "Don Quixote", "El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha", "El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha", "El Quijote", "The Man Who Killed Don Quixote", "Don Quixote, Knight Errant"

Response:
"Don Quixote" - yes
"El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha" - yes
"El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha" - yes
"El Quijote" - yes
"Don Quijote" - yes
"The Man Who Killed Don Quixote" - no
"Don Quixote, Knight Errant" - no


Instruction: Given a reference text about Will Ferrell, tell me where he kickstarted his career, what group of comic actors he is considered part of, and how many Golden Globe Award nominations he has.

Context:
John William Ferrell (/ˈfɛrəl/; born July 16, 1967) is an American actor, comedian, writer, and producer. Ferrell first established himself in the mid-1990s as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live, where he performed from 1995 to 2002, and has subsequently starred in comedy films such as Elf (2003), Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004), Kicking & Screaming (2005), Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), Semi-Pro (2008), Step Brothers (2008), and Land of the Lost (2009). He founded the comedy website Funny or Die in 2007 with his writing partner Adam McKay. Other notable film roles include Stranger than Fiction (2006), The Other Guys (2010), The Campaign (2012), Get Hard (2015), Holmes & Watson (2018), and the animated films Curious George (2006), Megamind (2010) and The Lego Movie film franchise (2014–2019).

Ferrell is considered a member of the "Frat Pack", a generation of leading Hollywood comic actors who emerged in the late 1990s and the 2000s, including Jack Black, Ben Stiller, Steve Carell, Vince Vaughn, Paul Rudd, and brothers Owen and Luke Wilson. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his work on Saturday Night Live, and three Golden Globe Award nominations for acting in The Producers (2005) and Stranger than Fiction (2006) and for producing Vice (2018). He was also named the best comedian of 2015 in the British GQ Men of the Year awards. Ferrell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 24, 2015.

Response: Will Ferrell kickstarted his career on the NBC sketch comedy series "Saturday Night Live". He is considered part of the "Frat Pack", and has received three Golden Globe Award nominations.


Instruction: How long is a mile?

Response: One mile is 5,280 feet.


Instruction: Name a few Bhakti poets from the passage.

Context: The Bhakti movement of late medieval Hinduism started in the 7th century, but rapidly expanded after the 12th century. It was supported by the Puranic literature such as the Bhagavata Purana, poetic works, as well as many scholarly bhasyas and samhitas.This period saw the growth of Vashnavism Sampradayas (denominations or communities) under the influence of scholars such as Ramanujacharya, Vedanta Desika, Madhvacharya and Vallabhacharya. Bhakti poets or teachers such as Manavala Mamunigal, Namdev, Ramananda, Sankardev, Surdas, Tulsidas, Eknath, Tyagaraja, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and many others influenced the expansion of Vaishnavism.Even Meera (princess of Mehwar and Rajasthan) took part in this specific movement. These Vaishnavism sampradaya founders rejected Shankara's doctrines of Advaita Vedanta, particularly Ramanuja in the 12th century, Vedanta Desika and Madhva in the 13th, building their theology on the devotional tradition of the Alvars (Sri Vaishnavas).In North and Eastern India, Vaishnavism gave rise to various late Medieval movements Ramananda in the 14th century, Sankaradeva in the 15th and Vallabha and Chaitanya in the 16th century. Historically, it was Chaitanya Mahaprabhu who founded congregational chanting of holy names of Krishna in the early 16th century after becoming a sannyasi.

Response: Manavala Mamunigal, Namdev, Ramananda, Sankardev, Surdas, Tulsidas, Eknath, Tyagaraja, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu


Instruction: Why is basketball the fastest growing sport in the world?

Response: Basketball is the fastest growing sport in the world because of the growth the NBA has had globally over the past few years. With popularity rising in other countries like China, India, Africa and many more it has seen a boom in many talented players who has come from different parts of the world. It will continue to grow as current NBA stars such as Lebron James and Stephen Curry have become global ambassadors of the sport.


Instruction: What is the difference between Malayalam and Malayalaee?

Response: Malayalam is a Dravidian language spoken in the southern state of Kerala, India. it is closely related to Tamil though the origins of the language themselves are still disputed among scholars. Malayalaee (or Malayali), on the other hand, is a term used to denote a person originating from Kerala. The term Keralite is also often used as an alternative term to denote someone hailing from Kerala.


Instruction: How does interest rates and inflation impact bond prices?

Response: Interest rates have an inverse effect on bond prices. Typically as the interest rate go up, the existing bonds that were sold previously at a certain maturity and coupon, now stands devalued as investors can get a newer bond for higher interest payments.  Similarly during inflation as Fed tries to control inflation by raising interest rates it has the inverse effect on bond prices. It is important to note that not all bonds react the same way to interest rates. For example, short term interest rate bonds may feel the impact almost immediately while long term bonds may have a gradual but likely to see more impactful price change. It is important to note that there are Treasury Inflation protected securities, a type of a bond that adjust principal value of the bond based on inflation.


Instruction: Why is pickleball the greatest sport on the planet?

Response: Pickleball is a wonderful sport, though it is arguable if it is the greatest sport on the planet. Pickeball requires little skill to get started, you simply need to be able to hit a ball with a raquet and move around a small court. Pickeball is a cross between ping pong and tennis but is simpler. It gets you moving and is fast-paced without requiring significant kill or practice. Pickleball is a social sport, it is usually played in groups of two or four and people generally play multiple games in a setting.


Instruction: Extract the areas of science using differential equations in this text in an alphabetically ordered list.

Context:
A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders. Differential equations play a prominent role in engineering, physics, economics, biology, and other disciplines.

Differential equations arise in many areas of science and technology, specifically whenever a deterministic relation involving some continuously varying quantities (modelled by functions) and their rates of change in space or time (expressed as derivatives) is known or postulated. This is illustrated in classical mechanics, where the motion of a body is described by its position and velocity as the time value varies. Newton's laws allow one (given the position, velocity, acceleration and various forces acting on the body) to express these variables dynamically as a differential equation for the unknown position of the body as a function of time. In some cases, this differential equation (called an equation of motion) may be solved explicitly.

Response:
Here is a list of alphabetically sorted applications of differential equations:
- Biology
- Economics
- Engineering
- Physics


Instruction: What are calibration frames in astrophotography?

Response: Calibration frames are additional exposures used to improve the quality of astrophotography images and reduce noise from outside sources. There are three common types of calibration frames used, Dark Frames, Bias Frames, and Flat Frames. From thermal noise and hot pixels to sensor readout noise and uneven field illumination, each type of calibration frame tries to reduce a specific type of noise from the initial images. These calibration frames are normally taken alongside your images while the camera is in the same configuration and temperature and are then subtracted from the initial images reducing the noise and improving the quality.


Instruction: Write 5 distinct, unique and creative statements that help someone think about Friedrich Nietzsche's "Beyond Good & Evil", which critically analyzes the idea of binaries in complexity

Response:
1. Black and white movies contain a high number of greyscale pixels.
2. The scientific community in the 21st century embraces that for some complex diagnoses, the evaluation should be placed on a spectrum.
3. The point-forward is an especially valuable basketball position that is never found on an official roster, which only contains guards and forwards.
4. Those who write intelligently are often verbose and those who write simply are often grammatically incorrect; the best sentences are simple and intelligent.
5.  The wealthiest people went to elite universities where in some cases 90 percent of students are denied but some say "C students run the world".


Instruction: What civilization built temples across the Yucatan peninsula?

Response: The Mayan civilization was based in the Yucatan peninsula


Instruction: Why do we say tip of the iceberg?

Response:
Majority of Icebergs size/mass tends to be submerged under water. So, their size is misleading when seen from above surface.
So the expression tip of the iceberg refers to a big issue when we see only a small part of it.


Instruction:
Classify the following as either airplanes or helicopters:
- EC-135
- DC-10
- Antonov An 225
- Boeing 787
- Bell 206
- MD-500
- MD-11
- Airbus A320
- Airbus H165
- Cessna 172

Response:
Airplanes:
- McDonnell Douglas DC-10
- Antonov An-225
- Boeing 787
- MD-11
- Airbus A320
- Cessna 172

Helicopters:
- Bell 206
- Robinson R44
- MD-500
- Airbus H165


Instruction: Think of things to do in a place with cold winters. Provide answer as a bullet list.

Response:
- Build a snowman
- Have a snowball fight
- Go sledding
- Go skiing
- Go skating
- Go snowshoeing


Instruction: If you are considering buying a bicycle consider your budget, look up the reviews online, talk to friends, and test them out!

Response: When considering what bicycle you would like to buy, I strongly encourage you to test them out! Then take into consideration color, type, durability, comfort, cost and reviews.


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Wobble board, Scheitholt

Response: Scheitholt is string, Wobble board is percussion.


Instruction: What is a Fully paid share?

Response: A share becomes fully paid when the company issuing it has received all the money due for the share.


Instruction: What happened on September 11, 2001?

Context: The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by the militant Islamist extremist network al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the East Coast to California. The hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and the third into the Pentagon (the headquarters of the United States military) in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The fourth plane was similarly intended to hit a federal government building in D.C., but crashed in a field following a passenger revolt. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 people and instigated the global war on terror.

Response:
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by the militant Islamist extremist network al-Qaeda against the United States on September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners scheduled to travel from the East Coast to California. The hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and the third into the Pentagon (the headquarters of the United States military) in Arlington County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C. The fourth plane was similarly intended to hit a federal government building in D.C., but crashed in a field following a passenger revolt. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 people and instigated the global war on terror.

The first impact was that of American Airlines Flight 11. It was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan at 8:46 a.m. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03, the World Trade Center's South Tower was hit by United Airlines Flight 175. Both 110-story skyscrapers collapsed within an hour and forty-one minutes, bringing about the destruction of the remaining five structures in the WTC complex, as well as damaging or destroying various other buildings surrounding the towers. A third flight, American Airlines Flight 77, crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m., causing a partial collapse. The fourth and final flight, United Airlines Flight 93, flew in the direction of Washington, D.C. Alerted to the previous attacks, the plane's passengers attempted to gain control of the aircraft, but the hijackers ultimately crashed the plane in a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, near Shanksville at 10:03 a.m. Investigators determined that Flight 93 target was either the United States Capitol or the White House.

Within hours of the attacks, the Central Intelligence Agency determined that al-Qaeda was responsible. The United States formally responded by launching the war on terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, which had not complied with U.S. demands to expel al-Qaeda from Afghanistan and extradite its leader, Osama bin Laden. The U.S.'s invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty—its only usage to date—called upon allies to fight al-Qaeda. As U.S. and NATO ground forces swept through Afghanistan, bin Laden fled to the White Mountains, where he narrowly avoided capture by U.S.-led forces. Although bin Laden initially denied any involvement, in 2004 he formally claimed responsibility for the attacks. Al-Qaeda's cited motivations included U.S. support of Israel, the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq. After evading capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was killed by the U.S. military on May 2, 2011. U.S. and NATO troops remained in Afghanistan until 2021.

The attacks resulted in 2,977 non-hijacker fatalities, an indeterminate number of injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. It remains the deadliest terrorist attack in human history as well as the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in U.S. history, with 340 and 72 killed, respectively. The destruction of the World Trade Center and its environs seriously harmed the New York City economy and induced global market shocks. Many other countries strengthened anti-terrorism legislation and expanded their powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site (colloquially "Ground Zero") took eight months and was completed in May 2002, while the Pentagon was repaired within a year. After delays in the design of a replacement complex, the One World Trade Center began construction in November 2006 and opened in November 2014. Memorials to the attacks include the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City, the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County, Virginia, and the Flight 93 National Memorial at the Pennsylvania crash site.


Instruction: Who is the company Novartis

Context: Novartis AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel, Switzerland and Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States (global research). Consistently ranked in the global top five, Novartis is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and was the fourth largest by revenue in 2022.

Response:
Novartis AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel, Switzerland and Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States (global research).

Consistently ranked in the global top five, Novartis is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and was the fourth largest by revenue in 2022.


Instruction:
The "Garbage collection" log of a JVM is formatted as follows:
1. Each line represents a single garbage collection operation starting at the timestamp.
2. The before and after sizes of different memory areas in the JVM are shown as  "MemoryArea : BeforeSize->AfterSize(AllocatedSize)" where MemoryArea is one of PSYoungGen, ParOldGen, or Metaspace.
3. If the "MemoryArea:" is omitted, it represents the before and after size of the entire JVM's memory.
4. Each line has the time taken for the operation in seconds.

Summarize the following log and note any significant anomalies:
2023-03-30T07:00:19.800+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 17197776K->2224032K(21782528K)] 64496630K->49524856K(79218176K), 3.2658630 secs] [Times: user=4.53 sys=0.00, real=3.27 secs]
2023-03-30T07:01:06.553+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 17471392K->2195300K(22969344K)] 64772216K->49530782K(80404992K), 3.3074224 secs] [Times: user=4.63 sys=0.00, real=3.30 secs]
2023-03-30T07:01:56.129+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 19045732K->2429792K(22598656K)] 66381214K->49767742K(80034304K), 3.5912859 secs] [Times: user=4.94 sys=0.00, real=3.59 secs]
2023-03-30T07:02:46.034+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 19280224K->2428421K(23520768K)] 66618174K->49768148K(80956416K), 3.6520001 secs] [Times: user=5.07 sys=0.03, real=3.65 secs]
2023-03-30T07:03:39.130+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 20488709K->2600800K(23257088K)] 67828436K->49943004K(80692736K), 3.8378192 secs] [Times: user=5.19 sys=0.00, real=3.84 secs]
2023-03-30T07:04:31.634+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 20661088K->2550592K(23885312K)] 68003292K->49894476K(81320960K), 3.7886199 secs] [Times: user=5.15 sys=0.00, real=3.78 secs]
2023-03-30T07:05:28.784+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 21416768K->2709510K(23698432K)] 68760652K->50055163K(81134080K), 3.9951697 secs] [Times: user=5.54 sys=0.00, real=3.99 secs]
2023-03-30T07:06:24.857+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 21575686K->2709696K(24113664K)] 68921339K->50058933K(81549312K), 4.0210395 secs] [Times: user=5.47 sys=0.01, real=4.02 secs]
2023-03-30T07:07:21.991+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 22106304K->2835749K(24000512K)] 69455541K->50186794K(81436160K), 4.0703042 secs] [Times: user=5.76 sys=0.00, real=4.06 secs]
2023-03-30T07:08:18.668+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 22232357K->2785312K(24265216K)] 69583402K->50204626K(81700864K), 4.1296625 secs] [Times: user=5.77 sys=0.00, real=4.13 secs]
2023-03-30T07:09:16.891+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 22510624K->2834405K(24177664K)] 69929938K->50255520K(81613312K), 4.2070487 secs] [Times: user=5.89 sys=0.01, real=4.21 secs]
2023-03-30T07:10:15.553+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 22559717K->2842896K(24403456K)] 69980832K->50266688K(81839104K), 4.2489383 secs] [Times: user=5.83 sys=0.02, real=4.24 secs]
2023-03-30T07:11:15.412+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 22863632K->2880069K(24334848K)] 70287424K->50306742K(81770496K), 4.2983311 secs] [Times: user=6.01 sys=0.00, real=4.29 secs]
2023-03-30T07:12:17.330+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 22900805K->2670097K(24596992K)] 70327478K->50099432K(82032640K), 3.9450690 secs] [Times: user=5.44 sys=0.00, real=3.95 secs]
2023-03-30T07:13:15.713+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 23009297K->2684375K(24459776K)] 70438632K->50115773K(81895424K), 3.9758416 secs] [Times: user=5.53 sys=0.00, real=3.97 secs]
2023-03-30T07:14:12.939+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 23023575K->2678912K(24829952K)] 70454973K->50113093K(82265600K), 3.9702778 secs] [Times: user=5.52 sys=0.00, real=3.97 secs]
2023-03-30T07:15:12.343+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 23508608K->2753575K(24717312K)] 70942789K->50189628K(82152960K), 4.0754481 secs] [Times: user=5.72 sys=0.00, real=4.08 secs]
2023-03-30T07:16:13.026+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 23583271K->2762097K(24974336K)] 71019324K->50201762K(82409984K), 4.1128461 secs] [Times: user=5.66 sys=0.00, real=4.11 secs]
2023-03-30T07:17:14.129+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 23924593K->2797957K(24905728K)] 71364258K->50239629K(82341376K), 4.1456776 secs] [Times: user=5.74 sys=0.01, real=4.15 secs]
2023-03-30T07:18:14.857+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 23960453K->2804721K(25075712K)] 71402125K->50249103K(82511360K), 4.1905285 secs] [Times: user=5.73 sys=0.01, real=4.19 secs]
2023-03-30T07:19:15.979+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 24189937K->3641846K(25027072K)] 71634319K->51171235K(82462720K), 3.6175882 secs] [Times: user=5.94 sys=0.00, real=3.62 secs]
2023-03-30T07:22:24.484+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 25027062K->3360979K(24336896K)] 72556451K->52269877K(81772544K), 0.4407322 secs] [Times: user=5.66 sys=0.00, real=0.44 secs]
2023-03-30T07:22:38.974+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 24007379K->4035567K(24681984K)] 72916277K->57145380K(82117632K), 0.8531910 secs] [Times: user=10.80 sys=0.23, real=0.85 secs]
2023-03-30T07:22:52.666+0000: [GC (Allocation Failure) [PSYoungGen: 24677029K->24677029K(24681984K)] 77786841K->82112670K(82117632K), 7.3509182 secs] [Times: user=22.60 sys=11.27, real=7.35 secs]
2023-03-30T07:23:00.017+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 24677029K->0K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435641K->57435322K(57435648K)] 82112670K->57435322K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 241941K->241941K(260096K)], 26.4487596 secs] [Times: user=313.82 sys=2.44, real=26.45 secs]
2023-03-30T07:24:07.186+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->12427037K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435322K->57435609K(57435648K)] 78081722K->69862646K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 241947K->241947K(260096K)], 28.8675082 secs] [Times: user=350.97 sys=1.74, real=28.87 secs]
2023-03-30T07:24:36.057+0000: [Full GC (System.gc()) [PSYoungGen: 12730000K->12427055K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435609K->57435556K(57435648K)] 70165609K->69862611K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 241947K->241947K(260096K)], 31.3736816 secs] [Times: user=379.38 sys=2.94, real=31.37 secs]
2023-03-30T07:25:18.096+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->16985330K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435556K->57435308K(57435648K)] 78081956K->74420638K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 241999K->241999K(260096K)], 31.4762980 secs] [Times: user=363.38 sys=3.10, real=31.48 secs]
2023-03-30T07:25:54.537+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->19116969K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435308K->57435152K(57435648K)] 78081708K->76552122K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 241999K->241999K(260096K)], 31.0418139 secs] [Times: user=377.34 sys=2.75, real=31.04 secs]
2023-03-30T07:26:27.487+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->19955901K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435152K->57435290K(57435648K)] 78081552K->77391191K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 241999K->241999K(260096K)], 22.9475977 secs] [Times: user=280.80 sys=1.57, real=22.95 secs]
2023-03-30T07:26:51.319+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20340549K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435290K->57435523K(57435648K)] 78081690K->77776072K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242004K->242004K(260096K)], 37.2564843 secs] [Times: user=458.29 sys=3.35, real=37.26 secs]
2023-03-30T07:27:28.892+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20465997K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435523K->57435230K(57435648K)] 78081923K->77901227K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242007K->242007K(260096K)], 31.4213545 secs] [Times: user=382.65 sys=2.74, real=31.42 secs]
2023-03-30T07:28:00.350+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20492397K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435230K->57435139K(57435648K)] 78081630K->77927536K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242011K->242011K(260096K)], 17.3069966 secs] [Times: user=209.34 sys=0.45, real=17.31 secs]
2023-03-30T07:28:17.694+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20639999K->20482496K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435139K->57435581K(57435648K)] 78075138K->77918078K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242023K->242023K(260096K)], 39.0253664 secs] [Times: user=478.37 sys=3.87, real=39.02 secs]
2023-03-30T07:28:56.752+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20629482K->20490559K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435581K->57435269K(57435648K)] 78065064K->77925828K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242023K->242023K(260096K)], 32.7146380 secs] [Times: user=398.86 sys=2.93, real=32.71 secs]
2023-03-30T07:29:29.592+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20627596K->20498740K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435269K->57435482K(57435648K)] 78062865K->77934223K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242029K->242029K(260096K)], 39.9805382 secs] [Times: user=491.39 sys=4.10, real=39.98 secs]
2023-03-30T07:30:09.618+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20529006K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435482K->57435402K(57435648K)] 78081882K->77964408K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242038K->242038K(260096K)], 31.3632706 secs] [Times: user=382.46 sys=2.74, real=31.36 secs]
2023-03-30T07:30:41.012+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20535638K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435402K->57435345K(57435648K)] 78081802K->77970983K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242053K->242053K(260096K)], 31.0060106 secs] [Times: user=377.25 sys=2.72, real=31.00 secs]
2023-03-30T07:31:12.022+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20535719K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435345K->57435297K(57435648K)] 78081745K->77971016K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242053K->242053K(260096K)], 31.1714473 secs] [Times: user=380.42 sys=2.74, real=31.18 secs]
2023-03-30T07:31:43.215+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20536490K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435297K->57435275K(57435648K)] 78081697K->77971766K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242061K->242061K(260096K)], 30.9676462 secs] [Times: user=377.19 sys=2.88, real=30.96 secs]
2023-03-30T07:32:14.216+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20537679K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435275K->57435244K(57435648K)] 78081675K->77972923K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242081K->242081K(260096K)], 31.2592798 secs] [Times: user=379.77 sys=3.04, real=31.26 secs]
2023-03-30T07:32:45.532+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20518698K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435244K->57435465K(57435648K)] 78081644K->77954164K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242123K->242123K(260096K)], 38.9523351 secs] [Times: user=478.26 sys=4.04, real=38.95 secs]
2023-03-30T07:33:45.139+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20627835K->20519977K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435465K->57435334K(57435648K)] 78063301K->77955311K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242185K->242185K(260096K)], 31.8680480 secs] [Times: user=388.66 sys=2.88, real=31.87 secs]
2023-03-30T07:34:17.045+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20529987K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435334K->57435313K(57435648K)] 78081734K->77965301K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242185K->242185K(260096K)], 30.6528436 secs] [Times: user=370.84 sys=3.05, real=30.65 secs]
2023-03-30T07:35:08.312+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20552578K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435313K->57435312K(57435648K)] 78081713K->77987890K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242202K->242202K(260096K)], 31.3030289 secs] [Times: user=380.50 sys=2.90, real=31.30 secs]
2023-03-30T07:35:39.649+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20541558K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435312K->57435297K(57435648K)] 78081712K->77976855K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242217K->242217K(260096K)], 31.4996226 secs] [Times: user=384.32 sys=3.00, real=31.50 secs]
2023-03-30T07:36:11.199+0000: [Full GC (Ergonomics) [PSYoungGen: 20646400K->20562436K(24681984K)] [ParOldGen: 57435297K->57435260K(57435648K)] 78081697K->77997697K(82117632K), [Metaspace: 242238K->242238K(260096K)], 31.1358920 secs] [Times: user=378.46 sys=3.00, real=31.14 secs]

Response:
1. The log has 47 GC operations over a 36-minute interval from 7:00 AM to 7:36 AM on 30th March 2023 UTC.
2. The GC operations start at roughly one per minute and take less than five seconds each, but after 7:23 AM, they abruptly take about 30 seconds each and occur twice a minute. In other words, initially, GC operations take up a small fraction of the JVM time, while later, they take up almost all of its time.
3. GC operations in this second period result in a very slight decrease in the total memory size and the PSYoungGen, ParOldGen, and Metaspace memory areas. This behavior is especially acute after 7:26:51 AM.
4. This indicates much time spent in GC operations with little result.
5. The total memory size initially slowly grows from 49.5GB to 52.3 GB, but in the second period maxes out at around 78 GB.
6. The allocated memory size is fixed at 82 GB during the second period of GC operations, indicating an outer limit.
7. I recommend increasing the maximum allocated memory beyond the 82 GB limit, doubling it if possible, and re-running the JVM.


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Cimboa, Sipsi

Response: Sipsi is woodwind, Cimboa is string.


Instruction: Classify each country as "African" or "European": Nigeria, Rwanda, Portugal, Romania, Ghana, Ukraine

Response:
Nigeria: African
Rwanda: African
Portugal: European
Romania: European
Ghana: African
Ukraine: European


Instruction: What was Charles Dickens last (unfinished) novel

Response:
Mystery of Edwin
Drood


Instruction: Why do you like ballet so much?

Response:
Ballet is a true form of art. I enjoy taking ballet classes because we always dance with beautiful piano music during the floor and barre exercises. It is so relaxing when my body naturally dances with classical music. Ballet has some rigid rules when conducting certain movements, but it truly can be creative. Anyone at any age can attend a ballet class, and can create his or her own piece of ballet dance.

Many people say Ballet is an intensive sport, because one often gets very sweaty after taking a ballet class. It is true that ballet is a good exercise for anyone who takes the class or performs on a stage. But because of the beautiful music that comes along during the classes, we/ballet dancers do not feel as tired as going to a gym or running a marathon. The music helps us forget about the soreness in muscles. Our bodies are as light as feathers during turns and leaps.


Instruction: Given this paragraph about Pablo Escobar, how much money did he have when he died?

Context: Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (/ˈɛskəbɑːr/; Spanish: [ˈpaβlo es.koˈβ̞aɾ]; 1 December 1949 – 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist who was the founder and sole leader of the Medellín Cartel. Dubbed "the king of cocaine", Escobar was the wealthiest criminal in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of US$30 billion by the time of his death—equivalent to $70 billion as of 2022—while his drug cartel monopolized the cocaine trade into the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Response: Pablo Escobar had an estimated net worth of $30B when he died in 1993.


Instruction: Given a reference text that describes about hotpot, from which country does this dish originate?

Context: Hot pot or hotpot (simplified Chinese: 火锅; traditional Chinese: 火鍋; pinyin: huǒguō; lit. 'fire pot'), also known as soup-food or steamboat, is a dish whereby a heat source placed on the dining table keeps a pot of soup stock simmering, and a variety of Chinese foodstuffs and ingredients are served beside the pot for the diners to put into the hot stock.

Response: Hot pot or Hotpot is originated from China.


Instruction: Summarise the basic rules of soccer, without using examples from the text

Context: The game of association football is played in accordance with the Laws of the Game, a set of rules that has been in effect since 1863 and maintained by the IFAB since 1886. The game is played with a football that is 68–70 cm (27–28 in) in circumference. The two teams compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. When the ball is in play, the players mainly use their feet, but may use any other part of their body, except for their hands or arms, to control, strike, or pass the ball. Only the goalkeepers may use their hands and arms, and only then within the penalty area. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner. Depending on the format of the competition, an equal number of goals scored may result in a draw being declared, or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout.

Response: Soccer is played between two teams of players who pass a spherical inflated ball between each other, predominantly using the feet and head, with the aim of getting the ball into the opponents goal (a rectangular opening at each end of the playing area) . The only player who can use their hands and arms is the goalkeeper, within a small area near their team's goal called the penalty area. At the end of the game, the team who has got the ball into their opponents goal most times is declared the winner.


Instruction: Given this reference text about Cy Young, what type of work did his family do while he was growing up, how many older siblings did he have, and what two states did he live in as a child?

Context:
Cy Young was the oldest child born to Nancy (Mottmiller) and McKinzie Young, Jr., and was christened Denton True Young. He was of part German descent. The couple had four more children: Jesse Carlton, Alonzo, Ella, and Anthony. When the couple married, McKinzie's father gave him the 54 acres (220,000 m2) of farm land he owned. Young was born in Gilmore, a tiny farming community located in Washington Township, Tuscarawas County, Ohio. He was raised on one of the local farms and went by the name Dent Young in his early years. Young was also known as "Farmer Young" and "Farmboy Young". Young stopped his formal education after he completed the sixth grade so he could help out on the family's farm. In 1885, Young moved with his father to Nebraska, and in the summer of 1887, they returned to Gilmore.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Young

Response: Cy Young grew up in a farming family, did not have any older siblings (he was the oldest of five children) and he lives primarily in Ohio but also spent two years in Nebraska as a child.


Instruction: What movie make Kevin Smith famous?

Response: Clerks


Instruction: Given this paragraph about the terrain of the Iberian Peninsula, tell me the highest point in the peninsula and its altitude.

Context:
The terrain of the Iberian Peninsula is largely mountainous. The major mountain systems are:

The Pyrenees and their foothills, the Pre-Pyrenees, crossing the isthmus of the peninsula so completely as to allow no passage except by mountain road, trail, coastal road or tunnel. Aneto in the Maladeta massif, at 3,404 m, is the highest point

The Mulhacén, the highest peak in the Iberian Peninsula
The Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast with the massive Picos de Europa. Torre de Cerredo, at 2,648 m, is the highest point
The Galicia/Trás-os-Montes Massif in the Northwest is made up of very old heavily eroded rocks. Pena Trevinca, at 2,127 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Ibérico, a complex system at the heart of the peninsula, in its central/eastern region. It contains a great number of ranges and divides the watershed of the Tagus, Douro and Ebro rivers. Moncayo, at 2,313 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Central, dividing the Iberian Plateau into a northern and a southern half and stretching into Portugal (where the highest point of Continental Portugal (1,993 m) is located in the Serra da Estrela). Pico Almanzor in the Sierra de Gredos is the highest point, at 2,592 m
The Montes de Toledo, which also stretches into Portugal from the La Mancha natural region at the eastern end. Its highest point, at 1,603 m, is La Villuerca in the Sierra de Villuercas, Extremadura
The Sierra Morena, which divides the watershed of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. At 1,332 m, Bañuela is the highest point
The Baetic System, which stretches between Cádiz and Gibraltar and northeast towards Alicante Province. It is divided into three subsystems:
Prebaetic System, which begins west of the Sierra Sur de Jaén, reaching the Mediterranean Sea shores in Alicante Province. La Sagra is the highest point at 2,382 m.
Subbaetic System, which is in a central position within the Baetic Systems, stretching from Cape Trafalgar in Cádiz Province across Andalusia to the Region of Murcia. The highest point, at 2,027 m (6,650 ft), is Peña de la Cruz in Sierra Arana.
Penibaetic System, located in the far southeastern area stretching between Gibraltar across the Mediterranean coastal Andalusian provinces. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, the 3,478 m high Mulhacén in the Sierra Nevada.

Response: The highest point in the Iberian Peninsula is Mulhacen, located within the Penibaetic System. Its altitude is 3,478 m, or 11,411 ft


Instruction: What are the Fallas in Spain?

Response: Fallas happens every year in March in the Valencia region. The whole city is transformed into a large exposition of “Fallas” which stands for immense temporary statues. The word “Fallas” is also closely related the fire. During the celebration, every day you can hear the "Mascleta", thousand of firecrackers tied together explode in Dantesque noise just for the fun of feeling such beat, Fire is what closes the "Fallas", as all the statues will be burned to the ground and only one - publicly elected - will be saved.


Instruction: What is the coldest month in Warsaw and how cold does it get on average?

Context: Warsaw has cold, sometimes snowy, cloudy winters, and warm, relatively sunny but frequently stormy summers. Spring and autumn can be unpredictable, highly prone to sudden weather changes; however, temperatures are usually mild, especially around May and September. The daily average temperature ranges between −1.5 °C (29 °F) in January and 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in July and the mean year temperature is 9.0 °C (48.2 °F). Temperatures may reach 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer, although the effects of hot weather are usually offset by relatively low dew points and large diurnal temperature differences. Warsaw is Europe's sixth driest major city (driest in Central Europe), with yearly rainfall averaging 482 mm (19.0 in), the wettest month being July.

Response: The coldest month in Warsaw is January. On average, the temperature then is −1.5 °C, which is 29 °F.


Instruction: Why were the majority of African countries controlled by military dictatorships during the 1970's and 1980's?

Context: Faced with increasingly frequent and severe violence, military rule was widely accepted by the population of many countries as means to maintain order, and during the 1970s and 1980s a majority of African countries were controlled by military dictatorships. Territorial disputes between nations and rebellions by groups seeking independence were also common in independent African states. The most devastating of these was the Nigerian Civil War, fought between government forces and an Igbo separatist republic, which resulted in a famine that killed 1–2 million people. Two civil wars in Sudan, the first lasting from 1955 to 1972 and the second from 1983 to 2005, collectively killed around 3 million. Both were fought primarily on ethnic and religious lines.

Response: Military dictatorships were accepted as a means to maintain order in face of increasingly frequent and severe violence.


Instruction: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kemence, Castanets

Response: Castanets is percussion, Kemence is string.


Instruction: Tell me about the botanical garden?

Context: A botanical garden or botanic garden[nb 1] is a garden with a documented collection of living plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display, and education. Typically plants are labelled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on; there may be greenhouses, shadehouses, again with special collections such as tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants. Most are at least partly open to the public, and may offer guided tours, educational displays, art exhibitions, book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other entertainment.

Response:
A botanical garden have a collection of living plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation, display, and education. Plants are labelled with their botanical names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and other succulent plants, herb gardens, p tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants.
The origin of modern botanical gardens is generally traced to the appointment of professors of botany to the medical faculties of universities in 16th century Renaissance Italy, which also entailed the curation of a medicinal garden.
Botanical gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research organizations. The staff will normally include botanists as well as gardeners.
Worldwide, there are now about 1800 botanical gardens and arboreta in about 150 countries (mostly in temperate regions) of which about 550 are in Europe (150 of which are in Russia), 200 in North America, and an increasing number in East Asia. These gardens attract about 300 million visitors a year.


Instruction: From the passage provided, extract the year Adani group was founded.

Context:
Adani Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Ahmedabad. It was founded by Gautam Adani in 1988 as a commodity trading business, with the flagship company Adani Enterprises. The Group's diverse businesses include port management, electric power generation and transmission, renewable energy, mining, airport operations, natural gas, food processing and infrastructure.

In April 2021, Adani Group crossed US$100 billion in market capitalization, and in April 2022 it crossed the $200 billion mark, in both cases becoming the third Indian conglomerate to do so, after Tata Group and Reliance Industries. In November 2022, it reached $280 billion (INR 24 trillion) surpassing Tata Group. Adani subsequently lost more than $104 billion of market capitalization after fraud and market manipulation allegations by short-seller firm Hindenburg Research. The Adani Group has also attracted other controversies due to various reports of irregular practices. More than 60 percent of the Adani Group's revenue is derived from coal-related businesses. The company's corporate debt totaled $30 billion in 2022.

Response: Adani group was founded in 1988


Instruction: Why do people like the Grateful Dead?

Response: For many music aficionados, listening to the Grateful Dead is enjoyable, based on their improvisational style, and the long jams.  Prior to the Dead, most singers and bands had short three to four minute songs, that were crisp but didn't allow for the musicians in the band to take risks.  They were just playing from the songbook and the notes written down.  The Dead allowed for a more fluid approach, and provided the musicians with opportunities to go off script, and just play for the love of creating music.    The Jam genre they created led to many other bands performing in a similar style and openness, including Phish, Dave Matthews band, Widespread Panic, Blues Travelers and many more.  The Dead(as they are often called) started the trend though, and will be forever memorialized because of that.


Instruction: What is love?

Response: Love is a emotion to show empathy and compassion. However, for this question it could also refer to a song by the band Haddaway. Released in 1993, the song became popular when it was used in several SNL skits as well as the 1998 movie, One Night At The Roxbury


Instruction: Extract what units are strong against countering cavalry from the following text

Context: The Age of Kings also includes five types of military units: infantry, archers, cavalry, siege weapons, and naval units. Certain types of infantry, archers, and cavalry are "counter units" with special defenses against other types of units. The three human classes of military generally follow a rock-paper-scissors model. For example, infantry are generally powerful against buildings but weak against cavalry, thus the infantry counter units—spearmen and pikemen—have attack bonuses against cavalry.

Response: Spearman and Pikemen are effective counters to Cavalry


Instruction: What is parkrun

Context: Parkrun (stylised as parkrun) is a collection of 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) events for walkers, runners and volunteers that take place every Saturday morning at more than 2,000 locations in 22 countries across six continents. Junior Parkrun (stylised as junior parkrun) is a spin-off event that provides a 2 kilometres (1+1⁄4 mi) event for children aged 4–14 on a Sunday morning. Parkrun events are free to enter and are delivered by volunteers, supported by a small group of staff at its headquarters.

Response: Parkrun is a community event that takes place each Saturday morning where entrants walk, jog, or run a 5-kilometre course. Events take place at a range of general locations including parks, forests, rivers, lakes, beaches, and nature reserves. The first ever parkrun event took place on 2 October 2004 in Bushy Park, London involving 13 runners. Today more than 3 million people across more than 2,000 locations in 22 countries participate in parkrun each week. Parkrun events are free to enter and are delivered by volunteers.


Instruction: what are the earliest contests?

Response: The first competition is a foot race documented in the year 2000 B.C. the first Olympic games were 776 B.C. the hot dog eating contest came along in 1916 in Coney Island.


Instruction: Can you please explain the offside rule in Soccer?

Response:
Soccer is a sport played between two teams with 11 players each. Out of the 11 players one is a goalkeeper. The offside rule is fundamental in soccer to avoid players from gaining unfair advantage over the opposition. A player is in an offside position if they are closer to the opposition's goal line than the last defender of the opposition team.

The law states that a player is in an offside position if any of their body parts, except the hands and arms, are in the opponents' half of the pitch, and closer to the opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second-last defender.

Being in an offside position is not an offence in itself, but a player so positioned when the ball is played by a teammate can be judged guilty of an offside offence if they receive the ball or will otherwise become "involved in active play", will "interfere with an opponent", or will "gain an advantage" by being in that position. Offside is often considered one of the most difficult to understand aspects of the sport.


Instruction: Who invented the game of basketball?

Response: The game of basketball as it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months.


Instruction: Name the women who visited International Space Station for repairing of ISS

Response: Christina Koch and Jessica Meir visited International Space Station for repairing of ISS


Instruction: What is a hurricane?

Response: A hurricane is a form of a tropical cyclone.  They usually start in the middle of the ocean near the equator in warm waters and develop in size to thousands of miles wide.  They have a low pressure center, are spiral in nature, and are characterized by high winds.  They are very destructive due to their high winds, torrential rain, and storm surge when they approach land.


Instruction: Classify the following major cities based on the typical weather in December if it is generally cold or generally warm: Chicago, Illinois; New York City, New York; and Miami, Florida

Response:
Chicago, Illinois is cold
New York City, New York is cold
Miami, Florida is warm


Instruction: Name some of the objects in the solar system

Response: In addition to the sun and the 8 planets, the solar system includes many different types of objects. Many of the planets are orbited by moons. There are millions of asteroids in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Outside the orbit of Neptune, the Kuiper Belt includes comets, dwarf planets, and other icy objects.


Instruction: What are vinyl records?

Response: Prior to the internet and music streaming, vinyl records were the primary way that people listened to recorded music. Vinyl records, or as generation Z calls them "vinyls", are physical discs that are made out of resin or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), have a grooved surface, come in various sizes (12", 10", or 7" diameter), and are played at different speeds (33 1/2, 45, or 78 revolutions per minute (RPM)). You play vinyl records on a turntable connected to a stereo. In the 1980s and 1990s, compact discs (CDs) were introduced and surpassed vinyl record sales. Since 2020, vinyl records have been experiencing a resurgence with vinyl records sales outselling CDs in recent years.


Instruction: Please note down some points regarding Austrian Cup  from the given text

Context: The Austrian Cup (German: ÖFB-Cup), known as UNIQA ÖFB Cup for sponsorship purposes, is an annual football competition held by the Austrian Football Association, the ÖFB. During the 2008–09 season, Austria Wien won the tournament for 27th time, a record. Red Bull Salzburg are the current holders, winning the 2021-2022 tournament, making it their 8th successive win in the tournament and their 9th overall.

Response:
1. The Austrian Football Association, or FB, holds an annual football competition known as the Austrian Cup (German: FB-Cup), often known as the UNIQA FB Cup for sponsorship reasons. Austria Wien set a record by winning the competition for the 27th time during the 2008–09 season.
2. Red Bull Salzburg is the current champion, having won the competition for the eighth time in a row and nine times total.


Instruction: Who was Pythagoras?

Response:
Pythagoras was a greek philosopher and mathematician. He is most famous for the theorem named after him - Pythagoras' theorem. It states that in a right triangle the area of the square of the hypontenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares of the catheti.
The hypotenuse is the side of a right triangle that sits opposite of the right angle. The catheti (or legs) are the sides thet form the right angle.


Instruction: Name five teams in Liga Portugal.

Response: Five teams in Liga Portugal are Benfica, Porto, Sporting, Braga, and Arouca.


Instruction: tell me a name which is colour and fruit

Response: orange


Instruction: What is CST 11

Context:
Cystatin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CST11 gene.

The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity.

There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions.

The cystatin locus on chromosome 20 contains the majority of the type 2 cystatin genes and pseudogenes. This gene is located in the cystatin locus and encodes an epididymal-specific protein whose specific function has not been determined. Alternative splicing yields two variants encoding distinct isoforms.

Response:
Cystatin-11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CST11 gene.

The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity.


Instruction: Q: Is hand sanitizer effective against COVID-19?

Response:
A: One of the best ways to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water, advises the CDC. Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one’s nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.

To stay informed, visit the FDA’s Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19 page. Also, take our hand sanitizer quiz.


Instruction: How do I make good pour over coffee?

Response: Start with a good pour over filter holder, preferably one made of borosilicate glass, and filters especially designed for pour over coffee, such as cone filters. Use a medium-coarse grind of coffee beans, and use filtered water instead of regular tap water. The recommended ratio for coffee to water is 1:15, which means for every 1 gram of coffee, use 15 grams of water. Pour the water over the ground coffee in a circular motion, with a first pour just wetting the coffee grounds, and a second pour slow and steady until to reach the correct ratio. Sip and enjoy.


Instruction:
Classify the products based on the brand.
Android, safari, chrome, iOS, Alexa, prime videos

Response:
Android, chrome - Google
Safari, iOS - Apple
Prime videos - Amazon


Instruction: What is use of bezier curve in Robotics?

Context: Bézier curves can be used in robotics to produce trajectories of an end-effector due to the virtue of the control polygon’s ability to give a clear indication of whether the path is colliding with any nearby obstacle or object. Furthermore, joint space trajectories can be accurately differentiated using Bézier curves. Consequently, the derivatives of joint space trajectories are used in the calculation of the dynamics and control effort (torque profiles) of the robotic manipulator.

Response: Bézier curves can be used in robotics to produce trajectories of an end-effector due to the virtue of the control polygon’s ability to give a clear indication of whether the path is colliding with any nearby obstacle or object.


Instruction: Extract the two names of the TV show series mentioned in this paragraph

Context: Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, animator, writer, director, producer, and musician known for co-creating the animated series Home Movies (1999–2004, with Loren Bouchard) and Metalocalypse (2006–13, with Tommy Blacha). He also writes the music, and is the main performer for the virtual melodic death metal band Dethklok, which began as the subject of Metalocalypse but has taken on a life of its own, with four albums and an occasional live touring band, headed by Small. Small has also released two albums under his own name, in a similar musical style to Dethklok.

Response: Home Movies and Metalocalypse


Instruction: What are the healthiest cooking methods for preparing meals?

Response:
Steaming - cooking food by exposing retains nutrients and flavor.
Boiling - A healthy cooking method but boiling for too long causes the loss of some nutrients.
Grilling - cooking food over an open flame allows surplus fat to drip from the food.
Baking and roasting - involve cooking in an oven, which can retain nutrients and flavors.
Stir-frying - A healthy method of cooking food in high heat.
Poaching - involves cooking food in liquid at a low temperature.
The healthiest cooking methods involve minimal added fats, salt, and sugar.


Instruction: What is the difference between a detail and an Inference

Response: A detail is the words you use to describe something, but an inference is an informational guess. Occasionally you can use details to make an inference


Instruction: From the passage provided,  find the names of the sequels to the movie Captain America: The First Avenger. Separate them with a comma.

Context: Captain America: The First Avenger premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on July 19, 2011, and was released in the United States on July 22, as part of Phase One of the MCU. The film was commercially successful, grossing over $370 million worldwide. Critics particularly praised Evans' performance, the film's depiction of its 1940s time period, and Johnston's direction. Two sequels have been released: Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) and Captain America: Civil War (2016).

Response: Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Captain America: Civil War (2016).


Instruction: Tell me whether these are rivers or oceans: Nile, Amazon, Ganges, Hudson, Rhine

Response: These are rivers.


Instruction:
Identify the first run broadcast network (ABC, NBC, or CBS) of the following TV shows:
Castle, Chicago Fire, CSI, ER, Grey's Anatomy, Scandal, Seinfeld, Magnum PI

Response:
In the US, Castle, Grey's Anatomy, and Scandal were first broadcast on ABC
Chicago Fire, ER and Seinfeld were first broadcast on NBC. CSI and Magnum PI were first broadcast on CBS, though Magnum PI switched to NBC for the 5th season of the rebooted series.


Instruction: How do you get your pilot's license?

Response: Learning to fly an airplane is a fun and rewarding endeavor.  There are many different reasons that people decide to pursue getting their pilot's license including the challenge of learning a new skill, having the ability to travel by private plane for business or pleasure, sightseeing, or as a career option.  The process of learning to fly and getting your license requires several steps and usually takes about a year to complete.  The first step is to research local flight schools and potentially do a discovery flight with a flight instructor to see if you enjoy it before committing the time and money.  Should you decide to pursue it, you'll need to find and go to an Aviation Medical Examiner to get checked-out and have a student pilot and medical certificate issued.  Once you've completed that you can begin your training which will include both ground school and flight school.  The next step is to purchase the necessary books, study sufficiently and prepare to take an FAA written exam.  While you're studying, you'll begin your flight training which requires a minimum of 40 hours of flying, however most individuals end-up flying between 60 - 75 hours.  When your instructor feels you're able to demonstrate mastery of all of the required skills and are able to make sound decisions, you'll be ready to take a practical exam with either an FAA examiner or a designated examiner.   Upon successful completion of your test, you'll be issued your pilots license and be ready to take up passengers.  On average, the cost to get your pilot's license ranges from $8,000 to $12,000.  This may sound expensive, but it's worth it to have a skill that you can enjoy for a lifetime.


Instruction: Think up of a bunch of different gifts you could give a teacher

Response: An apple, a box of pencils, a giftcard, a card, a chocolate bar, school supplies, books


Instruction: Given this paragraph about WWII, how many fatalities happened?

Context:
"World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war.

World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in history; it resulted in an estimated 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, massacres, and disease. In the wake of the Axis defeat, Germany and Japan were occupied, and war crimes tribunals were conducted against German and Japanese leaders.

The causes of World War II are debated, but contributing factors included the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Spanish Civil War, Second Sino-Japanese War, Soviet–Japanese border conflicts, the rise of fascism in Europe, and European tensions in the aftermath of World War I. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France subsequently declared war on Germany on 3 September. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union had partitioned Poland and marked out their ""spheres of influence"" across Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, in a military alliance with Italy, Japan and other countries called the Axis. Following the onset of campaigns in North Africa and East Africa, and the fall of France in mid-1940, the war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the British Empire, with war in the Balkans, the aerial Battle of Britain, the Blitz of the United Kingdom, and the Battle of the Atlantic. On 22 June 1941, Germany led the European Axis powers in an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front, the largest land theatre of war in history."

Response: According to the paragraph, World War II resulted in an estimated 70 to 85 million fatalities. Most of these fatalities were amongst civilians.


Instruction: categorize some popular sports as either 'safe', 'not so safe' or 'dangerous'.

Response:
safe: pingpong, golf, chess, curling, cross county skiing, archery
not so safe: soccer, basketball, bicycling, baseball, tenniss
dangerous: skiing, surfing, American Football, race car driving, sky diving


Instruction: My husband and I are planning a ten-day trip to Italy in September, is this a good time to visit?

Response: How exciting, September is a wonderful time to visit Italy!  It is the final month of Summer in Italy when many local residents are returning to work or school which means that many of the more popular destinations will be much more accessible than if you were to visit during June, July or August.  You may still find a number of tourists visiting through the first half of the month as the weather is milder than in the height of the summer.  You will find plenty of beautiful sunny days so pack your shades and sunscreen and enjoy the many wonderful sights across the region.  Note that within the northern areas of Italy,  the weather does becomes progressively chillier in the evenings towards the end of the month so it's a good idea to pack a lightweight jacket to be sure you're protected from the elements during your visit.  To you and your husband, buon viaggio!


Instruction: What's the best part of having children?

Response: I am not sure if I can answer to what is the best, as I love many facets of having kids.  I have three children and they are each 5 years apart.  Each child has their own personality and traits however they all share their love of laughter, affection, dance, singing and all are clever.  I love having a little hand in mine as we cross the street.  Seeing my child's eyes light up when I am watching them do something they love brings more joy to my heart than I can explain.  There is also no way to ever fully explain the feeling of love and happiness when I get a nice big hug, especially after a long day.  I also learn a lot from having children like being more patient, curious, empathetic and when needed decisive and firm.  There is not one thing I love best, but all the things!


Instruction: Which ski resorts are close to Seattle?

Response: There are many downhill skiing resorts within driving distance of Seattle. The closest resort is the Summit at Snoqualmie. But Stevens Pass and Crystal Mountain are also within driving distance. If you are willing to drive even further, you can ski at Mount Baker or White Pass.


Instruction: Using given text, extract as many definitions of science fiction

Context:
American science fiction author and editor Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is," and the lack of a "full satisfactory definition" is because "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." According to Isaac Asimov, "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." Robert A. Heinlein wrote that "A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."

Part of the reason that it is so difficult to pin down an agreed definition of science fiction is because there is a tendency among science fiction enthusiasts to act as their own arbiter in deciding what exactly constitutes science fiction. Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it." David Seed says it may be more useful to talk around science fiction as the intersection of other, more concrete, genres and subgenres.

Response: According to Lester del Rey, "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology". According to Robert A. Heinlein, "A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."


Instruction: According to the passage what is the best way of making progress with mathematics?

Context: the famous professor Johann Bernoulli made it a special pleasure for himself to help me along in the mathematical sciences. Private lessons, however, he refused because of his busy schedule. However, he gave me a far more salutary advice, which consisted in myself getting a hold of some of the more difficult mathematical books and working through them with great diligence, and should I encounter some objections or difficulties, he offered me free access to him every Saturday afternoon, and he was gracious enough to comment on the collected difficulties, which was done with such a desired advantage that, when he resolved one of my objections, ten others at once disappeared, which certainly is the best method of making happy progress in the mathematical sciences.

Response: Working through the more difficult mathematical books with great diligence, collect questions and difficulties and seek help from a professor to solve them


Instruction: Extract the year that the Volvo XC40 was released.

Context: The Volvo XC40 is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV manufactured by Volvo Cars. It was unveiled on 21 September 2017 as the smallest SUV model from Volvo, below the XC60. Orders started in September of 2017, and manufacturing began in November 2017. It was introduced with conventional petrol and diesel engines, with a plug-in hybrid model being introduced in 2019, and a battery electric vehicle model was released in 2020 as the XC40 Recharge. A version of the battery electric model with a sloping rear roof was released in 2021 as the C40 Recharge.

Response: The XC40 was released in the year 2017.


Instruction: What are symptoms of ‘Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)’?

Response: ADHD symptoms can be divided into three major categories: behavioral, cognitive, and mood. ADHD behavioral symptoms include aggression, excitability, fidgeting, hyperactivity, impulsivity, irritability, and repeated words or actions. Symptoms of cognitive impairment include absentmindedness, difficulty focusing, forgetfulness, attention problems, and short attention spans. There are many mood-related symptoms, such as anger, anxiety, boredom, excitement, and mood swings.


Instruction: Which of these shoe types are appropriate for running; boat shoes, derby shoes, hiking shoes, high heels, sneakers, sandals, tennis shoes, skating shoes, boats, mules

Response: These shoes are appropriate for running; tennis shoes, sneakers, trainer shoes, skating shoes


Instruction: What is the best place for tacos in San Francisco?

Response: This answer depends on whether you want to optimize for ambiance or the quality of the food. If the latter, the Mission District of San Francisco has countless taquerias and taco trucks with tasty and authentic street tacos. If you are looking for a night out with friends or a date night, I would suggest going to a Mexican restaurant - and my favorite is Tacko in the Marina neighborhood of San Francisco. Tacko has amazing guacamole and cheap pitchers of margaritas.


Instruction: Name some of the countries who have won the cricket world cup

Response: Cricket is a sport invented by England. The countries who have won the cricket world cup so far are - India, West Indies, Australia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, England


Instruction: Provide a possible jurisdiction section for a federal civil rights complaint leaving blanks for the location.

Response: This is a civil rights complaint arising out of the county of _______ within the state of _______. This complaint sets forth causes of action under Title 42 SS 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986. The Plaintiff will show that her ability to engage in a contractual agreement was infringed upon by a private corporation conspiring with state actors acting under color of state law in violation of the aforementioned federal statutes. These facts give this honorable court jurisdiction over the matter.


Instruction: Who was the prophet Muhammad (pbuh)?

Response: Prophet Muhammad was the last messenger of God; who was sent down to preach the oneness of God; to connect mankind to the creator and not worship any creation. He (God) is the only creator, sustainer, and maintainer of every object that exists including the device and code that generated this text.


Instruction: Extract all risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases for which numbers about their  contribution are given and rank them by their relative importance.

Context: The underlying mechanisms for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) vary depending on the disease. It is estimated that dietary risk factors are associated with 53% of CVD deaths. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,and poor sleep, among other things. High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, and obesity 5%. Rheumatic heart disease may follow untreated strep throat.

Response:
1. Dietary Risk Factors
2. High Blood Pressure
3. Tobacco
4. Diabetes
5. Lack of exercise
6. Obesity


Instruction: What is the Altair based on the paragraph?

Context: Childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen sought to make a business using their skills in computer programming. In 1972, they founded Traf-O-Data, which sold a rudimentary computer to track and analyze automobile traffic data. Gates enrolled at Harvard University while Allen pursued a degree in computer science at Washington State University, though he later dropped out to work at Honeywell. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer, which inspired Allen to suggest that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device. Gates called MITS and claimed that he had a working interpreter, and MITS requested a demonstration. Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter, and it worked flawlessly when they demonstrated it to MITS in March 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. MITS agreed to distribute it, marketing it as Altair BASIC.: 108, 112–114  Gates and Allen established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates as CEO, and Allen suggested the name "Micro-Soft", short for micro-computer software. In August 1977, the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office of ASCII Microsoft. Microsoft moved its headquarters to Bellevue, Washington, in January 1979.

Response: The Altair as mentioned in the paragraph was a microcomputer developed by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS). Its official name was the "Altair 8800 microcomputer". Altair BASIC was an interpreter that Bill Gates developed and demonstrated to MITS in March 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Paul Allen also worked on a simulator for the Altair.