Instruction: Who established the Illinois Humane Society?

Context:
John Clark Dore (March 22, 1822 – December 14, 1900) was an American educator and politician from New Hampshire. A graduate of Dartmouth College, Dore briefly taught in Boston, Massachusetts before he was recruited to come to Chicago, Illinois to serve as its first superintendent of school. Dore was also a successful merchant, serving as the vice president of the Chicago Board of Trade. He was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1868, where he helped to establish the Illinois Humane Society.

He assumed the presidency of the Commercial Insurance Company, then was named president of the Chicago Board of Underwriters in 1869. Following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, he was named the president of the State Savings Institution, resigning in 1873. Dore also presided over the Newsboys' and Bootblacks' Home and donated a building to them in 1884.

Response: John Clark Dore


Instruction: What is SSA in compiler design?

Context: In compiler design, static single assignment form (often abbreviated as SSA form or simply SSA) is a property of an intermediate representation (IR) that requires each variable to be assigned exactly once and defined before it is used. Existing variables in the original IR are split into versions, new variables typically indicated by the original name with a subscript in textbooks, so that every definition gets its own version. In SSA form, use-def chains are explicit and each contains a single element.

Response: SSA, or static single assignment form, is a property of an intermediate representation (IR) that requires each variable to be assigned exactly once. Additionally, each variable in SSA must be defined before it is used.


Instruction: Is a life without meaning, a life of pessimism?

Response:
The idea of meaninglessness and absurdity of life was widely explored by many scholars, one being Albert Camus.
In accordance with his philosophical theory of absurdism the universe’s irrationality and randomness indicates that it does not posses a specific purpose. Therefore, one should abandon the search for meaning and embrace the absurdity of life. According to Camus, the lack of meaning in our existence is not negative, simply neutral. Without innate meaning, one is free to do with their life as they wish so the notion of a meaningless life isn’t objectively a useless life, nor is it a negative one.


Instruction: Write a review of Joe Abercrombie's book Before They Are Hanged

Response:
There are some amazing action sequences in this sequel. Logen and Ferro are the most epic swashbuckling fighting duo the circle has ever seen. Never doubt them.

Is there a character arc in this book? Trick question! No one in the series changes or grows - you just get to see different shades of them. We empathize with the "villains" and the protagonists reveal their evil sides.


Instruction: Is it better to buy a used car compared to a new car?

Response:
When it comes to buying a car, there are two main options: buying a new car or buying a used car. While both options have their advantages and disadvantages, many people wonder if it is better to buy a used car compared to a new car. In this article, we will explore the pros and cons of buying a used car and help you decide if it is the right choice for you.

Pros of Buying a Used Car

1. Lower Price

One of the biggest advantages of buying a used car is the lower price. Used cars are typically much cheaper than new cars, even if they are only a few years old. This is because new cars lose value quickly as soon as they are driven off the dealership lot. By buying a used car, you can often get a great deal and save thousands of dollars.

2. Lower Depreciation

New cars depreciate quickly in the first few years of ownership, often losing up to 50% of their value. Used cars, on the other hand, have already gone through this initial depreciation period, so they lose value at a much slower rate. This means that if you decide to sell your used car in a few years, you may not lose as much money as you would with a new car.

3. Lower Insurance Costs

Insurance costs for a used car are typically lower than for a new car. This is because used cars are less expensive, so the insurance company does not have to pay out as much if the car is damaged or totaled. Additionally, if you own the car outright, you may be able to choose a lower level of insurance coverage, which can further reduce your insurance costs.

4. More Options

When you buy a used car, you have a wider range of options to choose from than if you were buying a new car. You can choose from different makes, models, and years, and you may be able to find a car with features that are no longer available on new cars. This means that you can find a car that fits your specific needs and preferences.

5. No Hidden Fees

When you buy a new car, you may be charged various fees and expenses, such as a destination fee, dealer preparation fee, and advertising fee. With a used car, you do not have to worry about these hidden fees, as they have already been paid by the previous owner.

Cons of Buying a Used Car

1. Higher Maintenance Costs

Used cars may require more maintenance and repairs than new cars, especially if they are older or have high mileage. This can result in higher maintenance costs, which can offset some of the savings you get from buying a used car.

2. Higher Interest Rates

If you are financing a used car, you may have to pay a higher interest rate than if you were financing a new car. This is because lenders consider used cars to be a greater risk, as they are more likely to need repairs and maintenance.

3. Limited Warranty

Many used cars do not come with a warranty, or the warranty may have expired. This means that if something goes wrong with the car, you will have to pay for the repairs out of pocket. Some dealerships offer extended warranties for used cars, but these can be expensive.

4. Unknown History

When you buy a used car, you may not know the full history of the vehicle. The previous owner may not have disclosed all accidents or repairs, and there may be hidden issues that only become apparent after you have purchased the car.

5. Less Advanced Features

Used cars may not have the latest technology and safety features that are available on new cars. This can be a disadvantage if you are looking for a car with advanced features, such as a backup camera or lane departure warning.

Conclusion

Buying a used car can be a great option for many people, as it offers a lower price, slower depreciation, lower insurance costs, more options, and no hidden fees. However, there are also some disadvantages to buying a used car, such as higher maintenance costs, limited warranty, unknown history, higher interest rates, and less advanced features. Ultimately, the decision to buy a used car or a new car depends on your personal preferences and budget.


Instruction: I just saw a bug with a red body and with seven black dots on its back. The bug is round and looks like a beetle. What sort of bug might this be?

Response: This bug is likely to be a ladybug. Ladybugs appear in spring when the weather warms up and can often be found in grass. They like to eat aphids and help to control their populations.


Instruction: in hsa-1099-sa form, what does "Gross distribution" mean?

Response:
In the context of the HSA-1099-SA form, "Gross distribution" refers to the total amount of money that was withdrawn from your Health Savings Account (HSA) during the tax year in question.

This amount includes any funds used to pay for qualified medical expenses, as well as any non-qualified distributions or withdrawals. Non-qualified distributions are subject to income tax and may also be subject to a penalty unless you meet certain exceptions.

The Gross distribution amount is reported in Box 1 of the HSA-1099-SA form. You'll need this information when you file your taxes, as you'll need to report any taxable distributions on your tax return. It's important to keep accurate records of your HSA distributions and expenses throughout the year to ensure you're properly reporting and avoiding any penalties.


Instruction:
The following are some reasons to start a restaurant. the reasons should be categorized as 'great', 'neutral', 'terrible' -

It will provide food to people
Potential to become a millionaire
Help you follow your passion
All your savings will go into opening it
You dont know how to cook
The world needs more farm to table services
You may be able to build a career out of it
You will enjoy it
You will lose your job
You dont have money to open a restaurant

Response:
Great:
Help you follow your passion
The world needs more farm to table services
Potential to become a millionaire

Neutral:
You will enjoy it
It will provide food to people
You may be able to build a career out of it

Terrible:
All your savings will go into opening it
You will lose your job
You dont know how to cook
You dont have money to open a restaurant


Instruction: Who is Barack Obama?

Context: Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ (listen) bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə; born August 4, 1961) is an American former politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American president of the United States. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and worked as a civil rights lawyer before holding public office.

Response:
Barack Hussein Obama II (/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/ (listen) bə-RAHK hoo-SAYN oh-BAH-mə; born August 4, 1961) is an American former politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African-American president of the United States. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and worked as a civil rights lawyer before holding public office.

Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he represented the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004, when he ran for the U.S. Senate. Obama received national attention in 2004 with his March Senate primary win, his well-received keynote address at the July Democratic National Convention, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president and chose Joe Biden as his running mate. Obama was elected over Republican nominee John McCain in the presidential election and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, a decision that drew a mixture of praise and criticism.

Obama's first-term actions addressed the global financial crisis and included a major stimulus package, a partial extension of George W. Bush's tax cuts, legislation to reform health care, a major financial regulation reform bill, and the end of a major US military presence in Iraq. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. He ordered the counterterrorism raid which killed Osama bin Laden and downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model, expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries.

After winning re-election by defeating Republican opponent Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term on January 20, 2013. In his second term, Obama took steps to combat climate change, signing a major international climate agreement and an executive order to limit carbon emissions. Obama also presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term, and he negotiated a nuclear agreement with Iran and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan fell dramatically during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in Afghanistan throughout Obama's presidency.

During Obama's terms as president, the United States' reputation abroad and the American economy improved significantly, although the country experienced high levels of partisan divide. Obama left office on January 20, 2017, and continues to reside in Washington, D.C. His presidential library in Chicago began construction in 2021. Since leaving office, Obama has remained active in Democratic politics, including campaigning for candidates in various American elections. Outside of politics, Obama has published three bestselling books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006) and A Promised Land (2020). Rankings by scholars and historians, in which he has been featured since 2010, place him in the middle to upper tier of American presidents.


Instruction: Given this paragraph how much do Beavers weigh?

Context: Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to 30 kilograms (66 lb). Beavers have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges.

Response: Up to 30 kilograms or 66 pounds


Instruction: What is the analysis of mutations in cancer, in genomics?

Response:
In cancer, the genomes of affected cells are rearranged in complex or even unpredictable ways. Massive sequencing efforts are used to identify previously unknown point mutations in a variety of genes in cancer. Bioinformaticians continue to produce specialized automated systems to manage the sheer volume of sequence data produced, and they create new algorithms and software to compare the sequencing results to the growing collection of human genome sequences and germline polymorphisms. New physical detection technologies are employed, such as oligonucleotide microarrays to identify chromosomal gains and losses (called comparative genomic hybridization), and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect known point mutations. These detection methods simultaneously measure several hundred thousand sites throughout the genome, and when used in high-throughput to measure thousands of samples, generate terabytes of data per experiment. Again the massive amounts and new types of data generate new opportunities for bioinformaticians. The data is often found to contain considerable variability, or noise, and thus Hidden Markov model and change-point analysis methods are being developed to infer real copy number changes.

Two important principles can be used in the analysis of cancer genomes bioinformatically pertaining to the identification of mutations in the exome. First, cancer is a disease of accumulated somatic mutations in genes. Second cancer contains driver mutations which need to be distinguished from passengers.

With the breakthroughs that this next-generation sequencing technology is providing to the field of Bioinformatics, cancer genomics could drastically change. These new methods and software allow bioinformaticians to sequence many cancer genomes quickly and affordably. This could create a more flexible process for classifying types of cancer by analysis of cancer driven mutations in the genome. Furthermore, tracking of patients while the disease progresses may be possible in the future with the sequence of cancer samples.

Another type of data that requires novel informatics development is the analysis of lesions found to be recurrent among many tumors.


Instruction: Give me the answer to this riddle, explain the answer, and explain why the answer may be challenging to identify: what gets wetter as it dries?

Response: The answer to this riddle is a towel. A towel gets wetter when it is used to dry something off. This answer may be challenging to determine because of the contradictory nature of the qualities the riddle is asking for - drying and getting wetter.


Instruction: Where has Alice Twemlow been a guest critic?

Context: Alice Twemlow is a writer, critic and educator from the United Kingdom whose work focuses on graphic design. She has been a guest critic at the Yale University School of Art, Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), and Rhode Island School of Design (RISD). In 2006, the School of Visual Arts (SVA) in New York named Twemlow the chair and co-founder of its Master of Fine Arts in Design Criticism (D-Crit). According to her SVA biography: "Alice Twemlow writes for Eye, Design Issues, I.D., Print, New York magazine and The Architect’s Newspaper."  Twemlow is also a contributor to the online publication Voice: AIGA Journal of Design. In 2012 Core77 selected her as a jury captain for the “Design Writing and Commentary” category of the Core77 Design Awards. Twemlow was head of the MA in Design Curating & Writing at Design Academy Eindhoven, 2017-2018, and is now Lector Design at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts (KABK) in The Hague, and Associate Professor at Leiden University.

Response: At the Yale University School of Art, the Maryland Institute College of Art, and the Rhode Island School of Design.


Instruction: Tell me whether these are the names of presidents or movie stars: George Washington, Barack Obama, Brad Pitt, George Clooney, Matt Damon

Response:
George Washington was the first U.S. President
Barack Obama was the 44th U.S. President
Brad Pitt is a movie star known for starring in Fight Club, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood and Troy
George Clooney is a movie star known for starring in Ocean's Eleven, Batman & Robin and ER
Matt Damon is a movie star known for starring in Good Will Hunting, The Bourne Identity and Ford v Ferrari


Instruction: Give me a list of beginner friendly Python open source projects to contribute.

Response:
1. Ansible: IT automation platform for provisioning various resources
2. Jupyter notebook: Interactive notebook popular in data engineering and machine learning world.
3. Pandas: Flexible and powerful data analysis library beloved by data engineers, scientists and analysts.
4. Scrapy: Web crawling and scraping framework written in python.
5. scikit-learn: This library is power packed with implementation of various machine learning algorithms.


Instruction: Which of the following as water bodies? Classify them as 'water' and 'not water'. Oceans, Lakes, Ponds, Trees, Mountains, Sky, Roads, Fire.

Response: 'water', 'water', 'water', 'not water', 'not water', 'not water', 'not water', 'not water'.


Instruction: What is MLflow?

Response: MLflow is an open-source framework for MLOps that automates the full production lifecycle, from model training and experimentation to model lifecycle management and deployment.


Instruction: What are some examples of plants that grow around Stanwell-Fletcher Lake?  Use a numbered list.

Context:
Stanwell-Fletcher Lake is the largest lake on Somerset Island, the tenth-largest island of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The lake, along with most of Somerset Island, is located within the Qikiqtaaluk Region of the Canadian territory of Nunavut.

The harsh tundral climate and minimal soil cover of the highlands surrounding the lake allows only a few types of plants to grow there, mostly lichens, mosses, and arctic willow. Vegetation is more prominent in the thermokarst lowlands to the north of the lake, which are dominated by sedges during the summer. The low-lying areas to the southeast of the lake, and the nearby Creswell Bay, host a Canadian Important Bird Area. The area supports large bird populations during the summer, especially breeding populations of various shorebirds. 13 shorebird species have been observed in the area, while 11 are known to breed there. These species includes the white-rumped sandpiper, red phalarope, black-bellied plover, sanderling, American golden plover, ruddy turnstone, Baird's sandpiper, buff-breasted sandpiper, pectoral sandpiper, semipalmated sandpiper, and red knot. Other birds with populations in the area include the snow goose, king eider, long-tailed duck, northern fulmar, black-legged kittiwake, and peregrine falcon. Stanwell-Fletcher Lake is also a large and important habitat for anadromous populations of arctic char, which spend summer in coastal areas including Creswell Bay and surrounding waters, but migrate via the Union River to in the lake before it freezes over. Fourhorn sculpin are also present within the lake.

Response:
1. lichens
2. mosses
3. arctic willow


Instruction: Is it possible to visit the German Bundestag?

Response: Yes, it is possible for tourists to visit the Bundestag. With prior registration, you can enter the roof terrace and the dome. From there, visitors have a view of the parliament and Berlin's skyline. The visitor area is open seven days a week, with the exception of public holidays, such as Christmas. The last admission is at 9:45 PM.


Instruction: What did people do before the invention of money?

Response: They bartered/traded.


Instruction: How do I obtain help for an adult relative with a serious mental illness?

Response: In order to obtain assistance, it is critical that the individual receive a medical diagnosis from a professional mental health provider.  For adults, this is complicated by the fact that every adult individual has the right to refuse medical care.  A person suffering from a severe mental illness will often refuse care due to their delusions and paranoia.  Frequently, concerned family members must wait until the relative has a serious psychotic episode at which time they can contact emergency services and have the individual evaluated as a threat to themselves or others. At this point, it might be possible for the government to compel the individual to be diagnosed and receive mental health treatment.


Instruction: How does an umpire signal that a batter has been dismissed in a cricket match ?

Context: The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official scorers, one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see image, right). For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batter is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batter has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game

Response: An umpire signals that a batter has been dismissed by raising a forefinger.


Instruction: Why would a software engineer want to transition into product management?

Response:
There could be many reasons. Typical ones include:
First, they may want to increase impact in business or strategy decisions. A product manager usually owns the product's direction and roadmap, and also responsible for the end business results.
Second, they may want to work more closely with customers and work with people in general. A product manager needs to talk to customers very often to really understand their needs and requirements. A product manager also needs to work across functions to push a project forward so they need to influence others.
Third, also note there are some commonalities between software engineer and product manager, they both build stuff and understand technologies, so for a software engineer it's usually easier to transition into product management than other functions because many skills are still relevant.


Instruction: How many teams compete in Formula one world championship?

Response: Currently there are 10 teams competing in the Formula one world championships. The number of teams that compete in Formula one world championship have varied in the past.


Instruction: Write an email to the condo HOA as why including a flat rate of water bill into monthly HOA fee is a bad idea

Response:
To whom it may concern:

I am a resident at Greenwood community and hereby writing this email proposing to separate flat-rate water bill from monthly HOA fee and make it pro-rated. Here are the reasons:
1. When people don't pay for water bill explicitly, they start to feel it comes for free. Hence, they have no motivation to use water wisely. It leads to waste of water and more subtly, increase of HOA fee in the long-run since it's all running money after all.
2. It's not fair to residents with smaller condos. Although not aways true, small square footage usually means less people and less water usage.
3. People can abuse this policy. I noticed some people run commercial laundry in their condos which make the water usage skyrocket. However, no matter how much they use, they pay a flat rate each month.

All in all, I propose to change flat rate water bill to pro-rated.

Look forward to your response.

Best,
Resident John Doe


Instruction: Write an analysis of the meaning of the green light in the Great Gatsby

Response: The green light is a well known symbol used in the book the Great Gatsby, which can be seen to symbolize many different things. The color of the light is notable because green is a deeply symbolic color, and it is often associated with money and greed. Because the Great Gatsby is ultimately a story about wealth and excess, as well as human greed, this color is a purposeful choice to associate the idea of wealth always being just out of grasp. Additionally, the light ultimately symbolizes something which is just out of grasp, and can be seen as a metaphor of Jay Gatbsy's continuous pursuit of Daisy which was always destined to fail.


Instruction: How many stores did Blockbuster have at its peak?

Context: Blockbuster LLC, formerly known as Blockbuster Video, is an American brand currently owned by Dish Network. It was originally founded by David Cook in 1985 as a home video rental shops, but later grew into video game rentals, DVD-by-mail, streaming, video on demand, and cinema theater. Previously operated by Blockbuster Entertainment, Inc., the company expanded internationally throughout the 1990s. At its peak in 2004, Blockbuster consisted of 9,094 stores and employed approximately 84,300 people: 58,500 in the United States and 25,800 in other countries.

Response: In 2004, Blockbuster consisted of 9,094 stores


Instruction: What are submersibles for?

Response: Submersibles are small, hard-sided vehicles that can dive down deep. It has its own power and air supplies. Some parts of the ocean are way too deep for anyone to swim in, even with diving gear. People need submersibles to explore the deepest parts of the ocean.


Instruction: Can you give me a short bulleted list of the Murray-Wright's violent activities of the 1980s?

Context:
In 1987, James Risen of the Los Angeles Times said "Murray–Wright had become one of the most violent schools in the city."

On October 18, 1985, during homecoming celebrations, four teenagers entered the American football game area in an automobile, two minutes before halftime during the Public School League game between Murray–Wright and Northwestern High School. When the car pulled behind the grandstands, one teenager fired on a crowd of 300 people with a shotgun, causing seven people to receive injuries. Six of the injured were teenagers, ranged in age from 13 to 19. One received critical injuries. All six received treatment at the Detroit Receiving Hospital. The shootings occurred at 4:15 PM, and the suspects left the scene. This shooting was the week's second shooting that had high school students involved. The shooting was the second one in a month in which Homecoming activities were involved. Police said that one of the suspects had been involved in a fight on an earlier occasion.

On April 16, 1987, a student at Murray–Wright entered the school parking lot and shot 17-year-old Chester Jackson, a junior running back, in the head, killing him. The attacker went into the gymnasium and shot 18-year-old Damon Matthews, a basketball player, in the face. Tomeka Turner, an 18-year-old, was wounded. Risen said that Turner's injuries occurred "apparently in the school's corridors as the attacker fled the building." The youth with facial injuries received treatment at the Detroit Receiving Hospital. The incident occurred around noon. The attacker, Michael Schofield, was 14 at the time of the crime. Schofield, 15 years old at sentencing, was sentenced to serve in a juvenile correctional facility until he turned 19. Schofield killed four people in 2003 during an attempted robbery of a convenience store in Westland, Michigan, and then killed himself. The Los Angeles Times News Service said that the 1987 Murray–Wright shooting was the incident that put "most clearly into focus" the epidemic of youth violence in Detroit.

After the murder and shootings, school officials started a plan to reduce violence in the school. The school was closed for two days as officials held special assemblies concerning school violence. The school officials said that of the students who appeared at the assemblies at Murray–Wright, half appeared with their parents. This occurred despite fears that few parents would appear.

Response:
I'd be happy to give you a list of Murray–Wright High School's violent acts of the 1980s:
 - On October 18, 1985 four teenagers shot upon a crowd attending a homecoming football game injuring seven.
 - On April 16, 1987, a 14 year old Murray-Wright student named Michael Schofield shot and killed 17-year old Chester Jackson. He proceeded to shoot an 18 year-old in the face and wound another before fleeing the scene.
Let me know if you'd like any other information about Murray-Wright High School.


Instruction: What is the best musical instrument to learn?

Response: Piano. It is the kind of all musical instruments. With a tuned piano, even as a beginner, you can play simple and beautiful songs after learning it for a short amount of time. Playing piano is very good for brain development, especially from the intricate muscle movement from your fingers. Often studies have shown a positive correlation between high IQ and people who are good at playing piano. In some way, piano is designed in a very scientific way, since it is based on frequencies. You can also be very creative when playing piano. It is the best instrument to compose songs.


Instruction: What direction (North-South-East-West) is Malanów from Zygmuntówek?

Context: Zygmuntówek [zɨɡmunˈtuvɛk] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Malanów, within Turek County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 2 kilometres (1 mi) north of Malanów, 10 km (6 mi) south-west of Turek, and 112 km (70 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.

Response: Malanów is south of Zygmuntówek. We know this because Zygmuntówek is north of Malanów.


Instruction: My parents are staying with me this weekend. What should I do with them?

Response:
Your parents are probably just happy to spend time with you. Still, it can be difficult to know how to entertain them in your city. Here are some ideas for things to do with your parents:

- Take them to a local brewery or winery
- Find an easy hike to do one morning
- Cook them a meal at home and watch a parent-friendly movie
- Go to a local sporting event
- Have some people over for food and games so your parents can get to know your friends


Instruction: Who are some students at Hogwarts in Slytherin house that were in the same year as Harry Potter?

Response: Hogwarts is the fictitious school in the Harry Potter book series. The books mentions several students in Harry Potter's year from the Slytherin house, such as Draco Malfoy, Vincent Crabbe, Gregory Goyle, Pansy Parkinson, and Blaise Zabini.


Instruction: Classify these as either states or cities: Illinois, California, San Francisco, Austin, Texas.

Response: Illinois, California, and Texas are states.  San Francisco and Austin are cities.


Instruction: What are the pros and cons of charging a Tesla at Public Charging Stations?

Response:
Public charging stations are often the fastest and most efficient ways to charge your Tesla Model Y. It can take under an hour to charge your Model Y if you use rapid chargers at a public charging point. You can find public charging stations all over the country.

Pros
Public charging stations are the only place you'll find rapid or ultra-rapid charging, although not all public charging networks provide these speeds. This is the fastest way to charge your EV. Some charging stations are free, such as Pod Point's Tesco charging points.

Cons
The biggest problem with this option is there's too much variety. Trying to figure out how to find the right charging station that meets your requirements can get complicated. Each network has different locations, different prices and different apps.


Instruction: What are all Marvel movies with Thanos in it?

Response:
Here is a list of Marvel Cinematic Universe films in which the character Thanos makes an appearance:
1. The Avengers (2012)
2. Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)
3. Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)
4. Avengers: Infinity War (2018)
5. Avengers: Endgame (2019)


Instruction: Make a list of different fruits you could put in a fruit salad with at least 5 ingredients

Response: Five fruits you could use are bananas, strawberries, apples, pears and blueberries


Instruction: Summarize Jacque Fresco's early life based on this passage.

Context: Jacque Fresco was born on March 13, 1916, and grew up in a Sephardi Jewish household, at the family's home in Bensonhurst, in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. Fresco's father was an agriculturist born in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), while his mother Lena was an emigrant from Jerusalem. He later turned his attention to technocracy. A teenager during the Great Depression, he spent time with friends discussing Charles Darwin, Albert Einstein, science, and the future. Fresco attended the Young Communist League before being "physically ejected" for loudly stating that "Karl Marx was wrong!" after a discussion with the league president during a meeting. He left home at the age of 14, hitchhiking and "jumping" trains as one of the so-called "Wild Boys of the Road".

Response: Jacque Fresco was born into a Jewish home in Brooklyn in 1916. His teenage years coincided with the Great Depression where he spent his time discussing historically notable thinkers with his friends, such as Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin. He was involved in youth communist groups but eventually left over ideological disputes. He eventually became one of the "Wild Boys of the Road" when 14 and left behind his home.


Instruction: What are the functions of the 3 branches of the United States government.

Response: The legislative branch creates laws, the executive branch enforces and administrates laws, and the judicial branch interprets laws.


Instruction: Why did the earliest vendors and retailers in the U.S. decide to charge 99 cents rather than a dollar?

Response: Because the cashier would have to make change in the cash register for 99 cents, forcing a record of the sale, whereas if the vendor/retailer charged $1, the cashier could pocket the dollar without a record of the transaction.


Instruction: Based on this paragraph, how many times was Barros traded during his professional basketball career?

Context: The 5' 11" (1.80 m), 165 lb (75 kg) point guard, began his professional career in 1989 when he was selected in the first round of the NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics with the 16th pick. Most of his time spent in Seattle was as a backup to point guard Gary Payton, who was considered to be a much more competent ball handler and defender, as Barros was deemed more usable at shooting guard. Prior to the 1993–94 season, the Sonics traded Barros to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for Kendall Gill. Two days later, Charlotte traded Barros, Sidney Green, and their 1993 draft choice, Greg Graham, to the Philadelphia 76ers for Hersey Hawkins. Barros became a free agent at the end of the 1994-95 NBA season. He signed with his hometown Boston Celtics, and remained for five seasons as a role player alongside David Wesley and Dee Brown and mentor to younger players such as Antoine Walker and Paul Pierce. In the offseason of 2000, Barros was traded to the Dallas Mavericks as part of a four-team deal that also involved the Utah Jazz and Golden State Warriors. By the time the 2000–01 season had commenced, the Mavs had traded Barros to the Detroit Pistons, where he played 89 games over two seasons, averaging 7.5 points per game, until waiving him in 2002.

Response: Based on this paragraph, Barros was traded four times while in the NBA (from Seattle to Charlotte; from Charlotte to Philadelphia; from Boston to Dallas; from Dallas to Detroit).


Instruction: Why babies cry ?

Response: Since babies can’t speak, crying is their way to communicate what they need or feel. For instance, babies can cry because they are hungry or because their diaper is dirty or because their tummy hurts or just because they to let go of emotions. The type, the intensity and the length of cries can vary from one baby to another.


Instruction: What are some common bases for tacos?

Response: Tacos are typically built on top of a soft wheat tortilla, soft corn tortilla, hard taco shell, lettuce, or a baked taco shell.


Instruction: Name the Chinese satellite launched for Mars which failed?

Response: Yinghuo-1 was the Chinese satellite that failed the launch for Mars


Instruction: Who designed Augusta National?

Response: Augusta National was designed by Bobby Jones and Alister MacKenzie. Bobby Jones had heard about MacKenzie's prowess for designing golf courses and loved his design of Pasatiempo in Santa Cruz, CA. He visited MacKenzie at his course in Santa Cruz and asked him to partner with him in designing the world renowned Augusta National.


Instruction: Given this paragraph about Gheorge Hagi, tell me which were his top achievements in the Romanian football team.

Context: At international level, Hagi played for the Romania national team in three FIFA World Cups, in 1990, 1994 (where he was named in the World Cup All-Star Team after helping his nation to the quarter-finals of the tournament) and 1998; as well as in three UEFA European Championships, in 1984, 1996 and 2000. He won a total of 124 caps for Romania between 1983 and 2000, making him the second-most capped Romanian player of all time, behind only Dorinel Munteanu; he is also the joint all-time leading goalscorer of the Romania national side (alongside Adrian Mutu) with 35 goals.

Response: Gheorghe Hagi is arguably the best Romanian football player holding the record for most goals scored with the national team. He participated in 3 World Cups and 3 European Championships and he was awarded a spot in the World Cup All-Start Team in 1994.


Instruction: Which is the best meal delivery service?

Response: It depends on what is important to you. Some people like Blue Apron because the ingredients are from sustainable sources and the recipe cards have pictures and are easy to follow. But some people don't like Blue Apron and other meal delivery services like Hello Fresh, Factor, and Dinnerly, because you only get the ingredients, not complete meals. So you have to spend time on meal prep. For completely assembled ready-to-eat meals, people like Freshly, Unity Kitchen, or Splendid Spoon. If you have young children, it's probably a good idea to order the ready-to-eat meals so you can save time. The pre-assembled meals may be more expensive, but it could really be worth it for a young family.


Instruction: Given a reference text about Being There, tell me when the book was published and when a film about the book was created.

Context:
Being There is a satirical novel by the Polish-born writer Jerzy Kosinski, published April 21, 1971. Set in America, the story concerns Chance, a simple gardener who unwittingly becomes a much sought-after political pundit and commentator on the vagaries of the modern world. It has been suggested that Kosinski modeled the character of Chance after a former greenhouse manager named Jerry Jarvis who became the national leader of the transcendental meditation movement during the late 1960s and early 1970s, whom Kosinski had met at the local TM Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and who embodied the calm and simple manner of Chauncy Gardiner. The Cambridge TM Center was for years located at the corner of Chauncy and Garden Streets.

A film based on the book was made in 1979; Kosinski co-wrote the film's screenplay with Robert C. Jones.

Response: Being There was published on April 21, 1971 and a film about the book was made in 1979.


Instruction: Is Britain the only country that drives on the left-hand side of the road?

Response: Britain is not the only country that drives on the left-hand side of the road. Approximately a third of the global population drives on the left.


Instruction: What is an adverb?

Response: An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb and will usually end with "ly", such as slowly, creatively or fully. There a some adverbs that don't end in "ly", such as soon, ever, yet, away. For example, it soon became clear that he would be late.


Instruction: What is T20 cricket?

Response: The T20 cricket is one of the three officially recognised formats of cricket game. In this format, each inning consists of 20 overs, i.e, a total of 120 legal ball deliveries. It is the shortest form of cricket among all the three formats.


Instruction: Given the list of the Big Bang Theory actress, select only the main cast.

Context:
Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter: An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173, who received his Ph.D. when he was 24 years old. Leonard is a nerd who loves video games, comic books, and Dungeons & Dragons. Leonard is the straight man of the series, sharing an apartment in Pasadena, CA, with Sheldon Cooper. Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet, and they eventually marry.

Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper: Originally from Galveston, Texas, Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven and earned a Ph.D. at age sixteen. He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory, and, despite his IQ of 187, he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp. He is determined to have his own way, continually boasts of his intelligence, and has an extremely ritualized way of living. Despite these quirks, he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler, and they eventually marry.

Kaley Cuoco as Penny: An aspiring actress from Omaha, Nebraska. Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard. She waits tables and occasionally tends the bar at The Cheesecake Factory. After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress, Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative. Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy, and they often hang out in each other's apartments. Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry.

Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz: An aerospace engineer who got his master's degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Howard is Jewish and lived with his mother, Debbie (Carol Ann Susi). Unlike Sheldon, Leonard, Raj, Bernadette, and Amy, Howard does not hold a doctorate. He trains as an astronaut and goes into space as a payload specialist on the International Space Station. Howard initially fancies himself as a ladies man, but he later starts dating Bernadette, and they get engaged and married. Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist.

Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali: A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi, India. Initially, Raj had selective mutism, rendering him unable to talk to or be around women unless under the influence of alcohol. Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role in his friendship with Howard as well as in the group of four men. Raj later dates Lucy (Kate Micucci), who also suffers from social anxiety, but it eventually ends. He later speaks to Penny without alcohol, overcoming his selective mutism. He begins dating Emily Sweeney, and their relationship later becomes exclusive. In the series' final season, Raj has an on-again, off-again engagement with a fellow Indian, a hotel concierge named Anu (Rati Gupta). He also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon.
These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast:

Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle (recurring season 1, starring season 2, guest seasons 3, 9): A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard. In appearance, she is essentially Leonard's female counterpart and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon. Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard. Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character. Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode.

Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz (recurring season 3, starring seasons 4–12): A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school, where she is studying microbiology. Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny; at first, they do not get along, apparently having nothing in common. They date and later get engaged and married. Although generally a sweet and good-natured person, Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked.

Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler (guest star season 3, starring seasons 4–12): A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon's perfect mate, Amy is from Glendale, CA. While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness, after befriending Penny and Bernadette, she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction. Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend, and eventually, they get married. Amy believes she and Penny are best friends, a sentiment that Penny does not initially share. Amy has a Ph.D. in neurobiology.

Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom (recurring seasons 2–5, 7, starring seasons 6, 8–12): A mild-mannered, under-confident owner of a comic book store. A competent artist, Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design. Though he is socially awkward, he possesses slightly better social skills. Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home. He is later invited to join the guys' group while Howard is in space. Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard's mother later. After Mrs. Wolowitz's death, Stuart continues to live in her home, along with Howard and Bernadette, until he finds a place of his own.

Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney (recurring seasons 7–8, 10, starring season 9): A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital. Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre, and she states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives. Prior to meeting Raj, Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard. After finding Emily's online dating profile, Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead. Their relationship becomes exclusive, but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with Claire (Alessandra Torresani), a bartender and children's author.

Response: Kaley Cuoco as Penny, Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz, Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler


Instruction: What Peloton instructor should I take a cycling class with for the following moods and why? Happy, Sad, Angry, Unmotivated

Response: There are 48 Peloton instructors who teach a variety of classes including: strength, tread, cycling, yoga, boxing, rowing, running, stretching, meditation, cardio, pilates, barre, and bootcamp. They have both male and female instructors representing a variety of body types. The classes are high energy in nature and feature music from todays hits, genres, decades, and more. There are classes on the platform in the following languages: German, Spanish, and English. There is a workout set to a musical playlist for every type of athlete on the Peloton platform. They have four types of intensity levels for classes: beginner, intermediate,  advanced, and all levels. As a rule of thumb, all instructors teach classes across all levels. The classes vary in length from 5 minutes to 60+ minutes long. The most popular class lengths are 10, 20, and 30 minute long classes. Many instructors on the Peloton platform have a large following on social media. Devout fans often delineate their fandom by displaying the instructor's fan hashtag within the Peloton app. An athlete looking to take a class when feeling unmotivated should take a class with the instructor Robin Arzon, she's a no none-sense instructor who will motivate you from your core, you'll often find latino beats and hip hop music as the the themes in her playlists, which translate to a high energy environment pulling even the most unmotivated person into a workout. An athlete looking to take a class when sad should take a class with Christine D'Ercole. Her reflection ride classes might bring out a cry if you're feeling sad, but she leaves space for you to feel all your feelings and work through them with soothing tunes and motion. An athlete looking to take a class when they are angry should take a class with Kendal Toole. Kendal's class will help you channel that anger into an intense workout where you will be able to get all of the anger into the movements. Plus, she has an emotions themed class on anger. For an athlete looking to take a class when happy they should take a class with Callie Gullickson, her happy go lucky personality and goofy jokes will keep the good mood going. She's known for pop playlists with upbeat tunes. She loves Trader Joes and often makes references to it in her workout classes.


Instruction: What is Linux?

Response: Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems that are based on the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel was first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel X86 architecture, but has since then been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, Red Hat and Ubuntu.


Instruction: Of the following measurements, which units relate to mass? Kilogram, microgram, pound, litre, year, kilometre and ounce.

Response: Kilogram (kg), microgram (μg), pound (lb), and ounce (oz) are all units of mass. Kilogram and microgram are units from the metric (SI) system. Pound and ounce are units from the imperial system. Litre is a unit of volume, year is a unit of time and kilometre is a unit of distance.


Instruction: What was the purpose of the Security Exchange Act of 1934?

Context:
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (also called the Exchange Act, '34 Act, or 1934 Act) (Pub. L. 73–291, 48 Stat. 881, enacted June 6, 1934, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78a et seq.) is a law governing the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures) in the United States of America. A landmark of wide-ranging legislation, the Act of '34 and related statutes form the basis of regulation of the financial markets and their participants in the United States. The 1934 Act also established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency primarily responsible for enforcement of United States federal securities law.

Companies raise billions of dollars by issuing securities in what is known as the primary market. Contrasted with the Securities Act of 1933, which regulates these original issues, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates the secondary trading of those securities between persons often unrelated to the issuer, frequently through brokers or dealers. Trillions of dollars are made and lost each year through trading in the secondary market.

Response: The purpose of the Security Exchange Act (SEA) of 1934 in the United States was to regulate the secondary trading market of securities like stocks and bonds between persons unrelated to the issuer.  This act also created the Securities and Exchange commission (SEC) that enforces United States federal securities law.


Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text give me a short bulleted list of the regions in the Pokemon universe, categorized by the real world places they are supposed to be based on.

Context:
Kanto
The Kanto region is the setting of Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow and their remakes, Pokémon FireRed, LeafGreen, Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!. Based on and named after the Kantō region of Japan, this setting started the precedent of basing the geography and culture of the game's region on a real world setting. This region is also visited in Pokémon Gold, Silver, Crystal, HeartGold and SoulSilver.

Johto
See also: Pokémon Gold and Silver § Setting
The Johto region is the setting of the second generation of Pokémon games, which includes Pokémon Gold, Silver, Crystal and their remakes, Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver. Again based on an area of Japan, this game's geography is based upon the Kansai, Tokai and eastern Shikoku areas of the country. The game setting draws upon the Kansai region's abundance of temples, the architectural design of the Kansai region and its geographical sights, such as Mount Fuji and the Naruto whirlpools.

Hoenn
The Hoenn region is the setting of the third generation of Pokémon games, Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald, as well as their remakes Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire. This time being based on the Japanese island of Kyushu; the real world and game region share an abundance of smaller islands around the main one and a subtropical climate. Like Sinnoh, this region is known to have a large range of various natural environments, such as rainforests and deserts.

Sinnoh
The Sinnoh region is the setting of the fourth generation of Pokémon games, which encompasses the setting of Pokémon Diamond, Pearl and Platinum, as well as their remakes Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl and Pokémon Legends: Arceus. It is based on the northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaidō. The region was meant to have a "northern" feel, with some routes being entirely covered in snow.

Unova
The Unova region is the setting of the fifth generation of Pokémon games, which encompasses the setting of Pokémon Black and White and their sequels Pokémon Black 2 and White 2. For the first time in the main series, the region was based on a region outside Japan, with Unova taking inspiration from the New York metropolitan area

Kalos
The Kalos region is the setting of the sixth generation of Pokémon games, which is where the games Pokémon X and Y take place. This region is inspired almost entirely by the northern half of Metropolitan France, with landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Versailles having representations here, along with a French style of music and fashion. According to Junichi Masuda, the name "Kalos" comes from the Greek word κάλλος, 'beauty'. The Kalos Pokemon League is based on the Notre-Dame de Paris due to its castle/cathedral-like exterior.

Alola
The Alola region is the setting of the seventh generation of Pokémon games, Pokémon Sun, Moon, Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon. This region is based on Hawaii, marking the second time a main entry Pokémon game setting has been inspired by a U.S. state. The name itself is a play on aloha, the Hawaiian word for both "hello" and "goodbye".

Galar
The Galar region is the setting of the eighth generation of Pokémon games, which is where the games Pokémon Sword and Shield take place. This region is primarily inspired by Great Britain (mainly England and parts of Scotland), showcasing landmarks inspired by Big Ben and Hadrian's Wall. Two additional areas, The Isle of Armor and The Crown Tundra, are based on the Isle of Man and Scotland respectively. The Galar Region was also introduced in Pokémon Journeys.

Paldea
The Paldea region is the setting of the ninth generation Pokémon games Pokémon Scarlet and Violet. The region seems to be based on the Iberian Peninsula, which encompasses both Spain and Portugal.

Response:
To date, regions in the Pokemon universe have been based on parts of Japan, Europe, and the United States. The breakdown is as follows:

- Regions based on Japan: Kanto (Kantō, Japan), Johto (Kansai, Japan), Hoenn (Kyushu, Japan), Sinnoh and Hisui (Hokkaido, Japan)
- Regions based on Europe: Kalos (France), Galar (England, Wales, Scotland, Isle of Man), Paldea (Spain and Portugal)
- Regions based on the United States: Unova (New York City, United States), Alola (Hawaii, United States)


Instruction: How to sell?

Response:
1. Create a need
2. Offer a product or service to fill the need
3. Rewards and consequences
4. Create urgency and deadlines to act


Instruction: Describe the benefits of living in a small town.

Response: Small town living provides a multitude of good and bad experiences which can be influenced on your personal desires.  In a small town rumors and news can travel fast since the social circles are smaller and everyone tends to be more connected.  It can be rare to go out and not see someone whom you know or are friends with.  With fewer strangers, a small town can feel more safe and comfortable.  Often times a small town is more walkable since geographically it is likely to cover a smaller area.


Instruction: Extract the formulas in math latex markdown format to calculate the portfolio return and variance in Modern Portfolio Theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_portfolio_theory

Context:
MPT assumes that investors are risk averse, meaning that given two portfolios that offer the same expected return, investors will prefer the less risky one. Thus, an investor will take on increased risk only if compensated by higher expected returns. Conversely, an investor who wants higher expected returns must accept more risk. The exact trade-off will not be the same for all investors. Different investors will evaluate the trade-off differently based on individual risk aversion characteristics. The implication is that a rational investor will not invest in a portfolio if a second portfolio exists with a more favorable risk-expected return profile—i.e., if for that level of risk an alternative portfolio exists that has better expected returns.

Under the model:

Portfolio return is the proportion-weighted combination of the constituent assets' returns.
Portfolio return volatility
\sigma _{p} is a function of the correlations ρij of the component assets, for all asset pairs (i, j). The volatility gives insight into the risk which is associated with the investment. The higher the volatility, the higher the risk.

Response:
- Expected return:
$$
\mathrm{E}\left(R_p\right)=\sum_i w_i \mathrm{E}\left(R_i\right)
$$
where $R_p$ is the return on the portfolio, $R_i$ is the return on asset $i$ and $w_i$ is the weighting of component asset $i$ (that is, the proportion of asset "i" in the portfolio, so that $\sum_i w_i=1$ ).
- Portfolio return variance:
$$
\sigma_p^2=\sum_i w_i^2 \sigma_i^2+\sum_i \sum_{j \neq i} w_i w_j \sigma_i \sigma_j \rho_{i j}
$$
where $\sigma_i$ is the (sample) standard deviation of the periodic returns on an asset $i$, and $\rho_{i j}$ is the correlation coefficient between the returns on assets $i$ and $j$. Alternatively the expression can be written as:
$$
\sigma_p^2=\sum_i \sum_j w_i w_j \sigma_i \sigma_j \rho_{i j}
$$
where $\rho_{i j}=1$ for $i=j$, or
$$
\sigma_p^2=\sum_i \sum_j w_i w_j \sigma_{i j}
$$
where $\sigma_{i j}=\sigma_i \sigma_j \rho_{i j}$ is the (sample) covariance of the periodic returns on the two assets, or alternatively denoted as $\sigma(i, j)$, $\operatorname{cov}{ }_{i j}$ or $\operatorname{cov}(i, j)$.
- Portfolio return volatility (standard deviation):
$$
\sigma_p=\sqrt{\sigma_p^2}
$$
For a two-asset portfolio:
- Portfolio return:
$$\mathrm{E}\left(R_p\right)=w_A \mathrm{E}\left(R_A\right)+w_B \mathrm{E}\left(R_B\right)=w_A \mathrm{E}\left(R_A\right)+\left(1-w_A\right) \mathrm{E}\left(R_B\right)$$

- Portfolio variance:
$$\sigma_p^2=w_A^2 \sigma_A^2+w_B^2 \sigma_B^2+2 w_A w_B \sigma_A \sigma_B \rho_{A B}$$
For a three-asset portfolio:
- Portfolio return:
$$\mathrm{E}\left(R_p\right)=w_A \mathrm{E}\left(R_A\right)+w_B \mathrm{E}\left(R_B\right)+w_C \mathrm{E}\left(R_C\right)$$
- Portfolio variance:
$$\sigma_p^2=w_A^2 \sigma_A^2+w_B^2 \sigma_B^2+w_C^2 \sigma_C^2+2 w_A w_B \sigma_A \sigma_B \rho_{A B}+2 w_A w_C \sigma_A \sigma_C \rho_{A C}+2 w_B w_C \sigma_B \sigma_C \rho_{B C}$$


Instruction: Write a brief advertisement for a rentable property near a lake in the mountains. The target audience should be older adults looking for a quiet retreat.  There should be several stipulations discouraging parties, teenagers, and noisy guests. Begin with an eye-catching summary statement. The property name is "The Misty Lake Overlook"

Response:
Enjoy eye-popping views, picturesque landscapes, quiet solitude, luxurious accommodations - and more!! - at The Misty Lake Overlook.
The Misty Lake Overlook - your home-away-from-home - is nestled in a quiet corner of a idyllic mountain clearing, just above Misty Lake.  A show-stopper great room greets you upon entry with a open-concept kitchen and living space.  Stay warm through the cool evenings with a newly renovated fireplace.  Eat, play, and relax on the lavish outdoor patio, fully equipped with dining areas, charcoal grill, hot tub, and games for young children.  The private dock is only a 5-10 minute walk down the mountain and comes with a water slide, kayaks, and a fishing pier.
Please note, guests of the Misty Lake Overlook must adhere to all Misty Lake rules: Quiet hours are between 10pm-7am; no horseplay in the lake; life jackets must be worn at all times near the water.  Additional rental notes and requirements: the average guest age must be 30+; there will be a $1000 refundable service deposit to cover any damage or mess; there is only parking space for 2 cars; absolutely no parties allowed.


Instruction: What world need most from Human

Response:
1. Cleanness
2. Population
3. More Greenery


Instruction: Why is Chicago known as the Windy City

Response: Many believe that Chicago is known as the Windy City because it has harsh winters and strong cold winds off the shores of Lake Michigan. Even in the summer, the winds swirling off the lake can change the outcome of a baseball game at Wrigley Field.  While the weather pattern does in fact exist, Chicago is not the windiest city, nor is this the reason for the nickname. Many believe the term is a derogatory reference to  Chicago's vitriolic politics and self-important politicians who are  full of  hot air.  References to Chicago as the Windy City have been found all the way back to the late 1800s.


Instruction: Briefly explain what are I frames, B frames, and P frames?

Context:
In the field of video compression a video frame is compressed using different algorithms with different advantages and disadvantages, centered mainly around amount of data compression. These different algorithms for video frames are called picture types or frame types. The three major picture types used in the different video algorithms are I, P and B. They are different in the following characteristics:

I‑frames are the least compressible but don't require other video frames to decode.
P‑frames can use data from previous frames to decompress and are more compressible than I‑frames.
B‑frames can use both previous and forward frames for data reference to get the highest amount of data compression.

Three types of pictures (or frames) are used in video compression: I, P, and B frames.

An I‑frame (Intra-coded picture) is a complete image, like a JPG or BMP image file.

A P‑frame (Predicted picture) holds only the changes in the image from the previous frame. For example, in a scene where a car moves across a stationary background, only the car's movements need to be encoded. The encoder does not need to store the unchanging background pixels in the P‑frame, thus saving space. P‑frames are also known as delta‑frames.

A B‑frame (Bidirectional predicted picture) saves even more space by using differences between the current frame and both the preceding and following frames to specify its content.

P and B frames are also called Inter frames. The order in which the I, P and B frames are arranged is called the Group of pictures.

Response: I frames, B frames, and P frames are video frame types used in video codecs. I frames can be decoded without reference to any other frames. They are self-contained descriptions of one frame of the video. P frames and B frames on the other hand reference other frames and must be decoded after the frames they reference have been decoded. P frames only reference frames from earlier in the video whereas B frames can reference frames from earlier or later. Decoding B frames therefore requires decoding the video frames in an order different from the playback order.


Instruction: How does the Harvard housing system work?

Response: First-Year students live in one of the seventeen dormitories located in and around Harvard Yard. Rooms are assigned based on a brief survey sent to admitted students. The survey asks questions like “How many roommates do you want?”, “How comfortable are you with noise?”, and “What type of music do you listen to?”. After the first year, the majority of students move into one of the twelve residential Houses. Houses are assigned in March of a student’s first year. Rather than randomly assigning individual students to houses and scattering close friends, students can assemble into “blocking groups” of no greater than 8 students and each group is randomly assigned to a House. If 8 friends aren’t enough, two blocking groups can link themselves in the lottery. Linked groups will not be assigned the same House but are guaranteed to be assigned the same Neighborhood (e.g. The Quad).


Instruction: What is a demand plan?

Response: Demand planning is done with a customer.  It is a planning process that lets sales and other teams develop forecasts around demand or future usage.  It helps with service planning, outage planning, planning for future revenue, and planning for future consumption.  It can also drive product roadmap development and deliverables.


Instruction: Create an itinerary for 3 days in Park City Utah that is good for children and adults. Include hotels, food options, one day of skiing and activities.

Response:
Ok, here are three days for a family trip to Park city.

Day one:

- Go grocery shopping at Whole Food Market to pick up snacks, and food for lunches.
- Pick up rental skiing at Christy's for all adults and children whole are skiing.
- Eat dinner at River Horse Tavern on Main street.

Day two:
- Go skiing at Park City Resort. Purchase day passes in person or pre-purchase Epic passes online.
- Stop with the kids at Rocky Mountain Chocolate Company for a treat.
- Eat dinner at High Saloon on Park Avenue.

Day three:
- Go to Park City Library which has a kids' section.
- Shop at galleries, thrift stores, or gift shops on Main Street.
- Eat dinner at Butcher House Chops and Grill.


Instruction: What are the most popular sports in the United States of America?

Response: The most popular sports in the United States of America are football, basketball, and baseball.  Football is sometimes referred to as "American football" because it has a similar sounding name to "futbol" which in the United States is called soccer.  Soccer is growing in popularity, but is not yet as popular in the United States as football, basketball, and baseball.  Professional events in each of these sports mean a lot to the people in the United States.  These events include the Super Bowl for football, the NBA finals for basketball, and the World Series for baseball.  Children in the United States often grow up playing one or more of these sports.  There are professional football, basketball, and baseball teams in many cities within the United States of America and even a few teams in Canada! Children and adults often idolize their favorite athletes in each of these sports.


Instruction: If Newton's first law says an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force, why does my spinning top stop spinning?

Response: Your spinning top stops spinning because it is being acted on by outside forces. Specifically, your spinning top is losing energy due to friction with the ground and air. That energy is being lost to sound and heat as your spinning top pushes against the air in the room and rubs against the floor.


Instruction: What is an offside in football/soccer?

Response: The offside rule in football states that, at the moment of a pass (i.e. when the ball leaves the passer's foot), there must be at least two opposing players (including the goalkeeper) behind the attacking player receiving the pass. If this condition is not met, the referee calls offside, which results on a free kick for the defending team.


Instruction: What is the show Lizzie McGuire about?

Context: Lizzie McGuire is an American comedy television series created by Terri Minsky that premiered on Disney Channel on January 12, 2001. The series stars Hilary Duff as the titular character who learns to navigate the personal and social issues of her teenage years. Duff also voices an animated version of Lizzie that performs soliloquies to express the character's inner thoughts and emotions. The series also stars Lalaine, Adam Lamberg, Jake Thomas, Hallie Todd and Robert Carradine. The series concluded on February 14, 2004, after a total of 65 episodes were produced. A feature film based on the series, The Lizzie McGuire Movie, was released in 2003.

Response: Lizzie McGuire is a show premiered on Disney Channel about a character (Lizzie McGuire) navigating the personal and social issues of her teenage years.


Instruction: Where are most apples grown?

Response: The United States is the second largest apple producer worldwide, behind China. U.S. production is followed by Poland, Italy and France. The United States grows approximately 200 unique apple varieties.


Instruction: Whats the difference between a sloop, a cutter, and a ketch?

Response:
These are all categorizations of different types of sailing boats. A sloop is the most common. A sloop is a monohull sailboat with a single- rig mast supporting a main sail and and headsail. These are great boats to learn sailing on as their simple, easy to handle, and have great wind performance.

A cutter at first look is similar to a sloop in that it also has a single mast positioned near the middle of the boat. However, a cutter uses two headsails, instead of a mainsail and headsail, and generally includes a bowsprit. This allows the boat to have better stability in rough weather due to the headsails providing a lower center of gravity. The complex rigging makes this boat more challenging to sail than the sloop, but provides an excellent option for an experienced sailor.

A ketch has two masts. The main mast in the front stands taller than the mizzen mast behind it. The mizzen mast stands forward of the rudder post. The ketch has smaller sails and shorter masts. While this makes them slower than a sloop, they are very controllable in rough weather which makes them excellent boats for off shore sailing.


Instruction: Give me a quick brief of the Prince of Norway

Context:
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈhôːkʊn]; Haakon Magnus; born 20 July 1973) is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja.

Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal family of the House of Glücksburg. He married Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby, with whom he has two children, Princess Ingrid Alexandra and Prince Sverre Magnus.

Haakon has been a member of the Young Global Leaders network, its Foundation, a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations, and a philanthropist. He is a trained naval officer and, as crown prince, a top military official in the Norwegian Armed Forces. He holds a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics.

Response:
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway was born on July 20 1973 and is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja.

Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal family of the House of Glucksburg. He married Mette-Marit Tjessem Hoiby, with whom he has two children, Princess Ingrid Alexandra and Prince Sverre Magnus.

Haakon has been a member of the Young Global Leaders network, its Foundation, a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations, and a philanthropist. He is a trained naval officer and, as crown prince, a top military official in the Norwegian Armed Forces. He holds a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics.


Instruction: Should technology and software coding subjects be mandatory in the curriculum of high school education?

Response: Acknowledging the wide spread influence, impact, and disruption that enabling technologies are having on society and business, strong consideration should be made to modernize educational curriculums to include technology subjects. Objectives would be to improve awareness, exposure, and creative thinking to ultimately inspire further experimentation and innovation.  Related to requiring students to learn language, science and math topics, strong consideration should me made to require students to gain base awareness, knowledge and coding skills. These foundational skills will become building blocks necessary to achieve life long successes and influence the pace of innovation across all industries and career paths.


Instruction: Give me a list of Shakespeare's plays

Response:
- Hamlet
- Romeo and Juliet
- King Lear
- Othello
- Titus Andronicus
- Love's Labour's Lost
- Twelfth Night
- A Midsummer Night's Dream
- A Winter's Tale
- The Tempest
- Troilus and Cressida
- Pericles
- Antony and Cleopatra
- All's Well That End's Well
- The Merchant of Venice
- Henry IV Part 1
- Henry IV Part 2
- Henry V
- Henry VI Part 1
- Henry VI Part 2
- Henry VI Part 3
- Henry VIII
- Richard II
- Richard III
- King John
- Julius Caesar
- As You Like It
- Macbeth
- The Merry Wives of Windsor
- Two Gentlemen of Verona
- The Taming of the Shrew
- Coriolanus
- Timon of Athens
- Much Ado About Nothing
- Cymbeline
- The Comedy of Errors
- Two Noble Kinsmen
- Measure for Measure


Instruction: What is american football?

Response: American football is a an American sports.  Other countries use the term "football" to refer to soccer.  American football is a team sport and two opposing teams play against each other.  The objective of the game is to get a football to the end zone of the opponent.  If you can accomplish this you score a touchdown.  The ball moves down the field when players catch the ball, and run it opposite of their own end zone.  After they score they will get the opportunity to kick a field goal as well.


Instruction: Classify each of the following as either names or objects: Mike, car, paper, Roger, wheel, Will, lamp, Clara, Fabiana, Peter.

Response: Car, paper, wheel and lamp are objects. The rest are names.


Instruction: Please list a few of the professional organizations that Judith Stern participated in during her career.

Context:
In 1974, Judith Stern joined the faculty of the University of California, Davis as an assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition. There her early research centered on differences in the adipose tissue of obese individuals – using Zucker rats as a research model. Eventually her research program grew to include human studies, focused on various obesity treatment regimens.

In 1995, Stern was elected to the National Academy of Medicine. At various points she was elected president of the NAASO (1992–1993, now The Obesity Society) and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Stern co-founded the American Obesity Association, an advocacy group that lobbied in favor of obesity research and treatment.

Response: Some of the professional organizations that Judith Stern created or participated in are the National Academy of Medicine, the Obesity Society, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition.


Instruction: Where are Keanu Reeves and his parents from?

Context: Keanu Charles Reeves was born in Beirut, Lebanon, on September 2, 1964, the son of Patricia (née Taylor), a costume designer and performer, and Samuel Nowlin Reeves Jr. His mother is English, originating from Essex. His American father is from Hawaii, and is of Native Hawaiian, Chinese, English, Irish, and Portuguese descent. His grandmother from his father's side is Chinese Hawaiian. His mother was working in Beirut when she met his father, who abandoned his wife and family when Reeves was three years old. Reeves last met his father on the Hawaiian island of Kauai when he was 13.

Response: Keanu himself is from Lebanon, his mother is from the United Kingdom, and his father is from the United States.


Instruction: What is a bear in finance?

Response: A bear is someone who expects share prices to fall in the future and sells shares now so that they can buy them back later at a lower price.


Instruction: Which of the following countries are in Asia: India, South Korea, Japan, United States of America, Morocco, New Zealand, Indonesia, Singapore, Mexico?

Response: The Asian countries are - India, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Singapore.


Instruction: Why do we have seasons, and what are they?

Response:
As the earth spins on its axis, producing night and day, it also moves about the sun in an elliptical (elongated circle) orbit that requires about 365 1/4 days to complete. The earth's spin axis is tilted with respect to its orbital plane. This is what causes the seasons.

There are four primary seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn & Winter. The start dates of the seasons themselves are different depending on what hemisphere you're located in. Spring & Summer are the warmer seasons. Autumn is typically mild, and Winter is the coldest season of the year.


Instruction: From the passage identify the years in which major events happened in Icahn’s business career. Display the results in comma separated format.

Context:
In 1961, Icahn began his career as a stockbroker for Dreyfus Corporation. In 1963, he became an options manager for Tessel, Patrick & Co. and then he moved to Gruntal & Co.

In 1968, with $150,000 of his own money and a $400,000 investment from his uncle, M. Elliot Schnall, Icahn bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange and formed Icahn & Co., which focused on risk arbitrage and options trading.

In 1978, in his first takeover attempt, he took a controlling stake in Tappan and forced the sale of the company to Electrolux, making a profit of $2.7 million, or doubling his investment. In 1979, he acquired Bayswater Realty & Capital Corporation. In 1983, he acquired ACF Industries and in 1985 he sold those shares to Phillips Petroleum, making a $50 million profit.[failed verification]

In 1985, by pooling his funds with investor funds and funds borrowed from banks, Icahn acquired 50% of Trans World Airlines, and he completely acquired the company in a leveraged buyout in 1988. Icahn systematically sold TWA's assets to repay money he owed, which was described as "asset stripping" and made him known as a "corporate raider". In 1991, he sold TWA's London routes to American Airlines for $445 million. Icahn made a $469 million profit, and left TWA with $540 million in debt. He formed lowestfare.com to sell TWA tickets and acquired portions of Global Leisure Travel from Ramy El-Batrawi.

In October 1986, Icahn launched an unsuccessful $8 billion hostile takeover for 89% of U.S. Steel; the bid was dropped in January 1987. In 1991, he sold his stake in the company for $1 billion, making a $200 million profit.

Response: 1961, 1963,1968, 1978, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1987, 1991


Instruction: Does Caulerpa ellistoniae grow on land?

Context: Caulerpa ellistoniae is a species of seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae.

Response: No, it grows in the sea because it is a species of seaweed.


Instruction: Can AI fully replace software engineer job?

Response: AI can generate software code for a well described model. The general code may need software engineers to validate and evaluate it. It can help speed up software development, but for some complex product, it still needs software engineers to divide the development to many small modules and well define each module before AI can generate the software code for it. AI is a good tool to help software engineers, but it can't fully replace software engineer jobs


Instruction: Extract the ingredients needed to make pasta carbonara. Separate them with a comma.

Context:
Carbonara (Italian: [karboˈnaːra]) is a Roman pasta dish made with eggs, hard cheese, cured pork and black pepper. The dish took its modern form and name in the middle of the 20th century.

The cheese is usually Pecorino Romano, Parmigiano-Reggiano, or a combination of the two. Spaghetti is the most common pasta, but fettuccine, rigatoni, linguine, or bucatini are also used. Normally guanciale or pancetta are used for the meat component,] but lardons of smoked bacon are a common substitute outside Italy.

Response: Eggs, hard cheese, cured pork, black pepper


Instruction: Give me a list of date night ideas that I've never done.

Response:
For your next date night, you could:
- Take a pottery class.
- Find a paint and sip.
- Go axe throwing.
- Do a walking tour of the best taco joints in your city.
- Go to your local grocery store, pick snacks out for each other, and put on a movie you've never seen.


Instruction: What is Occupation Therapy.

Response: Occupation Therapy helps make you independent to do the daily tasks that are important to your quality of life. Occupational therapists strive to help their patients improve your functional independence through various activities that are related to strengthening, balance, endurance.


Instruction: Where is the mountain pass Pen-y-Pass

Response:
Pen-y-Pass is a mountain pass in Snowdonia, Gwynedd, north-west Wales. It is a popular location from which to walk up Snowdon, as three of the popular routes (the Miners Track, the Pyg Track and the ascent via Crib Goch) can be started here. Glyder Fawr, to the north, is also accessible from here.

Situated at the high point of the Llanberis Pass at an elevation of 359 metres (1,178 ft) – about a third of the height of Snowdon – the road was built in the 1830s to allow ore from the mines on Snowdon to be transported to Llanberis. It would be taken down the Miners Track to a store-house at Pen-y-Pass first. Previously, the miners had had to move the ore over the Snowdon summit and down to Beddgelert, which is located at around a third the height of Snowdon.


Instruction: Where is Lake Como located?

Context:
Lake Como (Italian: Lago di Como [ˈlaːɡo di ˈkɔːmo], locally [ˈkoːmo]; Western Lombard: Lagh de Còmm [ˈlɑː‿dːe ˈkɔm], Cómm [ˈkom] or Cùmm [ˈkum]), also known as Lario (Italian: [ˈlaːrjo]; after the Latin: Larius Lacus), is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 square kilometres (56 sq mi), making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda and Lake Maggiore. At over 400 metres (1,300 ft) deep, it is the fifth deepest lake in Europe, and the deepest outside Norway; the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres (660 ft) below sea level.

Lake Como has been a popular retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times, and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems. It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo, Villa Serbelloni, and Villa Carlotta. Many famous people have had and have homes on the shores of Lake Como.

One of its particularities is its "Y" shape, which forms the "Larian Triangle", with the little town of Canzo as its capital.

In 2014, The Huffington Post called it the most beautiful lake in the world for its microclimate and environment with prestigious villas and villages

Response: Lake Como is located in the Lombardy region in Italy.


Instruction: Who sings the song call "heartbreak anniversary"?

Response: Giveon


Instruction: From the provided paragraph, write a bulleted list of how cheeses can be grouped.

Context: There are many different types of cheese. Cheeses can be grouped or classified according to criteria such as length of fermentation, texture, methods of production, fat content, animal milk, and country or region of origin. The method most commonly and traditionally used is based on moisture content, which is then further narrowed down by fat content and curing or ripening methods. The criteria may either be used singly or in combination, with no single method being universally used.

Response:
* Length of fermentation
* Texture
* Methods of production
* Fat content
* Animal milk
* Country or region of origin


Instruction: My dog is a 100lb pitbull purebreed. She's always barking at people when we walk her on the street. She's friendly, however, when outside with me or the kids, her bark is loud and deep. How can I get my dog to stop barking at strangers and remove her feeling of "threat"?

Response: Ensure that when you walk her to use a prong collar. Ensure the collar is not loose on her neck, but high up and tight (cannot move easily) under her ear. This will make sure she doesn't take sudden movements and allow her to ensure that you will direct her whether the oncoming distraction is a threat.


Instruction: 5 Steps showcasing Yubi Key

Response:
Multi-protocol security key secures modern and legacy systems
The YubiKey supports one-time passcodes (OTP)
The YubiKey enables smart card authentication
Enable modern authentication with FIDO U2F
Experience passwordless authentication with FIDO2


Instruction: What is the University of Georgia's mascot?

Response: The University of Georgia's mascot is a bulldog.


Instruction: Who is Teresa Giudice?

Context: Teresa Giudice (/ˈdʒuːdɪtʃeɪ/ JOO-ditch-ay, Italian: [teˈrɛːza ˈdʒuːditʃe]; née Gorga; born May 18, 1972) is an American television personality best known for starring in The Real Housewives of New Jersey. Besides appearing on the show, Giudice wrote multiple New York Times bestseller cookbooks and was featured on Donald Trump's The Celebrity Apprentice 5 (2012).

Response: Teresa Giudice is a reality TV star who is most famous for Bravo's The Real Housewives of New Jersey. She is also a New York Times best selling cookbook author who specializes in Italian cuisine.


Instruction: You are planning a trip and want to travel only in the Southern Hemisphere in the first half, and only the Northern Hemisphere in the second half. Sort the countries in your itinerary into 'Southern Hemisphere' and 'Northern Hemisphere'. Your itinerary includes: Fiji, Brazil, Australia, China, Argentina, India, Canada, and South Africa.

Response: Most countries are in the Northern Hemisphere. These include: Brazil, China, India and Canada. Countries in the Southern Hemisphere are: Australia, South Africa, Argentina and Fiji.


Instruction: How can I become the best person?

Response: To want to be the best person, you have to know who or what you want to compare yourself to. It is very advisable to compare yourself only with yourself. Where am I currently in life, what do I want to change and what goals do I want to achieve? Examples are: to have more friends, to be healthier, to develop a better contact with the children, to work less etc.. So the question should be: how can I become the best person I can be? It makes no sense to compare yourself with others. Only compare to yourself.


Instruction: Who created the grading system for the I Liq Chuan martial art?

Context: Sam F.S. Chin (Chin Fan Siong, 曾帆祥, born August 1, 1954) is the Grandmaster and Gatekeeper of the martial art called I Liq Chuan, and also known as "the Martial Art of Awareness". Chin developed the grading system for this system.

Response: Sam F. S. Chin developed the grading system for the I Liq Chuan martial art.


Instruction: What is the official name of Singapore?

Context: Singapore (/ˈsɪŋ(ɡ)əpɔːr/ (listen)), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor to the north. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the third highest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognising the need to respect cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca and numerous public services are available only in English. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.

Response: The official name of Singapore is The Republic of Singapore


Instruction: Without quoting directly from the text, give me a rundown of the greatest risks from attempting to climb K2.

Context:
K2, at 8,611 metres (28,251 ft) above sea level, is the second-highest mountain on Earth, after Mount Everest (at 8,849 metres (29,032 ft)). It lies in the Karakoram range, partially in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan-administered Kashmir and partially in a China-administered territory Trans-Karakoram Tract included in the Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County of Xinjiang.

K2 also became popularly known as the Savage Mountain after George Bell—a climber on the 1953 American expedition—told reporters, "It's a savage mountain that tries to kill you." Of the five highest mountains in the world, K2 is the deadliest; approximately one person dies on the mountain for every four who reach the summit. Also occasionally known as Mount Godwin-Austen, other nicknames for K2 are The King of Mountains and The Mountaineers' Mountain, as well as The Mountain of Mountains after prominent Italian climber Reinhold Messner titled his book about K2 the same.

The summit was reached for the first time by the Italian climbers Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni, on the 1954 Italian expedition led by Ardito Desio. In January 2021, K2 became the final eight-thousander to be summited in the winter; the mountaineering feat was accomplished by a team of Nepalese climbers, led by Nirmal Purja and Mingma Gyalje Sherpa.

K2 is the only 8,000+ metres (26,000+ ft) peak that has never been climbed from its eastern face. Ascents have almost always been made in July and August, which are typically the warmest times of the year; K2's more northern location makes it more susceptible to inclement and colder weather. The peak has now been climbed by almost all of its ridges. Although the summit of Everest is at a higher altitude, K2 is a more difficult and dangerous climb, due in part to its more inclement weather. As of February 2021, only 377 people have completed the ascent to its summit. There have been 91 deaths during attempted climbs.

There are a number of routes on K2, of somewhat different character, but they all share some key difficulties, the first being the extremely high altitude and resulting lack of oxygen: there is only one-third as much oxygen available to a climber on the summit of K2 as there is at sea level. The second is the propensity of the mountain to experience extreme storms of several days duration, which have resulted in many of the deaths on the peak. The third is the steep, exposed, and committing nature of all routes on the mountain, which makes retreat more difficult, especially during a storm. Despite many attempts the first successful winter ascents occurred only in 2021. All major climbing routes lie on the Pakistani side.[citation needed] The base camp is also located on the Pakistani side.

Response: Although not as well-known as Mount Everest, K2 is the second highest mountain on earth and is arguably the most dangerous to climb.  In addition to the lack of oxygen experienced at such high altitudes, all routes to summit K2 are steep with significant exposure.  This exposure, combined with the mountain's propensity to experience extreme storms lasting for days, make for a deadly combination.  The extreme terrain and unpredictable weather leave little to no margin for error.


Instruction: Is Mount Fuji a mountain or a volcano?

Response: Mount Fuji is a volcano which last erupted in 1707. It is the highest mountain in Japan at 3,776 meters tall. It is located in 2 prefectures: Yamanashi and Shizuoka and part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in June 2013.


Instruction: Give me a bullet list of 5 US states that have a coastline with the Pacific Ocean

Response:
- California
- Oregon
- Washington
- Alaska
- Hawaii


Instruction: Extract the full names of characters in the text. List them separated by newlines.

Context:
This part is original to the 1951 book version. It takes place in 12,067 G.E. ("Galactic Era"). The story begins on Trantor, the capital of the 12,000-year-old Galactic Empire, powerful but slowly decaying. Hari Seldon, a mathematician and psychologist, has developed psychohistory, a new field of science and psychology that treats all possibilities in large societies by mathematics, allowing for the probabilistic prediction of future events.

By means of psychohistory, Seldon has discovered the decline and eventual fall of the Empire, angering the aristocratic members of the Commission of Public Safety, the de facto rulers of the Empire. The Commission considers Seldon's views and statements treasonous, and he is arrested along with the young mathematician Gaal Dornick, who has arrived on Trantor to join Seldon's group. Seldon is tried by the Commission; he defends his beliefs, explaining his theories and predictions, including his belief that the Empire will collapse in 300 years and while a Second Empire will eventually rise it will only come after a 30,000-year dark age. He informs the Commission that an alternative to this future is attainable and explains to them that creating a compendium of all human knowledge, the Encyclopedia Galactica, may not prevent the inevitable fall of the Empire but would reduce the dark age to one millennium.

The skeptical Commission, not wanting to make Seldon a martyr, offers him exile to a remote world, Terminus, with others who could help him create the Encyclopedia. He accepts their offer, prepares for the departure of the "Encyclopedists" and receives an imperial decree officially acknowledging his actions. Seldon informs Dornick that, despite the Empire's belief it won by exiling Seldon, the outcome was exactly what he had intended and hoped for. Terminus would be the home of the first Foundation while a second would be established "at Star's End." Seldon then reveals that he is dying, and implores Dornick to become a leader in the new Foundation.

Response:
Hari Seldon
Gaal Dornick


Instruction: Write a letter to Dear Abby on relationship advice.

Response:
Dear Abby,
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to seek your advice as my relationship with my partner has gotten to an unbearable stage in the last few weeks and is weighing heavy on my mind. We have been together for seventeen years now. We love each other deeply but have been struggling to connect on a deeper level. I want this relationship to work more than anything in the world, but I am unsure where to start. I have tried talking to him about my feelings, but he seems to shrug me off at any attempt. It feels like the rock has set in.I look forward to hearing your thoughts.
Sincerely,
Mrs. Mavis.


Instruction: What is the capital of Finland and when was it founded?

Response: The capital of Finland is Helsinki and it was founded on the 12th June, 1550. However Helsinki only became the Finnish capital in 1812. Before that the Finnish capital was Turku.


Instruction: How do you do a shuffle ball change tap move?

Response: First, shuffle with your right foot, step back with on to the ball of your right foot.  Next, stomp with your whole left foot.  Repeat.


Instruction: What caused Covid 19?

Response: The novel virus was first identified in an outbreak in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019. Attempts to contain it there failed, allowing the virus to spread to other areas of Asia and later worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 10 March 2023, the pandemic had caused more than 676 million cases and 6.88 million confirmed deaths, making it one of the deadliest in history.