[Cholestatic jaundice following disseminated intravascular coagulation ("shock-liver") (author's transl)]. Recently we gained increasing evidence of the fact that cholostatic syndromes in young infants are frequently associated with preceeding shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation.  This is illustrated by the case of a 4 weeks-old male infant with urosepticemia due to E. coli, which was successfully treated with additional streptokinase.  Therefore, in the age-group of early infancy we have to pay attention to the liver as a potential shock-organ similar to the well known shock organs such as kidneys, lungs, skin and brain.


[The effect of caerulein on gastric mucosal blood-flow and gastric secretion (author's transl)]. The effect of Caerulein, a decapeptide produced from the skin of the Australian frog Hyla caerulea, on the mucosal blood-flow and the gastric acid secretion as well as the pepsin secretion has been investigated in 15 patients. Caerulein administered at a dose rate of 0.1 mug/kg-h significantly inhibited the gastric mucosal blood-flow (p greater than 0.005) and the acid secretion (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01), which had been stimulated by pentagastrin at a dose rate of 1.5 mug/kg-h. The pepsin secretion stimulated with pentagastrin also decreased, but not significantly. Caerulein at the above mentioned dose rate however caused a slight but not significant increase of the acid secretion stimulated by 40 mug histamine/kg-h. At the same time, gastric mucosal blood-flow and pepsin output decreased slightly but not significantly. Caerulein given alone stimulates acid secretion, yet it causes a significant reduction of the acid output when administered together with pentagastrin. This response has to be explained by the fact, that the similar chemical structure of pentagastrin and caerulein leads to a competitive inhibition.  The mucosal blood-flow of the stomach measured with the heat-clearance technique also decreases with the administration of caerulein after pentagastrin stimulation. The fact that the mucosal blood-flow remains unchanged after the administration of histamine, suggests that the reduction in mucosal blood-flow observed with pentagastrin is a consequence and not the cause of the acid inhibition occurring at the same stage.


Restraint, venipuncture, endotracheal intubation, and anesthesia of miniature swine. Miniature swine are useful as experimental animals for investigations involving major surgical procedures, provided that proper restraint and anesthetic methods are employed. The methods and drugs described herein are not intended to be all-inclusive but rather those found most applicable to a wide variety of studies with miniature swine at this laboratory. This report is intended primarily to guide those unfamiliar in handling miniature swine during initiation of studies with that species. For chemical restraint during minor procedures, diazepam, at a dose of 5.5-8.5 mg/kg im, has become the drug of choice. For surgical anesthesia, optimal results have been obtained using thiamylal sodium iv for induction of anesthesia and maintained by 0.5-1.5% halothane administered via an endotracheal cannula. Pentobarbital sodium may be used to produce surgical anesthesia but is generally unsatisfactory except for terminal procedures. Electroanesthesia, even with concomitant use of tranquilizing drugs, is difficult to control and results in very poor muscle relaxation.


Experimental transmission of atypical ileal hyperplasia of hamsters. Conditions for oral transmission of atypical ileal hyperplasia (AIH) in weanling hamsters were established and 22 passages were made. AIH was transmitted by feeding whole cell-free supernatants of ileal homogenates. The etiologic agent(s) was retained by 0.22 mum pore-size filters and was inactivated by chloroform treatment or by heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min. Enteric bacteria from affected animals also induced AIH, but with a lower morbidity and mortality than following inoculation with ileal extracts. Experimentally induced lesions progressed from marked segmental hyperplasia of ileal mucosa to granulomatous inflammation in underlying connective tissue and muscle tunics. Hyperplastic mucosal epithelium penetrated the muscularis mucosa, but metastases were not detected. Serum antibody from exposed animals reacted specifically, by indirect immunofluorescence, with an intracytoplasmic mucosal cell antigen(s) of autologous and homogolous ileal lesions, but antibody did not react with normal ileal mucosa or with unaffected portions of intestine from animals bearing ileal lesions.


Parabiotic reinnervation: surgical technic and animal care. A technic called parabiotic reinnervation was developed to test the hypothesis that a derangement of the trophic function normally exerted by a nerve on a muscle is an element in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophy in the 129/ReJ dydy mouse. The technic involves the reinnervation of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the hind limb of 1 animal (the recipient) by the peroneal nerve of another animal (the donor). Survival of the parabiosed animals depends on attention to nutrition and cage environment.


A rapid method for skin grafting in germfree rats. A rapid method for skin grafting in germfree rats was developed. Six mm grafts are punched out on the tails of host and donor rats, grafts exchanged, oriented, and bound in place with non-allergic tape. Autografts healed within 5 da; first-set allografts between strains were usually rejected within 10 da. This technic provides a simple method for the assessment of skin graft responses in the germfree environment.


Basophilic degeneration of myocardium: an ultrastructural study. The basophilic degeneration of myocardial cells is frequently observed in pathology. We studied the ultrastructure of the degeneration in human myocardial samples.  Thelesion varied in different regions that could be grouped in three various types.  One ofthe regions seems to be the point of origin of the degeneration; mitochondrial streaks, elements of the smooth or rough sarcoplasmic reticulum, and polyribisomes are found init.  All of the  structures are surrounded by a substance rich in fine filaments and microvesticles.  The other two regions are more compact; one is composed mainly of osmiophilic flakes and the other consists almost exclusively of filaments, some of them showinga periodicity of 200 A. The affected cells seem to be suffering from abnormal glycogen metabolism.  The substance found in basophilic degeneration shows a stron similarityto the corpora amylacea and the Lafora bodies.  This substance is probably a glycoprotein and seems to accumulate because of a betabolic disturbance.


Considerations appropriate to a clinical trial of definitive radiation therapy in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. The Author describes criteria for selection of patients who might be eligible for entry into a clinical trial of definitive Radiation Therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Most emphasis is placed on careful surgical staging, target volume and location, and the use of bypass procedures when appropriate.


Prospectives for cell and organ culture systems in the study of pancreatic carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is presumed to arise from ductal cell precursors. This brief article questions the definitions on which this assumption is based and suggests possible ways to answer the question since for future studies on the etiology of this cancer it is imperative to study the appropriate cell of origin. Possible approaches for future work on pancreatic carcinogenesis utilizing cell and organ culture systems are discussed.


Palatal reconstruction utilizing retrieved forehead flap. Ablation of tumors involving the tonsil and retromolar trigone complex often require partial resection of the soft palate. The pharyngeal wall defect is well reconstructed with the forehead flap. We have used the distal portion of the severed inserted forehead flap to reconstruct the soft palate defect successfully in 35 cases. The nasopharyngeal surface is lined with a book-flap from the remaining palate. This provides full palatal reconstruction with nasopharyngeal mucosa lining: thus preventing flap contracture and the unwanted sequelae of nasopharyngeal air and fluid reflux.


Cervical-pectoral flaps in the treatment of advanced oral cancer. Twenty-two of 90 patients with carcinoma of the anterior oral cavity treated at the Minneapolis Veterans Administration Hospital from 1965 through 1973 had advanced lesions - tumors attached to the mandible and/or more than 3 cm in size. These patients were treated by primary radical neck dissection, en bloc excision, and segmental mandibulectomy. A cervical-pectoral flap combination was used for reconstruction. The functional and cosmetic results were excellent. Patient survival and cure rate compare favorably with other series. We emphasize the need for wide initial resection with immediate reconstruction.


Appendectomy, tonsillectomy, and neoplasia. Reports in the literature that study the frequency of cancer in individual who have had their tonsils or appendix or both removed are reviewed. Some investigators found a high incidence of solid cancers - in particular, breast and colon neoplasms - in female patients who have had appendectomy, but others disagreed. The association of tonsillectomy and/or appendectomy with the later development of malignant lymphomas is not proven.


Cardiac function early after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Hemodynamics of 12 patients with tetralogy of Fallot were monitored during the first 72 hours after surgical repair. Total immediate repair in 5 patients was followed after 24 hours by a greater decrease in cardiac index than that observed in the group of 4 patients with previous palliative shunt (minus 25 plus or minus 6 vs. minus 1 plus or minus 7 per cent, p smaller than 0.025). This difference disappeared after 48 hours, and the short-term follow-up periods of these two groups were equally smooth. Six patients with pulmonary stenosis requiring the placement of an outflow patch had higher right ventricular filling pressures (after 24 hours 13.8 vs. 10.8 mm. Hg, p smaller than 0.025; 2 to 4 weeks later 9.6 vs. 5.5 mm. Hg, p smaller than 0.05), suggestive of a persistent right ventricular depression. This ventricular depression must be attributed to the induced pulmonary insufficiency and to the presence of akinetic areas. Both these factors should therefore be carefully minimized during the surgical procedure.


Consturction of new right ventricle on the epicardium: a possible correction for underdevelopment of the right ventricle. By covering almost the entire right ventricular free wall and the anterior wall of the left ventricle with a Teflon cloth, we constructed a new chamber on the epicardium of a canine heart. An aortic homograft with the aortic valve was anastomosed to the right atrium as an inlet of this chamber. Another aortic homograft was sutured to the main pulmonary artery as an outlet. Pressure produced in this chamber ranged 25 to 55 mm. Hg and its first derivative was 450 to 1,870 mm. Hg per second. Thus this chamber had an excellent capability of epicardium will yield more physiological benefits to patients with an agenetic or hypoplastic right ventricle than do the current surgical procedures, in which a conduit is interposed between the right atrium and the main pulmonary artery. The procedures proposed could pressurize the pulmonary circulation and produce a pulsatile flow.


Platelet support for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. After we discontinued the use of fresh blood for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, we routinely provided platelet concentrates for the patients. To ascertain if this was necessary, patients paired for procedure and age were given either 4 units of platelets (Group I) or no platelets (Group II). Platelet counts were obtained preoperatively; hourly during bypass; immediately, 1/2 hour, and 3 to 4 hours after bypass; and daily for 7 postoperative days. In the 60 patients evaluated, a significant difference between mean platelet counts could not be demonstrated at any time. Total blood use and the total time required for postbypass hemostasis was not significantly different between the two groups. The degree of thrombocytopenia could not be correlated by bypass time. Platelet concentrates or fresh blood are not needed prophylactically for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, and their usage should be reserved for the occasional patient who manifests thrombocytopenia as well as hemorrhagic complications.


Morphologic observations on heart valve prostheses made of fascia lata. A cooperative, international study permitted morphologic observations on 58 fascia lata heart valve prosthese. Thirty-nine had been in position less than a year, the remainder for periods up to 50 months. The fascial cusps, no matter whether free or stent mounted, underwent changes that included death of the original fascia and vacuolar, degenerative changes if a valve had been in situ more than 3 years. Formation of a pseudointima on a cusp's surface caused it to shrink. The rate of progression and severity of the changes varied from prosthesis to prosthesis. Severe cusp shrinkage caused valve incompetence. That seemed particularly likely in mitral and tricuspid prostheses and explains why their use has been abandoned. Clinically, fascia lata aortic valves function satisfactorily for several years. However, their long-term value is still uncertain. Morphologically, the specter of late calcification and other degenerative changes haunt their use until more, from long-term survivors, are available for study.


Lymphocele: a significant complication following renal transplantation. Six pelvic lymphoceles occurred in a series of 88 renal transplants. All of the patients had ipsilateral leg edema and one-half had a urinary tract infection and/or pain. Displacement of the urinary bladder away from the kidney with or without some degree of ureteral obstruction was diagnostic. External or internal drainage resulted in reliev of the symptoms.


Isiopathic postpartum renal failure: review and case report of a successful renal transplantation. Idiopathic postpartum renal failure is a syndrome of acute, rapidly progressive oliguria, azotemia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia occurring shortly after a normal pregnancy and usually terminating fatally.  Of 25 patients described in the literature, 8 survived: 1 recovered almost normal renal function, 4 had renal functional impairment, and 3 required maintenance hemodialysis.  This report concerns a patient who survived after nephrectomy, hemodialysis, and successful renal transplantation from a living related donor.  Theoretic and experimental studies indicate that heparin, platelet inhibitors, and fibrinolytic agents should be beneficial if given early.  If the disease progresses to the irreversible stage, nephrectomy and renal transplantation are warranted since the disorder does not seem to recur after transplantation.


The viral theory of connective tissue diseases: a review. For many years evidence for a viral aetiology of connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis has been sought by a variety of methods, including attempts at direct isolation, the study of rheumatoid synovial cells, ultrastructural examination of pathological material and assays of anti-viral antibody. No convincing proof has yet been obtained. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms of viral persistence, and the ways in which host defences can be subverted by viral infections has prompted other ways of approaching this problem. A viral aetiology for this group of diseases remains an attractive but unsubstantiated hypothesis.


State response to federal policy: children, EPSDT, and the Medicaid Muddle. The implementation in Connecticut of Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT), a program of comprehensive medical care for needy children, illustrates the complexities engendered by federally mandated state-administered health programs.  The EPSDT amendments to Title V and Title XIX (Medicaid) were ambiguous on four major issues: administrative responsibility, costs, eligibility, and scope of services.  The problems experienced by federal, regional, state, and local administrators in resolving these issues illustrate the weaknesses inherent in federal-state relations, and the contrasting roles health and welfare agencies under Medicaid have played in the development of health policy.  Connecticut may represent maximum limits to state performance in carrying out EPSDT because it is a rich state, ranking high in medical resources and in the provision of Medicaid services.  During the first year of implementation of EPSDT, the program had little impact: less than 5 percent of eligible children were served.  State policies, which contravened federal policy, precluded effective resolution of the legislative ambiguities; no new services were added, the organization of health services remained unchanged and fragmented; and the State Health Department played only a limited role.


Cost-sharing and prior authorization effects on Medicaid services in California:  Part II: The providers' reactions. Providers for California's Medical program were interviewed to determine their reaction to the copayment experiment.  Private physicians, pharmacists, and nursing homes routinely collected the copayments and though it was not a particular hardship on the patients.  Hospital outpatient departments often did not collect.  Physicians both in hospitals and in private practice generally did not know which patients were copayers and hence copayment had no effect on their practice.  Pharmacists reported some delay and some selectivity on the part of patients in the filling of their prescriptions.  All providers felt as much more harassment and interference from  the concurrent prior authorization requirements.  This effect may have swamped copayment effects.


Risk vulnerability and enrollment in a prepaid group practice. An hypothesis that specifies conditions under which risk vulnerability factors are associated with enrollment in prepaid practices is presented and tested.  We assert that such factors as illness histories and previous use of medical services are linearly and positively associated with enrollment when the prepaid option offers significantly lower marginal out-of-pocket costs.  The hypothesis is supported by observations from a prostpective study of a lowincome population.


The potential for radiation sensitizers and possible strategy for use. The search for radiation sensitzers for use in radiotherapy is based on the assumption that proper use of these compounds will provide a differential sensitization of tumor and normal tissue. Based on the evidence that hypoxic cells exist within human tumors but not within normal cell populations, there is reason to believe that specific sensitizers of hypoxic cells might provide useful therapeutic benefit. This paper discusses the possible advantages of such sensitizers, over reliance on the phenomenon of reoxygenation, and describes very briefly the current status of hypoxic cell sensitizers. Finally a proposal is made concerning the way in which such sensitizers might be tested for their efficacy in human radiotherapy.


Nasal reconstruction.

Nasal reconstruction. Congenital malformations, trauma, benign or malignant tumors may call for reconstructive surgical procedures to cover the defect. In order to establish a proper diagnosis a careful examination including X-rays and biopsies is mandatory. A close contact with with the radiotherapist is most desirable in order to combine the therapy if necessary. After the excision of scars or growth, we differentiate between three phases of treatment: 1. The immediate reconstruction either by local flaps or by free grafts. 2. The delayed excision of the tumor after the establishment of the proper diagnosis. This waiting period (two to three weeks) is used to preform the missing nasal parts in the vicinity of the lesion either on the cheek or forehead. Rib cartilage with split skin grafts or composite grafts is used for this purpose. After the excision of the tumor the nasal reconstruction is carried out during the same operation. 3. Tumor excision and coverage of the raw surface with split grafts in order to inspect the area for several months for any recurrence and the delayed reconstruction with adjacent or distant flaps. The operative techniques are described.


Diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy. Retinopathy is present in 60%-80% of long-term diabetics, and 5%-10% of diabetics surviving 20 yr from the time of diagnosis will be blind, mostly from retinopathy, which is now the commonest cause of newly diagnosed blindness in the 30-65 yr age group. The mean survival time after a diagnosis of retinopathy is only 5 yr. The natural history of diabetic retinopathy is now being understood more clearly. Mild background retinopathy, characterised by microaneurysms or scattered hard exudates, may progress to maculopathy, with macular vascular pathology leading to exudates and edema at the macula; this is most common in older patients. It may also lead to proliferative retinopathy, which may progress slowly with new vessels and fibrous-tissue formation, or rapidly with widespread capillary closure and soft-exudate formation, extensive neovascularisation, hemorrhages, and blindness. The changes of diabetic retinopathy can be documented using retinal photography, and several grading methods have been devised that are useful for evaluation treatment. The cause of diabetic retinopathy is still unclear. Evidence for incriminating genetic factors, growth-hormone excess, and hypoxia associated with changes in blood flow and retinal metabolism are reviewed. Insulin responses and plasma triglyceride seem to be different in maturity-onset diabetics with retinopathy when compared with those in whom this complication is absent. Most physicians agree that good diabetic control may both lower the incidence of retinopathy and reduce the speed of its progress. While there is little evidence that drugs are ever of much value in this condition, the role of photocoagulation both by laser and xenon arc is becoming clearer with increased experience of these techniques, and the current situation is reviewed. Pituitary ablation is a very drastic method of treatment and should never be used as a desperate measure in a patient with advanced proliferative disease. It is, however, the treatment of choice in early florid retinopathy, when it proves the only chance to arrest the condition. Some new techniques of vitreous surgery are now being developed and the possible role of these in the management of patients with advanced proliferative disease is briefly reviewed.


Topical treatment of recurrent herpes simplex with cytosine arabinoside. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of the topical use of cytosine arabinoside in recurrent herpes simplex of the face and genital region showed no significant difference in the efficiency of a placebo as compared with cytosine arabinoside. The high rate of placebo response (70%) found in this trial makes the assessment of any drug treatment for herpes simplex particularly difficult.


Effect of soya bean milk on the healing of gastric ulcers -- a controlled endoscopic study. Soya bean milk was given orally in doses of 150 ml second-hourly (7 a.m. to 11 p.m. daily) to 10 Chinese subjects with proven gastric ulcer for two weeks. The control group consisted of 10 Chinese subjects with proven gastric ulcer who did not receive soya bean milk therapy. All were inpatients and were given bed rest. Gastric ulcer healing was assessed endoscopically with a duodenofibrescope. Endoscopic visualization and colour photography of the ulcer crater were undertaken just before and after two weeks of treatment. In the soya bean milk group, complete healing was seen in two cases, considerable healing in four cases, slight healing in two cases, and no healing in two cases. In the control group, complete healing was seen in no cases, considerably healing in three cases, slight healing in four cases, and no healing in three cases. The mean ulcer healing grade was 1.600 in the soya bean milk group as compared with 1.000 in the controls. The difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the initial ulcer size, age and sex distribution. Although the effect on gastric ulcer healing was not significant, soya bean milk has been shown to be effective in the relief of peptic ulcer pain.


A controlled study of a tetracyclic antidepressant--maprotiline (Ludiomil). Maprotiline (Ludiomil) is a dibenzo bicyclooctadiene pharmacologically related to the tricyclic antidepressants and stereochemically having a tetracyclic structure. A controlled, double-blind comparison of maprotiline and imipramine in a group of 71 female outpatients with primary depression is presented. Maprotiline was found to be at least as effective as imipramine and significantly better in depressive neurosis. It also showed a bipolar action, being effective in both agitation and retardation.


[Acute leukemia in the terminal phase of Hodgkin's disease: a consequence of the depressed immune function?]. A 52 year old patient suffering from Hodgkin's disease received ionizing radiation and chemotherapy. 7 years after the diagnosis was made he died of acute leukemia. In the recent past similar cases were reported in the literature. There it was suggested that the leukemogenic effect of treatment may be an etiological factor for the development of leukemia. The clinical and experimental data show that the immune function of thymus-dependent lymphocytes is depressed in patients with Hodgkin's disease. According to the Burnet's immune surveillance theory the T-lymphocytes eliminate malignant cells in an early stage. If this T-dependent immune function is depressed - as in Hodgkin's disease - further malignancies may develop.


[Monocytic leukemias with unusual clinical presentations]. In clinical hematology the terms "monocytic" leukemia and "reticulosis" still -require better definition and classification. By presenting the histories of eight patients and by cytology and cytochemistry it is shown that myelo-monocytic leukemias can have the course well-known for an acute leukemia, including different skin lesions, as well as that of an typical chronic granulocytic leukemia. In dermatology monocytic leukemias were considered as belonging to the entity of the so-called reticulosarcomatosis cutis. However, strict differentiation from the hiary cell leukemia is to be made today. The general term "reticuloses" has quite faulty been used formerly for classification of these last two disorders.


[Testing of the bronchodilator NAB 365 in a double blind trial author's transl]. In a double blind trial NAD 365 (3 X 10 and 20 mug), Salbutamol (3 X 2,0 mg), and Terbutalin (3 X 2,5 mg) were compared for 14 days. In a total of 96 patients five parameters concerning function were tested-p02, pC02, airway resistance (Rt), intrathoracic gas volume (IGV), and forced expiratory flow. Although the doses for NAB 365 were considerably lower than those of the comparative substances, the degree of efficacy for NAB 365, Salbutamol and Terbutalin was the same. Adverse reactions of all three substances under consideration were negligible. The higher dose of NAB 365 showed the least favoralbe result in this respect.


[Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica in acute ileitis]. 2246 stool specimens were specifically testet for Yersinia enterocolitica during 1973/74. In one case it was possible to isolate a strain of Yersinia enterocolitica (0-group I of Knapp/Serotype 3 of Winblad) from the feces of a patient suffering of acute ileitis. A high agglutinine-titer was serologically detected against a bacterial suspension of the isolated strain as well as of a reference strain (Serotype 3 of Winblad). The antibody-titer was 1 : 3200 by the first examination and dropped to 1 : 160 after two months. A reisolation attempt was unsuccessful.


Accumulation of replicating bacterial plasmid DNA during thymine limitation or hydroxyurea treatment. The rate of DNA chain elongation of a thymine auxotroph of Proteus mirabilis harboring an R factor was reduced by either thymine limitation or treatment with hydroxyurea.  Using CsCl density gradient centrifugation, sedimentation in sucrose gradients, and electron microscopy, it has been shown that the fraction of total R factor DNA which is in the process of replication is greatly increased when the rate of DNA chain elongation is reduced while the initiation of plasmid replication continues at the normal rate.  This makes possible the isolation and characterization of replicating plasmid DNA.  Electron microscopy revealed that replicating R factor DNA consists of double-branched (theta type) circular molecules.


Non-enzymatic translocation in ribosomes from streptomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. The capablity of ribosomes of four types of streptomycin-resistant mutants (A1, A2, A40 and A60) for non-enzymatic (EF-G--GTP-independent) translocation was tested.  It was found that an A40 type mutation (amino acid replacement in position 87 of the protein S12 polypeptide chain) leads to activation of the capablity of the ribosome to perform spontaneous non-enzymatic translocation, while type A1, A2 and A60 mutations (amino acid replacements in position 42 of protein S12) does not give such an effect.  Thus, it is shown that non-enzymatic translocation can be activated not only by the earlier described damage of the protein S12 by para-chloromercuribenzoate or by the complete removal of protein S12, but also by a definate mutational alteration of the protein.  Preliminary data are also reported on the possibility of activating non-enzymatic translocation by combinations of mutational alterations of the ribosomal proteins other than protein S12 but interdepending with it (such as S4 and S5).


Conjugational behaviour of N plasmids in Escherichia coli K12. R factors of the N incompatibility group apparently transfer at low frequencies (often 10(-6)-10(-5) per donor cell) in 30 min liquid matings.  However, the level of transfer is greatly increased when donor-recipient mixtures are held on solid medium selective for the recipient only, prior to transconjugant selection.  Increase in transconjugant recovery is still donor-dependent at plating and therefore arises from mating on the plate.  The process limiting N-mediated conjugation in liquid is probably mating pair formation, suggesting that the increase in yield of transconjugants may result from provision of a solid substrate for mating pair formation rather than from the delay in selection per se.  The kinetics of N plasmid transfer on solid medium resemble those of traniments suggest that RP4, the prototype P incompatibility group plasmid, shows a stimulation of transfer on solid medium similar to the N plasmids studied.  We suggest that N, and probably P, plasmids are (like F and the col V's) naturally derepressed for fertility, but this is masked by the imcompetence in liquid matings of donors carrying them.


Enhanced uptake of donor DNA by Ca2+ treated Escherichia coli cells. The first steps in E. coli transformation have been studied. It was found that the cells attain the ability of enhanced uptake of donor exogenous DNA upon Ca2+ treatment. At saturating DNA concentrations the cells were capable to take up irreversibly about 6-10(8) dalton of donor DNA per cell (if to assume that all the cells are competent). About 75% of this DNA was found to be attached to the cytoplasmic membrane. Employing Poisson approximation for distribution of the donor-marker DNA molecules on recipient cells it was found that the efficiency of a marker recombination and expression is about 2-10(-5). The first steps in E. coli transformation have been studied. It was found that the cells attain the ability of enhanced uptake of donor 0exogenous


A method for isolating nonsense suppressors in enterobacteriaceae using an amber mutant of the drug resistance factor R1. We describe here the isolation of a mutant derivative of the drug resistance factor R1 (Meynell and Datta, 1966) that carries a nonsense mutation in a gene determining resistance to penicillins.  We have used this mutant R1 to isolate derivatives of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae that contain nonsense suppressors (Sup- strains) by screening penicillin-resistant revertants of strains containing the mutant R factor for the presence of such suppressors.  This obviates the need to have known nonsense mutations in chromosomal genes.  Theoretically, suppressor-containing derivatives of any bacterial species that can maintain and express R1 can be constructed.


[Continuous positive airway pressure in the spontaneously breathing newborn by means of bilateral nasal cannulation(author's transl)]. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) by means of a bilateral nasal cannula system has been used in 21 newborns.  15 had hyaline membrane disease, 3 had an aspiration and 3 showed extensive atelectasis.  In 18 of the 21 patients, paO2 increased after cannulation, FiO2 being kept unaltered.  As a consequence, the oxygen concentration in the inspired gas mixture could be lowered.  3 children had to be intubated endotracheally and ventilated artificially despite previous nasal cannulation.  The criteria for using the CPAP and the methodology are described, its advantages, disadvantages and dangers discussed.


Anatomy and histology of the human temporomandibular joint. 1. The anatomy and histology of the human temporomandibular joint indicates that the meniscus is firmly attached to the mandibular condyle and that during translatory movements the meniscus and condyle move concomitantly. The lateral pterygoid muscle, both inferior and superior heads insert into the meniscus and the pterygoid fovea of the condyle. 2. The structure of the gracilis and pars posterior indicate that these are the parts of the meniscus that are exposed to friction during jaw movement. It is suggested that during hinge movement the sagittal crest of the condyle moves from underneath the pars posterior to underneath the pars gracilis. 3. The restraining ligament for the articulation appears to be the lateral ligament. Its function is to keep the articular surfaces relatively close together during movement and to restrain lateral and posterior movements of the condyle. Its intimate association with the deep fibres of the masseter muscle appears to be important. 4. The fact that the meniscus is thicker medially than laterally would indicate that its major function is to smooth out the incongruities between the joint surfaces. 5. The sphenomandibular ligament as well as being a 'guy' ligament is intimately associated with the postero-superior medial capsular meniscal complex. The medial capsular complex would seem to contribute to the major part of the anterior ligament to the malleus. 6. Remodelling of the articular surfaces occur throughout life by progressive and regressive remodelling. However, if the remodelling processes increase, either the medio-lateral or antero-posterior dimensions of the joint an osteoarthritic condition prevails. 7. Excessive progressive remodelling appears to be due to abnormal positions of the condyle in the maximal intercuspal position. It can be caused by orthodontic procedures or by experimental displacement of the condyle. 8. The transitional zone appears to be important in the aetiology of osteoarthritis since when this zone comes under pressure proliferation of cartilage cells occur which may be transformed into bone, resulting in the hooked condyle.


Mandibular movements.

Mandibular movements. The study of jaw movements or mandibular kinematics has important applications in many fields of clinical dentistry and provides a basis for modern concepts of dental occlusion. Movement patterns must be considered in conjunction with the mandibular articulation, the system of synovial joints, muscles and associated structures concerned with jaw suspension and jaw movements. Kinematics includes the study of articulating surfaces and the movements between them as well as the paths mapped out by a point on the moving bone. In this review, joint movements are considered from a theoretical approach based on the mechanics of articular surfaces, and by reference to recent experimental studies of condylar motion. Movements of the mandible are related to the envelope of motion traced out by the central incisor point. Attention is also given to border paths, reference positions and masticatory movements of the jaw.


Study of genetic effects of high energy radiations with different ionizing capacities on extracellular phages. The inactivating and mutagenic action of high-energy radiations with different ionizing capacities (gamma-rays, protons, alpha-particles and accelerated ions of 12C and 20Ne) was studied by using coliphages lambda11 and SD as subjects. In particular the role of irradiation conditions (broth suspension, pure buffer, dry samples) and of the host functions recA, exrA and polA was investigated. The dose-response curve of induced mutagenesis was studied by measuring the yield of vir mutants in lambda11 and plaque mutants in SD. The following results were obtained. (1) The inactivation kinetics of phages under the action of gamma-rays and protons was first order to a survival of 10(-7). Heavy ions also showed exponential inactivation kinetics to a survival of 10(-4). At higher doses of 20Ne ion bombardment some deviation from one-hit kinetics was observed. For dry samples of phages the dimensions of targets for all types of radiation were approximately proportional to the molecular weights of phage DNA's. For densely ionizing radiation (heavy ions) the inactivating action was 3-5 times weaker than for gamma-rays and protons. (2) Mutagenesis was observed for all types of radiation, but heavy ions were 1-5-2 times less efficient than gamma-rays. For both phages studied the dose-response curve of mutagenesis was non-linear. The dependence on the dose was near to parabolic for lambda11. For SD a plateau or maximum of mutagenesis was observed for the relative number of mutants at a survival of about 10(-4). (3) Host-cell functions recA and exrA were practically indifferent for survival of gamma-irradiated phage lambda11, but indispensable for mutagenesis. Mutation recAI3 abolished induced vir mutations totally and exrA- reduced them significantly. The absence of the function polA had a considerable influence on phage survival, but no effect on vir mutation yield (if compared at the same survival level). (4) In conditions of indirect action of gamma-rays no vir mutations were induced. This is regarded as evidence that the single-strand breaks formed under indirect action conditions cannot serve as pre-mutational damage in DNA.


Phileomycin-induced lethality and DNA degradation in Escherichia coli K12. The cell lethality and DNA fragmentation caused by phleomycin (PM) were studied in E. coli K12 strains with special reference to the effects of repair or recombination deficiences and metabolic inhibitors. (1) Unlike excision-defective derivatives of E. coli B, uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC mutants of strain K12 showed no peculiarities compared with wild type in regard to cell survival. Likewise, mutant alleles at uvrD and polA loci had no effect. In contrast, rec mutants were more sensitive to PM-killing than were rec+ strains. (2) PM-induced strand breakage in DNA was observed in all strains tested including the above-mentioned mutants. There was no significant distinction between the uvr mutants and the wild type strain, indicating that the uvr-endonuclease was not responsible for the strand breaks. Involvement of endonuclease I was also ruled out. (3) At least some of the PM-induced breaks were repairable. (4) PM-induced lethality and strand breakage were totally dependent on energy supply. Inhibition of protein synthesis resulted in a partial and parallel suppression of the two effects. Our results suggest that the lethality is due to DNA strand breakage and the repair of such damage is postulated to be controlled by rec genes.


Induction of rho-minus mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by guanidine hydrochloride. I. Genetic analysis. Guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic petite mutants (rho-) of the suppressive type. However, it was unable to induce the neutral type, even after prolonged incubation or increased drug concentration. No correlation was found between the degree of suppressiveness and the time of incubation of yeast cells with guanidine hydrochloride. The suppressiveness of rho- induced was not altered by further treatment with GuHCl, whereas it was reduced upon treatment with ethidium bromide (EtBr). Some mitochondrial genetic information was lacking in the rho- mutants induced by GuHCl, as demonstrated by the loss of the gene for erythromycin resistance and by reduced buoyant density of mitochondrial DNA of some rho-. There was no correlation between the degree of suppressiveness of the rho- induced by GuHCl and the buoyant density of the mutant mitochondrial DNA.


Role of toxigenic and invasive bacteria in acute diarrhea of childhood. The cause of pediatric diarrhea in Brazil was investigated with use of assays for toxigenic and invasive bacteria. Potential etiologic agents were identified in 31 of 40 consecutive children with diarrhea: toxigenic Escherichia coli or klebsiella in 20 patients (50 per cent); invasive Esch, coli or salmonella in four (10 per cent), and both toxigenic and invasive organisms in seven (18 per cent). Fecal leukocytes were present in nine of the 11 patients (82 per cent) with invasive pathogens. All 27 patients with toxigenic isolates had organisms that produced heat-labile cholera-like toxin; three patients had Esch. coli that also produced a heat-stable toxin. Among 20 controls without diarrhea there were no organisms that produced heat-labile toxin or tissue invasion, but there was one Esch. coli that produced only heat-stable toxin and one salmonella. In this pediatric population Esch. coli appears to cause most acute diarrheas due to toxigenic and invasive pathogenic mechanisms.


The future of chiropractic: a psychosocial view. As the total health-care delivery system in the United States has come under increasing public scrutiny, the role of chiropractic has become of interest. An overview of chiropractic, with an analysis of its social functions and a projection of its future indicates that chiropractic is more congruent with the values of its lower-middle-class clientele than is orthodox medicine. Chiropractors function adquately to legitimize their patients' entrance into the "sick role" and to provide an alternative channel to therapy. The marginal role of the chiropractor in the health-care system, as compared to that of the physician, is stable and functional for the chiropractors thenselves, as well as for their patients. Chiropractic likewise serves the physician, both as a boundary-defining mechanism and as a means of disengagement from troublesome patients. For these reasons, we believe that the role of chiropractic within the health-care system will remain stable in the future.


Efficacy of acupuncture on osteoarthritic pain. A controlled, double-blind study. Forty patients, randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group, participated in a double-blind study to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture in reducing chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis.  The experimental group received treatment at standard acupuncture points, and the control group at placebo points.  Analysis before and after treatment showed a significant (P less than 0.05) improvement in tenderness and subjective report of pain in both groups as evaluated by two independent observers and in activity by one observer.  Comparison of responses to treatment between the two groups showed no significant (P greater than 0.05) difference.  Thus, both experimental and control groups showed a reduction in pain after the treatments. These results may reflect the natural course of illness, and various attitudinal and social factors.


Propranolol-withdrawal rebound phenomenon. Exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. Effects on anginal symptoms of sudden withdrawal of large doses of propranolol or placebo were evaluated in 20 patients in a double-blind crossover efficacy trial requiring sudden cessation of the agent. With propranolol, 160 to 320 mg per day for six and 12 weeks, no patients had increased angina or nitroglycerin use, and there were no hospitalizations or deaths. However, within two weeks of discontinuance of propranolol, untoward ischemic events developed in 10 patients. Six had serious withdrawal complications: intermediate coronary syndrome in three, and ventricular tachycardia, fatal myocardial infarction, and sudden death in one each. In four patients discontinuance of placebo increased anginal symptoms; in the remaining 10, ischemic symptoms were not provoked. The rebound phenomenon was related to degree of pre-propranolol angina and relief of pain by the agent. Thus, chronically administered propranolol should be gradually reduced, and activity restricted during its withdrawal.


Demonstration of an intrathymic defect in a case of severe combined immunodeficiency disease. An in vitro system has been developed to elucidate the nature of the cellular defect in primary immunodeficiency diseases. Incubation, on human thymic epithelial monolayer cultures, of peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone-marrow cells from a child with documented severe combined immunodeficiency disease resulted in the appearance of a population of cells that formed rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. The same cell preparation permitted the synthesis of antigen-specific, complement-dependent antibodies after in vitro education, as demonstrated in a plaque assay system. In addition, thymic tissue from the same child gave morphologic and functional evidence of maturation when cultured in vitro. The experimental results suggest that in this case, lymphoid precursor cells were present in the bone marrow but failed to differentiate to functional maturity due to a defect in maturation of thymic tissue.


Fatal aspergillosis in imported parrots. Spontaneous fatal aspergillosis occurred in several species of parrots imported from Latin America, Australia, Malaya and Ghana for studies on the control of psittacosis. Over a period of 4 years, 655 parrots were imported for use in these studies. All birds that died during these investigations were necropsied, and the internal organs of 45 were found to have macroscopic lesions suggestive of aspergillosis. Of these 45 suspected cases, 32 were confirmed as aspergillosis by both histopathology and culture, and three others by histopathology alone. There was no evidence that the remaining 10 had this disease. Of the 32 culturally confirmed cases, 13 were found to be caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, 16 by A. oryzae, and three by both fungi. In this series, three sets of circumstances appear to have been associated with the development of fatal aspergillosis. Their capture and transport to the United States, the administration of chlortetracycline used in the control of psittacosis, and the administration of cortisone acetate in an attempt to activate existent latent psittacosis infections. The possible causal relationship of these factors are discussed.


The ultrastructure of Prototheca wickerhamii. Two clinical isolates from Prototheca wickerhamii were freeze-dried, fixed and studied by electron microscopy and were also examined growing in culture medium by phase contrast light microscopy. Resting spores placed on fresh medium developed cytoplasmic extensions which sequestrated before proliferation occurred. In the presence of adequate nutrients vegetative spores grew and subdivided to form up to 12 endospores within large sporangia which ruptured to release free spores every 5--6 hours. These proliferating or vegetative spores contained much more endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria than the resting spores which contained more lipid, and often starch granules as well, but relatively few membranous organelles.


Trichlortriethylamine (TS-160 Spofa) in combination chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas. Thirteen patients with disseminated malignant lymphomas were treated with combination chemotherapy which included trichlortriethyl amine (TS-160), vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride (Natulan) and prednisone. All patients but two received some form of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy prior to being started on four-drug regimen. Good response to the combination chemotherapy was recorded in 84% of patients, while complete remission was achieved in 23% of cases. Drug toxicity has not proved to be a major problem in the combination used. Nausea and vomiting were the side effects the most frequently observed.


Beneficial effect of hemodialysis on renal allograft survival. The effect of the length of hemodialysis on the outcome of renal transplant was evaluated in 43 recipients of renal allograft. 22 out of 23 patients (95.7%) dialyzed for longer than one year had an excellent renal function at one year, while only 10 out of 20 patients (50%) dialyzed for less than one year had good renal function at one year. Only one kidney (4.3%) was lost due to rejection in the first group, while 10 kidneys (50%) failed to function because of severe rejection in the second group. The length of hemodialysis appears to have a beneficial effect on graft survival, but the mechanism by which it exerts this effect is not clear.


Salmonella typhimurium infections in renal transplant patients. Report of five cases. Five patients with Salmonella typhimurium infection after a renal cadaveric graft are described. Salmonella were isolated from the urine of four patients, from the stool of one patient, from the blood of two patients, from the hip joint of one patient and from the cerebrospinal fluid of one patient. Infections were difficult to eradicate and necessitated prolonged antibiotic treatment. Renal function only deteriorated after the infection in some patients; salmonellosis could have triggered the rejection of the graft. Impaired cell-mediated immunity due to immunosuppressive drugs may be considered to be a predisposing factor for this kind of infection. Higher humoral antibody titers against Salmonella were found in the patients most clinically ill.


[Controlled respiration in patients with severe neurological diseases. Syndrome of functional changes]. The investigations were carried out on a group of neurological patients treated by means of assisted or controlled respiration from respirators. Volumetric and gasometric measurements were performed and radiological examinations of the chest were done periodically. The obtained results suggest that neurological patients constitute a specific group with a more rapid fall in the values of VC and PaO2, increased alveolar-capillary gradient (PA-a) and decreased actual compliance delta t/ delta p.


Bacturcult in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Colony counts on 122 clean-catch mid-stream urine specimens were determined with Bacturcult and compared with those obtained using the quantitative pour plate method. The suggested criteria for using Bacturcult resulted in an unacceptably high number of false positive cultures. It has been shown that over 100 colonies in the proscribed area on the cellophane sleeve correlated well with pour plate colony counts of over 100 000/ml. Bacturcult was found to be a simple and convenient method for performing a quantitative colony count on a urine specimen. It could be recommended for use in domiciliary practice, out-patient clinics and in population screening programes.


Hormonal profiles in anovulatory patients treated with gonadotropins and synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Ten patients with hypothalamic anovulation weretreated with a "retard" preparation of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) after an HMG stimulation in order to induce ovulation and pregnancy. Four of the patient ovulated after intramuscular administration of the LHRH preparation. This study suggests that is is possible to induce ovulation with LHRH in patients  pretreated with HMG, and that LHRH has advantages over HCG since it does not induce hyperstimulation even in the presence of exagerated follicular growth. Nevertheless, the optimal conditions for the use and monitoring of LHRH treatment have yet to be clarified.


Chorioangiomas.

Chorioangiomas. Six cases of chorioangioma of the placenta and a review of relevant leterature are presented. The incidence of chorioangiomas is higher than generally realized because many small chorioangiomas are missed in routine examination of placentas. A case of chorioangioma with foci resembling hemangiopericytoma is presented. Cases of large chorioangiomas seem to occur when the placenta is large. Hydramnios is commonly found with large chiorangiomas, and both of these conditions may be conducive to premature births. There is an increased incidence of toxemia in pregnant patients with chorioangiomas, and the condition is unrelated to the size of the tumor. Diligent examination of infants associated with chorioangioma of the placenta is suggested, as these infants may have unsuspected congenital anomalies.


Transient renal dysfunction associated with acute pyelonephritis of pregnancy. Endogenous creatinine clearance was measured in 220 pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis and the results compared to data obtained from 167 pregnant control patients without acute pyelonephritis. These data showed that an appreciable number of patients with pyelonephritis occurring during pregnancy demonstrated a transient but definite diminution in renal function during the acute attack. Causes of this temporary renal dysfunction are discussed.


Priming of the uterine cervix with oral prostaglandin E2 in the term multigravida. A double-blind study evaluating two dose schedules of oral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was conducted in 56 normal "unripe" multiparas at term. The effect of PGE2 was evaluated by comparing the change in Bishop score of the cervix and patient's response to oxytocin induction of labor after the prostaglandin priming. In the two study groups (one group on a fixed PGE2 dosage and the other on a variable drug regimen) an average change of more than three points in the Bishop score was observed. In control group no significant change in cervical ripeness was observed. Nine of the 32 patients (28%) receiving prostaglandin delivered during the priming phase of the study, whereas only 1 control patient (4.2%) delivered during priming. Six of 24 control patients (25%) failed to deliver, wheras only 3 of 32 study patients (9%) failed. In the successfully induced patients, the response to oxytocin, as expressed by the time to active phase, total time of labor, and mean dose of oxytocin required, did not vary significantly when control and study groups were compared. It is concluded that PGE2 at either dosage schedule is effective in changing the Bishop score of the cervix and that it is not feasible to titrate the PGE2 dose in order to effectively ripen the cervix without a very high incidence of induction of labor. In those cases where priming was completed, without accidental delivery, the induction phase was successful more than 90% of the time. No adverse effect to mother or baby was observed during this study.


Repair of cicatricial ectropion by horizontal shortening and pedicle flap. Senile ectropion can usually be repaired by a horizontal shortening procedure. However, in those cases where there is a cicatricial component, additional skin is needed to insure a satisfactory result. This report describes a method of correcting this type of ectropion by utilizing a combination of horizontal shortening and single pedicle flap from the upper eyelid.


Complications after removal of mandibular third molars with special reference to local anaesthetics with different vasoactive properties. Nhe symptoms after surgical removal of 379 mandibular wisdom teeth when Xylocain-Exadrin 2% and Citanest-Octopressin 3% were used, were evaluated according to a three grade scale. The severity of the symptoms, which were mild and normal in 53% and severe in 47%, did not demonstrably vary with the type of anaesthetic agent used. The symptoms were, on the average, more severe among the women than among the men. The symptoms were correlated with the duration of the operation, which was most obvious in the men. For the men the frequency of symptoms also increased with age. In the men there was also a tendency to a correlation between dry socket and long duration of operation. It thus appeared as if only the men reacted in the way expected from a biologic point of view. The investigation also showed that Xylocain-Exadrin had a better anaesthetic and ischemic effect.


Genesis and genetics of retinoblastoma.

Genesis and genetics of retinoblastoma. 1. The increase in frequency of retinoblastoma reported during the last decades [FRANCOIS, 1968] is probably not due to an increase of the mutation rate but to a lowered mortality rate and also to improvement in methods of investigation and diagnosis. (2) In 95% of all affected families retinoblastoma occurs just once, the familial occurrence being +/- 5%. (3) The hereditary retinoblastomas (whether sporadic or familial) represent about 40% of all cases. (4) A new dominant mutation is judged to be responsible for 100% of the bilateral sporadic cases and for 10-20% of the unilateral sporadic cases. (5) Genetic susceptibility to cancer can be chromosomal, mendelian dominant, mendelian recessive, or polygenic. Retinoblastoma belongs to the first as well as to the second category. The fact that the chromosomal aberration of the D deletion syndrome antedates the appearance of the tumour suggests that chromosomal change may be the primary cause of the tumour formation. (6) Although several problems remain an unsolved question, attention must be given to KNUDSON'S working hypothesis [KNUDSON et al., 1973], according to which all childhood tumours fit at least a two-mutational aetiology, involving a two-step process. It remains an open question whether both events occur at different genetic loci or at alleles of the same locus. (7) The main difficulty in genetic counseling is the lack of means for identifying which sporadic retinoblastoma cases are due to new germinal mutations.


[Radiation-induced sarcoma 12 years after high dosage x-ray treatment of a bilateral retinoblastoma]. After a survey of the literature, a radiation-induced sarcoma is described which had arisen 12 years after a successful high-dosage X-ray treatment of a bilateral retinoblastoma and led to the patient's death.


Reconstruction of the alveolar process by implantation of allogenic demineralized dentin. Different materials have been used for reconstruction of the alveolar process. None of these, however, is perfect in every respect. Allogenic demineralized dentin has been shown to induce bone formation and to maintain the bone contour. In the present case this material was used to reconstruct a traumatic defect of the alveolar process in the region of the upper left incisors. The result was satisfactory, both esthetically and functionally. Additional cases and a longer period of observation will be necessary to assess the relevance of this finding.


Cleidocranial dysostosis with mandibular cyst. Report of a case. Six hundred cases of cleidocranial dysostosis have been reported since the disorder was first described in 1898. This is the first case reported with cystic involvement.


Nystatin and amphotericin B in the treatment of denture-related candidiasis. A double-blind trial of nystatin, amphotericin B, and a placebo was carried out in fifty-two cases of denture-related candidiasis and/or angular cheilitis. The drugs effected a significant clinical cure, but recurrence of the signs was common after withdrawal of the drugs. Concurrent bacteriologic examination showed few cures and continued presence of Candida albicans during the trial. A specimen from a red palate was examined histologically.


Klebsiella pneumoniae in endodontic therapy. Report of a case. A 48-year-old man underwent endodontic treatment of the lower left central incisor. In the course of treatment two acute exacerbations occurred. Penicillin therapy was initiated at the time of the first exacerbation. It was ineffective, and a culture of the purulent exudate was taken at the time of the second acute response. The causative organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was found to be sensitive to tetracyclines. After tetracycline therapy, endodontic therapy was completed. Healing has been uneventful.


[Serum immunoglobulins in cardiovascular pathology]. The authors measured as a routine IgA, IgG and IgM serum immunoglobulins in a hundred subjects free from any cardiac or hypertensive disease, in 51 patients with coronary heart disease in in 50 hypertensive subjects. They found that in 2% of the normal subjects and in 28% of the coronary heart disease or hypertension, the level of one of the three serum immunoglobulins was outside the following limits: IgA 100 to 480 mg/100 ml, IgG 500 to 1900 mg/100 ml and IgM 45 to 380 mg/100 ml. The 2 normal subjects and 12% of the patients with coronary heart disease or hypertension presented an abnormally low level of one of the immunoglobulins, while an abnormally high level was observed in 16% of the subjects with coronary heart disease or hypertension. The abnormal serum levels may concern any class of immunoglobulin and persist in the case of some patients with coronary heart disease several years after the acute ischemic incident.


Reptilase clot retraction test. (Its cofactors and relation to other platelet functions). C-PRP clotted by reptilase does not retract due to the lack of activation of platelets. In order to support retraction, the platelets must undergo membrane changes resulting in contractile system activation. Only in the presence of aggregating agents capable of eliciting these membrane changes in vitro (e.g. ADP, adrenaline and collagen but not bovine fibrinogen or ristocetin), strong reptilase clot retraction (RCR) occurs. During RCR an aggregating activity, platelet factor 4, and retraction stimulating factor (RSF) were released, but acid phosphatase was not available. Not only inhibitors of platelet adhesion-aggregation reaction (PAAR) but also specific blockers of release are capable of inhibiting RCR. In coagulation disorders RCR was normal in most cases, but in thrombopathies different abnormalities of RCR were found. The RCR defect may be associated not only with a defect in the initial stages of PAAR, but in some instances also with a specific defect in release reaction. Besides inducer--"activated" platelets and their adhesion to polymerizing fibrin, the presence of divalent cations and free thrombocytar--SH groups is necessary for the retraction of reptilase clots.


[Should resistance to methicillin of RH mutant staphylococci be necessarily attributed to cephalosporins?]. The resistance to cephalosporins of 48 heterogeneous methicillin-resistant strains ("RH" mutants) of Staphylococcus pyogenes var. aureus is studied in vitro with various methods: sensitivity discs test on Mueller-Hinton medium with 5 per cent NaCl at 37 degrees C; M.I.C. in solid medium by spots medium with two inocula: a light inoculum (10(7) bacterial/ml) and a heavy inoculum (10(9) bacteria/ml). With light inoculum all strains have M.I.C. to cephaloridin less than 2 meg/ml and seem sensitive. With heavy inoculum 45 sc. equal or superior to 64 meg/ml and then are resistant. These resistances occur after 3 degrees C. The varied methods of detection of mutants to cephalosporins are discussed in this paper.


[Epidemiological study of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated during one year at the regional hospital center of Angers. Trial of a statistical method]. A study of 1956 strains of Escherichia coli isolated at the Angers Regional Hospital Center during the year 1972, was used for the development of a statistical method of study of epidemiology of antibiotic resistance.


[Electrophoretic study of normal erythrocyte membrane proteins after in vitro action of antimalarial agents]. The electrophretic pattern of the red cell membrane protein, after the in vitro action on them of antimalarial agents, primaquine, quinine and chloroquine, is described. This electrophoretic study has proved that all studied antimalarial agents after the membrane proteins, causing a total loss of certain bands. This method has proved to be a new way of appreciation of the action of different agents on the red cell membrane.


[Pulmonary blood volume. Definition, measurement, normal values]. We propose a simplification of the double-injection method whereby left atrial catheterization is made unnecessary by use of injection of indicator in the pulmonary wedge position instead of into the left atrium. Normal values of PBV range between 204 +/- 51 ml. m-2 and 326 +/- 51 ml. M-2. Such a large scatter is due in all likelihood partly to techniques themselves, partly to the small number of studied subjects, which precludes standardization of normal values according to age, sex and body build. Determination of PBV may help in assessing the overall distensibility of the pulmonary vascular bed, but is of no avail to assess separately the distensibility of arteries, microcirculation, and veins whose respective volumes cannot be measured in vivo for lack of undisputable methods. Morphometric and physiological observations suggest that the measurement of PBV is no avail to estimate changes in caliber of pulmonary arterioles caused by vasoactive stimuli.


[Use of the plastic "Terphane" for the maintenance and the study of cell cultures]. Terphane plastic used as substrate for tissue culture, facilitates both cytochemcial, biochemical and ulstratructural studies of cells in situ. Particularly pliable, thin and resistant, the sheet of Terphane plastic is held tense by a system of two plaques of Petri dish type. This apparatus is perfectly waterproof, sterilisable and may be used indefinitely. Growth, morphology, ultrastructure and enzyme activities of primary or subcultures of rat and human liver maintained on terphane plastic are comparable with those of cells cultivated on Falcon polystyrene. Furthermore, terphane offers several advantages over the Melinex plastic: its thinness, resistance and plasticity render easy all manipulations.


The restoration of the vasculature of skin autografts in the rabbit. The restoration of the vasculature of full-thickness skin autografts was investigated on the rabbit ear, the grafted discs of skin being replaced with their original orientation, or rotated 90 or 180 degrees. Circulation in the graft was first detected 1 day after grafting, increasing on the 2nd and successive days. The larger arteries in the grafts survived and became permanently joined at the periphery of the grafts to adjacent severed arteries in the host by well-defined and often tortuous segments termed junction vessels. The pre-operative vascular pattern was re-established when grafts were replaced without rotation but comparable survival of arteries also occurred when the grafted discs of skin were rotated. In most grafts, the segment of artery became stabilized by 4-9 weeks; more than 75% of the length of the arterial segments survived in 83% of grafts, with minimal accompanying histological changes in their walls. There was some increase in number and aborization of small vessels in the established grafts, although the vascular pattern was essentially similar to that of unoperated skin. The factors possibly involved in the survival of the large arteries in the grafts include the relative rigidity of the arterial wall, the early establishment of circulation, and the favourable haemodynamic position of the grafts.


Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. I. Clinical and serologic response to primary vaccination. A comparative study of two smallpox vaccines, standard calf lymph vaccine, and an attenuated vaccine, CVI-78, was performed in 95 children. Primary vaccination with CVI-78 resulted in a more attenuated response than primary vaccination with standard vaccine. Sixty-one percent of those vaccinated with CVI-78 and 96 percent of those vaccinated with standard vaccine developed a major dermal reaction; 16 percent of those vaccinated with CVI-78 and 89 percent of those vaccinated with standard vaccine developed post-vaccination neutralizing antibodies. Twenty-seven percent of the children vaccinated with CVI-78 demonstrated neither a dermal nor serologic postvaccination response, whereas only 2 percent of those vaccinated with standard vaccination demonstrated no postvaccination response.


Chronic vulvovaginitis in children due to Shigella flexneri. Although previous reports have implicated Shigella flexneri in resistant or chronic cases  of vulvovaginitis in children, no authors have described the clinical findings of this condition. The report presents four cases of persistent vulvovaginitis in prepubertal Indian girls from different reservation communities in Arizona. S. flexneri was isolated in pure culture from the vaginal discharge of each patient. All four cases were characterized by a prolonged vaginitis with a bloody, purulent discharge which responded poorly or not at all to various topical modes of therapy for nonspecific vaginitis. Three cases cleared completely when treated with orally given ampicillin for one week. The striking similarity of these cases suggests that chronic Shigella vulvovaginitis is a recognizable clinical entity and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent vaginitis in children, especially in those from communities where Shigella is endemic.


An approach to the measurement of body fluid compartment volumes in non-steady conditions in the rat. A method has been developed by which body fluid volume changes can be assessed frequently after only one initial injection of the appropriate radioactive tracers. This method is based on the assumptions that, 1. following their intravenous injection, the temporal behaviour of tritiated water or radio-sodium can be adequately modelled by the kinetic behaviour of an open, interconnected two-compartment system; 2. known amounts of tracer are added to or irreversibly removed from the system only via the first compartment. In the measurement of body fluid volume changes in rats after isotonic blood volume expansion, the rapid urinary tracer excretion was treated as a series of negative tracer "injections" made instantaneously into the first tracer compartment at the mid point of each short urine collection period. The effect of these "injections" on the first compartment was regarded as diminishing with time in accordance with the steady state rate constants. The vaolues for non steady state changes in total body water volume and functional extracellular fluid volume obtained by such a mathematical treatment, agreed closely with directly measured changes where such direct comparisons could be made.


On the regulation of the renal response blood volume expansion by vascular parameters in the rat. The dynamic patterns of body fluid volume distribution, of cardiovascular variables and of renal water, sodium and potassium excretion were studied in the anaesthetized rat following acute, iso-oncotic blood volume expansion. The increased renal excretion following expansion was soon reversed and its pattern to termination was not correlated with changes in pulse and mean arterial pressure, in plasma electrolyte concentration or in haematocrit. At the end of the renal response the change in extracellular fluid volume was not usually corrected, the blood volume was always well above its control value and the interstitial fluid was below its control value. In all cases the temporal pattern and the termination of the renal response corresponded closely with the temporal pattern and the return to the control value of the central venous mean and pulse pressure. The findings of thse experiments are not consistent with the view that any of the measured body fluid volumes directly and always determine renal excretion. It is proposed that in response to an acute blood volume expansion an animal may initially regulate neither its blood volume nor its extracellular fluid volume but rather a factor which is reflected in or related to the central venous pressure.


[The effect of antibiotic supplementation on antibiotic resistance, transferable antibiotic resistance, morbidity, and growth in calves (author's transl)]. 112 calves, divided into four groups, were given milk substitutes containing tetracycline (high-dosage feed), zinc bacitracin or Lactosat (control) and concentratesw with or without zinc bacitracin (Table I). We have investigated the incidence of antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotic resistance in E. coli strains isolated from the faces of these calves and checked the growth and state of health in the four groups. Growth was also studies in a further ten feeding series comprising a total of 258 calves. Half this number received zinc bacitracin in milk substitute, the other half were fed milk substitute containing Lactosat, instead of antibiotics (Fig. 8). Tetracycline led to a quick increase of antibiotic-resistant straing (Fig. 4--6). This increase is significant in comparison with the other groups. Significant increases of resistance were also noted to ampicillin and chloramphenicol (Fig. 7), althoug these drugs were not used. A significant increase of the transferable resistance was also observed in the group of calves given tetracycline (Fig. 7) and to 65% at about 31/2 months after the end to 38% within 12 days (Fig. 7) and to 65% at about 31/2 months after the end of tetracycline feeding (Fig. 7). A marked increase of en-bloc transfer was also noted after completion of tetracycline feeding (Fig. 2). Up to slaughter, at the age of 6 months, no better growth was obtained with zinc-bacitracin supplement than with milk substitute without antibiotics but containing Lactosat. During the milking period the results varied between the different feeding series. In some series the mean growth in the zinc-bacitracin group was better than, in some no different from, and in other s poorer than that in the Lactosat group (TableII, Fig. 8). The only demonstrable positive effect of tetracycline supplement was a tendency twwards better health during the period of administration of the drug (Table II...


Some recommendations concerning primary isolation of Mycoplasma suipneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare a survey. Two mycoplasma species of the porcine respiratory tract: Mycoplasma suipneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare, have been notoriously difficult to cultivate. In the present paper a description is given of a new medium with which primary isolation of these organisms is usually successful. The basal medium is made from commercial dehydrated products. Pig serum is added and phenol red used as pH indicator. Contrary to what is customary in the preparation of mycoplasma media, various inorganic salts (Hank's balanced salt solution) are included and penicillin-G replaced as a bacteriostatic by bacitracin and meticillin. The volume of water is adjusted so as to give isotonia. Various additives often recommended for mycoplasma cultivation have been examined for growth promoting effect; apparently, however, they were all without effect. Working procedures for primary isolation trials are briefly described.


[The development of drug resistance in Salmonella strains isolated from animals in Sweden 1955-65 and 1973-4(author's transl)]. 134 salmonella strains, isolated from animals in 1955-65 were compared to 133 salmonella strains isolated in 1973-74, with regard to their drug resistance and the frequentcy of R-factors. No significant changes were observed during the reference period. Salmonella typhi-murium in comparison with other serotypes harboured a significantly larger number of resistant strains. Of the recently isolated resistant strains that were searched for R-factors, about half the number were carriers. All strains were sensitive to chloramphenicole and neomycin.


[Prolactin adenoma. Study of gonadotrophic function by the sassoles G LHRH test]. An intravenous injection of synthetic LHRH (50mug) was given in 10 patients with prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas. Variations in circulating levels of gonadotrophic hormones were measured by radioimmunological estimation. The increase in blood level of luteinizing hormone was constant, low in three cases, normal in 3 and high in 4. An increase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was absent in only two cases. The data obtained indicates the absence of any characteristic value of the LHRH test in the aetiological diagnosis of amenorrhoea/galactorrhoea syndromes. They represent an argument in favour of the relative character and of the functional nature of the gonadotrophic insufficiency of prolactin adenomas.


[Active immunotherapy of acute leukemia and leukemic lymphosarcoma. Results of 10 years. Study of 200 cases]. The authors report a ten year study of active immunotherapy using BCG and irradiated allogeneic leukaemic cells in 200 patients. In acute lymphatic leukaemia, 57 out of 168 patients treated in this way remained in primary remission for 18 months to 10 years after active immunotherapy was begun, the relapse rate became low after 18 months and nil after 36 months. The results varied according to prognostic factors: the cytological type, active immunotherapy being above all effective in small cell (microlymphoblastic and prolymphocytic) types with a hope of cure in 50 to 60 p.cent of cases; malignant cellular volume; meningeal deposits. In microlymphoblastic forms the possibility of survival at the 5th year is greater than 90 p.cent. After relapse during active immunotherapy sensitivity to chemotherapy does not seem to be diminished. Trials of active immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukaemia are worthy of further pursuit. The results of active immunotherapy in leukaemic lymphosarcoma show that immunotherapy may be effective in preventing local recurrence, both of tumour as well as in the marrow. Four patients are in apparently complete remission for more than four years. On the basis of these results, trials of active immunotherapy for "residual disease" should be undertaken in the field of cancerology, going beyond the realm of leukaemias.


[Evaluation of an analgesic activity in man: thermodolorimetery]. The authors propose an experimental technique which makes possible the evaluation in man of the activity of analgesic or anti-inflammatory medications. The principle of thermodolorimetre threshold of painful thermic sensitivity (S.S.T.D. in the french text) which is stable over a period of time in a given individual receiving a placebo but which varies in a significant fashion in groups treated with a medication belonging to one of the two classifications studied.


The binding of polyamines and of ethidium bromide to tRNA. The binding of spermidine and ethidium bromide to mixed tRNA and phenylalanine tRNA has been studied under equilibrium conditions. The numbers and classes of binding sites obtained have been compared to those found in complexes isolated by gel filtration a low ionic strength. The latter complexes contain 10-11 moles of either spermidine or ethidium per mole of tRNA; either cation is completely displaceable by the other. In ethidium complexes, the first 2-3 moles are bound in fluorescent binding sites; the remaining 7-8 molecules bind in non-fluorescent form. At least one of the binding sites for spermidine appears similar to a binding site for fluorescent ethidium. Similar results are found with E. coli formylmethionine tRNA. Spermine, in excess of 18-20 moles per mole tRNA, causes precipitation of the complex. Putrescine does not form isolable complexes with yeast tRNA and displaces ethidium less readily from preformed ethidium-tRNA complexes. Under equilibrium conditions, in the absence of Mg++, there are 16-17 moles of spermidine bound per mole of tRNA as determined by equilibrium dialysis. Of these, 2-3 bind with a Ksence of 9 mM Mg++, the total number of binding sites is decreased slightly and there appears to be only one class of sites with a Ka = 600 M(-1). Quantitatively similar results are obtained for the binding of spermidine to yeast phenylalanine tRNA. When the interaction between ethidium bromide and mixed tRNA is studied by equilibrium dialysis or spectrophotometric titration, two classes of binding sites are obtained: 2-3 molecules bind with an average Ka = 6.6 x 10(5) M(-1) and 14-15 molecules bind with an average Ka = 4.1 x 10(4) M(-1). Spermidine, spermine, and Mg++ compete effectively for both classes of ethidium sites and have the effect of reducing the apparent binding constants for ethidium. When the binding of ethidium is studied by fluorometry, there are 3-4 highly fluorescent sites per tRNA. These sites are also affected by spermidine, spermine and Mg++. Putrescine has little effect on any of the classes of binding sites. These data are consistent with those found under non-equilibrium conditions. They suggest that polyamines bind to fairly specific regions of tRNA and may be involved in the maintenance of certain structural features of tRNA.


Inhibitors of protein synthesis V. Irreversible interaction of antibiotics with an initiation complex. The initiation complex (t-complex) formed in a cell-free system (E. coli) from Ac-Phe-tRNA, poly(U) and washed ribosomes in the presence of initiation factors (ribosomal wash) and GTP, contains the Ac-Phe-tRNA bound quantitatively in a puromycin-reactive state. The t-complex is irreversibly inactivated by spiramycin with respect to its reactivity toward puromycin. The inactivated t-complex retains all of the Ac-Phe-tRNA bound, but it does not react with puromycin (2 x10-minus-3M) within 32 min at 25 degrees. In the case of another inhibitor protein synthesis, sparsomycin, the permanently "modified" t-complex not only retains all the bound Ac-Phe-tRNA but it can still react with puromycin. In the continuous presence of sparsomycin (1 x 10-minus-7M) the bound Ac-Phe-tRNA reacts quantitatively at a rate which is one-tenth the rate at which the t-complex reacts with puromycin, at low (6.25 x 10-minus-5M) or high (2 x 10-minus-3M) concentrations. These results are not in agreement with current views according to which aparsomycin binds to the ribosome reversibly at a single site with a KI in the range of 10-minus6-10-minus-7 M and according to which this stie is at the A'-site (puromycin site) of peptidyl transferase.


The metabolism of N4-hydroxycytidine-a mutagen for Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella typhimurium cells were grown in the presence of (14C)-N4-hydroxycytidine (N4OHcyd), a mutagenic nucleoside, and labelling in DNA and RNA digest was traced. The results show that this analogue is incorporated into RNA at a level of 40 mug/100 mg, and into DNA with a yield at least 100 times smaller. Some N-minus4OHcyd was rapidly metabolized and labelling was found in all ribo- and deoxyribo-nucleosides.


The binding sites for tRNA on eukaryotic ribosomes. We have studied the non-enzymic binding of phe-tRNA to ribosomes from rat liver using deacylated tRNA to inhibit binding to the P-site and puromycin (5 x 10-minus3M) to inhibit binding to the A-site. We conclude that at a low concentration of magnesium ions (10mM) phe-tRNA is bound only at the A-site of 80S irbosomes, whereas at a high concentration of magnesium ions (40mM) phe-tRNA is also bound at the P-site. Studies with edeine indicate that, during non-enzymic binding of phe-tRNA, eukaryotic ribosomes (in contrast to prokarotic ribosomes) have the A-site of the 60S subunit and the initiation site of the 40S subunit juxtaposed. This may account for the differences observed, in formation of diphenylalanyl-tRNA and phenylalanyl-puromycin, between phe-tRNA bound non-enzymically to the P-sites of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.


Blood parameters of dwarf and normal pullets from growth selected lines before and after Escherichia coli challenge. Two experiments were conducted to study the hematological differences and the effect of challenge with Escherichia coli on the hemopoietic system among dwarfs and their normal sisters in lines selected for high and low juvenile body weight. Erythrocyte counts, packed cell volumes, and hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher to dwarf than for normal pullets, while no such differences were noted for mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentration. Dwarfs had a significantly lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate than normal pullets. The effect of challenge with E. coli was evident in all the groups. Body weight decreased and leucocyte counts increased significantly. Lymphopenia, accompanied by heterophilia and a consequent increase in H:L ratio was the conspicuous effect of the challenge with E. coli indicating a polymorphonuclear response. Forty-eight hours after challenge the differential response of lines and genotypes to heterophilia was uniform. The hematological data suggest that the dw gene may not contribute to resistance to bacterial diseases. Mortality and autopsy lesions data indicate that the dw gene had a deleterious effect in the low weight but not in the high weight line, suggesting that its influence on the traits measured is dependent upon the genetic background of the population.


Hemagglutinating properties of Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated from avian sources. A total of 565 strains of Salmonella typhimurium and S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, isolated from avian species, were examined for their ability to cause hemagglutination of turkey erythrocytes. Results showed that 541 (95.7%) of the strains caused varying degrees of hemagglutination. The hemagglutinating principle was maintained in cultures stored at 5 degrees C. as formalized suspensions for as long as 6 months. It was destroyed by exposure to a temperature of 80 degrees C. for 1 minute or to absolute ethyl alcohol at 37 degrees C. for 24 hours. The hemagglutinating principle was best preserved in cultures by infrequent transfers, growth in liquid media, lyophilization or storage at low temperatures. Addition of d-mannose to bacteria-erythrocyte mixtures at a final concentration of 0.5% completely inhibited the hemagglutinating activity of the cultures. A concentration of 1% d-mannose added to crystal-violet-stained antigen preparations of S. typhimurium eliminated entirely the hemagglutinating effect of positive cultures and did not interfere with regular agglutination reactions. The hemagglutinating activity of S. typhimurium strains is apparently due to the presence of rigid appendage (fimgriae) on the surface of the bacterial cells. Results from these studies showed that fimbriated cultures are quite common among strains of S. typhimurium.


The effect of heat exposure and bacterial endotoxin on plasma zinc concentration and the body temperature in the broiler. The effect of heat exposure and bacterial endotoxins on plasma zinc levels and mean rectal temperature of 8 week old broilers and investigated. Broilers exposed for 2 hours to 35-35 degrees C. had higher (P less than 0.01) mean rectal temperatures (42.8 vs 41.7 degrees C.) than sham treated broilers maintained at 22-24 degrees C. Likewise, endotoxin (E. coli, 500 mug./kg) treated broilers also had mean rectal temperatures significantly higher (P less than 0.01, 42.4 vs 41.7 degrees C.) than sham treated broilers. Plasma zinc levels in the bacterial endotoxin treated broilers were lower (P less than 0.05) than in the sham treated (173 vs 220, and 219 mug/kg./100 ml. plasma, respectively). In contrast, the plasma zinc concentration was not significantly depressed in the broilers exposed to heat for 2 hours. In summary, either endotoxin or heat exposure resulted in increased body temperature, however only the response to endotoxin resulted in a significant depression of plasma zinc concentration.


Isolation of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus by physical and immunological techniques. Procedures are described for the separation and purification of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses obtained from multiply infected Heliothis armigera larvae. Separation was achieved by differential centrifugation and density gradient zone electrophoresis followed by complexing with nuclear polyhedrosis virus specific antibody. The yield of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus was increased by passage in larvae reared on synthetic media.


Growth of mouse megakaryocyte colonies in vitro. Mouse bone marrow and spleen cells formed pure or mixed colonies of up to 80 megakaryocytes in agar cultures after stimulation by medium conditioned by activated mouse lymphoid cells. Megakaryocytes were identified on the basis of their morphology, polyploid mitoses and DNA content, and high cytoplasmic content of acetylcholinesterase. Megakaryocyte colony-forming cells were relatively small with a peak sedimentation velocity of 4.2 mm/hr. Spleen, lymph node, and thymus cells produced the factor stimulating megakaryocyte proliferation after culture in medium containing 2-mercaptoethanol, with or without added mitogens or allogeneic spleen cells. Peak activity in conditioning medium was associated with the small lymphocyte fractions in mouse spleen.


Transcription termination factor rho activity is altered in Escherichia coli with suA gene mutations. Rho factor has been purified from a strain of E. coli containing the Su78 mutation in the suA gene and assayed in another strain with an amber mutation in the suA gene. The rho from the Su78 mutant strain is present in normal amounts but has altered termination function; it does not terminate transcription at some sites that are recognized effectively by the rho factor from the isogenic wild-type strain. Rho in cells with an amber mutation in the suA gene has been assayed by its RNA-dependent ATPase activity. Extracts of cells of this strain have only 9% as much of this rho activity as extracts of cells of the isogenic wild-type strain. These results suggest that rho is the product of the suA gene. Since mutations in the suA gene are known to decrease polar effects of mutations in other genes, it is also suggested that rho factor is at least partially responsible for polar effects.


Determination of genes, restriction sites, and DNA sequences surrounding the 6S RNA template of bacteriophage lambda. A major product of the transcription of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro is the 6S RNA. This article presents a detailed mapping of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites about the region of the 6S RNA template within the lambda genome. Restriction fragments defined by these sites have been used to localize the 6S RNA template within the physical and genetic maps of the lambda genome. Nucleotide sequence analysis of one of these fragments has largely confimed the nucleotide sequence of the 6S RNA reported previously and has indicated the sequence of DNA that immediately follows the 6S RNA template. This article reports the nucleotide sequence following a known site of transcription termination by RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli.


Single-strand scissions of chromosomal DNA during commitment to recombination at meiosis. Diploid cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced to undergo meiosis accumulate single-strand scissions in both template and newly synthesized DNA during commitment to genetic recombination. No evidence for accumulation of double-strand breaks during meiosis was obtained. When commitment to recombination is at the full meiotic level there are approximately 70 to 200 single-strand scissions per meiotic cell in which approximately 150 recombination events have been reported to occur.


Changing patterns of actin localization during cell division. Changing patterns of actin localization have been studied on a light microscopic level by means of fluorescently labeled heavy meromyosin. The cellular distribution of actin is characterized by four major patterns, each of which corresponds to a particular phase of cell division. Long actin fibers are a prominent feature of the interphase cell. They disappear as the cell rounds up for mitosis and are replaced by a diffuse distribution of actin throughout the cytoplasm. During cytokinesis, the actin is localized predominantly in the cleavage furrow. The final shift of actin occurs after the completion of cytokinesis. At this time the actin becomes concentrated in the distal poles of the cell where pseudopods form to pull the daughter cells apart. When the daughter cells have separated, they flatten on the culture dish and the fibrous pattern of actin characteristic of interphase cells returns. All of these changes take place during the 1-hr period required for cell division.


Presence of two polypeptide chains comprising fatty acid synthetase. Highly purified fatty acid synthetases of chicken and rat livers have molecular weights of 500,000 and dissociate in solutions of low ionic strength into subunits of molecular weight 250,000 with loss of synthetase activity. The subunits can be reassociated in phosphate buffer with full restoration of the activity. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or guanifine-HCl, the synthetases dissociate into polypeptide chains of molecular weight 220,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and sedimentation equilibrium. The polypeptide contains the 4-phosphopantetheine group and the [14C]acetyl and [4C]malonyl groups if the synthetases were prelabeled with [14C]acetyl-CoA and [14C]malonyl-CoA. Similar results were obtained with the synthetase from yeast, except the subunit has a molecular weight of 200,000. These observations indicate that the multi-catalytic activities of the synthetases and the acyl carrier protein are associated only with the two polypeptide chains. The findings suggest a novel structural organization for multienzyme complexes.


Insulin secretion by perfused islets from the obese Zucker rat. The dynamics of insulin secretion from pancreatic islets of the Zucker-obese rat were studied by in vitro perfusion of individual islets. Glucose and L-leucine were used as insulinogenic stimuli. Control pancreatic islets were obtained from both normal weight Zucker-thin littermates and equivalent weight Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results demonstrate that pancreatic islets from 13-wk-old Zucker-obese rats hypersecrete insulin in the basal state and in response to both glucose and amino acid (L-leucine) stimuli. Neither pancreatic islets from control Zucker-thin littermate animals (matched with the Zucker-obese animals for age or for total body weight), nor islets from Sprague-Dawley rats of comparable age and weight demonstrate comparable hypersecretion of insulin. These findings; i.e., hypersecretion of insulin from obese pancreatic islets, suggest that the plasma hyperinsulinism characteristic of the obese state is maintained, at least in part, by an inherent abnormality of beta cell secretion. Whether this abnormality in beta cell secretion results from a genetic trait in the Zucker-obese strain or is induced by the insulin resistance of the obese animal is not resolved by this study. In any case, the observed in vitro hyperinsulin secretion from these islets supports the postulation that in vivo peripheral insulin resistance characteristic of obesity may be a physiological response that protects the animal from insulin-induced hypoglycemia.


Stereologic evaluation of granular pneumocyte lamellar bodies in different species. Lamellar bodies in individual pulmonary glanular pneumocytes in the species examined (mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog) have virtually the same volume density with respect to the cytoplasmic volume as estimated by stereological techniques. The surface-to-volume ratio for these structures also fail to show any interspecies variation in these species.


Proposed mechanism of bacteriophage lambda induction: acquisition of binding sites for lambda repressor by DNA of the host. Interference with the in vitro binding of lambda phage repressor to lambda operator DNA was observed when Escherichia coli DNA containing the following lesions was present in the reaction mixture: (a) DNA with single-strand breaks from pancreatic DNase (nicked DNA); (B) DNA isolated from thymine-straved cells; (c) DNA from ultraviolet-treated cells; (d) DNA of mitomycin-treated cells; and (e) DNA from a temperature-sensitive ligase mutant after 1 hr at 42 degrees. Normal E. coli DNA did not interfere. Binding of lambda cIing-minus repressor to operator DNA was not affected by E. coli DNA with lesions. DNAs from cells treated with increasing doses of mitomycin were proportionately more effective in competition for repressor, suggesting increasing binding sites per unit of DNA. A general model of virus induction is proposed, based on binding affinity of ultraviolet-sensitive repressors for single-strand breaks in the host DNA. The model is extended also to the presumptive repressor of cell division.


Effect of native levan on homograft rejection in mice. The effect of high-molecular-weight levan on skin graft rejection was studied. Daily ip administration of 15-30 mg levan was shown to delay rejection in Balb/c and C57BL recipient mice. An increase in MST value by 3.6 days was obtained in Balb/c mice and of 5.6 days for C57BL.


Long-term culture of isolated pancreatic islet cells. Successful long-term culture of isolated pancreatic islet as well as dissociated islet cells was accomplished with the use of Microtest II trays which provides the very small amount of culture medium that is easily conditioned. In the culture of isolated islet, the ultrastructure of the islet cells was completely preserved up to the 30th day and vigorous secretion of insulin was maintained even on the 75th day. While in the islet cell culture, insulin secretion gradually decreased from the 12th day. The latter procedure makes inoculation of a definite number of dissociated pure islet cells possible, thus opeing the way to the quantitative evaluation of B cell function in vitro.