Immunochemical properties of streptococcal M protein purified by isoelectric focusing. Electrofucusing of an alkaline extract of type 24 streptococcal M protein yielded an antigenic fraction that was type specific and apparently homogeneous. The haptenic nature of this fraction was suggested by its inability to precipitate type-specific antiserum or to induce opsonic antibodies in rabbits, despite its ability to strongly inhibit opsonization of homologous-type streptococci by M antibody. The fraction migrated as a single band upon electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel. The mobility of the protein band was consistent with a molecular weight of 36,500 daltons. In some experiments using larger quantities of protein, a second faint protein band with an average molecular weight of 70,000 was observed, suggesting the presence of dimers of the 36,500-dalton protein. Amino acid analysis showed the predominant amino acid to be glycine followed by aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Moreover, this M protein fraction was free of non-type-specific immunotoxic properties in guinea pigs and in man. Although apparently not immunogenic, this nontoxic fraction may provide a useful tool to study the relationship of the type-specific protective moiety to potentially harmful "impurities" in M protein vaccines.


Mouse effector functions involved in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to xenogeneic erythrocytes. Mouse spleen cell populations were fractionated by carbonyl iron depletion and nylon wool column separation. The fractions were tested for phagocytic and lytic activity against antibody-coated 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells. Carbonyl iron resistant cells had no phagocytic activity but caused lysis at a relatively slow rate. Nylon wool column nonadherent cells had a similar effect. In contrast with the slow lytic action of these cells, nylon wool adherent cells or non-carbonyl iron-treated cells had phagocytic as well as rapid lytic action. Under the conditions studied, both rapid and slow lytic functions were saturable whereas the phagocytic function was not.


Reactivity of antihuman thymocyte serum with acute leukemic blasts. The presence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E) on some leukemic lymphoblasts is suggestive but not conclusive evidence for a thymic origin of these lymphoid cells. Normal and leukemic lymphoid populations were therefore examined to determine if the formation of spontaneous E rosettes correlated with the presence of thymus-associated cell surface antigens. Lymphoblasts from four of 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) formed spontaneous E rosettes at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C (E+) and bound rabbit antihuman thymocyte serum, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence and by an indirect radiolabeled antibody assay. The blasts from the other eight children did not form E rosettes at 4 or 37 degrees C (E-) and did not bind antithymocyte serum. Absorption of the antiserum with peripheral blood leukocytes removed all detectable reactivity with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, normal bone marrow cells, and E- bone marrow cells, but did not remove all reactivity with thymus cells or E+ leukemic blasts. Absorption of the antiserum with thymus from one donor removed all reactivity against thymus cells from another donor. After absorption with normal peripheral blood leukocytes, the antithymocyte serum reacted with E+ leukemic blasts but not with remission lymphocytes from the same patients. Thus, there are at least two distinct thymus-associated antigens-one that is present on T lymphocytes from peripheral blood as well as thymus and another that is present only on normal thymus and on ALL blasts that are identified by their ability to form E rosettes at 37 degrees C.


Antibody-induced redistribution of CEA on the cell surface: utilization in separation of CEA and isoantigen A. Antibodies specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) induced polar redistribution of CEA which was expressed on the surface of human intestinal carcinoma cells grown in tissue culture. Polar redistribution occurred at 23 degrees C and 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C and was inhibited by sodium azide and cytochalasin B. Antibodies to isoantigen A did not react with CEA at the cell surface but did react with isoantigen A which was not redistributed by the antibody. Cells which expressed both CEA and isoantigen A were used to demonstrate that polar redistribution of CEA could be induced without altering the distribution of isoantigen A. The data indicate that CEA and isoantigen A can be expressed on the same cell as separate molecules.


Evidence for an abnormal microenvironment in the thymus of New Zealand black mice. The proliferative response of NZB and DBA/2 thymocytes and spleen cells to allogeneic cells and mitogens was studied in intact and lethally irradiated bone marrow-repopulated syngeneic recipients. The major findings were complete recovery of function in NZB spleen cells and premature recovery in thymocytes compared to the control DBA/2 strain. This recovery was not influenced by the administration of thymosin to the recipients, and was not due to functional thymocytes present in the donor marrow inoculum. These results suggest normal or increased support of T cell differentiation by the radioresistant thymus in 4-month-old NZB mice. Thymic epithelial cell products regulating T cell maturation may be disordered or unbalanced but do not appear to be broadly deficient at this age.


Temporal dependence of the inhibition by cytochalasin B of antigen-initiated migration inhibition factor production. The effects of cytochalasin B on the antigen recognition process have been examined using an in vitro assay of macrophage-inhibition factor (MIF) production by activated guinea pig T lymphocyte-enriched populations. The data indicate that cytochalasin B inhibits MIF production if added at the initiation of culture but not if added 2 hr after antigen. These data are interpreted as consistent with either an inhibition by cytochalasin B of the physical assoication of antigen-bearing marcrophage and lymphocytes or with an inhibition of the access of antigen to the T lymphocyte receptor.


A subpopulation of T cells bearing Fc receptors. A wide range of cell populations were examined for Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing T cells: thymus, spleen, peritoneal cells, and T cells activated to H-2 antigens in spleen (ATC spleen) and in thoracic duct lymph (T-TDL). In addition, B lymphocytes from thoracic duct lymph of athymic nude mice and a Thy-1-positive, FcR-positive thymoma served as control cell populations. Reagents used were aggregates of human gamma-globulin and of various mouse myeloma proteins (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b), radioiodinated antigen-antibody complexes, and sheep erythrocyte antibody rosettes. Labeling techniques involving radioautography and immunofluorescence were used to demonstrate FcR by one of the above reagents and to identify T cells either by staining with anti-Thy-1.2 or by a specific rabbit anti-mouse T cell serum, or by failure to stain with anti-mouse immunoglobulin. In some experiments phagocytic cells were removed whereas in others they were identified by their capacity to engulf latex particles. Approximately 25% of cells with T cell markers were FcR-bearing cells in thymus, normal spleen, and peritoneal cavity, and 17% in ATC spleen. FcR on T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues were detectable by aggregates of HGG and myeloma proteins and by radioiodinated immune complexes. Those on T cells in thymus were revealed only by aggregates of HGG. Circulating T cells (T.TDL) failed to display FcR: a) despite the use of a wide range of the above labeling techniques, each of which was shown to detect FcR on other T cells, thymoma cells, and B cells, and b) even after removal of Ig associated with their cell membranes. In contrast to B cell FcR which bound IgG1 preferentially, those on T cells bound both IgG1 and IgG2, raising the possibility that the FcR on T cell is distinct from that on B cell. It is concluded that FcR-bearing T cells represent a subpopulation of cells within the thymus and the secondary lymphoid tissues.


Antigen-enhanced glucosamine incorporation by peritoneal macrophages in cell-mediated hypersensitivity. I. Studies on biology and mechanism. The interaction between sensitized lymphocytes and specific antigen occurring in classic delayed hypersensitivity causes guinea pig peritoneal macrophages to incorporate increased amounts of glucosamine into TCA precipitable, membrane-associated, cell surface material. Antigen-induced stimulation of glucosamine also occurred in peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) isolated from animals primed for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity with certain strong antigens (KLH, vaccinia virus) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), and lymphocytes from such animals elaborated MIF when cultured with specific antigen. Thus, the use of complete Freund's adjuvant is not obligatory for the induction of sensitized lymphocytes capable of secreting MIF or stimulating macrophage glucosamine incorporation; however, the potency of the immunogen employed is a critical variable since lymphocytes from animals primed with weaker antigens (HSA, BGG) in IFA did not have these capabilities. Significantly enhanced incorporation of radioactive glucosamine by macrophages occurred when normal PEC were cultured in lymphokine-containing supernatants, but the magnitude of incorporation was smaller than that of sensitized PEC stimulated by antigen. The final 24 hr of macrophage culture was critically important because lymphokines were equally effective in promoting glucosamine incorporation when present for only this interval. The kinetics of this response are thus very similar to those reported for macrophage "activation". The mechanism by which sensitized lymphocytes and their products stimulate glucosamine incorporation is not established, but at least part of the increment may be attributed to enhanced transport of glucosamine across the macrophage plasma membrane. The plant lectins Con A and PHA stimulated unsensitized plastic-adherent cells to increased glucosamine in corporation and exerted a further additive stimulation on sensitized PEC when nonadherent sensitized lymphocytes were present. It is likely that these mitogens stimulate glucosamine incorporation by two distinct mechanisms, one involving sensitized nonadherent lymphocytes and a second involving only adherent cells (macrophages and/or plastic adherent lymphocytes.


Structural and genetic basis of the in vivo immune response to TNP-LPS. TNP-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS) is a potent T-independent antigen in vivo, inducing a TNP-PFC response in T-depleted animals. The structural integrity of the lipid A-KDO portion of the LPS carrier molecule appears to be required since the haptenated LPS from Salmonella minnesota Re595 is immunogenic whereas the haptenated derivative of base hydrolyzed LPS is not. The immune response is not associated with any of the common histocompatiblity types, but does depend on the ability of the host strain to respond to LPS. C3H/HeJ mice are not killed by low doses of LPS and give a poor PFC response to TNP-LPS. Lethality and immunogenicity are dominant responses in hybrids of C3H/HeJ and responder mice. The structural and genetic requirements for the response to TNP-LPS suggest an active role for the carrier in the immunogenicity of this T-independent antigen.


Number of histocompatibility loci in Syrian hamsters. Syrian hamsters descended from animals captured in the summer of 1971 have been utilized to obtain some estimate of the number of histocompatibility loci in this species. The survival of skin grafts on two F2 populations derived from these animals and two isogenic stocks indicates considerably more histocompatibility loci than previously reported.


The immune adherence receptor: dissociation between the expression of erythrocyte and mononuclear cell C3b receptors. Human erythrocytes have a surface receptor for the third component of complement (C3b). This receptor mediates the immune adherence (IA) reaction. In this study, erythrocytes from over 100 normal donors and from donors with rare blood group types were examine for IA reactivity. All donors had red cells with high titer IA activity, with the exception of one Rh null individual whose erythrocytes had barely detectable IA activity. Five other Rh null donors had normal IA titers. Because of the apparent defect in the expression of the red cell C3b receptor in this one individual, the mononuclear cell C3b receptors of this donor were studied and found to be normal. These findings suggest that expression of the erythrocyte C3b receptor may be controlled by factors which differ from those determining expression of the mononuclear cell C3b receptor.


The humoral response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes. I. Genetic control of the response to H and L SRBC. Some strains of mice discriminate between two types of sheep erythrocytes (H or L-SRBC) and others do not. It is proposed that there are shared antigen(s) common to both H and L extra antig(s) present only in H. It shown that individual clones of antibody-forming cells make antibody to either the shared or extra antigens. These antigenic differences are not found to correlate with any of the known  major sheep erythrocyte antigens. The genetic control of the ability to discriminate between these two types of red cell was investigated by an analysis of response of F1, F2 and backcross mice. The results suggest that the response is under multigene control. BL/6 mice give high responses to the extra antigens and low responses to the shared (high discriminator). DBA/2 gives high responses to the extra antigen (nondiscriminator). F1 mice give high responses to both extra and shared antigen but still discriminate between the two types of erythrocytes (low discriminator). Additional phenotypes appear in the F2 and backcross mice.


Effects of migration inhibiting factor(s) on the in vitro detachment of macrophages. Supernatants from spleen cells, derived from mice injected with BCG and cultured with PPD, specificially inhibited the migration of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages when compared with control supernatants. Migration inhibitory supernatants were also shown to decrease the detachment of adherent macrophages in a novel test system. Both macrophage migration and detachment inhibitory activities were abrogated by neuraminidase and chymotrypsin treatment of supernatants but were thermostable, suggesting that the detachment test is a sensitive index of MIF activity.


In vivo effects of cortisone on the B cell line in chickens. The effects of a single dose of cortisone acetate (5 or 10 mg/100 g body weight) on B cells were examined in young chickens. A dose-dependent increase in numbers of circulating B lymphocytes and a change in their Ig-class distribution were followed by parallel increase in splenic plasma cells and serum immunoglobulins. The higher dose of cortisone produced changes in Bmu and Bgamma cells, whereas the lower dose primarily affected Bmu cells. These steroid-induced changes were preceded by lymphocyte depletion in the cortical regions of bursal follicles, and prior bursectomy prevented steroid-induced increases in circulating B lymphocytes and tissue plasma cells. The results suggest that cortisone can induce bursal lymphocytes to migrate from the bursa and to settle subsequently in peripheral lymphoid tissues where they become mature plasma cells.


DNA release as a direct measure of microbial killing. I. Serum bactericidal activity. A new method for quantification of microbial killing is presented, based upon the assumption that release of DNA from an organism can be taken as direct evidence of cell death. The assay was applied to measurement of serum bactericidal activity. A "serum-sensitive" Escherichia coli, whose DNA was pre-labeled with [14C] thymidine, released 95 to 100% of its radioactivity upon exposure to human serum for 120 min. This was accompanied by a fall in viability with less than 0.1% of the bacteria surviving. Heating serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min completely abolished both DNA release and killing. Normal serum did not release DNA from a "serum-resistant". Salmonella typhimurium whereas exposure to ampicillin caused both significant killing and DNA release. This assay is highly specific, sensitive, and rapid.


Effect on tolerance induction of the mode of attachment of the hapten the carrier. In this study we have investigated the role played by the mode of attachment of the hapten on autologous IgG in the induction of carrier-determined tolerance. Three conjugates of the dinitrophenyl hapten and mouse gamma-globulin were prepared: 1) DNP-epsilon-lysine-MGG, 2) DNP-azo-MGG (which binds to histidine and tyrosine), 3) DNP-must-MGG (which binds to the carboxyl groups of glutamic or aspartic acid). DNP was also bound to the immunogenic carrier keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by the three different linkages. The three DNP mouse-gamma-globulin conjugates were used to induce tolerance and immediately thereafter the animals were immunized with  various DNP-KLH conjugates. Antibody response was tested by a modiciation of the Jerne plaque assay. It was found that DNP-epsilon-lysine-MGG induced tolerance to both DNP-epsilon-lysine-KLH and to DNP-azo-KLH. In contrast, neither DNP-azo-MGG nor DNP-must-MGG induced tolerance to DNP-epsilon-lysine-KLH or to DNP-azo-KLH and DNP-must-KLH, respectively. Clearance studies showed no differences in the catabolic rate of the various hapten mouse gamma-globulin conjugates as compared to unconjugated MGG. However, although DNP-must-MGG and DNP-azo-MGG were not tolerogenic, they were immunogenic. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that not only the nature of the carrier but the mode of hapten binding to his carrier are critical for the induction of hapten specific tolerance.


In vitro immunogenicity of trinitrophenylated bacteriophage T4. I. Lack of helper cell cooperation. A primary immune response was obtained in vitro to trinitrophenylated bacteriophate T4 (TNP-T4) by using normal BALB/c spleen cells challenged in vitro. The primary response was limited to anti-TNP; we failed to find evidence of a primary anti-T4 response in spleen cell cultures challenged with either TNP-T4 or native T4. In vivo priming with the carrier T4 failed to enhance the subsequent in vitro response to TNP-T4 although such priming sometimes caused suppression of the anti-hapten response. The addition of excess free carrier to spleen cell cultures challenged with TNP-T4 failed to suppress the anti-tnp response. Spleen cells treated with anti-theta plus complement were unaffected in their ability to respond to TNP-T4. We conclude that TNP-T4 should be classified among the thymus independent antigens.


[Cellular responses to vibration during dental drilling with belt drive motor engine (in vitro) (author's transl)]. There have been many reports on the pulpal reaction caused by vibration during high speed dental drilling with air turbine hand-piece. It is, however, not clear pulpal responses to vibration of low speed drilling with 7 000 rpm of belt drive motor engine which produces a fundamental vibration of about 170 cps having most unpleasant sensation at vestibular apparatus. Here, cellular responses of L strain cells to vibration derived from 7 000 rpm and 15 000 rpm of belt drive motor engine were observed in vitro system. There is no difference between the both cellular responses to the vibration of 7 000 rpm and 15 000 rpm. Suspended free cells were easily influenced and degenerated by the vibration, and remarkably checked in their cell-multiplication. On the contrary, in the cells adhered to the substratum of glassware, no degeneration and no inhibitory effect were observed. And the cells showed reversible response of cytoplasmic shrinkage only.


Inhibition of leukocyte candidacidal activity by serum from patients with disseminated candidiasis. The effect of normal serum and serum for seven patients with disseminated candidiasis (DC) on candidacidal activity of normal human neutrophils (PMNL) was studied. PMNL incubated in DC serum had depressed candiacidal activity when compared to studies with normal serum. The candidacidal defect was not related to differences in particle uptake since phagocytic indices were similar with either normal or DC serum. DC serum did not affect PMNL bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. When Candida albicans (CA) was incubated in either normal or DC sera, washed, and added to PMNL in normal serum, pronounced inhibition of candidacidal activity was seen in all studies with CA previously incubated in DC serum. Dilution of DC serum or absorption of DC serum with heat-killed CA reversed the candidacidal defect. Ultrastructural studies of phagocytized CA demonstrated small ("tight") phagolysosomes and a delay in breakdown of an electron-dense coating on CA previously incubated in DC serum when compared to controls. Inhibition of leukocyte candidacidal activity appeared to be related to high titers of IgG antibodies against CA present in DC serum.


Relation between insulin and glucose flux rates in the dog. A constant infusion isotope dilution procedure for measurement of plasma insulin flux rates was performed in acutely eviscerated dogs receiving an infusion of nonlabeled insulin; the calculated rate of insulin flux corresponded closely to that of the administered rate, thus validating the isotope dilution procedure. Flux rates of insulin and glucose were measured simultaneously at different steady levels in intact dogs. There was a linear relationship between plasma insulin concentration and insulin flux rate. In each animal there was also a linear relationship between glucose flux rate and insulin concentration, and between rates of glucose flux and insulin flux, but there was considerable inter-animal variation in the slope of the regression lines.


The surgical closure of exposed skull.

The surgical closure of exposed skull. The closure of scalp defects is still surrounded by many uncertainties. Free skin graft has proved most successful. Thiersch graft, split skin graft and full thickness skin graft have their indication for use. Thiersch skin graft is used as a temporary dressing, in order to achieve aseptic wound conditions, but cannot be looked upon as a lasting solution cosmetically and functionally. Split skin is used only for the closure of smaller defects. Full thickness skin grafts are most suitable, because they offer a lasting coverage, which meets to all demands. If the outer table of the skull is exposed, multiple bur holes could be placed immediately in cases of fresh injuries, and these facilitate the growth of granulation tissues which nourish the outer table adequately, so that it remains viable. Exposure of the outer table of the skull for a long time leads to necrosis of the superficial layer. It must therefore be removed down to the diploe with a chisel, or brought to early sequestration by means of numerous perforations made with a bur. Skin should not, however, be placed on the exposed diploe immediately, but it should be allowed to granulate, so as to produce a layer of fibrous tissue beneath the grafted full thickness skin. Thus a direct adhesion to the bony underlayer is prevented, and the skin remains movable. The danger of pressure ulcer is also prevented. The figures show the surgical procedure.


Clinical and histological late findings on pedicled skin flaps in the oral cavity. Pedicled skin flaps of 22 patients which had been exposed for many years to the environment of the oral cavity were examined clinically and histologically. The results permit statements to be made on the nature of the changes which occur on the surface, and in the histological picture of the graft. The superficial skin changes, as well as the typical histological structures of the external skin are shown in the micro-photographs presented, to be still preserved after many years.


Post mortem recovery of mandibular osseous graft with cellulose acetate filter. A case report. A surgical procedure was performed to re-establish both aesthetics and functional form to a post partial mandibulectomy patient. A particulate, autogenous osseous graft from the hip was supported by a mandibular tantalum splint lined with a cellulose acetate filter. The patient developed metastatic carcinoma in the donor graft site and lung. The mandibular graft and supporting tissue was removed postmortem and examined histologically. It was observed that normal bone reconstruction was taking place and that union of mandibular bone and graft was evident. Secondary squamous cell carcinoma had invaded the symphysis area of the graft. It is also of interest to note that the tumour was mot able to penetrate those areas where the cellulose acetate filter was present.


Therapeutic uses of permanent pervenous atrial pacemakers: A review. The available techniques for permanent pervenous atrial pacing have been reviewed with particular emphasis on the coronary vein approach. The major therapeutic uses for permanent atrial pacing include sinus node dysfunction, recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and intractable supraventricular tachycardias. Special types of atrial pacing involve the use of bifocal atrioventricular sequential pacing, paired atrial pacing, and rapid atrial pacing generators. The potential problems associated with the coronary vein atrial pacing method are discussed.


Localization of prolactin in rat kidney tissue using a double-antibody technique. A fluorescein-labelled double-antibody technique was used for the microscopical localization of ovine prolactin in kidney tissue of rats previously injected intravenously with 50 i.u. of the hormone at varying intervals before death. Thirty seconds after the injection, the hormone could already be visualized in teh lumina of the proximal tubules. After 2 min, discrete praticulate fluorescence appeared on the brush border of the epithelium of the proximal tubules. Three minutes later prolactin was clearly localized in the apical portion of the cytoplasm of these cells as well as on the brush border. Ten minutes after the injection, the hormone appeared exclusively within the cell, highest concentrations being observed in the perinuclear region. After 20 min, however, the hormone appeared evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. The distributtion of prolactin was in all cases confined to the proximal tubular region of the nephron. The findings support the suggestion that the site of action of prolactin in the kidney is the epithelium of the proximal tubule. As prolactin was first visualized in the lumen of this portion of the nephron, it appers that the hormone gains access to these cells via the glomerular filtrate.


Serum luteininzing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations in immature femal rats treated with multiple injections and various  amounts of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Release of immunoreactive LH and FSH was induced in immature intact female rats by repeated injections of synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH). Altering the dose of LH-RH (5, 10, 20, 50 ng) and the frequency of administration (every 10, 20, 30 or 60 min) over a period of 2 h produced a variety of serum LH and FSH concentrations and ratios. When the dose was a constant 20 ng but the frequency of injections was either 20 or 30 min, a steady state in serum gonadotrophin concentrations was reached within 1 h and the level remained the same during the second hour. When given every 10 min, 20 ng LH-RH produced a much higher concentration of both LH and FSH during the second hour of stimulation. Examination of the gonadotrophin levels after each injection of LH-RH showed that the pituitary response was variable in spite of a constant stimulus.


A new method for the production of experimental diabetes in rabbits. Oral administration of 250 mg hydrochlorothiazide/kg, with previous i.v. injection of 4 i.u. soluble insulin or s.c. injection of protamine-zinc insulin, has been found to produce stable hyperglycaemia in rabbits irrespective of sex. It is thought that insulin helps the selective action of hydrochlorothiazide on the beta cells by removing the protective glucose barrier. Although stimulation of glucagon or some extra-pancreatic mechanism at the initial stage could not be altogether ruled out, the central action of the drug is supported by the finding that the hydrochlorothiazide-induced hyperglycaemia was lowered by the sulphonylurea derivative, chlorpropamide.


Specificity of oxytocin and vasopressin immunofluorescence. A total inhibition of immunofluorescence could not be obtained using the technique of preincubating either anti-vasopressin or anti-oxytocin plasmas with their homologous antigens. An alternative test of specificity was therefore developed. Lysine-vasopressin (LVP), arginine-vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin were covalently bound to CNB-activated agarose beads. These hormone-coupled beads were then either placed immediately on glass slides and treated in the same way as tissue sections for immunofluorescence, or pre-incubated in test-tubes with the antibodies and then prepared for immunofluorescence. Fluorescence was measured quantitatively using a Leitz orthoplan microscope with epi-illumination and a photometer attachment. Without pre-incubation the anti-oxytocin plasmas produced intensive fluorescence on those beads containing their homologous antigen (oxytocin) but only slight fluorescence with the heterologous antigens (AVP or LVP). Anti-vasopressin plasmas produced intensive fluorescence of AVP-, LVP- and oxytocin-containing beads. Because the neurohypophysial hormones were bound to agarose beads, antibodies binding to these hormones could be removed by simple centrifugation. Anti-oxytocin and anti-vasopressin lost their fluorescence capacity after pre-incubation with oxytocin- or vasopressin-containing beads respectively, showing that all the antibodies important for fluorescence were bound to homologous antigens. Pre-incubation of anti-oxytocin or anti-vasopressin with beads coupled to their heterologous hormones completely removed the components binding to the heterologous hormone, leaving antibodies that showed fluorescence only with oxytocin or vasopressin respectively. This purification showed that in contrast to the findings with homologous antigens, not all of the antibody population bound to its heterologous antigen. Using non-purified anti-vasopressin, immunofluorescence was observed in neurohypophyses of homozygous Brattleboro rats. This was evidently due to those antibodies which bind to oxytocin, since the fluorescence was abolished after pre-incubating the antibody-containing plasmas with oxytocin-coupled beads. Immunofluorescence was still observed, however, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of both Wistar and heterozygous Brattleboro rats, if purified anti-vasopressin was used. This was probably due to either vasopressin storage or production in these hypothalamic cells.


[Studies on the origin of various blood cell lines in the salamander Pleurodeles waltlii (author's transl)]. Grafting of haemopoietic organs was performed at several developmental stages between diploid and autotetraploid individuals of Pleurodeles waltlii. The difference in size between diploid and tetraploid cells is so obvious that their identification is possible by direct microscopic examination. To avoid immunological rejection, the grafts have been made with inbred animals. 2. After grafting the spleen, the host cells are observed to colonize it. This phenomenon is more important with spleens from donors at early stages of development. When the spleen from a late larval stage or a metamorphosed animal is transplanted into another larva, the blood of the latter contains 66 or 72% erythrocytes originating from the graft. 3. Embryonic liver grafting is followed by a colonization of all haemopoietic organs by cells originating from the granulopoietic tissue of the graft. The proportion of grafted blood cells is then very high. A liver graft performed at a larval stage gives qualitatively similar results but the numbers of cells originating from the graft are lower. A survey of intra-cardiac erythropoiesis in these animals shows that it develops from stream blood cells and not from cardiac endothelial cells. 4. After thymus graft, the lymphoid part of the organ is replaced by the host cells. 5. From these results, it is suggested that the granulopoietic liver tissue contains one or several kinds of stem cells which could differentiate into all types of blood cells.


Development of mouse-bank vole interspecific chimaeric embryos. One bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) embryo and two mouse embryos were combined at the 8- to 16-blastomere stage and cultured in vitro for 33-47 h. In 66% of cases single regular blastocysts were formed. The chimaeric composition of blastocysts was confirmed karyologically. Out of the 222 blastocysts transplanted to 49 pseudopregnant mouse recipients, a total of 52 implantations were found in 20 recipients. Among the 52 implantations, 14 contained embryos and the remaining were resorptions. The majority of embryos were abnormal and fell into two categories: (1) groups of cells surrounded by Reichert's membrane and lying freely in a cavity filled with giant trophoblastic cells, (2) small and retarded egg-cylinders usually composed of endoderm and ectoderm only, and containing a proamniotic cavity. The ectoplacental cone of these embryos was poorly developed or lacking altogether. Two normal-looking embryos were recovered on the 9th and 10th day (4-somite and ca. 12-somite stage). Chimaerism of the younger embryo was confirmed karyologically. No evidence of chimaerism was available in the case of older embryo which was examined histologically. Thirteen implantations examined between 11th and 17th day contained only resorptions. It is suggested that the main cause of the heavy mortality of chimaeric embryos is the profound difference in the course of embryogenesis of these two species immediately following implantation.


Pathenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes following avertin anaesthesia. Avertin anaesthesia induced mouse eggs to become activated parthenogenetically. An increasing incidence of activation was observed when females were anaesthetized 6-5, 9 and 13 h after ovulation, reaching a maximum of 45.8 percent. In a spontaneously ovulating group approximately 12.5 percent of all the eggs ovulated, or 27.3 percent of all the eggs activated evoked a decidual response, and the presence of implanting embryos was confirmed histologically. These findings demonstrate a new and simple method of inducing post-implantation parthenogenetic development in the mouse, and stress the necessity of taking into account the possible consequences of anaesthesia in the early post-ovulatory period.


Stimulation of murine B lymphocytes by isolated C3b. Addition of isolated B3b to murine lymph node cell cultures induced increased DNA synthesis. The stimulation is dependent on the dose of C3b added and is potentiated by fetal calf serum present in the medium. Isolated C3 is less stimulatory than C3b; C3a and C3c had no effect on DNA synthesis in these cultures. 10-20% large immunoglobulin containing blastlike cells developed in lymph node cell cultures stimulated by 50 mug C3b in the presence of 3% fetal calf serum. The stimulation by C3b was observed in cultures of lymph node and spleen cells of several mouse strains including C3H/HeJ and congenitally thymus-deficient (nu/nu) mice. The results suggest that B lymphocytes are the main target of the stimulatory effect of C3b. Two mechanisms which may be involved in the stimulation of lymphocytes by C3b are discussed: (a) cross-linking of receptors on the cell surface or between cells, and (b) the binding of C3b to receptors of B lymphocytes and the formation of the complement enzyme C3bB. The results are compatible with the suggestion that activation of C3 is part of the events triggering the B lymphocytes.


The Fc receptor on thymus-derived lymphocytes. I. Detection of a subpopulation of murine T lymphocytes bearing the Fc receptor. Utilizing the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and washed murine antibody-antigen complexes formed in antibody excess, we have demonstrated the presence of the Fc receptor on the surface of a distinct subpopulation of murine T lymphocytes. No differences in intensity of labeling with the complexes was observed when the Fc+ T lymphocytes were compared with Fc+ B lymphocytes. The majority of Fc+ T lymphocytes are small lymphocytes determined by light-scattering characteristics on the FACS. Separating Fc+ from Fc- T lymphocytes from spleens of mice primed 1 wk or 1 mo previously with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) revealed that the T cells capable of cooperating with DNP-KLH primed B cells to give an adoptive anti-DNP PFC response do not bear the Fc receptor.


Control of bone resorption by hematopoietic tissue. The induction and reversal of congenital osteopetrosis in mice through use of bone marrow and splenic transplants. The reciprocal transplantation of hematopoietic tissues was carried out on young, lethally irradiated mice of inbred, microphthalmic stock. The cell infusions prepared from the bone marrow or spleen of a normal littermate fully restored capacity to resorb bone and cartilage in the osteopetrotic recipients. Conversely, cell infusions prepared from the spleen of microphthalmic mice induced osteopetrosis in their irradiated, normal littermates. It is concluded that resorption of skeletal matrix is controlled by migratory cells, possibly osteoclastic progenitors, derived from the myelogenous tissues. No evidence was obtained to suggest that skeletal changes observed in the experimental animals were mediated by a graft-vs.-host reaction. The earliest skeletal changes in the experimental mice were detected 2 wk after onset which may represent the length or time required to replace the osteoclast population of the mouse.


Antigen-specific T-cell factor in cell cooperation. Mapping within the I region of the H-2 complex and ability to cooperate across allogeneic barriers. Further mapping of the mouse T-cell factor specific for poly(Try,Glu)-polyD-LAla--polyLys is reported. It is shown to be a product of the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex by the use of antisera either raised specifically against or made specific, by absorption, for different regions of the H-2 complex. The factor cooperates across allogeneic barriers, e.g., when factor produced by one strian is combined with bone marrow cells of other H-2 incompatible strains.


Detection of non-H2 antigen(s) which, like Ia antigens, are associated with the Fc receptor of B lymphocytes. Antibodies contained in an A/J anti-B10 antiserum, when tested on lymphocytes from B10.A mice, were shown to bind to both B and T cells and to inhibit the binding of Ig complexes to the Fc receptors of B lymphocytes. These antibodies could be removed by absorption with B10.D2 lymphocytes. Similar results were obtained with lymphocytes from two to six (B6A)F1 x A/J backcross mice which had H-2a/a genotype. These data indicate that alloantigens determined by at least one non-H-2 locus are associated with or a part of Fc receptors. These antigens may be similar in structure and function to Ia antigens.


Evidence that insect dorsal unpaired medican (DUM) neurons are octopaminergic. The dorsal unpaired median neuron innervating the extensor tibiae (DUMETi) of locusts and grasshoppers, as well as some other DUM neurons, cause long-term inhibition of the slow intrinsic rhythm of contraction of the muscle by releasing a neurohumoral agent. Large, (600 - 1900 A), dense-core vesicles are present in the nerve terminals. The inhibitory action is mimicked by infusioninto the leg of a minute (0.01 ml.) drop of locust saline containing a very low concentration (10(-6)M) of dopamine or noradrenaline, or an extraordinarily low concentration of octopamine (2.5 x 10(-9) M). The amplitude and frequency of the contractions slowly return to normal. Neither the cell body nor the neuron fluoresces with the Falck-Hillarp treatment, even after a period of ligature has caused an accumulation of vesicles. Octopamine does not fluoresce with this treatment. Accordingly, it is suggested that this neuron, and the other efferent DUM neurons, are octopaminergic.?23Author


Synthesis of octopamine by insect dorsal median unpaired neurons. Dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons of locusts and grasshoppers inhibit the instrinsic rhythm of contraction of metathoracic extensor tibia muscle fibers. This physiological action is mimicked by very low concentrations of octopamine and by higher concentrations of dopamine and noradrenaline. We have examined the synthesis of biogenic amines from tritiated tyrosine by these neurons. DUM cell bodies and a peripheral nerve containing the DUM axon which terminates in the extensor tibia both produced octopamine, but neither noradrenaline nor dopamine synthesis was detected. The observations support the suggestion that the dorsal unpaired median neurons are octopaminergic.


Atomic absorption analysis of some trace metals of toxicological interest. A selective and critical review, mainly from 1971 to 1974, of atomic absorption applied to the determination of eight toxic metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, arsenic, bismuth, beryllium, and boron) in blood, urine, and tissue is presented. Discussion involves both flame and flameless atomization, sample preparation, matrix modification, background correction, and contamination. Advantages of other atomic spectrometric techniques and use of recent confirmatory instrumental methods are included. Some normal and toxic levels are mentioned.


Temporary expression of flagellar phase-1 in phase-2 clones of diphasic Salmonella. Diphasic Salmonella strains, Salmonella typhimurium TM2, S. abony SW803 and their derivatives differing in flagellar shape and antigen type, were found to produce copolymer segments of phase-1 and phase-2 flagellins among flagella in phase 2, except for a strain which is non-flagellate in phase 1. The copolymer segments were not detected in phase-1 clones of any of the strains. The wave-forms of the copolymers are homologous with those of the copolymer filaments obtained by in vitro reconstitution of the corresponding phase-1 and phase-2 flagellins. Thus, in the mutant producing normal flagella in phase 1 and straight ones in phase 2, copolymer segments with curly or small waves appear among the straight filaments. Formation of the copolymers was attributed to temporary derepression of the structural gene for phase-1, flagellin, HI, in phase 2. Copolymerization occurred in a fraction of the phase-2 cell population at late exponential and early stationary phase in nutrient broth cultures. When a phase-2 cell was temporarily derepressed, the copolymers formed almost simultaneously in every growing flagellar filament of the cell. Their formation continued for a short period until the supply of phase-1 flagellin was exhausted after re-establishment of repression. This period was estimated to be 7-7 min on average, fluctuating between 4 and 13 min in a cell population of a straight flagellar mutant whose generation time was 55 min in late exponential phase.


Transduction of a Proteus vulgaris strain by a Proteus mirabilis bacteriophage. Only Proteus vulgaris strain PV127 out of many P. vulgaris, P. morganii and Providence strains was transduced to kanamycin resistance by high-frequency transducing variants, 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, of phage 5006M, a general transducing phage for P. mirabilis strain PM5006. The phages adsorbed poorly to strain PV127 and did not form plaques. The transduction frequency of PV127 by these phages was 5 x 10(-8)/p.f.u. adsorbed. Phage 5006M increased the transduction frequencies. Abortive transductants were not detected. Transductants segregated kanamycin-sensitive clones at high frequency and this, together with data from the inactivation of transducing activity of lysates by ultraviolet irradiation, indicated that transduction was by lysogenization. The general transducing property of the phages was not expressed in transductions to auxotrophs of PV127. Transductants (type I) resulting from low multiplicities of phage input adsorbed phage to the same extent as PV127. This suggested a defect in the transducing particles (or host) because single phage 5006M infection converted strain PM5006 to non-adsorption of homologous phage. Type I transductants did not liberate phage, suggesting a defective phage maturation function. Transductants (type II) which arose from higher multiplicities of phage input did not adsorb phage, indicating possible heterogeneity among transducing particles. Phage derived from type II transductants adsorbed poorly to PV127 and transduced it to kanamycin resistance at frequencies similar to those of phages 5006MHFTk and 5006MHFTak, ruling out host-controlled modification as a cause of the low transduction frequencies. This phage transduced PM5006 to antibiotic resistance at high frequencies but generalized transduction was again not detected. It was suggested that general transduction could be performed by particles which, due to a different composition and/or mode of chromosomal integration, made material they carried susceptible to host-cell modification.


Regulation of fructose uptake by glucose in Escherichia coli. A mutant, DAI, has been isolated from the Escherichia coli K12, strain K2. 1t, as a colony resistant to 2-deoxyglucose (DG) when growing on fructose but still sensitive to DG when growing on other sugars. The mutation in DAI specifically affects the catabolite inhibition of fructose utilization by glucose and glucose-6-phosphate; the affected gene (designated cif) is located at min 41 on the E. coli linkage map and is highly co-transducible with the genes that specify the uptake of fructose (ptsF) and enzymic conversion of fructose-1-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (fpk).


2'-Deoxyadenosine and A23187 as agents for inducing synchrony in the budding yeast, Kluyveromyces fragilis. The effects of induction synchrony by 2'-deoxyadenosine and the ionophore A23187 were compared with selection synchrony methods in Kluyveromyces fragilis. 2'-Deoxyadenosine synchronizes nuclear division and this is followed by synchronous cell division, but DNA synthesis is not synchronized. The ionophore A23187 also induces synchronous nuclear division and synchronous cell division, but likewise does not synchronize DNA synthesis.


Human figure drawings in a prospective study of six disorders: hypertension, coronary heart disease, malignant tumor, suicide, mental illness, and emotional disturbance. To test the hypothesis that human figures drawn by young adults are potential predictors of future disease states, drawings of 204 former medical students were examined 13 to 23 years later. During the interval, the 102 subjects in the experimental group developed one of six specified disorders, while the 102 subjects in the control groups remained in good health. Drawings were classified in eight categories based primarily on the stance of the figure. Categories of drawings found to be distinctive for the various groups are: healthy control groups: the neutral or uncommitted attitude; hypertension/coronary group: the inviting or input-demanding attitude; malignant tumor group: the attitude of ambivalence or conflict; suicide/mental illness group: the self-related or withdrawal attitude; emotional disturbance group: incomplete figures, bizarre figures, action scenes. Thus the evidence suggests that the stance of the figure drawing reflects the subject's attitude toward the outside world. When the category profiles of groups are compared, the following differences are found at levels of statistical significance: the total experimental group is different from the total control group; the somatic subset, "Body Takes the Rap" is different from the psychological subset, "Psyche Takes the Rap"; and the hypertension/coronary group, malignant tumor group, and emotional disturbance group are different from their specific control groups. It is concluded that human figure drawings by this population have predictive potential for certain future disease states, and that there are psychological precursors of somatic disease.


Electroconvulsive therapy and memory.

Electroconvulsive therapy and memory. Recent research on the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on memory is critically reviewed. Despite some inconsistent findings, unilateral nondominant ECT appears to affect verbal memory less than bilateral ECT. Adequate research on multiple monitored ECT is lacking. With few exceptions, the research methodologies for assessing memory have been inadequate. Many studies have confounded learning with retention, and only very recently has long term memory been adequately studied. Standardized assessment procedures for short term and long term memory are needed, in addition to more sophisticated assessment of memory processes, the duration of memory loss, and qualitative aspects of memories.


Lithium in treatment failures.

Lithium in treatment failures. Thirty-five patients with chronic and incapacitating mental illness who had not responded to the usual pharmacological and interactional therapies were treated with lithium. None of these patients appeared to be suffering from manic-depressive illness. If a trial of lithium resulted in unexpected improvement, lithium's contribution was assessed by double blind substitution of a placebo followed by lithium in an A-B-A-B design in which the patient served as his own control. Five patients (14 per cent) improved dramatically; in retrospect, four of these five patients suffered from nonremitting forms of manic-depressive illness, and the fifth patient suffered from a severe obsessive compulsive neurosis. Six other chronically hospitalized patients improved to the point of unexpected discharge. A trial of lithium therapy is recommended for the "backward" or intractable patient.


Immunofluorescence of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophypopseal system. The present paper deals with the development of an immunofluorescence procedure that allows specific localization of vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system(hnx) of the rat. Antibodies against arginine vasopressin (AVP), lysine-vasopressin (LVP) and oxytocin were raised by injecting these hormones that were covalently bound to thyroglobulin into rabbits. The vasopressin-immunized rabbits showed periods of diabetes insipidus, while histoloty of the "hns revealed an intact neurosecretory system with signs of increased endogenous hormone synthesis in the supraoptic nucleus and increased release in the neuro-hypophysis of some rabbits. The daily water intake of the oxytocin-immunized rabbits was similar to that of control rabbits. The development of antibodies against vasopressin as measured in the immunofluorescence procedure showed a course that was quite different from the curve of the titer as determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Also the specificity of the antibodies used in the immunofluorescence procedure was found to be quite different from their specificity in a RIA system. Potency and specificity of the antibodies have to be studied therefore within the immunofluorescence procedure itself. Using freshly frozen acetone-postfixed hypotalami or pituitaries, no sharp localization of immunofluorescence could be obtained in the HNS. Therefore prefixation was performed. Both, the type and the duration of prefixation revealed quite different results regarding the immunofluorescence in the neurosecretory cell boides in the hypotalamus and of their endings in the neurohypophysis. The best immunofluorescence results were obtained using 6 hours glyoxal-prefixation for the hypothalamus and 24 hours formalin-prefixation for the pituitary. The cross-reaction of the antibodies for oxytocin or vasopressin was tested on synthetic hormones that were bound to CNBR-activated agarose beads and mounted on glass sides. All anti-plasmas showed cross-reaction on beads containing the heterologou- antigen. The plasmas were purified by incubation with  beads containing the heterologous hormone until the cross-reacting component had been removed. Using purified antibodies, the distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin cells within the HNS was investigated. More oxytocin containing cells were localized in the rostral part and more vasopressin in the caudal part of both, the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Comparable percentages of oxytocin and vasopressin containing cells were found in the SON and PVN. The absolute amount of oxytocin containing cells was 2.5 times more in the SON than in the PVN, which seems to contradict the "classical" view that the PVN predominantly or entirely synthetizes oxytocin. In addition, fluorescence was found using antobodies against vasopressin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in Wistar rats and heterozygous Brattleboro rats, but not in this nucleus of homozygous Brattleboros.


Functional imaging of intrarenal blood flow using scintillation camera and computer. In order to obtain spatial distribution of an index for regional blood flow at each element on a scintigraphic image of the kidney, we attempted the construction of the so-called functional image. After injecting a single bolus of 133Xe into a renal artery by means of a catheter, this objective was accomplished using digital computer processing for a sequence of scintillation camera recordings of the following washout process from the kidney. This is expressed in a form of matrix of disappearance rate constant. Calculation for the rate constant, the flow index of the functional image, was done using either the least squares (LS) method or height-over-area (H/A) method. Although the former method was considered to be theoretically suitable without undue participation of background activities, the latter was preferred because of stable results for image construction. On reviewing the functional image thus obtained from 22 patients representing a variety of renal diseases, the H/A gave specific information concerning regional distribution of the perfusion integrity mainly related to the cortical part of the kidney. This is often difficult to accomplish utilizing the conventional method of compartmental analysis of the xenon washout curve or selective renal angiography.


Head and brain scan findings in rhinocerebral mucormycosis: case report. Brain and bone scan findings in two patients suffering from rhinocerebral mucormycosis following kidney transplantation are presented. Two patients who had had kidney transplants and were sustained for over a month on immunosuppressive drugs developed a rare type of opportunistic infection--mucormycosis. They were examined in various stages of their disease. Special attention was paid to the scintillagraphic findings.


Lumbar myelography with meglumine iocarmate and metrizamide. Metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X), which at present are the contrast media for myelography best tolerated by central nervous system, were compared in a double-blind test comprising a total of 86 patients, all with symptoms of lumbar or sacral root involvement. Symptoms appearing were recorded using a standard interview formula 24 hoaurs after myelography. EEG, routine laboratory analyses of CSF and neurologic examinations were also made. In some cases CSF paper electrophoresis, CSF pressure recordings and determination of CSF iodine content were obtained.


Encasement of the spleen: case report.

Encasement of the spleen: case report. In a patient with extensive reticulum cell sarcoma involving the abdomen and thorax, encasement of the spleen was demonstrated by scintillation imaging. The features of this observation, not previously reported, and its diagnostic significance are discussed.


Temporomandibular joint ankylosis: review of the literature and report of two cases of bilateral involvement. The factors predisposing to ankylosis and the probable pathogenesis are discussed, as treatment, both past and present. Arthroplasty with Silastic interposition is presented as an acceptable means of managing ankylosis, as shown in two case reports. The ultimate postoperative result is dependent on surgical timing, surgical technique, and attention to postsurgical physiotherapy.


Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections and exanthems. A review of the medical literature and two case reports of M. pneumoniae infections with exanthems are presented. Erythematous maculopapular and vesicular exanthems were most common. The duration of rash was more than seven days in the majority of instances, and most patients had associated pneumonia. A striking difference in prevalence and clinical symptomatology by sex was noted; 16 of 20 patients analyzed were males, and they frequently dad severe mucocutaneous syndromes. In contrast, severe conjunctivitis, generalized ulcerative stomatitis, and vesicular or bullous exanthems were not seen in females. Clinicians should suspect infection with M. pneumoniae in patients with exanthem and pneumonia, although other etiologic possibilities should also be considered.


Nonimmune rosette formation: a measure of the newborn infant's cellular immune response. Nonimmune rosette formation, an in vitro measure of cellular immunity, was evaluated in normal newborn infants. Active rosette formation in 14 specimens of cord blood was 18.9 +/- 4.8% compared to 28.1 +/- 5.2% in 15 adult control samples (p less than 0.05). Total rosette formation in 13 cord blood samples was 33.3 +/- 7.6% compared to 55.1 +/- 6.5% in 15 adult control specimens (p less than 0.05). Tritiated thymidine uptake from phytohemagglutinin stimulation was comparable in cord blood and adult control lymphocytes. The importance of these findings is discussed in light of other recent reports suggesting that cord blood thymic derived T lymphocytes may have reduced immune capability when compared to adult lymphocytes.


The effect of an insoluble foreign body in the pathogenesis of early periodontal disease in the Syrian hamster. The effect of adding 15% talc to either a standard periodontal disease-producing diet (Diet 2000) or a laboratory chow (Purina) was studied in the Syrian golden hamster. The additive was found to reduce the amount of periodontal disease with Diet 2000 and also change the characteristics of the plaque. The addition of talc to laboratory chow increased the severity of normally occurring periodontal disease, although not to the level of Diet 2000.


The importance of the Hanau formula in construction of complete dentures. The casts of five patients whose kinematic mandibular axes had been previously located and tatooed on the face were mounted on six articulators (two of Denar D4-A, two of Whip-Mix, and two of Hanau model 130-28). The horizontal and lateral condylar guidances of all articulators were adjusted by using 15 interocclusal records (five protrusive and 10 right and left lateral) made in cold-curing acrylic resin. The adjustments for each articulator were repeated 20 times within five days. The lateral condylar guidances as adjusted by the interocclusal records were compared with those established by Hanau's formula. A significant difference in the means of the condylar readings occurred when the Hanau articulator was adjusted with a lateral interocclusal record and the Hanau formula. The range of means of lateral condylar guidances of Hanau articulators using the Hanau formula was small. This small possibility of variation in the lateral condylar guidance would suggest the use of lateral interocclusal records when precise restorative procedures are necessary. The Hanau formula is the only formula available at this time to determine the average lateral condylar guidance as related to the horizontal condylar guidance.


Guiding planes in clasp reciprocation and retention. Answers to two questions were sought: Is there a proper length for a guide plane and does the relationship of the guide plane to the undercut enhance retention? The cylindrical sleeve makes it possible to measure suprabulge contours in relationship to undercuts, thus establishing the "action distance" of the retentive arm. The reciprocating distance traveled by the reciprocal part of the clasp must be equal to the action distance: action distance = reciprocation distance = length of guide plane. Three sets of ivorine teeth were used with cast clasps with a connector and with a single clasp to test this concept of intrinsic retention--"intrinsic retention" being a guide plane opposed by an undercut at 180 degrees.


Physical and mechanical properties of nystatin-containing denture liners. The mechanical and physical effects of the presence of nystatin in three denture liners were investigated. In general, the modified materials were softer, showed greater strain, and demonstrated permanent set under compression for the duration of the tests. However, the degree of change in properties appeared unlikely to lead to reduced clinical performance. The most significant change was a great increase in the equilibrium capacity for water in the case of the modified liners. This may enhance the pharmacologic effectiveness of these liners by encouraging the release of nystatin at the tissue surface. Bacteriologic and clinical studies continue to investigate the possibility that modified semipermanent liners (Coe-Supersoft) may reduce the recurrence of denture stomatitis.


Marginal penetration of composite resin restorations as indicated by a tracer dye. There was no evidence of marginal penetration of a tracer dye around Class V preparations lined with a BIS-GMA sealant, filled with Nuva-fil (a composite restorative material), and covered with the sealant. In the control group, 72 per cent of the Adaptic restorations showed varying degrees of marginal penetration.


A direct technique for fabrication of posts and cores. A barbed broach covered by cotton fibers is used as a matrix to carry blue inlay wax into the canal prepared for a post. This simple, direct technique of post fabrication lends itself to various clinical situations. The technique requires no special armamentarium.


Matches, clips, needles, or pins.

Matches, clips, needles, or pins. Several methods for positioning dowel pins used in the fabrication of removable dies have been presented. Needles, pins, paper clips, hairpins, and matches are all useful in positioning dowel pins in the impression. The use of paper matches is a simple and effective method for holding the dowel pin in the proper relation while the die stone portion of the cast is being poured.


Metabolic management of the horse with an acute abdominal crisis. The horse with an abdominal crisis caused by acute gastro-intestinal tract obstruction develops hypovolaemia, haemoconcentration, electrolyte depletion, metabolic acidosis and shock. During preparation for operation, treatment with fluids, antibiotics and bicarbonate will impede metabolic imbalance. Stomach decompression may slow the passage of sodium, water and potassium to the gut lumen, reduce pain and minimize the risk of stomach rupture. Selected laboratory determinations and the monitoring of arterial and venous pressures will provide a measure of security, and serve as a guide to replacement therapy. In the post-surgical period, vigilance must be directed towards potassium and bicarbonate imbalance and adequate hydration.


[A new era in neuroradiology. Computerised axial transverse tomography-C.A.T.T. (Emi-Scanner) and its applications (author's transl)]. With an adequate follow-up, the authors report their experience with computerised axial transverse tomography (Emi-Scanner) after its use in 500 cases. A description of the method is followed by an account of the material used in this study. They mention the safety of C.A.T.T. and the profound change which this new technique has brought about in the chronology of neuroradiological investigations. The applications of C.A.T.T. are defined in relation to conventional neuroradiological investigations. In traumatic, degenerative, infective, neoplastic and vascular disorders, as well as epilepsy, C.A.T.T. makes possible visualisation of the lesion in the majority of cases. Having dealt with each of these indications, the authors illustrate the typical appearances seen at C.A.T.T. by significant examples. C.A.T.T. reduces the proportion of angiographic and encephalographic examinations. This tendency will become even more marked with the advent of technical development which improve the power of resolution of C.A.T.T.


Digestive physiology of the horse.

Digestive physiology of the horse. Recent studies on the digestive physiology of the horse are reviewed. It was suggested that the small intestine is the primary site of digestion and absorption of protein, soluble carbohydrates, most minerals, fats, fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. The large intestine is the primary site of fibre digestion and net water absorption. Significant amounts of phosphorus are also absorbed from the large intestine. Many factors such as rate of passage, processing of feeds, level of intake, work and maturity of plant may influence digestive ability.


[Error introduced in the radiocardiographic measurement of right volume by the non linearity of the detector in high count rates (author's transl)]. The short life tracers permit the use of high activities and so allow to follow with a good statistic accuracy fast phenomenons such as the different phases of cardiac revolution. However, this advantage may be quickly limited by the dead-time of the detection unit used. It results from this, in high activities, a non linear response which introduces non negligible errors which we have calculated and verifies thanks to experience in the measurement of right ventricular volumes.


Intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by horses. Recent knowledge regarding the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine of the horse has been reviewed. Consideration has been given to sites, mechanisms and factors affecting absorption as well as to the availability of calcium and phosphorus from feedstuffs commonly used in Eastern North America. Although the anatomy of the digestive tract might appear to impose restrictions on the ability of the horse to assimilate minerals, studies of absorption show that the horse utilizes the calcium and phosphorus of many feeds very efficiently.


Carbohydrate digestion and absorption in the equine small intestine. Dietary carbohydrates, which constitute a most important source of equine nutrition, are digested and absorbed by a series of complex processes principally in the small intestine, beginning with intraluminal starch hydrolysis by the action of pancreatic amylase. The continuous secretion of a copious volume of pancreatic juice, low in enzyme activity, presumably releases sufficient oligosaccharides for further hydrolysis at the intestinal cell surface by brush border enzymes. Active carrier mediated mechanisms then transport the final hexose products across the intestinal cell for uptake in the hepatic portal system. Brush border disaccharidase activities in the equine small intestine are of the same order of magnitude, and have a similar distribution pattern, to those reported in omnivorous and carnivorous species. The disaccharidase development patterns are characteristic and reflect the ability of the horse to digest the major nutrient sources adequately at various stages of life. The efficiency of the mucosal disaccharidases and the monosaccharide transport systems in the equine small intestine have been established by a series of oral disaccharide and monosaccharide tolerance tests. Horses older than three years of age are unable to hydrolyse lactose, but young and adult horses are fully capable of rapidly hydrolysing sucrose and maltose loads. Several tests have clinical application for assessing small intestinal dysfunction in the investigation of diarrhoea and malabsorption. The deficient digestion or absorption of carbohydrate, whether primary or secondary, can almost always be localized to a defect in the enzymic or transport capacity of the small intestinal surface cell. The continued ingestion of lactose could be detrimental in severely diarrhoeic foals.


Histological development of the thymic and intestinal lymphoid tissue of the horse. The basic components of the immune system, and the defence mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract, are briefly reviewed. Histological studies in 84 equine foetuses showed that lymphoid cells begin populating the thymic primordium at 11-12 weeks, the mesenteric lymph nodes at 13 weeks, the spleen at 25 weeks and the intestinal lamina propria at 13-14 weeks' gestation. Lymphocytes were seen in the intestinal epithelium very early in gestation. Histological signs of response to antigenic stimulation were seen in five foetuses, indicating that the horse is likely to be capable of mounting an immune response in utero. The changing status of the foal as it becomes fully immunocompetent is discussed.


Antimalarials. 7.2,8-Bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanols. Based on the high antilalarial activity of alpha-(2-piperidyl)-2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanol, ten additional 2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-quinolinemethanols were prepared in which the amino alcohol side chain was structurally varied. Synthesis of the compounds is described and antimalarial activity data against Plasmodium berghei are presented and discussed in terms of the structure variations.


Growth inhibitory properties of aromatic alpha-ketoaldehydes toward bacteria and yeast. Comparison of inhibition and glyoxalase I activity. The alpha-ketoaldehydes methylglyoxal and substituted phenylglyoxals are similar in their abilities to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and yeast. When logarithmically growing cells are added to media containing 0.3-1 mM alpha-ketoaldehyde, growth stops for several hours, after which normal growth resumes. The period of growth inhibition does not appear to show any correlation with the ability of glyoxalase I to detoxify these alpha-ketoaldehydes. E. coli and yeast glyoxalase I show markedly different substrate specificities. For example, although both enzymes show broad specificity for both aliphatic and aromatic alpha-ketoaldehydes, 2,4,6-trimethylphenylglyoxal is a substrate for the E. coli enzyme but not for the yeast enzyme. Nevertheless, this alpha-ketoaldehyde inhibits the growth of both E. coli and yeast, similar to the other alpha-ketoaldehydes. Enzymes other than glyoxalase I must play a major role in the metabolism of these alpha-ketoaldehydes during the period of growth inhibition.


Congenital vertebral anomalies: aetiology and relationship to spina bifida cystica. A family survey of 337 patients with congenital vertebral anomalies has been carried out from the Scoliosis Clinics of Edinburgh and the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, London. From genetic and epidemiological evidence it is clear that multiple vertebral anomalies (without apparent spina bifida) are aetiologically related to anencephaly and spina bifida cystics, carrying a 5-10% risk to subsequent sibs for any one of these defects. The implications for prenatal diagnosis are discussed. Solitary hemivertebrae and localized anterior defects of the vertebral bodies causing kyphoscoliosis are sporadic (non-familial) in nature, carrying no risk to subsequent sibs.


Adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to pig intestinal brush borders: the existence of two pig phenotypes. An in-vitro test that demonstrates adhesion of K88-positive Escherichia coli to brush borders prepared from the small intestine of the pig is described. K88-positive E. coli adhered to the brush borders from some pigs ("positive" pigs) but not others ("negative" pigs). The sires of the pigs tested could be placed into two groups, namely, those that sired only "positive" piglets, and those that sired a mixture of "positive" and "negative" piglets. The incidence of the two phenotypes in litters indicated that "positive" and "negative" piglets arose as a result of simple Mendelian inheritance. It is suggested that "negative" pigs could be bred and that they might have a natural resistance to neonatal infection with K88-positive E. coli.


A method for determining the utilisation of glucose by mycoplasmas. A technique for measuring glucose utilisation by mycoplasmas, in which the disappearance of glucose is monitored by the glucose-oxidase method, is proposed as an alternative to the pH method. For maximum reliability the number of organisms in the test suspension must exceed a critical minimum value. Differences in efficiency of glucose utilisation were demonstrated between species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma.


Clinical trials with mebendazole a new broad spectrum anthelmintic. This paper presents our experience with mebendazole, a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, in 91 cases with ascariasis, 71 cases with necatoriasis 54 cases with trichuriasis and 10 cases with T. saginata infection. Various dosage schedules were evaluated. In ascariasis, a single dose of 200 mg was effective in totally clearing the infection in 100 per cent cases. In necatoriasis 200 mg twice daily for four days was found to be the most effective dose. With this dose total eradication of the infection was seen in 92 per cent cases. In trichuriasis, 200 mg twice daily for four days totally eradicated the infection in 90 per cent cases. In T. saginata infection, the drug was totally ineffective. The anthelminitic activity of the drug was demonstrated by the recovery of roundworms, hookworms and whipworms from the stools. The drug was well tolerated. No side effects or toxic effects were seen in any of the cases.


Omental cyst associated with mesenteric tuberculosis. A case of omental cyst associated with tuberculosis in a 12 year old Nigerian girl is presented. It is suggested that the omental cyst is lymphogenous in origin and that spread of tuberculosis led to a rapid increase in its size. A brief review of the features of omental cysts is also included.


Fate of MS2 proteins synthesized in Escherichia coli exposed to amino acid analogues. Incorporation of an analoque into MS2 coded proteins prevents the maturation of phages. In addition, there is an alteration in the relative amount of coat protein to replicase protein synthesized, which supports the hypothesis that normal coat protein serves a physiological role as a translation repressor. Further, abnormal proteins, synthesized from the phage genome, are degraded, presumably by a host catabolic system, more rapidly than the normal gene products.


Degradation of the viral strand of phiX174 parental replicative-form DNA in a rep- host. A progressive degradation of the parental viral strand label is observed upon infection of a Rep- mutant of Escherichia coli by 32P-labeled phiX174. Very little parental label remains in the RF (replicative form) by 47 min after infection. Concomitant with this degradation, replicative intermediates are formed which sediment at 21s, the rate of RF I (supercoiled-closed circular DNA), in a neutral sucrose gradient but which denature and sediment in alkaline gradients as single strands of unit size and larger. These denaturable 21s replicative intermediates have been shown previously to be RF molecules containing an elongated viral strand. Addition of chloramphenicol at 7 min after infection at 30 mug/ml, a concentration sufficient to block RF leads to SS (single strand) synthesis but not RF leads to RF synthesis in a wild-type host cell, reduced the amount of viral strand elongation but did not prevent viral strand degradation. The addition of chloramphenicol at 150 mug/ml at 7 min after infection totally prevents both the degradation of the parental label and the formation of the replicative intermediates with elongated tails. We infer that degradation of the viral strand requires the gene A-mediated nicking of the viral strand but not the concomitant elongation of the viral strand.


Characterization of transduction by bacteriophage T1: time of production and density of transducing particles. The transducing activity of two different kinds of premature lysates of T1-infected cells have been compared to normal lysates. The results show that T1-transducing particles are made early in the maturation period. The average density of T1-transducing particles is slightly greater than the density of plaque-forming T1.


Phospholipase activity in bacteriophage-infected Escherichia coli. III. Phopholipase A involvement in lysis of T4-infected cells. Bacteriophage studies with Escherichia coli K-12 (gamma)DR-DS-, a mutant lacking the major known fatty acyl hydrolases (phospholipases), and its wild-type parent showed equivalent phage infection with regard to phage production and time of phage release. Further examination of the DR-DS- mutant, however, revealed that the progeny bacteriophage were released without complete dissolution of the host cell. Prolonged cell integrity of the infected mutant was noted by spectrophotometry and supported by direct microscope examination. The phage release occurred at normal "lysis" time with phage yields comparable to that of the wild-type bacteria. Inner membrane degradation was indicated by the release of beta-galactosidase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, and of trichloracetic acid-precipitable RNA. Thus, outer membrane degradation is required for dissolution of phage-infected cells, and this degradation is at least partly dependent on activation of host phospholipases.


Spontaneous reversion of FTA-ABS test reactions. In a series of 56 clinically healthy persons with no history of syphilis and negative VDRL tests but reactive fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests, 20 spontaneously developed nonreactive FTA-ABS tests in a period of eight months or less. All but one of these had been of 2+ or less fluorescence. In such a situation, the serologic tests for syphilis (VDRL and FTA-ABS tests) should be repeated at intervals for up to a year before coming to a decision regarding the diagnosis of syphilis. Laboratories could facilitate that decision by reporting degrees of fluorescence of the FTA-ABS test.


Observations on nonconverting phage, c-n71, obtained from a nontoxigenic strain of Clostridium botulinum type C. A nontoxigenic mutant (C-N71) obtained from a toxigenic strain of Clostridium botulinum type C, Stockholm, with nitrosoguanidine treatment was found to be lysogenic by the lysis test. Although the filtrate of a passaged lysate of this nontoxigenic but lysogenic strain, C-N71, lysed cells of the nontoxigenic strain C-AO2 equally as well as the converting phage c-st obtained from the strain C-Stockholm, it did not convert C-AO2 to the toxigenic state. The lysis spectrum of this filtrate was the same as that of the c-st phage. The ability of the filtrate to lyse the indicator cells, C-AO2, was destroyed neither by trypsin nor DNase but was inactivated by heat treatment at 80 C for 10 min. This suggested that the agent which caused lysis was not boticin but probably a phage. An electron micrograph of the complete phage, c-n71, which was similar in morphology to that of the c-st phage was obtained from the filtrate of strain C-N71. Anti-c-n71 phage rabbit serum neutralized both the lytic and the converting activities of the c-st phage. These findings strongly suggest that the c-n71 phage is a mutant of the c-st phage which lacks the gene controlling production of botulinum type C toxin.


An amber suppressor of Escherichia coli strain KO1. The suppression characteristics of Escherichia coli strain KO1 have been investigated. The growth patterns of nonsense mutants of RNA (GA and f2) and DNA (lambda and T4) phages suggested that KO1 carried an amber, but not ochre or opal suppressors. The comparison of KO1 with previously identified amber suppressors indicated that KO1 differed from su1, su3 and su6 in its suppression pattern. KO1 and su2 shared some properties in common, for instance, their ability to suppress GA amber mutants with one exception (amN20) and the restriction of suppression capacity by the strr mutation. However, the suppression efficiency of KO1 (48%) was about three times that of su2 (18%). A possibility that KO1 contained a new amber suppressor is discussed.


Amoxycillin and ampicillin. A comparative study of in vitro sensitivity and induced morphological alterations in Serratia marcescens. In vitro antibacterial activities of ampicillin and amoxycillin were compared against pigmented and non-pigmented strains of Serratia marcescens. Ampicillin appeared more effective than amoxycillin; three-fourths of all strains consistently exhibited an ampicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of at least one tube less than that recorded for amoxycillin. Complete cross resistance was not observed as has previously been inferred. Further, greater bactericidal activity was demonstrated with ampicillin; minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were either the same as or one tube greater than the MIC. MBC's for amoxycillin, however, were significantly higher; often four to five times greater than the MIC. Ampicillin exhibited greater bactericidal activity as inferred from differences observed in the biological lesions induced, as recorded through observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spheroplasts were the predominant morphological alteration induced by ampicillin. In contrast, only filament formation, which demonstrated a degree of reversibility, was induced by amoxycillin.


[Malaria in children, with special reference to cerebral malaria (author's transl)]. Those who live in areas where Malaria is endemic, acquire immunity by continuous contact. This immunity cannot be acquired during a short holiday. Children in endemic areas acquire a more severe form of malaria during the period of developing immunity and more often suffer complications like acute hemolytic anemia and, in the case of plasmodium falciparum infection, cerebral malaria. This is a report of 39 cases of cerebral malaria which corresponds to an acute encephslopathy with high temperatures, generalized tonic-clonic spasms and unconsciousness. All children were between 6 months and 5 years old. Cerebral malaria at higher ages is rarely seen in Malawi. But its frequency depends on the intensity of endemic infection and the geographic distribution of the types of malaria. 11 (29%) of the 39 children died. Treatment was with chloroquine against which there was no resistance in East Africa for falciparum infections and with plasmaexpanders. In 1 case permanent neurologic changes a spastic cerebral paresis, were seen. Unconsciousness lasting more than 36 hours appears to be a bad prognostic sign. The CSF is clear and normal except for an occasional rise in protein never higher than 90 mg%.


[Supportive care in bone marrow failure. Technical, immunological and clinical advances]. Supportive care with blood component transfusions has greatly improved prognosis in patients with bone marrow failure. This progress has made possible by newly developed techniques for separation of blood cells and by a better understanding of the antigenicity of human blood cells and of immunologic reactions following their transfusion. Transfusion of white cell and platelet-poor red cell preparations prevent alloimmunization to leukocyte and platelet-bound alloantigens, or non-hemolytic transfusion reactions in already alloimmunized patients. Alloimmunization can be circumvened and effective long-term platelet support to thrombocytopenic patients can be provided by matching donor and recipient for HL-A antigens. The place of granulocyte transfusion in clinical therapy has yet to be defined, although their usefulness in infected granulocytopenic patients is suggested by the few studies reported so far.


Investigations on pituitary and Leydig cell function in chronic hemodialysis and after renal transplantation. The hypothalamus-pituitary-Leydig cell axis was investigated in 20 male patients undergoing intermittent hemodialysis and in 21 male patients following renal transplantation compared to normal controls. Plasma testosterone as well as luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were determined by radioimmunoassay under basal conditions and after stimulation with choriongonadotropic hormone and hypothalamus releasing hormone respectively. Suppressed Leydig cell function has been demonstrated in dialysed patients as well as in patients after renal transplantation. The Leydig cell insufficiency is more pronounced in the hemodialysed patients. None of these showed testosterone levels in the normal range. They are different in various dialysis schedules. In contrast Leydig cell function is much better in patients after renal transplantation compared to those undergoing intermittent hemodialysis. But even after renal transplantation a diminished Leydig cell function takes place. The degree of Leydig cell insufficiency however varies individually. In a few cases Leydig cell function is restored completely after transplantation. It remains uncertain whether the duration of the posttransplantation period or the function of the graft effects Leydig cell function. Anterior lobe insufficiency has been excluded since plasma concentrations of gonadotropins were slightly elevated before and after LH-RH stimulation as compared to normals.


Mechanisms by which tumors avoid destruction by the immune system BCG-catalyzed increase in IgG and IgA blocking activity of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The immunoglobulin IgM fraction from the serum of one week sarcoma-bearing BALB/c mice increased, the IgG and IgA fractions from the same animal had no effect on the lymphocytemediated cytotoxic release of 51Cr from 51Cr-labelled sarcoma cells. These latter two immunoglobulin fractions from serum of 14 Days, or more, sarcoma-bearing mice inhibited the lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity. The IgA, IgG or IgM fractions from mice inoculated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) had no effect, but if these same animals were inoculated with viable sarcoma cells (10(2) to 10(6) cells per mouse) IgG and IgA fractions inhibited the lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic activity. The magnitude of inhibition was greatest with sera or IgG from tumor-bearing BCG-treated animals.


The role of the spleen and immunity in the metastatic pattern of a murine reticulum cell sarcoma. A reticulum cell sarcoma (RCS) which initially metastasizes selectively to the spleen in C3H/HeN mice has been studied. Previous reports indicated that removal of the spleen results in widespread metastases of this tumor. The current experiments utilized a parabiotic system to determine the effect of additional splenic tissue on the gross and microscopic metastatic pattern of this RCS. The results were that the addition of a second spleen in the parabiotic group was followed by a significant decrease in visceral metastases compared with the splenectomized group. Parabiotic animals with splenectomized partners and sham-operated animals did not significantly differ from control (single) animals, with all three of these groups showing visceral metastatic spread intermediate between the parabiotic and splenectomized groups. The protective effect of additional spleen against visceral metastases was found not to be immunologic, since immunosuppression of mice by irradiation produced a metastatic pattern similar to that of control animals.


Treatment of disseminated cancer by intravenous hydroxyurea and autogenous bone-marrow transplants: experience with 35 patients. Massive doses of hydroxyurea (Hydrea) were given to 35 patients suffering from different cancers. Protection to the hematopoietic system was obtained by autogenous marrow transfusions. The clinical response obtained was not considered superior to the results obtained by administering the drug orally over a prolonged period. The described technique is safe and relatively atraumatic, and it may be advisable to administer a large priming dose by this technique to be followed by smaller maintenance doses of a given anticancer chemotherapeutic agent.


Offsetting toxicity of antineoplastic agents. PCO, a yeast extract, offsets at least in part the mitotic inhibitory effect of methotrexate and fluorouracil on bone marrow cells in vitro but increases the antimitotic activity of the drugs on ascites Krebs-2 carcinoma under similar conditions. In vivo, PCO enhances the action of methotrexate against the L-1210 lymphoid leukemia and does not interfere with the effectiveness of fluorouracil against the ascites Krebs-2 tumor.


A clinical trial of CCNU (1-(2 chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea) (NSC 79037) in advanced ovarian carcinoma. CCNU is a useful drug in treating advanced ovarian carcinoma. Of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma 37% responded favorably to CCNU. Thrombocytopenia was the primary toxic reaction. Clinical trials are in progress to compare the relative effectiveness, the degree of cross-resistance, and the difference in toxicity between CCNU and alkylating agents.


A predictive test for the selection of cancer chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of human cancer. The use of animals for the screening of chemotherapeutic agents effective against cancer is not always satisfactory. In addition to the problems of cost, space, and care, the results obtained by animal screening do not always parallel those obtained by the clinical use of the agents. With the advent of more refined in vitro technics which can be applied directly to the patient's own tumor tissue, additional information may permit a more critical evaluation of the laboratory findings. The critical index of sensitivity probably lies in the combined evaluation of biochemical analysis and observed morphological damage. From this investigation it would appear that tissue culture of human tumors may serve as a valuable adjunctive method for the screening of chemicals in order to find drugs valuable in the treatment of cancer in man and to serve as a method in the selection of the most effective therapeutic agent for a given tumor in a given patient.


Colorectal cancer--prognostic signs in "local disease". This detailed review of the clincal and pathologic signs which effect the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. The following are reviewed: (1) the degree of cellular anaplasia, (2) local penetration of the bowel wall, (3) lymph-node spread, (4) venous invasion, (5) perineural invasion, (6) obstruction and perforation, and (7) the number of cm the lesion is located from the anal verge.


Acquired ventricular septal defects. Evolution of an operation, surgical technique, and results. The pathology and treatment of 19 patients with acquired ventricular septal defects (VSD's) secondary to myocardial infarction are presented. A new method of repair is described: suturing the free right ventricular wall against the VSD to support the friable septum on the right side in continuity with the patch on the left side of the septum. This removes the force of the left ventricle contraction from the patch and septum to the healthy right ventricle wall. Distal cardiac amputation was also used in several instances. The hospital survival rate was 64 per cent. The late functional and hemodynamic results were excellent.


The incidence of pathogenic yeasts among open-heart surgery patients-the value of prophylaxis. The normal levels of commensal yeasts in patients undergoing open-heart surgery are established and the effect of antifungal prophylaxis is assessed. Mouth swabs and feces were taken for culture from patients on admission to hospital and 1,2, and 3 weeks postoperatively. Eighty-seven patients who received normal treatment and 50 patients who were given oral and topical antifungal prophylaxis commencing 12 days before hospitalization were studied. Yeast pathogens, mainly Candida albicans, were isolated from 42 (48.3 per cent) of the normal group on admission. There was a marked increase in the incidence and quantities of yeasts isolated from patients in the immediate postoperative period. The incidence and levels of yeasts in patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis was considerably reduced both on admission and postoperatively. The risk of Candida sepsis in open-heart surgery patients with high levels of commensal yeasts is discussed and the possibility of routine antifungal prophylaxis raised.


Unusual complication after total correction of transposition of the great arteries. A case report. A patient is described in whom the Mustard operation was carried out with the baffle sutured cephalad to the coronary sinus. This caused severe arterial desaturation which disappeared after the baffle was transposed caudad to the coronary sinus.


Operative stabilization of nonpenetrating chest injuries. Since 1958, a series of 112 patients with severe or moderately severe chest injuries have been treated. An aggressive policy has been adopted toward correcting or preventing major paradoxical chest wall movement by intramedullary pinning of ribs, costal cartilages, and the sternum. Whenever possible, positive-pressure mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy have been avoided. Fifty patients underwent stabilizing operations. The surgical approach was anterolateral in 12 (average 3.3 pins), posterolateral in 35 (average 6.8 pins), and midsternal in 3. Tracheostomy was performed in 8 of these 50 patients. Three died, on the first, third, and twenty-fifth days after injury. The tracheostomy was used only for aspiration of secretions in 3 others and for postoperative intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in 2 others. The duration of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was 14 days and 1 day, respectively, Orotracheal intubation with positive-pressure mechanical ventilation after operation was required for more than a few hours in 3 patients, 1 of whom died. The 2 survivors were ventilated for 1 and 5 days. There was a total of 11 hospital deaths in these 50 cases. However, in 2 patients the severity of the initial injuries was thought to make death inevitable. Three of the patients who died were over 70 years of age. Operative stabilization permits avoidance or reduction in the duration of tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation. Permanent chest wall deformity is lessened or avoided.


Antarctic medicine, 1775-1975. I.

Antarctic medicine, 1775-1975. I. An historical review is made of Antarctic medical practice, which is unique because of the absence of an indigenous population. This review begins with the primitive shipboard practice of doctors accompanying Captain James Cook around 1775 and concludes with the modern era of permanent stations and vast scientific endeavour. The heroic era of Scott, Shackleton, Amundsen and Mawson and the highly mechanized transition period are contrasted with the present day. Medical practice on modern expeditions has reached a high standard, but there is still much to be learned concerning human adaptation. Comment is made on the possible utilization of Antarctica's natural resources bringing increases in polar populations and facilitating the expansion of medical research in the future era of polar medicine.


[Disturbance in the equilibrium between DNA and protein synthesis rates in bacteria and their viability]. The effect of the disturbed correlation between the rates of synthesis of DNA and protein on the viability of bacterial cells was studied with different strain of E. coli K-12. The viability of the cells is determined by their resistance to sharp changes in the rates of synthesis of DNA and protein.


[Biosynthesis of sterols by various yeasts]. Biosynthesis of sterines by yeasts was studied with 112 strains belonging to 9 genera; 77 strains synthesized ergosterine and 15 most active strains were selected, which belonged to the following genera: Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Hanseniaspora, Debaryomyces, Candida, Mechnikowia. Sterine composition was studied in these active strains. The main sterine in all studied strains was ergosterine.


[Physiological and biochemical properties of a Pseudomonas methanolica culture under chemostat cultivation]. The effect of different concentrations of methanol on Pseudomonas methanolica BKM B-1131 was studied. The limitation of growth by methanol in chemostat was found at a concentration of the substrate below 0.1--0.23 per cent; higher concentrations resulted in the appearance of residual methanol in the medium and in a decrease of the economic coefficient. A declining chemostat curve has been obtained when the growth was limited by a deficiency of methanol. If the growth rate increased, the content of RNA remained the same, the content of protein decreased from 50 to 39 per cent, and the content of POBA increased. Changes in the specific activity of some key enzymes of the Krebs and Embden-Meyerhof cycles and of methanol dehydrogenase suggest an increase in the activity of the Krebs cycle enzymes with the growth rate because at this time the substances between acetate and pyruvate are accumulated which are favourable substrates for the synthesis of POBA.


[Autoselection in Candida utilis yeasts in a chemostat culture]. Long-term continuous cultivation of Candida utilis in the conditions of chemostat, with the growth rate being limited with phosphates, was accompanied by autoselection. The culture obtained had a higher growth rate and differed by some physiological characteristics from the parent culture. The content of intracellular phosphates varied from 1.9 to 0.55% per dry weight, depending on the concentration of phosphates in the growth medium. At the threshold concentration (0.007 g/litre), phosphates were not virtually utilized by the culture. Specific time of transitional processes depends on the value of interfering effect.


[Polyploid hybrids of industrial yeast races and the prospects for using them in production]. The ploidity of the parent forms, hybrids, and two industrial yeast races was studied by determining the content of DNA per cell, the ratios during allel splitting, the dimensions and volumes of the cells. The triploid nature of the baker's race 14--2 and some hybrids was found (for example, the productive hybrid 112 obtained by crossing the distillery and baker's races). The results obtained suggest the possibility to apply the techniques of hybridization and polyploidy for selecting productive yeast strains.