Presence of active polyribosomes in bacterial cells infected with T4 bacteriophage ghosts. Host protein synthesis of Escherichia coli stops abruptly after T4 bacteriophage ghost infection. When infection was carried out in the presence of 10 mM Mg2plus, infected cells still have active polyribosomes despite the complete stoppage of protein synthesis. On the other hand, when T4 ghost infection was carried out in the presence of 1 mM Mg2plus, no polyribosomes were observed and most of the ribosomes were 30S and 50S subunit particles. Subunits obtained from extracts of ghost-infected cells at 1 mM M'G2++ concentration could not be converted to polyribosomes, even when Mg2plus concentration was adjusted to 10 mM after ghost infection. There was very little difference in amino acid incorporation activities between polyribosomes from ghost-infected and uninfected cells. In addition, the activity of 70S ribosomes isolated from uninfected cells was identical to that from cells infected with ghosts at 10 mM Mg2plus.


Resolution of the DNA strands of the specialized transducing bacteriophage lambda-h80C 1-857 dargF. The DNA strands of lambdoid phages with deletions or substitutions of the guanine plus cytosine-rich region in the left arm are not resolvable by complexing with poly UG followed by centrifugation in CsCl. This work describes a completely general procedure for the strand resolution of these phages by hybridization with fragments of separated strands of the parent phage. In particular, resolution of the DNA strands of the specialized transducing phage lambda-h80C1-857dargF is described, and evidence is presented which indicates that argF is transcribed from the r strand.


Ruptured arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Reducing mortality. Mortality in 100 patients undergoing resection of ruptured atherosclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta was 58%. In addition to advanced age and concurrent cardiac disease, lethal factors included preoperative hypotension, cardiac arrest, anuria, and free intra-abdominal rupture. Failure to establish the correct diagnosis until the onset of these four signs contributed to the high mortality.


Interstitial immune complex nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Interstitial immune complex nephritis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Renal tissues from 45 patients with SLE nephritis, 34 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) and 77 patients with minimal glomerular disease (MGD) were studied by light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Interstitial nephritis characterized by focal or diffuse infiltration of inflammatory cells, tubular damage and interstitial fibrosis was observed in 66% of SLE patients. Fluorescein-conjugated antibodies to immunoglobulins or complement or both were bound to peritubular capillaries, interstitium and tubular basement membranes (TBM) in 53% of patients with a granular pattern corresponding to opaque deposits seen by light or electron microscopy or both. Antibodies reactive with thymidine or cytosine or both were bound to interstitial structures in 19% of patients tested and showed the same granular distribution. Interstitial cellular infiltration was rare and deposits of immunoglobulins and complement were rare or absent in IMN and MGD, whereas deposits of DNA products were never observed. The findings are consistent with the interpretation that in patients with SLE nephritis immune deposits, presumably containing DNA-anti-DNA complexes, localize in peritublular capillaries, TBM and interstitum, thereby producing an inflammatory reaction which contributes to development and evolution of renal diseases.


Relationship between pancreatic lesions and serum glucose values in Mystromys albicaudatus. Serum glucose levels and pancreatic islet cell changes were studied in combination in 127 Mystromys albicaudatus in an effort to develop better criteria for defining diabetes mellitus in thiss rodent. The study supports a previous report in which 170 mg/100 ml was selected as indicative of hyperglycemia based on statistical analysis of serum glucose distributions. The presence of exceptions to predicted correlations between islet cell changes and serum glucose levels was identified for further study.


A technic for the collection of peritoneal cells from laboratory animals. A simple method was devised for the collection of peritoneal cells from rats, Chinese hamsters, and mice using a special glass pipette. Cell collection was performed by lavage on the intact unanesthetized animal within 30-60 sec, and it yielded 5-20 million cells per rat and 0.3-2.5 million cells per mouse or Chinese hamster. The procedure can be repeated on different occasions in the same animal without apparent adverse effects.


Lung water accumulation with acute hemodilution in dogs. Extravascular lung water content was determined in vivo, gravimetrically, and histologically in severely hemodiluted (Ringer's lactate), supine, spontaneously breathing, halothane-anesthetized dogs. One group of dogs was studied immediately after undergoing hemodilution to a hematocrit value of less than 10 per cent; a second group was studied after hemodilution and 1 hour of circulatory maintenance with Ringer's lactate; and a third group was evaluated after hemodilution, maintenance for one hour with Ringer's lactate, and reconstitution of oncotic pressure with 75 Gm human salt-poor albumin. Lung water content was increased significantly from a normal of 3.88 Gm water per gram of dry weight to 4.70 Gm per gram of dry weight by hemodilution; it was increased further to 5.71 tgm per gram of dry weight during 1 hour of maintenance with Ringer's lactate. Reconstitution of oncotic pressure decreased the water content significantly to 4.96 and decreased the units demonstrating perivascular-peribronchial cuffing from 81 to 23 per cent. Double indication-dilution measurement of PEVW failed to reliably reflect changes in lung water. Arterial PO2 with the animals breathing 100 per cent oxygen was unchanged in all of the groups. We made the following conclusions: (1) lung water accumulation occurs during severe hemodilution and serum protein depletion; (2) this may be partially reversed by restoration of oncotic pressure; (3) double indicator-dilution PEVW measurements do not reliably reflect changes in extravascular lung water of less than 47 per cent; and (4) interstitial edema of this magnitude does not interfere with blood-gas exchange.


Antimicrobial agents from higher plants.  The quaternary alkaloids of Ptelea trifoliata. Quaternary alkaloid extracts of Ptelea trifoliata showed potentially interesting antimicrobial activity.  Chromatographic examination showed the presence of six components.  Of these, choline and O-4-methyl ptelefolinium were known compounds.  Rational structures are proposed for the new alkaloids, O-4-methylhydroxyluninium, neohydroxylunine and pteleatinium salts.  Pteleatinium salt is responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of the plant.


Quantitation of amanitins in Amanita verna with calf thymus RNA polymerase B. A procedure utilizing the specific inhibition of calf thymus DNA-directed RNA polymerase B has been applied to the quantitation of amanitins.  This procedure has permitted the accurate quantitation of alpha-amanitin in amounts as low as 0.05 nanogram, a sensitivity 2000-fold greater than chemical detection methods used following tlc.  Analysis of extracts of specimens of Amanita verna identified by morphological criteria has demonstrated that while toxin concentration is variable, some specimens are practically devoid of amanitins and may represent a variety of A. verna or a distinct species.


[New sequential therapy in the premenopause (author's transl)]. A report about the treatment of 85 women in the premenopause during 387 cycles is given. The treatment consisted in sequential therapy in form of conjugated Estrogens (Presomen) and a new synthetic Gestagen, which was given in three different modifications: from the fifth to the 24-th day of the cycle 1,25 mg Presomen a day, additionally on the last five, seven or ten days, during each period 6 respectively 5 mg Gestagen a day. It proved that both, the disfunctional haemorrhages as well as the climacteric syndrome, were favourably influenced. The mode 10+10, that is, 10 days Estrogens alone + 10 days combined with ;estagen, proved best. A sufficiently secure contraception is not guaranteed. This can be recognized by the occurence of biphasic basal temperature curves.


[Indication and technic of thrombectomy in the therapy of thrombosis]. The problems of appropriate treatment of thrombosis are as follow: 1. the prevention of a lung-embolus, 2. the rapid rehabilitation of the venous circulation, 3. the avoidance of a post-thrombotic syndrom. The best ways of meeting these demands are through fibrinolysis as well as by operative treatment (thrombectomy). According to the author's findings, 58 cases of thrombectomy of acute, deep thrombosis of the veins have been reported with regards to the indication and technic of this method of treatment of thrombosis. Indications for thrombectomy are phlegmasia coerulea dolens and the occurrence of a mobile thrombosis as well as an unsuccessful treatment with fibrinolysis.


[A case of sarcoidosis with simultaneous primary hyperparathyroidism, coincedence or consequnce?]. We have reported of a case of generalised sarcoidosis with primary hyperparathyroidism.  A pathogenetic relation between sarcoidosis associated with hypercalcemia and the development of parathyroid adenoma will be discussed and a causal connection will be proposed.  According to our hypothesis every primary hyperparathyroidism could have developed from regulatory hyperfunction.  This is illustrated by sarcoidosis with hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria.  In this case a disturbance in vitamin D dependent calcium metabolism induces hyperplasia of the parathyroid which later leads to the development of a parathyroid adenoma.  In addition a review of literature describing similar cases is given.


Estrogen induction of ovalbumin mRNA: evidence for transcription control. Estrogen induces the synthesis and accumulation of the specific messenger RNA for the egg white protein ovalbumin. The messenger RNA has been purified to apparent homogeneity on a preparative scale and utilized to synthesize a radioactive complementary DNA copy. This  complementary DNA probe was first used to reveal that although ovalbumin constitutes 60% of the total protein of chick oviduct the gene which codes for the ovalbumin nRNA is represented only once in each haploid genome: The induction of genetranscription and subsequent accumulation of ovalbumin mRNA during estrogen-mediated tissue differentiation was also investigated. Ovalbumin mRNA sequences were quantifiedusing the complementary DNA probe and by an in vitro heterologous translation system. Similar experiments were performed using chicks which were withdrawn from hormone treatment and then given a single injection of estrogen. The data suggest pure transcriptional control for the mechanism by which estrogen regulates the synthesis of the tissuespecific protein ovalbumin. Finally, several in vitro translation systems are comparedwith respect to their usefullness to assess the effects of hormones on mRNA production. It is concluded that the protein synthesis system derived from wheat germ offers thegreatest advantages for initial studies.


Yeast mutants sensitive to trimethoprim. Wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are resistant to growth inhibition by the folate antagonist trimethoprim. A mutant strain sensitive to trimethoprim was isolated. It was found to be sensitive to both ultraviolet light and X-irradiation. Genetic tests revealed that it was allelic with a known radiation-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, rad 6-I. Strains harbouring a variety of mutant alleles conferring radiation-sensitivity were tested for sensitivity to trimethoprim. It was found that rad 6-I and each of the four known alleles of rad 18 conferred sensitivity to the drug, but all other rad mutants tested were trimethoprim-resistant. All trimethoprim-sensitive strains, including double mutants of rad 6 rad 18, gave rise to trimethoprim-resistant outgrowths at a rather high frequency (similar to 10-minus 5). Several resistant outgrowths were analysed. A wide variation in phenotype with respect of UV-sensitivty was found. Genetical analysis revealed that resistance to trimethoprim resulted from forward mutations at separate loci rather than back mutations of rad 6 or rad 18 alleles.


Post-irradiation modifications of radiation-induced heteroallelic reversion in diploid yeast: effect of nutrient broth. The effect of post-irradiation growth in complete rich medium on the expression of the reversion to arginine-independence induced by gamma and alpha radiation in a heteroallelic diploid yeast strain (Saccharomyces cerevisiae BZ34) has been studied. During the post-irradiation treatment the reversion frequency increased, reached a peak at about 90 min and decreased thereafter reaching a constant value for treatment periods exceeding 6 h. As determined by the increase in number of budding cells, extensive DNA synthesis took place in cells incubated only in the nutrient medium and not in the omission medium. Hence the observed increase in the reversion frequency is explained on the basis that post-irradiation DNA synthesis is necessary for the expression of gene conversion. The decrease in the reversion frequency for continued treatment with yeast extract, peptone, dextrose (YEPD) is related to the fact that only one daughter of the post-irradiation first cell division is a revertant. The broth effect was not lost when the irradiated cells were first incubated for 90 min in arginine-less medium and then transferred to the broth. Similarly, the broth effect persisted even at doses high enough to induce considerable division delay. These results suggest that the radiation-induced pre-conversional lesions are not susceptible to repair by alternative pathways.


Use of repair-deficient strains of Escherichia coli and liver microsomes to detect and characterise DNA damage caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids heliotrine and monocrotaline. E. coli WP2 and its repair-deficient derivatives were treated with the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, heliotrine and monocrotaline in the presence of a liver microsomal fraction. The doubly repair-deficient strains WP100 uvrA recA and CM611 uvrA exrA showed considerable killing. The singly repair-deficient strains WP2 uvrA, CM561 exrA and CM571 recA showed slight killing. In strains WP2 and WP2 uvrA induced reversion to Trp+ was not detected with either monocrotaline or mitomycin C. These results are entirely consistent with liver activation converting pyrrolizidine alkaloids into bifunctional alkylating agents.


Mutation and DNA replication in Escherichia coli treated with low concentrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (nitrosoguanidine) causes an unexpectedly high frequency of closely linked double mutants because of its specificity for chromosome regions in replication. Low nitrosoguanidine concentrations (I mug/ml) in liquid cultures allow replications at the normal rate and are mutagenic. It was expected that mutations would be spread over the chromosome as it replicated, but a high frequency of closely linked double mutants was found. If a thymine auxotroph is grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and nitrosoguanidine, then exposed to 313-nm radiation (which destroys BUdR-substituted DNA), the mutation frequency is much higher among survivors than among non-irradiated cells. It is concluded that nitrosoguanidine inhibits DNA replication in a small fraction of the population and that mutations are induced in that same fraction. Nitrosoguanidine treatment leads to a high frequency of closely linked double mutants under all known conditions.


Ultraviolet light-induced responses of an mfd mutant of Escherichia coli B/r having a slow rate of dimer excision. A mutant of Escherichia coli B/r designated mfd has drastically reduced ability to exhibit "mutation frequency decline" (MFD) the irreversible loss of potential suppressor mutations which occurs when protein synthesis is briefly inhibited after irradiation with UV. We have found that the initial rate of thymine dimer excision in the mfd mutant is only about one-third that of its mfd+ parent strain after a UV dose of 400 erg/mm-2. The yield of UV-induced Tyr+ revertants is 4-10 times higher in the mfd strain than in the mfd+ strain. This is comparable to the level of UV-mutability in the mfd+ strain in the presence of caffeine, an inhibitor of dimer excision. UV-mutability, prophage induction and Weigle reactivation of irradiated gamma phage occur to a greater extent at low UV doses (10-50 erg/mm-2) in the mfd strain compared to the mfd+ strain. We propose that the slow excision repair in the mfd mutant results in a shift in the induction threshold for these UV-inducible functions toward lower UV doses.


Endotoxin and acute renal failure.

Endotoxin and acute renal failure. The hypothesis of acute renal failure which now best fits the facts is that it is a Shwartzman equivalent, due to the multiple noxious effects of endotoxin. Endotoxin alone can account for all those separate factors which are known to cause an increase of the renal vascular resistance. The discrepancies and the implications are discussed.


Effects of large doses of furosemide in end-stage chronic renal failure. Administered orally at 500 mg/day to patients in end-stage chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis, furosemide significantly decreases the weight gain between dialyses and increases sodium excretion rate. This therapy remains without effect on blood pressure, creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of potassium and nitrogen. Devoid of any side-effects, at least during short periods, the treatment may contribute to achieve better control of sodium and water balance.


Effect of castration upon hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LH-RF). The effect of castration upon hypothalamic LH-RF synthesis and content was determined in mature male rats. In each single experiment 20 hypothalami from both normal and 60-day-castrated rats were bisected into symmetrical portions. For the determination of LH-RF synthesis 20 hypothalamic halves were incubated for 120 min. After incubation the tissue was homogenized in medium containing 1 N acetic acid, and centrifuged; 1.0 ml of the supernatant was used to test LH-RF activity. In the other 20 halves, hypothalamic LH-RF content was determined: the samples were homogenized without incubation in 1 N acetic acid, centrifuged, and LH-RF activity was tested in 1.0 ml of the supernatant. LH-RF activity was determined in vivo in ovariectomized rats pre-treated with estrogen-progesterone by measuring, by radioimmunoassay, the LH modifications in serum after the i.v. administration of the extracts. Hypothalamic LH-RF content was significantly higher in control than in castrated rats (p is less than 0.001). After incubation there were no changes in the LH-releasing potency of control hypothalami compared with non-incubated tissue, whereas a significant increase (616%) was found after the incubation of hypothalami from castrated rats. On the other hand, after incubation LH-RF activity was higher (p is less than 0.02) in castrated than in control hypothalami. These results suggest that castration stimulates the release and synthesis of hypothalamic LH-RF in male rats.


First Geoffrey Harris Memorial lecture. Some recent developments in brain-pituitary-ovarian physiology. Figure 14 summarizes some of the brain-pituitary-ovarian relationships which we have been discussing. Neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypophysiotropic area produce LRH which is secreted into the proximal capillary plexus of the hypophysio-portal system in the median eminence. LRH production is modulated in the rat and possibly also in the monkey by direct input from the preoptic region and less directly by facilitatory and inhibitory projections from the amygdala, hippocampus and midbrain. Electrophysiological evidence has been presented for "ultrashort' feedback action of LRH on arcuate neurons as well as the "short' feedback loop of LH. Gonadal steroids are pictured as feeding back directly to the pituitary and to several sites in the brain where positive and negative influences are exerted on both pituitary-ovarian function and sexual behavior. Evidence has been presented that adrenergic mechanisms influence LRH release with norepinephrine facilitatory and dopamine inhibitory to the process; dopaminergic neurons may be more intimately related to the control of prolactin secretion, and some consider dopamine and prolactin inhibiting factor to be identical. Finally, immunological methods as represented by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay promise further important developments in this field in the near future. I am sure that Geoffrey Harris would have been pleased with the progress made in answering the questions which he raised in his Dale lecture.


Clinical evaluation of eterobarb, a new anticonvulsant drug. Two clinical investigations of a new anticonvulsant, eterobarb, N,N' dimethoxymethyl phenobarbital (DMMP), were conducted in separate geographic regions. The drug has considerable efficacy in reducing the frequency of partial seizures, with and without secondary generalization, as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Sedation did not appear to be as prominent with this barbiturate as it was with phenobarbital or primidone.


Tubular aggregates in subclinical alcoholic myopathy. A 34-year-old chronic alcoholic with acute alcoholic intoxication was found to have extensive aggregates on muscle biopsy performed 48 hours after admission. Forearm ischemic exercise failed to demonstrate normal generation of lactic acid. Pathologic changes in the muscle biopsy consisted of subsarcolemmal accumulations of bright purple-red material with trichrome reaction. This material stained darkly with NADH-TR but was unstained with myofibrillar ATPase and Pas. Ultrastructural studies revealed that these regions contained tubular aggregates. A second biopsy 7 days later failed to demonstrate any significant abnormalities. Two weeks later, lactate generation was normal. Previous observations by other authors that tubular aggregates may be concerned with correction of metabolic defect or detoxification of endogenous toxins could apply in our case.


9-Alpha-fluorohydrocortisone in the treatment of postural hypotension in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. A double-blind crossover study of fludrocortisone, 0,1 mg. twice daily, and placebo is reported in six diabetics with troublesome symptoms of postural hypotension due to autonomic neuropathy. During treatment with the active preparation there was an increase in the lying and tilted systolic blood pressure, a decrease in orthostatic tachycardia, and in increase in the total plasma volume and body weight, but with no change in plasma or urine osmolality; The symptoms of postural hypotension improved in four patients, while two patients with a low serum albumin developed ankle edema during treatment with fludrocortisone. It is concluded that fludrocortisone is effective in diabetics with symptomatic postural hypotesnion, but should be used with caution in patients with a low serum albumin.


Historical perspective to a current controversy on the clinical spectrum of plumbism. Concepts of health risk associated with lead usage have undergone profound change. In the past observations of the relationship between lead usage and lead poisoning were severely limited by lack of knowledge and the relatively small quantity of the metal used. The benefits of lead usage, when contrasted with the risk incurred, outweighed the known hazards. Industrial growth contributed to the increased interest in lead poisoning. A significant increase of workers at risk generated new interest in an old disease. A concept of control developed based upon the principle of a dose-response relationship. The old idea of benefit versus risk remained because technological society needed lead but agreed that by controlling the factory environment lead could be used safely. The criteria for injury remained climical plumbism. Growth and change in lead utilization, once again, brought lead hazard to the forefront. New applications distributed lead throughout the environment exposiing both workers and the general population. A segment of the scientific community now suggests that the old criteria to judge risk, clinical symptoms of plumbism, are inadequate.


Klebsiella urinary tract infection.

Klebsiella urinary tract infection. The Klebsiella species form a heterogeneous group of gram negative, lactose fermenting, encapsulated, non-motile bacilli. They are important urinary tract pathogens, especially in long stay hospital patients and infection is often associated with urethral catheterisation. The laboratory characterisation of these organisms by biochemical means is time consuming and not entirely satisfactory. Antibiotic sensitivity tests indicate that gentamicin is the drug of choice for treatment of a urinary tract infection due to klebsiella.


Gastric ulcer controlled trial using a licorice derivative rucedal. A controlled trial of a licorice derivative, Rucedal, used in the management of gastric ulcer did not hasten the healing of the ulcer over eight weeks.


Combined Kelman procedure (phaco-emulsification cataract extraction) and simultaneous aphakic penetrating keratoplasty. The problem  of management of coexistent lenticular and corneal opacification is, as yet, unresolved. Combined intracapsular cataract extraction and penetrating keratoplasty affords the risk of vitreous loss at the time of surgery or perhaps the even greater risk of vitreous adhesion to the donor cornea. Leaving an intact posterior capsule would certainly avoid the problems of vitreous touch. Where applicable, we have been utilizing the technique of combined phaco-emulsification cataract extraction followed by aphakic penetrating keratoplasty leaving an intact posterior capsule and removing all cortical remnants with the irrigation-aspiration probe of the Kelman Cavitron unit. This technique has proved extremely useful in our hands and we suggest that it is a useful alternative in the management of coexistent lenticular and corneal opacification.


Primary reticulum-cell sarcoma of the mandible. Review of the literature and report of a case. A 52-year-old man developed intermittent swelling, pain, and paresthesia during a one-year period prior to the histologic diagnosis of reticulum-cell sarcoma. The clinical profile and radiographic examination suggested either chronic osteomyelitis or malignancy. Treatment was confirmed to radiation therapy with resolution of the malignancy but a guarded prognosis. Twenty-two previously reported cases of primary reticulum-cell sarcoma of the mandible are reviewed.


Treatment of labyrinthine fistulae by a closed technique. A fistula on the lateral semicircular canal was found in 14 (4.8%) ears with cholesteatoma. In 11 patients with preserved inner-ear function the cholesteatoma membrane was removed, the fistula was solidly closed with fascia, bone, and again fascia. The cavity was obliterated, the meatal wall reconstructed, and tympanoplasty performed in the same stage. Ten patients obtained a hearing gain, an average of 16.8 dB, while one developed anacusis. The results show that the cholesteatoma matrix can be removed from most fistulae. In the case of large fistulae, in which the cholesteatoma matrix is adhering to or invading the fistula, there is a great risk of perceptive hearing loss. By closing the fistula with fascia and bone and using a closed technique a lasting hearing gain may be achieved.


Therapeutic problems in laryngo-tracheal stenoses. History revealed iatrogenic injury (tracheostomy, intubation, artificial respiration) to be the reason for tracheal stenosis in each of our 32 cases (18 female, 14 male). So far 23 cases have been treated successfully and they live without a cannula; seven are still under treatment, while two patients died (severe heart-attack, spontaneous pneumothorax) and one refused further treatment. We were relatively successful in six cases of sleeve resection. All other 26 cases were treated by creating a tracheal groove, in which tracheal mucosa and skin of the neck were joined and the caudal end mostly kept open by using a pedicle skin flap. Intrathoracic stenoses require a sternotomy. An additional thyroidectomy and lateral traction to the tracheal walls by using loops out of the sternomastoid muscle became necessary in many cases and we obligatorily used tamponades of plastic inlay bolts, the average time of treatment being 8 months.


A new pattern mouth stick.

A new pattern mouth stick. The motivation for the severely handicapped tetraplegic patient in using the mouth stick is quite considerable as through this simple oral aid they are able to carry out small jobs and be involved in social activities. We feel that this modified pattern mouth stick fulfils the aims which we require of it.


Use of antiserum agar for detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b in the pharynx. An antiserum agar medium was found to provide a rapid, sensitive, and highly specific method for pharyngeal culture and quantitation of HIB.


Chronic pulmonary disease in neonates with assisted ventilation. Chronic lung disease in the form of stage III or IV bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was found to occur among nine of 188 infants receiving intermittent positive-pressure ventilation for respiratory insufficiency. None occurred in infants ventilated with a mask alone. The duration of endotracheal intubation was not significantly longer in patients developing BPD; however, the duration of exposure to inspired oxygen greater than 60 percent was significantly longer in that group (mean, 141 hours). A previously undescribed form of chronic lung disease was found to occur among nine of 150 infants ventilated because of underlying idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. A radiographic appearance of diffuse haziness with loss of identifiable lung markings occurred at 5 to 15 days of age and was not associated with clinical signs or symptoms or increased oxygen needs. These changes disappeared in one to five days.


Occult spinal dysraphism: a series of 73 cases. The subject of occult spinal dysraphism or myelodysplasia is reviewed from standpoints of embryology, clinical manifestations, and treatment, and the management of 73 cases summarized. In general, these concealed lesions arise from developmental variants in the most distal part of the neural tube, a situation which may cause distortion or partial absence of neural tissues and also lead to damage from compression or traction. Lipomyelomeningocele and congenital dermal sinus are two exampled of the many types of such lesions, but some are more complicated and border-line myelomeningocele-like forms occur. Incontinence, deformity or weakness of the feet, impaired gait, and other difficulties may appear late and increase with growth. Surgical treatment is advised to reduce chances of delayed or progressive loss of function.


Recurrent Caffey's cortical hyperostosis and persistent deformity. A boy, age 12 years, who had infantile cortical hyperostosis has continued to have occasional aches and new cortical thickenings in his arms and legs. His mandible is undergrown and his ribs have an abnormal slope. Recurrence of Caffey's cortical hyperostosis and persistent deformity have been observed in other children and young adults. Some unexplained cases of late cortical thickening and pain may be due to Caffey's disease.


Myelofibrosis-myeloid metaplasia in childhood. A child with idiopathic myeloid metaplasia is described and her course contrasted with another child having myeloid metaplasia secondary to reticulum cell sarcoma. Despite prior reports the idiopathic form of illness may pursue a relatively indolent course in children. A thorough search should be made for underlying disease when myeloid metaplasia is first diagnosed.


[Persistance of resistant Escherichia coli in a calf herd]. In an experimental station for calf feeding the occurrence and distribution of drug resistant E. coli in faeces have been investigated among selected groups of calves. Samples were obatined just after the calves arrived 1--2 weeks old in January--February and at intervals until an age of 7--11 months. Daily from arrival to the age of 8 weeks all calves at the station received antibiotics in their feed. In 1971 it was chlortetracycline and in 1972 zincbacitracin. In addition, from 3.5 percent to 60 percent of all calves were every month given therapeutic doses of antibiotics, mainly penicillin + streptomycin and neomycin. Both years the highest number of treatments were administered in the months of February and March (cf. fig. 1). In each of the years studied, a high prevalence of calves harbouring resistant E. coli (total resistance: greater than 88 percent) and R-+E. coli (1971: 83 percent and 1972: 50 percent) was demonstrated at the first sampling. As the calves grew older a general tendency to exchange the resistant strains with sensitive ones was recognized. The prevalence of calves with R-+ E. coli generally devreased at a faster rate than that of total resistance. A discussion is given of the epidemiological significance of cross infection and of selection pressure of antibiotics for the establishment of a resistant flora in individuals as well as for replacement of this flora with sensitive strains.


[Antibiotic resistance and transferable antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from Swedish calves 5 and 30 days old]. E. coli strains isolated from 5-day-old and 30-day-old healthy calves were tested for antibiotic resistance and H-factor mediated antibiotic resistance. An average of 1.6 antibiotic-resistant strains and 1.1 strains with transferable antibiotic resistance were isolated from each of the investigated calves. In comparison with the 30-day-old calves, the 5-day-old calves had significantly more strains with transferable antibiotic resistance (95.8 percent as against 63.4 percent). The R+ strains isolated from the younger calves transferred significantly more en bloc (43.5 percent as against 10.0 percent) and double plus multiple resistance (5292 percent as against 24.4 percent) than did those isolated from the older calves. The most common resistance was to sulphonamide and tetracycline and the most common transferred resistance was to sulphonamide.


Preweaning mortality in pigs. 4 Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in pigs. The incidence of fatal gastroenteropathies in sucking pigs was studied during a 2-year period in 17 sow herds involving 2,936 litters. The results showed that 2.8 per cent of the liveborn pigs died with gastroenteropathies during the sucking and immediate post weaning period. The incidence was lowest in offspring from second-litter sows (Table I) and the progeny from large litters tended to have the highest incidence (Table II). Fatal gastrointestinal diseases were observed in a total of 17.6 per cent of the examined litters, and the average number of death per affected litter was 1.5 (Tables III and IV). The progeny of sows with post parturient diseases had significantly higher death losses than had the progeny from normal healthy sows (Table V). Climate had no apparent influence on death losses, but they were lowest during the warmer period of the year (April-September) (Tables VIII and VI.) The incidence varied considerably from herd to herd, but was not influenced by herd size (Table III). However, the level of hygiene exerted a pronounced influence on the incidence (Table VII), and self-contained herds had significantly lower death losses than had herds where female breeding stock was occasionally brought in (Table IX). Approximately 65 per cent of the pigs which succumbed due to gastrointestinal diseases died during the first week of life, which means that 1.8 per cent of the pigs at risk died during this period (Table X). The material was grouped according to the results of the post mortem and bacteriological examinations (Table XI). Approximately 50 per cent of the fatal cases were associated with an intestinal bacterial infection, which in most instances was caused by pathogenic strains of E. coli (Tables XII and XIII), while approximately 14 per cent had distinct gross pathological lesions which alone were indication of a diagnosis. In the remaining one third of the fatal cases the aetiology and pathogenesis remained by and large unexplained; however, nutritional and dietetic disorders played a role in many of these cases. Aetiological, epidemiological and pathological aspects of the fatal gastrointestinal diseases are discussed, and it is concluded that a high level of hygiene, the prevention and treatment of post parturient diseases, "closed" management systems, and the avoidance of unsuitable or damaged sow feed would be instrumental in keeping the level of fatal gastrointestinal diseases low among sucking pigs.


Preweaning mortality in pigs. 5. acute septicaemias. A 2-year study on preweaning mortality revealed that 2.1 per cent of the liveborn pigs succumbed to acute bacterial septicaemias. The most frequently encountered causative organisms were haemolytic streptococci and E. coli.


[Uricolytic therapy. Value of urate oxidase in the treatment of hyperuricemias]. In addition to uricosuric agents and purine synthesis inhibitors, Urate Oxydase may be used in the treatment of hyperuricaemia. This substance breaks down uric acid to allantoin which is soluble and easily excreted. Use of the medication in 14 cases of major gout with tophi and 9 cases of hyperuricaemia secondary to renal insufficiency showed the good tolerance of the substance and it's clinical and biological effectiveness.


[Determination of myocardial contractility using ultrasonic echography]. Ultrasonic echography makes possible the recording of movements of the septum and posterior wall of the left ventricle. On graphic records of good quality it is thus possible to measure accurately the transverse diameter of the left ventricle throughout systole and to determine the average and maximal speeds of decreases in this diameter, which are proportional to the VCF. Echography, a non-invasive technique, thus gives data with regard to myocardial contractility of similar value to the information provided by cineangiocardiography. In those cases where it is not possible to obtain such tracings, an approximation may be made, validity of which appears to be confirmed by clinical experience.


Detection of cation-specific conformational changes in ribosomal RNA by gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of ribosomal RNA in polyacrylamide-agrose composite gels separates 16S and 23S species into multiple bands. These bands of RNA represent multiple conformational forms of the molecules as judged by oligonucleotide analysis of the 16S RNA. Gel elctrophoresis was used to test for cation-specific conformational changes in ribosomal RNA. Relative to magnesium-equilibrated RNA, barium ion and putrescine induced alterations in the electrophoretic behavior of ribosomal RNA while calcium ion produced no change. Exchange of a critical level of bound magnesium ion for barium or putrescine was necessary for these changes to take place. The alterations in electrophoretic behavior were unaffected by simply restoring magnesium ion, but in addition required heating for reversal. We suggest that these conformational changes are a result of interaction at a specific class of cation binding sites previously observed with intact ribosomes.


Sequence of E. coli tRNA-Glu1 by automated sequential degradation. A minor tRNA-Glu1 constituent of a preparation of E. coli B tRNA-Glu (Oak Ridge) has a guanosine residue at position 66 rather than an adenosine as in the tRNA-Glu2 described by Ohashi et al. (3). Automated sequential degradation was used to sequence this region.


Modification of E. coli ribosomes and coliphage MS2 RNA by bisulfite: effects on ribosomal binding and protein synthesis. The reaction of E. coli 70s ribosomes with 0.2 M NaH-35 s03 (pH 7.1, 3.5hrs, 37 degree) led to the conversion of 4.5% of the uracil residues of the R, RNA into 5.6-dihydrouracil-6-sulfonate residues. The modified ribosomes exhibited a significant decrease in their ability to bind (14-C)-phenylalanyl-(RNA-phe and to incorporate (14-C)-phenylalanine into protein in the presence of polyuridylic acid. The ability of the modified ribosomes to form an initiation complex as measured by the A-U-G or coliphage MS2 RNA dependent binding of (14-C)-fmet-tRNA-fmet was also impaired, as was their ability to incorporate (14-C) lysine into protein with MS2 RNA as messenger. Treatment os MS RNA with 0.2 M sodium (35-S) bisulfite, pH 7.0 at 25 degrees C resulted in the substitution of 2.7% and 6.2% of the uracil residues by bisulfite after 1 and 3.5 hrs of reaction, respectively. Impairment of function of the MS2 RNA in both initiation complex formation and transplantation assays was observed. These reactions of uracil residues of mRNA and rRNA may be a cause of biological damage inflicted by sodium bisulfite and sulfur dioxide.


The activation of RNA polymerase by alkylammonium ions. Tetramethylammonium and tetraethylammonium ions both lower the melting temperature of DNA. We have shown that these ions increase the activity of E. Coli RNA polymerase. When the base composition of the DNA template was varied, there was a correlation between the decrease in melting temperature and increase in RNA polymerase activity. No stimulation was observed when heat denatured DNA was used as template. It was shown that initiation of RNA synthesis was stimulated but to a smaller degree than was total RNA synthesis. The lag observed at low temperatures before RNA synthesis commences was found to be shorter in the presence of these alkyl ammonium ions. All these results are consistent with an unwinding of the double helix being an important step in transcription.


Interaction between phosphoribosyltransferase and purified histidine tRNA from wild type Salmonella typhimurium and a derepressed hisT mutant strain. We have examined the interaction between phosphoribosyltransferase and purified tRNA-His from the wild type strain of Salmonella typhimurium, LT-2, and the histidine regulatory mutant hisTl504. Histidyl-tRNA from the mutant strain functions normally in protein synthesis but is defective in its role in the repression mechanism of the histidine operon. Phosphoribosyltransferase has been suggested as a possible aporegulator for this operon and as such might be expected to interact abnormally with tRNA-His from hisT1504. In these studies we have been unable to detect any difference between the affinities of phosphoribosyltransferase for tRNA-His from LT-2 or hisT1504, and thus we conclude that if the complex between phosphoribosyltransferase and histidyl-tRNA does function in regulation, the defect in the hisT1504 mutant must influence the interaction of the complex with some other regulatory element.


The avian inflammatory response: adaptation and utilization of skin windows. A modified skin window system was developed and utilized for examination of the local inflammatory response in the chicken.  Data were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32 and 48 hours following wing-web scarification.  The first cells observed were heterophils and they remained the predominant type through 32 hours.  Mononuclears began infiltrating at a rapid rate of 8 to 12 hours, and by 48 hours they represented slightly more than one-half of the total cells observed.  The total number of cells present increased rapidly to a peak at 24 hours, and then declined during the 24 to 48 hour period.  The percentage of heterophils and mononuclears showed an inverse relationship throughout the 48 hour period, as appreciable numbers of eosinophils and basophils were not observed.  Macrophages were the predominant mononuclear cells.  Degranulation of heterophils was extensive in the 2 to 4 hour periods, but was much less common thereafter.  As the time after scarification increased, macrophages exhibited; (1) increased cytoplasm to nucleus ratio, (2) increased numbers of phagocytic vacuoles, and (3) a marked tendency to form giant cells.  The results obtained in this study were similar to those recorded for mammals, except that the percentage shift toward mononuclears occurred at a faster rate in mammals.


The purification of lymphocytes in chicken blood. Several methods have been tried in attempts to purify the lymphocytes of chicken blood.  The most efficient one is based upon the properties of adhesion of the polymorphonuclears and monocytes.  With the use of a column filled with synthetic fibers, held at 37 degrees C., a high rate of lymphocyte purification was obtained.  Sedimentation and centrifugation then resulted in the elimination of almost all of the erythrocytes.  The final product was homogeneous and the lymphocytes obtained kept the physiological and metabolic properties necessary for their culture.


[Assessment of the somatotropic function of the hypophysis in patients with hypophyseal nanism and gonadal dysgenesis by using the insulin-tolerance and arginine-tolerance tests]. With the aid of insulin-tolerance and arginine tolerance tests (ITT and ATT, respectively) somatotropic function of the hypophysis was assessed in 18 patients with hypophyseal nanism and in 12--with gonad dysgenesis.  A marked delay in development and a premature exhaustion of the STH secretion was noted in the patients wiht hypophyseal nanism.  In patients with gonad dysgenesis the STH secretion was somewhat redeced during the ITT.  A change in the STH secretion was accompanied by a parallel depression of insulin secretion during the ATT.  Patients with hypophyseal nanism displayed a correlation between the extent of growth delay and the value of the STH secretion during the ITT (R=0.6, P smaller than 0.05).


Endonucleolytic incision of x-irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid by extracts of Escherichia coli. An enconuclease activity that reacts with x-irradiated DNA is present in extracts of E. coli. By using centrifugal methods to monitor the conversion of the supercoiled, circular double-stranded DNA for phage phi-x-174 (replicative form) or PM2 to the relaxed circular form it was possible to quantitate the rate of radiation induced endonuclease-sensitive sites in the DNA. For every single-strand break induced by x-rays under aerobic irradiation conditions, there is approximately one induced site sensitive to this endonuclease activity. Under irradiation conditions (addition OF Potassium iodide) that dramatically reduce rates of single-strand breaks and "alkalilabile" lesions, the number of endonuclease-sensitive sites relative to single-strand breaks increase approximatley 4-fold. This nuclease is present in several strains of E. coli B and K12, including mutants deficient in DNA polymerase I, recombination gene products (rec mutants), ultraviolet light incision enzyme (uvr A mutant), and endonuclease II. It is suggested that this endonuclease may be involved in an excision repair process for damages incurred in DNA by ionizing radiation.


Tertiary hydrogen bonds in the solution structure of transfer RNA. The high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of hydrogen-bonded protons in four tRNAs have been studied at 270 MHz. The relative intensity of the resonances between -11 ppm and -15 ppm of Escherichia coli tRNA1-Va1 indicate that there are 26 plus or minus 3 protons, while only 20 are expected from secondary structure Watson-Crick hydrogen bonds inthe cloverleaf structure. Several possible candidates for these extra resonances are suggested by tertiary interactions observed in recent crystallographic studies. Of the four tRNAs studied, three, e.g., E. coli tRNA1Va1, E. coli tRNA-Arg and E. coli tRNA-Phe have one "GU pair" in their cloverleaf structure, while the fourth, yeast tRNA-Asp,has three "GU pairs" and one "G pair". Correlating these with the NMR spectra in the -10 ppm to -11 ppm region allows us to conclude that the "GU pairs" are not hydrogen-bonded by tautomerization to the lactim form. At the very low field region, near -14.9 ppm, the three E. coli tRNAs show a single resonance which is attributed to the 4-thiouracil 8 to adenine 14 hydrogen bond of the tertiary structure, by analogy with the recent crystal structure of yeast tRNA-Phe. This assignment is confirmed by the disappearance of this resonance after treatment with cyanogen bromide.


A link between streptomycin and rifampicin mutation. Introduction of str A mutations frequently make "male" strains of Escherichia coli permissive to bacteriophage T7; certain rif mutations reverse the permissive effect of strA mutation. Permissiveness of the strA mutation is accompanied by enhanced transcription of bacteriophage T7 genome. Introduction of the nonpermissive rif allele to the permissive strA strain reduces or abolishes the transcription of T7 genome. Thus, a link is implied in the functioning of the ribosome and the RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6).


DNA synthesis involving a complexes form of DNA polymerase I in extracts of Escherichia coli. DNA polymerase I (EC 2.7.7.7; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase) has been recovered as a complex of about 390,000 molecular weight. The complex displays an ATP-stimulated DNA-synthesizing activity that prefers native to heat-denatured DNA. Genetic evidence indicates that the recBC enzyme is associated with the polymerase in the complex. Preliminary evidence for complexes involving DNA polymerases II and III is also presented.


On the significance of the retention of ligand by protein. When a solution of binding protein and its ligand is dialyzed against a large volume of ligand-free medium the rate of exit of the ligand from the protein-containing compartment can be extremely slow, much slower than the rate observed in the absence of protein. This is what we call retention of ligand by protein. A simple calculation demonstrates that when the protein concentration is in large excess over the total ligand concentration, the exit of ligand follows quasi-first-order kinetics, the half-life being proportional to (1 + (P)/Kd), where (P) is the concentration of binding sites, and Kd the dissociation constant characteristic of the equilibrium between the ligand and the protein. Experimental verification of this relation is provided in the case of the periplasmic maltose-binding protein of Escherichia coli; The implications of the retention effect in biochemical techniques are discussed, as well as its possible significance in biological phenomena, such as bacterial chemotaxis and transport, mechanism of hormone action, or transmission of the nerve impulse.


Novel mutants of Escherichia coli that accumulate very small DNA replicative intermediates. A new group of mutants has been isolated which, during short pulses, incorporate (3-H)thymidine into DNA fragments that are substantially smaller than Okazaki fragments. These small fragments can be chased into DNA of high-molecular-weight, and thus may be precursors in DNA replication, During longer pulses, label also appears in DNA of higher molecular weight, although at an abnormally slow rate. The mutations map at a previously undescribed locus (dnaS) at 72 min on the E. coli chromosome.


Diversity of light chain variable region sequences among rabbit antibodies elicited by the same antigens. We report the complete variable region sequences of three homogeneous rabbit antibody light chains and the partial sequences of five others. Wehn these are compared to other published rabbit light chain sequences, two regions of markedly increased variability are revealed, which are homologous in position to the first and third hypervariable regions of murine and human myeloma light chains. In addition, there is increased variability among the first three residues at the aminoterminal end. A hypervariable region homologous to that identified at positions 50 to 56 in myeloma light chains is not present in these rabbit antibody light chains. The available three-dimensional models of Fab fragments based on x-ray crystallography indicate that neither the amino-terminal portion of the light chain nor the region homologous to positions 50 to 56 forms a part of the combining site. Comparison of the hypervariable regions among six light chains from antibodies to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide and among four from antibodies to Type VIII pneumococcal polysaccharide suggests that a large number of different sequences may be found in antibodies specific for these relatively simple antigens. Certain residues outside of the hypervariable regions are invariant in the rabbit light chains and correspond to residues that are required for proper chain folding in human and murine myeloma light chains, indicating that the general conformation of myeloma light chains is the same as that of light chains of elicited antibodies.


Excision of prophage lambda in a cell-free system. A cell-free system that promotes the excision of prophage lambda DNA has been established. The substrate for the reaction is phage DNA carrying two attachment sites, which, in vivo, undergoes intramolecular recombination between these sites. The in vitro recombination system is efficient; 25-35% of the substrate DNA undergoes recombination in 30 min. There is an absolute requirement for ATP; Mg++ and spermidine are stimulatory. RNA does not appear to be involved, nor can a role for DNA synthesis be demonstrated.


Mismatch repair in heteroduplex DNA.

Mismatch repair in heteroduplex DNA. DNA with base pair mismatches was prepared by annealing mixtures of genetically marked DNA from bacteriophage lambda. This heteroduplex DNA was used to transfect bacteria under conditions minimizing recombination. Genetic analysis of the progeny phages indicates that: (i) Mismatch repair occurs, usually giving rise to a DNA molecule with one chain with the genotype arising from repair and one parental chain. (ii) The frequency of repair of a given mismatch to wild type depends on the marker, ranging from 3 to 20%. (iii) Excision tracts may extend several hundred nucleotides but are usually shorter than about 2000 nucleotides. (iv) In Rec-mediated bacteriophage crosses, recombination of markers closer than about 10-3 nucleotide pairs frequently occurs by mismatch repair within heteroduplex DNA. (V) The average amount of heteroduplex DNA formed in a Rec-mediated recombination event is a few thousand nucleotide pairs.


Permeability lesions in male Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T7. The abortive development of bacteriophage T7 in E. coli cells carrying F factors has previously been attributed to a lack of virus-directed modification of ribosomes in such cells. We find it unnecessary to postulate such translational control to explain the failure of T7 development. Instead, there is a general cessation of macromolecular syntheses around 8 min after T7 infection of F' cells. This cessation is correlated with a sudden outflow of the entire acid-soluble pool of phosphorus-containing compounds and loss of the ability to accumulate amino acids. Manifestation of these defects requires expression of at least one T7 gene and one episomal gene.


Cloning, isolation, and characterization of replication regions of complex plasmid genomes. EcoRI endonuclease-generated DNA fragments carrying replication regions of the F'lac and R6-5 plasmids have been cloned and isolated, using as a selection vehicle a nonreplicating ampicillin-resistance DNA fragment derived from a Staphylococcus aureus plasmid. Heteroduplex analysis of the constructed plasmid chimeras and the parent replicons has localized the cloned R6-5 replication region to a DNA segment between kilobase pair coordinates 1.0 and 88.0 on the R6-5 map. Physical proximity between the plasmid replication functions and the locus governing plasmid incompatibility has been shown for both parent replicons. The cloning method reported appears to be generally applicable for the identification and isolation of replication regions of a variety of complex genomes.


Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli thioredoxin-S2 to 2.8 A resolution. The three-dimensional structure of the electron transport protein thioredoxin-S2 from E. coli has been determined from a 2.8 A resolution electron density map. The molecule is built up of a central core of three parallel and two antiparallel strands of pleated sheet surrounded by four helices. Thr residues involved in the active center 14-membered disulfide ring of thioredoxin form a protrusion between one of the helices and the middle strand of the pleated sheet. This region of the molecule, comprising two parallel strands joined by the protrusion and a helix, is structurally very similar to corresponding functionally important regions in the nucleotide-binding domains of flavodoxin and the dehydrogenases. The molecule has about 75% of the residues in well-defined secondary structures. The structure indicates that the carboxy-terminal third of the molecule forms an independent folding unit consisting of two strands of antiparallel pleated sheet and a terminal alpha-helix. This agress with the noncovalent reconstitution experiments from thioredoxin peptide fragments. Thioredoxin is an example of a protein with the active center located on a protrusion rather than in a cleft, thus demonstrating the existence of male proteins.


Ribosomal protein S1 and polypeptide chain initiation in bacteria. Among several subspecies of 30S subunits of Escherichia coli observed by polyacrylamide-agarose gel electrophoresis, only the slow-moving, protein S1-containing subspecies participates in the formation of the 30S initiation complex with coliphage MS2 RNA as mRNA; the other subspecies retain activity with AUG as mRNA; they are also active in the poly(U)-directed binding of Phe-tRNA. Protein S1 from Caulobacter crescentus substitutes for E. coli S1 despite the fact that C. crescentus ribosomes do not bind MS2 RNA. Under appropriate conditions, the entire population of E. coli 30S subunits can be isolated as the S1-containing subspecies. Protein S1 is lost by salt treatment of ribosomes.


Model for regulation of Escherichia coli DNA repair functions. A feedback loop for the regulation of the rec/lex-mediated DNA repair system is proposed. This model was formulated from experiments on the genetic and metabolic regulation of the rate of synthesis of protein X performed in this laboratory, and from genetic data obtained in other laboratories. Protein X is proposed to prevent DNA degradation by the recBC-coded exonuclease. The model states tht: (1) The lex (or exrA in E. coli B) gene codes for a repressor. (2) This repressor binds to an operator region of DNA consisting of the tif-zab region at 51 minutes on the E. coli chromosome. (3) The operator region controls the production of several proteins involved in DNA repair, including protein X. (4) The recA gene product is required to remove the lex-coded repressor from the operator. Thre recA gene could code for an antirepressor (inducer protein or a protease) or a modifer of recBC nuclease action; (5) Low molecular weight products of DNA degradation are effectors that activate the system. (6) Protein X limits recBC nuclease action by binding to single-stranded DNA.


Poly(adenylic acid) sequences in the RNA of Caulobacter crescenus. Poly(adenylic acid) sequences have been isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Most of these A-rich tracts are associated with large RNA molecules that constitute an important fraction of the unstable RNA in these bacteria, and, as estimated by poly(U) filter binding, they are not present in the 16S or 23S ribosomal RNA. Preliminary estimates of size from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest that the majority of the A-rich tracts ranges from 15 to approximately 50 residues in length.


Immunosuppressive effect of syngeneic thymus cells on allograft rejection. Transfer of thymus cells from young chickens to syngeneic recipients suppresses the allograft rejection between strains differing at the major histocompatibility (B) locus. Thymus cell transfer in combination with a light whole body irradiation (360 R) prolongs significantly the mean rejection time of skin allografts and leads in a proportion of recipients to long-lasting graft survival (greater than 200 days). Three weeks after the cell transfer, the suppression appears to be antigen specific, as judged by the normal reactivity against third-party skin grafts. From the types of thymus cells preparations that are effective in these experiments, it is inferred that the suppressor cell is a bursa-dependent lymphocyte, which is predominantly found in the young chicken thymus and which is different from B-lymphocytes, B-precursor cells, or graft-versus-host-reactive T-cells.


Temperature-sensitive RNA polymerase mutants with altered subunit synthesis and degradation. A temperature-sensitive mutant having a lethal mutation in the gene for the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA  nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) exhibits an apparent 2- to 3-fold decrease in the rates of both beta and beta' subunit synthesis at the non-permissive temperature, relative to total protein. In contrast, a temperature-sensitive mutant with a lethal mutation in the gene encoding beta' has a 5- to 6-fold increase in the rates of beta and beta' synthesis at 42 degrees. These beta and beta' mutants also exhibit rapid degradation of both subunits at the high temperature.


Uptake of homologous single-stranded fragments by superhelical DNA: a possible mechanism for initiation of genetic recombination. Superhelical [3-H]DNA (replicative form I, RFI) of bacteriophage phiX174 slowly but spontaneously took up 32-P-labeled homologous single-stranded fragments at 4 degrees. Uptake was accelerated by heating to 75 degrees. RFI did not take up single-stranded fragments derived from DNA of Escherichia coli or from separated strands of phage lambda. Uptake was inhibited by low concentrations of ethidium bromide. Relaxed circular phiX174 DNA did not take up homologous fragments. Per molecule of RFI, the complexes contained as much as 90 nucleotide residues of homologous fragment. The 32-P-lebeled fragments were largely resistant to digestion by exonuclease I, and were not displaced by heating complexes at 60 degrees for 1 min in 16 mM or 100 mM NaCl. Under comparable conditions of temperature and salt all of the fragments were displaced from complexes in which at least one phosphodiester bond was cleaved by pancreatic DNase, but a significant fraction of the fragments was retained in complexes that were relaxed by digestion with S1 nuclease. These observations are interpreted to mean that S1 nuclease digested the plus (viral) strand of the recipient RF at the site of uptake in some instances. Transfection of E. coli by heterozygous complexes produced recombinant progeny, thereby showing that genetic information can be transferred from the fragment of plus strand to progeny plus strands. We propose that both uptake of a third strand by superhelical DNA and the action of nucleases on the resulting complex may simulate early steps in genetic recombination.


An intercistronic region and ribosome-binding site in bacterial messenger RNA. A messenger RNA fragment about 220 nucleotides long has been isolated from 32-P-labeled tryptophan operon mRNA of Escherichia coli. When point mutations at the end of trpB and the beginning of trpA were introduced, the resulting nucleotide changes were found; hence the mRNA fragment must include the trpB-trpA intercistronic region. Most of the nucleotide sequences can be assigned to specific locations in the structural genes, based on the amino-acid sequences of the trpB and trpA proteins. In vitro, ribosomes bind to this piece of mRNA and protect from nuclease attack a region about 40 nucleotides long, containing a central AUG codon. The triplet codons to the 3' side of this AUG correspond to the first seven amino acids of the trpA protein; the codons to the 5' side correspond to the last six amino acids of the trpB protein. Translation of trpB is terminated by single UGA codon, which overlaps the trpA AUG initiation codon: UGAUG. Thus the untranslated "intercistronic" region consists of only two nucleotides. The RNA sequence spanning this region undoubtedly fulfills two functions, specifying ribosome recognition signals as well as encoding amino-acid sequences.


Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. We have previously described a sensitive bacterial test for dectecting carcinogens as mutagens. We have previously described a sensitive bacterial test for detecting carcinogens as mutagens. We show here that 89% (150/169) of commercial oxidative-type (hydrogen peroxide) hair dye formulations are mutagenic in this test. Of the 18 components of these hair dyes, nine show various degrees of mutagenicity:2,4-diaminoanisole, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine,  2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminoanisole, 2-amino-5-nitrophenol, m-phenylenediamine,  o-phenylenediamine,  2-amino-4-nitrophenol, and 2,5-diaminotoluene. Three hair dye components (p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminotuluene, and 2,5-diaminoanisole) become strongly mutagenic after oxidation by H2O2: the mutagenic product of p-phenylenediamine is identified as the known trimer, Bandrowski's base. 2,4-Diaminotoluene, a hair dye component until recently, is also shown to be mutagenic: this compound has been shown to be a carcinogen in rats and is used in large amounts in the polyurethane foam industry. About 20,000,000 people (mostly women) dye their hair in the U.S. and the hazard could be considerable if these chemicals are actually mutagenic and carcinogenic in humans.


Effect of growth conditions on DNA-membrane attachment in Escherichia coli. DNA-membrane attachment in cultures of E. coli B/r is found to depend on the pattern of DNA synthesis, (a) When the number of replication points increases, the fraction of the DNA that is membrane bound also increases. The relationship between the amount of DNA-membrane attachment and the number of replication points is most consistent with attachment of all replication points and attachment of at least one other chromosomal site; it is inconsistent with attachment of the replication points only, the chromosomal origin only, or the chromosomal terminus only. (b) When repair DNA synthesis is stimulated by irradiation with ultraviolet light, the DNA-membrane attachment remains unchanged.


Presence of actin during chromosomal movement. Actin has been shown to be present in the nucleoli, kinetochore and centriolar regions, and in the mitotic spindle of rat kangaroo cells which have been stained with fluorescently labeled heavy meromyosin. The actin in the spindle is confined to the fibers that connect the chromosomes with the centriolar region. Actin was not present in astral fibers, in the continuous spindle fibers that connect the poles, or in non-kinetochore regions of the chromosomes. The specific localization of actin in chromosomal spindle fibers suggests an actin-mvosin interaction as the force-producing mechanism for chromosomal movement.


Daily periodicity in the activity of a slide used to perform immunologic reactions at a liquid-solid interface. Nickel-plated slides were prepared by evaporating a nickel layer (congruent to 4000 A thick) on glass slides in the presence of a magnetic field whose lines of force were perpendicular to the surface of the slides. Such slides are called active. After being coated with a layer of bovine albumin, they could absorb a layer of antibodies 70-80 A thick. However, if the active slides before they were coated with bovine serum albumin, were submitted to a magnetic field with lines of force parallel to the surface, the layer of antibodies absorbed was only 40 A thick. They had become inactive. It has been found that slides remain active at night but that shortly after sunrise they become slowly inactivated and reach a minimum in their activity at exactly the midday period. They regain full activity at sunset. It is shown that the inactivation results from a solar radiation that can be stopped by 3.5 cm of lead. On December 13th, 1974 there was an eclipse of the sun with 65% occultation at noon (Daylight Saving Time). The activity of the slide at noon was 65% of the maximum activity (83 A) observed before sunrise. The thickness of the adsorbed layer of antibodies were 75 A instead of 63 A observed in the absence of the eclipse. The activation of the slides originates in a radiation of non-solar origin that is adsorbed by 1 can of lead.


Cystography after kidney transplantation. 45 voiding cystographies were performed in 40 patients with renal allografts: in 30 cases diluted Verografin SPOFA (CSSR) and in 15 cases Opacist E.R. BRACCO (Italy) were used as contrast medium. The purpose of the study was to assess the frequency of vesico-ureteral reflux into the autologous ureters, into the ureter and pelvicalyceal system of the graft and the frequency of morphological and functional changes of the urinary bladder including its contraction during micturition. In three patients with urinary leakage at the site of uretero-neocystotomy voiding cystography gave false-negative results.


A review of the cardiovascular effects and toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants. The tricyclic antidepressants have potent and complex effects on the cardiovascular system, both directly and through interactions with other drugs. Through a combination of anticholinergic activity, direct myocardial depressant activity and an effect on the adrenergic neuron, they can cause a combination of arrhythmias, blood pressure abnormalities and congestive heart failure. These changes, although most common with overdose, can occur at therapeutic levels. In addition a number of drug-drug interactions can occur between the tricyclics and agents used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as exemplified by tricyclic antagonism of the antihypertensive effect of guanethidine. Awareness of these factors is necessary to insure proper therapeutic utilization of the tricyclics as well as to treat effectively their toxicity.


Further evaluation of 99m-Tc sulfur colloid accumulation in rejecting renal transplants in man and a canine model. Renal transplant accumulation of 99m-Tc sulfur colloid was evaluated in 41 patients. Ninety-five examinations were performed comparing transplant with bone marrow activity and clinical or pathological diagnosis. 99m-Tc sulfur colloid accumulated in acute or chronic rejection as long as the vascular supply of the grafted kidney was not severely impaired. Accumulation was marked in chronic rejection, slight in acute rejection and absent in normally functioning transplants or in those with acute tubular necrosis. In the 10 dog models, no accumulation was seen in autografted transplants and early accumulation was demonstrated within the hyperacutely rejecting kidneys of allografted dogs.


Multiple chronic traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the aorta and great vessels. A case report. A case of multiple chronic traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the thoracic aorta and major branches in a young girl is presented. Angiograms obtained 2 days, 3 months, and 15 months after injury demonstrated stability of the patients's condition. The necessity for close follow-up in a case not surgically repaired is stressed.


Cholinesterase in embryonic development. I. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was studied histochemically during early development of the sea urchin, the amphibian, the chick and the rat embryo. After formalin fixation and embedding in water-soluble carbowax, the enzyme reaction was carried out in serial section. 2. Independent from innervation ChE appears in every embryonic blastema in a very early stage of development. It disappears from the embryonic cells after they have assembled into definite organ structures. Thus, ChE plays a role in embryonic development which is different from its known function in the adult. Therefore, ChE activity present in differentiating cells during a limited phase of development, is termed "embryonic cholinesterase". 3. Embryonic ChE was invariably found in cells engaged in morphogenetic movements. This observation has led us to suppose that the enzyme in involved in the regulation of cellular movements during development. 4. In particular, embryonic ChE is described in the following locations: a) During sea urchin gastrulation ChE is present in the primary mesenchymal cells emigrating from the blastula wall and in the archenteron cells which are known to bring about the invagination movement by contraction of their pseudopods. b) In the early chick blastoderm ChE active "droplet cells" are described which are supposed to emigrate from the epiblast layer in order to form the hypoblast. c) During development of notochord and somites, during closure of the neural tube and development of the head anlage, the close correlation of ChE activity with various morphogenetic movements is demonstrated: ChE appears during aggregation and desaggregation of epithelial compounds. The active bending of preexisting epithelial sheets, such as the neural plate, is also accompanied by ChE activity in epithelial cells...


Early morphological alterations of the rat lung with increased intracranial pressure. II. A scanning electron microscopic study using different fixation procedures. Pulmonary edema following intracranial pressure elevation was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. Using three different fixation procedures-immersion, vascular perfusion, and tracheal instillation-the various features of intraalveolar edema formation could be demonstrated: capillary congestion, intraalveolar proteinious exudate, and capillary hemorrhage.


[The effect of acetyl-salicylic-acid and a pyrido-pyrimidine-derivate on the rejection of allotransplanted canine kidneys (author's transl)]. The effects of anti-thrombotic drugs-Acetyl-salicylic-acid and 2-Piperazinly-4-thiomorpholino-pyrido(3,2-d)-pyrimidin-sulfat-trihydrat-on rejection reactions of renal allografts in dogs have been studied. From the clinical point of view no effectiveness of the two drugs can be found, whereas the histological findings do clearly show diminished rejection reactions in the Acetylsalicylic-acid group.


Effect of listerine on dental plaque and gingivitis. The present study was performed in 10 adults in order to evaluate the effect of an antiseptic mouthrinse (Listerine) on the rate of dental plaque formation and gingivitis development during a 2-week period when all efforts towards active mechanical oral hygiene were withdrawn. The study was performed as a crossover study and was carried out during four consecutive 2-week periods. During the first and third periods (preparatory periods) the participants were subjected to repeated professional tooth cleanings in order to establish plaque- and gingivitis-free dentitions. During the second and fourth periods (test and control periods) the participants were not allowed to brush their teeth but rinsed their mouths three times a day with Listerine or a placebo mouthwash. Plaque Index, Gingival Index, gingival fluid flow, and crevicular leukocytes were assessed on d 0, 2, 4, 7, and 14. On d 7 and 14, dental plaque was removed from the right and left jaws respectively and the wet weights determined. The chemotactic activity elaborated by the plaques was studied in Boyden chambers. During the Listerine test period, significantly lower Plaque and Gingival Index values were scored and lower amounts of plaque could be sampled in comparison to the control period.


An immunofluorescence study on the cross-reaction between strep. 2a and human oral mucosa. Immunologic cross-reactions between Strep. 2A, fetal human oral mucosa (FHOM), and adult human oral mucosa (AHOM) were investigated by the use of a double layer immunofluorescence staining technique. Rabbit sera were prepared against Strep. 2A and FHOM. Seventeen sera from patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and with known antibodies against Strep. 2A and AHOM were examined for antibodies against FHOM. The distribution of endpoint titers against FHOM in the sera from RAS differed significantly from the distribution in 17 controls. The immune absorptions in the rabbit sera and in the 17 sera from patients with RAS indicate that some cross-reacting antigenic determinants are shared between Strep. 2A, FHOM, and AHOM. Further, the present results indicate that antibodies are produced against antigenic determinants which are not shared by Strep. 2A, FHOM, and AHOM. The role of cross-reacting antigens in the pathogenesis of RAS is discussed but remains obscure.


Formation of an experimental dental cuticle. Slices of dental enamel, cementum and dentin, and segments of epoxy resin splints with exposed synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals were incubated in human serum overnight. Observations by light and electron microscopy revealed that a cuticular structure with staining reactions and ultrastructural appearance similar to those of dental cuticle had formed on the various surfaces. The results support the hypothesis that the dental cuticle in vivo may consist of serum components which have been adsorbed to the tooth surface as a result of gingival exudation.


Effect of acid in the duodenal bulb on acid and pepsin responses to test meal in dogs. Dogs were provided with innervated pouches of the fundic stomach and of the duodenal bulb. Gastric secretion was stimulated by a test meal. Bulbar perfusion with 0.1 N HCl profoundly ibhibited the secretion of acid. Also  pepsin output and concentration of pepsin in gastric juice were reduced by bulbar acidification. The results may mean that reduction of the intrabulbar pH also plays a role in regulation of the secretion of pepsin from the stomach.


Effect of urecholine and carbacholine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion after proximal gastric vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients;. Six months after proximal gastric vagotomy gastric secretion was examined after infusion of pentagastrin, 15 mug/kg/hr, alone and in combination with urecholine, 60 mug/kg/hr, or carbacholine, 2 mug/kg/hr. There were no significant differences between mean acid outputs after the three types of stimulation. Pepsin outputs were significantly higher after pentagastrin plus carbacholine and pentagastrin plus urecholine than after pentagastrin alone. Urecholine and carbacholine increased pepsin secretion to a similar degree. Volume of gastric juice was significantly higher after simultaneous infusion of pentagastrin and urecholine than after pentagastrin alone or pentagastrin plus carbacholine.


Mechanism of B-cell activation and paralysis by thymus-independent antigens. Additive effects between NNP-LPS and LPS in the specific response to the hapten. Normal spleen cells showed a bell-shaped dose response profile when stimulated in vitro with the thymus-independent antigen (4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)acetyl (NNP)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with regard to the development of high-avidity plaque-forming cells to NNP. The addition of suboptimal concentrations of LPS to cultures stimulated by suboptimal concentrations of NNP-LPS resulted in optimal induction of B cells in that affinity fraction. Addition of LPS to cultures optimally stimulated by NNP-LPS resulted in paralysis of the specific cells. These results are interpreted in terms of the additive effects between the mitogenicity of LPS and the mitogenicity of NNP-LPS, the latter being selectively focused on the specific cells, thus providing further evidence for the 'one nonspecific signal' hypothesis for immune activation of B cells.


Stimulation-produced analgesia: development of tolerance and cross-tolerance to morphine. Analgesia resulting from focal electrical stimulation of the brain of the rat shows tolerance with repeated exposures; this tolerance dissipates after a period of nonstimulation. Addiction to morphine reduces greatly the analgesia produced by electrical stimulation of the brain, which demonstrates cross-tolerance between morphine analgesia and stimulation-produced analgesia. Recovery of the stimulation-produced analgesia is seen after discontinuing administration of morphine. These results suggest that morphine and electrical stimulation produce analgesia by common mechanisms. The fact that tolerance occurs to the analgesic effect of electrical stimulation indicates that tolerance may be an alteration of an endogenous neuronal process.


Sleep cycle oscillation: reciprocal discharge by two brainstem neuronal groups. During the sleep cycle in cats, neurons localized to the posterolateral pole of the nucleus locus coeruleus and the nucleus subcoeruleus undergo discharge rate changes that are the opposite of those of the pontine reticular giant cells. The inverse rate ratios and activity curves of these two interconnected populations are compatible with reciprocal interaction as a physiological basis of sleep cycle oscillation.


Superior colliculus: visuotopic-somatotopic overlap. A laminar organization was present in the superior colliculus of the cat, with upper layer cells exclusively visual, lower layer cells primarily somatic (or acoustic), and intermediate layers showing significant modality overlap. The close topographic correspondence between the visual and somatic representations observed within this laminar pattern and the similarities in visual and somatic response specificity may be consistent with the hypothesis that the colliculus combines several sensory modalities to facilitate tracking of a given stimulus.


Hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus treated by bunionectomy and proximal metatarsal osteotomy. Sixteen feet with hallux valgus and metatarsus primus varus have been treated by excision of the exostosis of the first metatarsal head, advancement of the medial capsule and the abductor hallucis, release of the lateral capsule and adductor tendon, and open-wedge osteotomy at the  base of the first metatarsal inserting a bone graft. During a three-year period ther have been no nonunions of the osteotomy, and satisfactory maintenance of the corrections has occurred. This method is preferred over distal metatarsal osteotomy.


Alleviating agitation, apprehension, and related symptoms in geriatric patients: A double-blind comparison of a phenothiazine and a benzodiazepien. A four-week, double-blind study compared the effectiveness of thioridazine and diazepam in 40 geriatric patients with various symptoms of senility. Patients' progress was evaluated with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, a Modified Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE), a global rating of degree of illness, and a global rating of degree of overall change. The data indicate that thioridazine was superior to diazepam inrelieving troublesome symptoms of senility.


Type IIa hyperlipoproteinaemia. An evaluation of four therapeutic regimens. The cholesterol-lowering effect of clofibrate (Ciba-SU13437) cholestyramine and the combination of clofibrate and cholestyramine is studied in 19 subjects with type lla hyperlipoproteinaemia, over a 20-week period. Each regimen is evaluated in terms of total cholesterol-lowering effect, cholesterol-lowering effect at 4, 8 and 16 weeks of therapy, and the incidence of side-effects. Cholestyramine is identified as the agent of choice in the management of this disorder and recommendations for its optimal utilisation are put forward.


The role of the autopsy in modern medical practice. A review. The role of the autopsy in modern medical practice is reviewed in the light of waning clinical interest. After a historical introduction, the reasons for this lessening interest in the autopsy, its values and its limitations are discussed, and followed by consideration of the possible future pattern of postmortem investigation.


The use of pyrithioxine in a group of visually handicapped children. A preliminary report from the School for the Blind, Worcester. A double-blind trial with pyrithioxine (Encephabol) was made witn 22 pairs of visually handicapped subjects who were equal in IQ scores and in chronological age. Although an improvement of abstraction ability was noticed, the over-all results were not in concurrence with the general tendency in relevant literature. A follow-up cross-over study is suggested.


Shock lung: fact or fancy?

Shock lung: fact or fancy? Shock lung can be considered a relatively new pathologic syndrome. Its rapidly increasing incidence is a tribute to advanced sophistication in the salvage of severely traumatized patients and in those undergoing major surgery who would not have survived 25 years ago. No single factor can be credited as the sole precipitator of this syndrome. Alone, many of the factors may be insignificant; but combined they are often synergistic and end in a respiratory death. Although all of the mechanisms and interrelationships are not known for every case, early recognition of the specific contributing etiologies aid in both the prevention and, when that fails, in the treatment of shock lung. Today, by careful precise diagnostic monitoring, many cases of post-traumatic pulmonary insufficiency, i.e., shock lung, can be treated with resultant cure. The term shock lung is valuable only in alerting the physician to the fact that the patient is in "big trouble." The physician must then try to sort out all of the possible factors and treat each accordingly. We might compare the end result of shock lung to the end stage of renal disease. The fact is that they are both nonspecific responses of an end organ to many different and interrelated etiologies. To expect to define a single, all encompassing etiology is pure fancy.


Donor-specific IgG antibody and the chronic rejection of human renal allografts. Although many investigators have felt that humoral antibody was responsible for chronic rejection, attempts to detect it in the sera of recipients in the presence of functioning renal allografts have been largely unsuccessful. A modification of the mixed antiglobulin reaction has increased its sensitivity so that the development of low titers of immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody antibody specific for donor kidney cells can be detected in renal allograft recipients while renal function is still good. Donor-specific antibody was detected in the sera of 11 of 13 patients whose transplants had ceased to function from 5 to 43 months after transplantation. In five recipients the antibody was present prior to as well as after transplantation and in six recipients antibody developed after transplantation from 3 to 25 months prior to the cessation of function. In the patients with antibody, chronic rejection was characterized by hypertension which required treatment with multiple drugs, by proteinuria of greater than one gram per day, by a gradual, progressively rising serum creatinine, and by an absence of acute ologuric rejection episodes. Pathologically there was extensive intimal proliferation and occlusion of the intrarenal arteris. There also was significant glomerulonephritis which consisted of thickening of the basement membranes, mesangial cell proliferation, simplification of the capillary loops, and in some patients fibroepithelial crescent formation. These findings suggest that IgG antibodies directed against cell-surface antigens of the donor are the chief cause of chronic renal allograft rejection.


Liver failure in the postoperative patient: the role of sepsis and immunologic deficiency. In a 4 year experience with 7- postoperative or postinjury patients in liver failure, we found that 27 (37 percent) had associated bacterial sepsis. The mortality rate in this group of patients was 48 percent, compared with an average of 80 percent among patients with liver failure from other causes. Laboratory evaluation of cellular immune response in 20 cirrhotic patients confirmed the clinical observation of a relative failure of cellular immunity. Mitogen response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was significantly decreased in cirrhotic patients as was the number of thymus-derived lymphocytes. The association and poor prognosis of pre-existing liver damage, injury, bacterial sepsis, and liver failure is discussed. It is concluded that a postoperative or postinjury patient, regardless of his general condition, who has any possibility of having undrained intraperitoneal sepsis, deserves re-exploration since the trade-off for benefit usually far outweighs the possibility of doing harm. The decision for reoperation in such critically ill patients is not easy, but such operative aggressiveness is warranted.


Hepatic portoenterostomy (the Kasai operation) for biliary atresia. Twenty-two infants and children with extrahepatic biliary atresia were treated by Kasai's hepatic portoenterostomy operation since 1972. Postoperative bile drainage occurred in 11 infants. Success never was obtained in patients older than 12 weeks nor in the absence of microscopic biliary ductules in the excised fibrotic remnant of the extrahepatic bile ducts. With these exclusions almost 90 percent of infants with biliary atresia had sustained bile drainage after operation. In the early cases, ascending cholangitis was a major and recurrent complication with sequellae in many instances of permanent jaundice and probably irreversible liver damage. A new and simple modification of Kasai's original operation has prevented this complication thus far. Despite apparently normal bile drainage, postoperative studies by transhepatic cholangiography in some of these patients have demonstrated a grossly abnormal hepatobiliary intrastructure, suggesting that an underlying liver involvement may be present in biliary atresia.


[Late results of replacement of the antrio-ventricular valve]. From 1966 to 1969 mitral-valve-allografts have been implanted for mitral valve replacement in 11 and for tricuspid valve replacement in two patients. Three patients died immediately after the operation. Eigth allografts in mitral position and one in tricuspid position functioned well. One case was complicated by candida albicans. There were no thromboembolic complications. Long-term follow up revealed late deterioration of allograft function in every case. Four allografts have been replaced four are still functioning four to six years postoperatively. Because of the poor durability of the results this method of mitral valve replacement is not used any more.


[Rastelli operation for complete transposition of the great vessels, ventricle septum defect and pulmonary atresis]. We report about a 6 year old patient with complete transpositon of the great arteries, a ventiricle septum defect, and pulmonary atresia, who was operated using Rastellis technique. A Hancock-prothesis of of 20 mm diameter was used for  reconstruction of the outflow tract of the right  ventricle and anastomosed distal with the pulmonary artery on the left side of the aorta. The proximal anastomosis was performed with the right ventricle after a longitudinal ventriculotomy. The intraoperative pressure recordings and the post-operative studies revealed a very good early result.


Short term effects of ionizing radiation on the recurrent or metastatic skin cancer--a quantitative DNA study. A total of 72 smears from two cases of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck during radiation therapy were studied for DNA content.  The percentage of aneuploid tumor cells in the range of lower ploidy was high in both cases and remained high throughout the treatment.  The correlation between the percentage of aneuploid cells in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and radiocurability of these lesions has been discussed.


Total body irradiation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 17 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were treated by total body irradiation (TBI). 94% went into remission. Response in lymphosarcomas was found to be extremely good with long periods of unmaintained remission. Reticulumcell sarcomas responded poorly.


[Forensic dentistry and its position in the service of the justice]. Forensic stomatology makes the findings of dental research available to justice. Thus, it is a branch of the forensic sciences. Among the main tasks of forensic stomatology are the identification of people and (in crimes of violence, especially sex crimes) the statement, analysis and evaluation of bite marks. The marking of dentures is also dealt with.


A heterophile system in human renal transplantation. IV. Natural immunity and its genetic implications. Natural heterophile immunity was studied in 949 individuals including 41 recipients and donors of renal transplants and 141 families. The prevalence and strength of the natural immunity was at its maximum during the first two decades of life and declined thereafter. The population could be divided into three groups: one with natural immunity to heterophile transplantation antigens (HT-A), one with a heterophile immunity which was not (anti-HT-A) (i.e., anti-HX-A), and one group which had no heterophile immunity. Transplantation among these groups yielded results which along with family studies and mathematical considerations suggest that the HT-A system is controlled by a single genetic locus comprised of one dominant and one recessive allele.


Soluble membrane antigen fractions that react with rat enhancing alloantibodies. Soluble extracts were prepared from cells of Brown Norway (BN) rat spleens by sonication in 2 M KI. Extracts were fractionated by gel filtration and electrophoretic procedures. The fractions specifically inhibited the binding of Lewis alloantibodies to target BN cells in vitro and in vivo. A homogeneous component that retained antigen activity was obtained by preparatory polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lewis rats injected with BN antigen fractions produced histocompatibility alloantisera that would prolong the survival of BN skin grafts applied to Lewis neonates.


Comparison of kidney transplant survival among transplant centers. Human kidney transplant survival rates at 1 year were compared among centers according to the transplantation activity as measured by the number of renal transplants performed. Statistical methods are described by which a fair assessment can be made of the outcome when small numbers of grafts are involved. The method should also be useful in evaluating subsets of patients in any given center under different treatment protocols. No evidence was found that survival rates of cadaver donor transplants were lower at the smaller centers. Other factors besides size of centers are probably of greater importance in influencing transplant survival rates.


Effect of time on sensitization to hemophoietic grafts by preceding blood transfusion. Previous studies have shown that a single transfusion with whole blood from the intended marrow donor 10 days before 1,200 R of total body irradiation (TBI) and marrow grafting can immunize a dog and lead to rejection of the subsequent marrow graft. The present study explored the effect of time on immunization to marrow grafts by preceding blood transfusion. All receipents were given 1,200 R of TBI followed with 4 hr by a hemopoietic graft from an unrelated donor mismatched at the major canine histocompatibility complex. Two groups of recipients were studed. In group 1, 7 dogs were given a transfusion of blood from the marrow donor 24 hr before TBI, and 6 rejected the graft; in group 2, 16 dogs were given transfusion of blood from the marrow donor 3 months before TBI, and 8 rejected the graft. The frequency of rejection in both groups was significantly greater than in untransfused dogs mismatched with their donors at the canine major histocompatibility complex (11 rejections in 67 transplants). The results indicate that exposure to donor blood from 24 hr to 3 months before marrow grafting significantly increases the likelihood of graft rejection.


Re-establishment of cutaneous leishmaniasis after cessation of anti-malaria spraying. Decrease or interruption of transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis as a result of spraying of human dwellings with residual insecticides has been reported by several investigators. In this report the behaviour of the disease after cessation of spraying in the villages of Isfahan is studied. In 16 villages sprayed with DDT from 1966 through 1969, the incidence decreased from 8.2 per 1000 in 1965 to 0,7 per 1000 in 1969 but in 1970, the first year after cessation of spraying, the incidence increased to 15 per 1000, a 20-fold increase. The control villages did not show these changes, still having the incidence figure of more than 9 per 1000 per year. The study shows that insecticide spraying is not the fianl answer in the control of leishmaniasis.


[Characteristics of the morphological changes in the nuclear structures in oogenesis in holothurians]. Chromosomes and nucleoli were studied at the meiosis diplotene stage in oocytes of Stichopus japonicus and Cucumaria fraudatrix. The S. japonicus nuclear structures were found to change in the same way as in other holothurioidea (chromosomes turn into lampbrushes, there is a single rapidly increasing nucleolus). The C. fraudatrix oocytes are notable for their lampbrushes located in immediate vicinity of the nucleus membrane. The same modes of behavior of nuclear structures are known for three more types of Cucumaria (no more species have been studied). The specific features of behavior of the nuclear structures are discussed with regard to phylogeny of holothurioidea oogenesis.


[Change in cellular surface structures and volume under the action of colchicine]. Effect of colchicine upon the surface structures and volume of embryonic pig kidney cells and mouse ascite carcinoma Krebs II cells involved an increase of the cells volume. This was confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy data. The surface of colchicine-treated pig cells has less microvilli due, probably, to their enlarged volume. Swelling of mitochondrial matrix as well as some other ultrastructural changes in cytoplasm of the drug-treated cells suggest that the increase in the volume is a result of cell hydration. Disturbance of the osmotic equilibrium following the depolymerization of microtubles in the mitotic spindle and cytoplasm, is discussed.