[Treatment of acute circulatory failure (shock) in childhood]. The concept of shock is discussed emphazising the microcirculatory disturbance implied with the resulting failure in tissular perfussion and its consequences (hypoxia, acidosis, enzymatic damage, metabolic changes). Its causes are outlined (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, endocrine); its phases, vasoconstriction, precapillary dilatiation and pooling, disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemorrhages following hypocoagulability due to an excessive consumption of factors and the fundamental elements of the clinical picture. Treatment is analyzed outstanding the necessity of an adequate and urgent correction of the disturbance in volume, stressing the importance of supplying about 400 ml. x m-2 during the first hour and the necessary monitoring of central venous pressure as the best index to control perfussed fluids. Indications for electrolytic solutions are given, including blood, platelets, plasms, albumin, dextran and manitol. The fact that respiratory failure following "shock lung" is stressed as the main cause of death and the different procedures of management are described (ventilation, intubation, oxygen therapy, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation and use of respirators, specially the Bird type). Vasodilator drugs are described together with their indications; also, contraindications of vasoconstrictive drugs. Several complications, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute adrenal failure, acute renal failure and arrhythmia are mentioned together with basic elements for prevention and treatment. Emphasis is placed on the serial control of several elementsusing a special counter in their outline: sensory, respiration including type, rythm and rate, cyanosis, central venous pressure, pulse, color of the skin, capillary filling, temperature, arterial pressure, diuresis, weight, and hydration. A careful hydrous balance is stressed. It is handled in the same counter


Studies on a factor responsible for new bone formation from osteosarcoma in mice. The bone inducing factor derived from BF osteosarcoma was purified in the following manner. Step 1. The sarcoma, grown in CBA mice, was excised and lyophilized. Step 2. The powder was washed with chilled acetone. Step 3. The acetone-treated powder was then homogenized with chilled distilled water. Step 4. Washing with 0.15M KCl. Step 5. The precipitate was incubated in in 0.2 N NH2OH, pH7.0, for 48 H at 25 degrees. After Step 5, the bone-forming activity showed a slight increase; however, the factor remained insoluble. The properties of the factor were as follows. The factor is relatively relatively heat stable; the osteogenic activity survived the treatment at 75 degrees for 15 min or at 55 degrees for 19 h. The activity was easily lost by mechanical shaking. Incubation with DNase, RNase, neuraminidase, chondroitinase ABC and beta-galactosidase left the osteogenic activity intact, but treatment with either pronase or collagnease destroyed this activity. The results suggest that the factor may be a protein. The activity was seen with the lyophilized BF osteosarcoma cells (without matrix), and it is probable that the factor was exclusively synthesized in the cells. The bone formation, observed across a millipore filter when living BF osteosarcoma enclosed in a millipore chamber was implanted in mice, suggests the synthesis and secretion of the factor from the cells.


Polycythemia vera treated with -32p and myleran: development of chronic granulocytic leukemia with chromosomal abnormalities in one patient. Chronic granulocytic leukemia developed in a 59-year-old woman who had previously received a total of 21 mCi -32P for polycythemia vera. She was treated with Myleran (busulphan) for her chronic granulocytic leukemia. Cytogenic studied revealed deletion of chromosomes No. 8 and 12, and translocation between 1 and 8. The patient also developed a severe antoimmune hemolytic anemia, for which she received prednisone treatment. She died with a perforated stomach ulcer.


The renin-angiotensin system in acute renal failure of rats. 1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Subsequently, changes in the concentrations of renin and of angiotensin II in plasma and the renin content of the kidneys were followed. 2. at 4 and 8 h after glycerol administration, plasma renin and angiotensin II had increased two to three-fold; they remained elevated for 48 h and then returned towards normal. At 7 days, the values were still slightly raised. 3. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol injection, kidney renin had decreased but it had increased after 24 and 48 h. 4. Passive immunization with angiotensin II antibodies, given at the time of glycerol injection and 2 and 4 h afterwards, prevented the development of acute renal failure. When angiotensin II antiserum was administered later (8, 10 and 12 h after glycerol) it had no effect. 5. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the early phase of acute renal failure.


Secretion of inorganic phosphate in the rat nephron. 1. The existence of tubular secretion of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the mammalian kidney has been investigated by studying the renal response of rats infused with sodium phosphate by three different techniques. 2. Clearance studies indicate that, in anaesthetized rats, the net tubular reabsorption decreases markedly in response to Pi infusion. In conscious rats, the clearance of Pi slightly exceeded that of inulin at high plasma Pi concentration. 3. Free-flow micropuncture in control rats showed a net tubular reabsorption of Pi along the proximal tubule, and probably between the end of the distal tubule and the ureteral urine. In phosphate-loaded rats, whether receiving parathyroid hormone or not, an apparent net secretion of Pi was observed between the end of the distal tubule and the reteral urine. In the phosphate-loaded group receiving parthyroid hormone, net secretion was also observed very early in the proximal tubule followed by a predominant reabsorption along this segment. Thus the early proximal tubule and probably also the terminal nephron can be the site of either net reabsorption or net secretion. 4. Microperfusions of proximal tubules show a fall in the specific radioactivity of the perfused radioactive Pi solution, indicating entry of Pi into the lumen.


Hypotensive and renin-suppressing activities of propranolol in hypertensive patients. 1. In patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension, oral propranolol, given in incremental doses, produced a moderate but significant lowering of blood pressure which was correlated with the concentration of propranolol in plasma. 2. Propranolol also reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) in the supine posture, on standing and after intravenous frusemide. However, 'supine' and 'frusemide' PRA values were markedly reduced at a plasma concentration of propranolol that had little effect on blood pressure. 3. On administration of propranolol there was little correlation between blood pressure decrease and PRA suppression, and even less between pretreatment PRA values and hypotensive response. 4. It is concluded that in patients with mild and moderate hypertension and low or normal plasma renin activity, suppression of PRA is not an important determinant of the hypotensive response to propranolol.


Autoregulation of renal blood flow in dogs at normal body temperature and at 27 degrees C. 1. Dogs cooled to 27 degrees C were compared with control dogs maintained at 38 degrees C. The mean arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were lower in the hypothermic animals. 2. The relation between mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow was investigated. Auto-regulation of renal blood flow occurred in the kidneys of normothermic and hypothermic animals. Thus the reduction in renal blood flow during hypothermia is not due simply to the fall in mean arterial blood pressure. 3. Similarities between recordings of renal blood flow obtained at 38 degrees C and 27 degrees C suggest that its autoregulation occurs by the same mechanism at the two temperatures. 4. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurred in hypothermic kidneys in the presence of a cold-induced vasoconstriction. The observed responses to cold and to alterations in mean arterial blood pressure may take place in different areas of the renal vasculature.


Methionine adenosyltransferase, cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase activity of rat liver subcellular particles, human blood cells and mixed white cells from rat bone marrow. 1. Methionine adenosyltransferase (ATP:L-methionine-S-adenosyl transferase, EC 2.5.1.6), cystathionine beta-synthase F1L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine), EC 4.2.1.22] and cystathionine gamma-lyase [L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] activities were found only in the cytosol fraction of rat liver cells. None was found in the mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum fractions as judged by the distribution of marker enzymes on a density gradient after centrifugation of the cytoplasmic fraction of a liver homogenate, or in a preparation of liver cell nuclei. 2. Polymorphs, lymphocytes (with admixed monocytes) and mixed bone marrow white cells contained no methionine adenosyl transferase, cystathionine beta-synthase or cystathionine gamma-lyase activities. 3. The possible bearing of these results on the problem of abnormal cystine storage in cystinosis is briefly discussed.


Adaptations in urea ammonium excretion in metabolic acidosis in the rat: a reinterpretation. 1. The effects of oral hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate on urea and ammonium excretion in rats on a constant diet were studied. 2. Hydrochloric acid acidosis significantly reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excretion and no change in their sum. In ammonium chloride acidosis, most of the additional nitrogen intake is excreted as NH+4 and a small percentage as urea. The converse holds true after administration of ammonium bicarbonate. The physiological significance of this is discussed. 3. The shift in nitrogen excretion from urea to NH+4 in acidosis is interpreted on the basis of bicarbonate production and utilization. Urea formation utilizes HCO-3. For amino acid sources, this utilization is offset by the metabolism of the carbon skeleton, which gives rise to HCO-3. When waste nitrogen is excreted as NH+4, no bicarbonate is utilized and the new HCO-3, generated by the carbon skeleton, hels to maintain hydrogen ion homeostasis.


Iron therapy in maintenance haemodialysis. 1. Marrow-iron stores were absent or reduced in twenty-three of thirty-nine patients studied within 52 months of starting maintenance haemodialysis. 2. Oral iron was given to twelve patients (group I) with absent or reduced, and to eleven patients (group II) with normal or increased marrow-iron stores. 3. A significant increase in mean haemoglobin concentration and marrow iron was observed in group I. No significant change in mean haemoglobin concentration or marrow iron occurred in group II. Mean haemoglogin concentration after treatment was significantly higher in group I than in group II. 4. The four patients who had normal or increased marrow iron and who received no oral iron all suffered a fall in haemoglobin concentration, and three of them showed a reduction in marrow iron. 5. These findings indicate that continuous oral iron therapy should be given to all patients on maintenance dialysis to correct or prevent iron deficiency.


Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the renal vascular response to a low sodium diet in the rabbit. 1. The effect of propranolol on total and regional renal blood flow was measured in conscious rabbits after 6 days on normal or low sodium diets. 2. Propranolol inhibited the fall in total superficial cortical renal blood flow which occurred in response to the low sodium diet but did not influence renal blood flow in rabbits on a normal sodium diet. 3. Reduction and redistribution of renal blood flow in response to a low sodium diet appears to be mediated by a beta-receptor mechanism and may be a consequence of intrarenal release of renin.


Effect of salmon calcitonin on cardiac output, oxygen transport and bone turnover in patients with Paget's disease. 1. Twelve patients with symptomatic Paget's disease were studied before starting treatment with salmon calcitonin (12-5 mug) subcutaneously twice daily. Eleven of them were studied again after 3 months on this therapy. 2. Although pretreatment values for urinary total hydroxyproline excretion and cardiac output were considerably increased in some patients, there was no correlation between these two variables in the group as a whole. 3. Treatment resulted in a striking reduction in disease activity; the mean urinary hydroxyproline decreased 67%. 4. There was, however, no significant fall in cardiac output or change in oxygen transport during treatment. 5. Of the eight patients with bone pain who received treatment, five claimed complete pain relief.


Evaluating attitude change in community dental service programs in Minnesota, U.S.A. Attitude changes of students participating in two community service programs at the University of Minnesota were evaluated using the semantic differential technique. Program I, a single day clinical experience at a state institution for the mentally retarded, involved 170 students; Program II, a 1-week clinical program in dental auxiliary utilization, involved 30 students. For each program, semantic differentials were designed to elicit scaled evauative responses toward concepts such as mental retardation and dentistry which were important to program objectives. Scales were administered in a pretest, post-test design. Statistically significant differences were noted for seven of eight target concepts, and appropriate attitude changes were inferred from these differences. Design of community programs and evaluation of desired attitude change using the semantic differential were discussed.


Comparison between participants and non-participants in a dental health survey in northern Norway. The present study focused on possible differences with regard to sex, age, family income and dental status between those who did and those who did not attend a dental health survey. In a village in Northern Norway, all inhabitants aged 20-69 years (180 men and 178 women) were invited by mail to participate in a dental health survey. Two reminders were sent to non-respondents. Eighty-three percent of the target population attended for examination and interviews, and 94% responded to a follow-up questionnaire. Of all non-participants, men, and particularly young men, were overrepresented. Middle-aged people were more likely to participate than were persons under 30 and over 50 years of age. Furthermore, people belonging to the upper income groups seemed to be more willing to participate than those at lower income levels. Apparently, inconvenient working hours and long commuting distances had affected the participation. In addition, it seemed likely that anxiety and local factors had some influence.


Congenital oral anomalies in argentinian children. A total of 6,180 Argentinian school-age children were examined clinically for the presence of oral congenital anomalies. The following prevalence figures were found: commissured lip pits (0.7%), ankyloglossia (0.1%), geographic tongue (1.5%), localized enamel hypomaturation (2.8%), median rhomboid glossitis (0.10/00), torus palatinus (0.30/00) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.30/00). Data are presented for the first time on snowcap amelogenesis imperfecta with a prevalence value of 0.1%.


Five-year review of tooth mortality in a selected population in Leeds, U.K. The results of survey of tooth mortality, in a group of 1,507 patients attending the Conservation Department of a dental teaching hospital in Leeds, U.K., are reported. Comparisons are drawn with the results of a previous study carried out in 1964-65 and with a survey of a general population. The results suggest that there is a general tendency for tooth mortality to be lower in the present survey and this change is particularly noticeable for maxillary incisor and canine teeth. The significance of these results is discussed and various hypotheses are suggested to explain them.


Tetracycline-stained teeth in Jerusalem preschool children. The prevalence of tetracycline-stained teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergarten in West Jerusalem in 1971. In addition, demographic data were collected to determine the socioeconomic status of the children's families. The prevalence of children with stained teeth was 8.0%, males being affected twice as often as females. The prevalence of staining was significantly higher in children of lower socioeconomic status.


Characteristics of a group of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Information concerning social, medical and dental characteristics was obtained from a group comprising 406 patients, 103 men and 303 women, all with some temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Median age for the men was 27 years, and for the women 33 years. Individuals belonging to the middle and upper social classes were clearly overrepresented. Self-reports on general health indicated no obvious deviation from levels which might be expected to prevail in the general population. Dental health tended to be slightly ahead of Norwegian general standards. Eighty-two percent of the group were found to have a mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS), 11% had chronic osteoarthritis, and 7% suffered from other arthropathies of traumatic as well as rheumatologic origin. The proportion of patients with MDS was inversely related to age, and after the age of 40, the relative frequency of MDS also fell slightly with the lowering of social class. Presumably the social composition of the clientele reflected differences in the seeking of treatment, rather than in the "true" disease prevalences. No indication was found for assuming that dental factors had played major and independent roles in the development of the disorders.


Prevalence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati among 3,819 danes. Clinical inspection was made of the palatal mucosa of 3,819 patients at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen. Any occurrence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati (LNP) was recorded, as were the patients' general data and information on their smoking habits. LNP was most prevalent in 30- to 39-year-olds. Prevalence was considerably greater among males than females, even when comparing groups with the same smoking habits. LNP was found in connection with all forms of smoking. In male patients, approx. 30% of pipe smokers had LNP compared with approx. 7% of other smokers. The greatest single factor of importance to the prevalence of LNP, among those who smoked a pipe only, was the level of consumption. The smoking period was of no particular significance. Individual susceptibility is illustrated by the fact that even among pipe smokers with a relatively high consumption, 40% did not exhibit LNP.


Incidence of oral cancer among 30,000 villagers in india in a 7-year follow-up study of oral precancerous lesions. In three districts of India where an oral precancer registry comprising 30,000 individuals was established in 1967, regular follow-up surveys have been conducted. This paper discusses the results of a 7-year follow-up study. In Bhavnagar district only one case or oral cancer was reported in this study. In the districts of Ernakulam and Srikakulam, age-adjusted annual incidence rates for oral cancer were found to be 33 and 22 per 100,000 respectively. The significance of tobacco habits and oral submucous fibrosis as etiologic factors is discussed.


[Determination of vitality of the dental pulp]. The means and methods most frequently used today for testing the sensitivity of the pulp are examined and critically evaluated. It was found that all of them comply with the requirements they should meet, but that they differ with regard to their field of application and the reliability of the information they furnish.


[X-rays findings within the frame of endodontics]. Radiograms and radiological findings are indispensable in endodontic treatment in the following cases: 1. for diagnosing diseases of the pulp and the apical periodontium. 2. for determining the length of the root canal 3. when via falsa is suspected. 4. after the root canal was filled.


[Modification of the microbial flora in the root canal]. Medicamentous treatment of the root canal for influencing the germ flora are a supporting measure. In this connection the application of Nebacetin solution has proven successful. Local application of general antibiotics, however, is not indicated.


[Conservative complete restoration of the apical-ostitis foci]. Histological pictures on the initial and further development of periapical inflammations show that they may develop after the formation of an abscess as well as primary solid granulation starting at the apex. It depends on the surrounding connective tissue interpreted as sclerosed edema whether in the case of an abscess, the abscess cavity will be organized or whether a cyst will be developing.


[Vital or devitalizing extirpation?].

[Vital or devitalizing extirpation?]. When extirpating the pulp, the canal tissue is amputated chemically or surgically and the space produced filled with non-irritating material. The resulting wound differs depending on the method applied. The difficulties in dressing are discussed, especially considering the so-called "dead space". After criticizing arsenic medication, the obtainable therapeutic success is discussed and the disadvantages and advantages of the two extirpation methods are compared.


[Water uptake and solubility of 3 filling plastic materials in relation to hardness tests and time]. 10 samples each of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm thickness of a conventional PMMA, a PMMA composite, and a Bowen composite were tested according to FDI specification no. 3 for 60 days. Sample thickness influences the rate of water uptake, and especially solubility. The sample size of 50 plus or minus 1 mm diameter and 0.5 plus or minus 0.1 mm thickness is suitable for obtaining reproducible, comparable, and clinically characteristic results. Water saturation is normally obtained after 3 to 5 days. Because of the varying sample thickness during production and due to different density of the materials, water uptake should only be expressed in per cent by volume. Solubility should not be disregarded when determining water uptake. It may simulate saturation or equilibrium. Solubility amounts to up to 2 per cent by weight after 60 days. Clinical findings regarding loss in substance may be explainable by this.


[Luxation-fractures of the temporomandibular process in orthopantomogram]. The orthopantomogram (according to Paatero) offers a first orientation survey for diagnosing a fracture-dislocation of the neck of the mandibular condyle. It is easy to take, does not cause any pain, and involves relatively little exposure to radiation. Its value for diagnosing should not, however, be overestimated, since the number of errors is outstandingly high as the present investigation has shown. Only in very few cases it may be sufficient for making the diagnosis. Generally, several radiograms taken in at least two different planes of the temporomandibular joint region are required for establishing an exact diagnosis of a fracture-dislocation of the condyle.


[Effect of sugar-exchange fructose, sorbitol and xylitol on the incidence of caries anddental plaque flora of the rat]. The cariogenicity of fructose, sorbitol, and xylite in chocolate bars as against that of sucrose was tested by ad libitum and programmed feeding of rats. After both types of feeding, the sucrose-containing feed showed the strongest cariogenicity and the xylite-containing feed the weakest cariogenicity. At the end of the test, s.mutans bacteria were found most frequently in the dental plaques of the sucrose animals, while it was not possible to demonstrate the existence of such germs in the xylite animals.


Acquired red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency in leukemias and related disorders. The authors studied red blood cell pyruvate kinase activity of 202 patients with various hemopathies. A PK deficiency of moderate grade was found in 39% of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemias, in 57% of those with primary medullary insufficiency without aplasia, in 61% of those with refractory sideroblastic anemia. The PK deficiency was often associated with deficiencies of other red cell enzymes. The mechanism of such enzyme abnormalities was discussed with the hypothesis of a post-translational molecular alteration.


[Charge-transfer complexes of indolalkylamine and ergoline derivatives]. Charge-transfer complexes of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and pyromellitic dianhydride with indolalkylamines (5-hydroxytryptamine, dimethyltryptamine, etryptamine) and with ergoline derivatives having antiserotonin activity (methysergide, methylergometrine, metergoline, nicotergoline) were studied. The value of the association constant of indole derivatives with trinitrobenzene is influenced by variations on the chain; on the contrary, with pyromellitic dianhydride - only etryptamine and dimethyltryptamine form CT-complexes - the different behaviour can not be correlated with any particular structural characteristics. The association constant values of ergoline derivatives with trinitrobenzene are of the same order of magnitude as that of serotonin; with pyromellitic dianhydride only metergoline and nicotergoline form CT-complexes.


The influence of different isolation procedures and the use of target cells from melanoma cell lines and short-term cultures on the non-specific cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donors. In parallel studies the effects of FHL1 and PNL on plated melanoma cells from cell lines and short-term cultures were compared. FHL showed more frequent and also stronger cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than PNL. On melanoma target cells from cell lines both FHL and PNL showed more frequent and stronger cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than on melanoma target cells from short-term cultures. In the individual donors the percentage of monocytes and EAC-rosette-forming cells in FHL was significantly higher than in PNL. A significant correlation was found between multiplication of the melanoma target cells during the period and an increased susceptibility towards lymphocytes from healthy donors. Melanoma target cells from cell lines were not more fragile, or more susceptible to unfavourable culture conditions than cells from short-term cultures, since non-lymphocytic "effector" cells showed much weaker cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than lymphocytes from healthy donors. Cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donors were also registered on target cells from a mammary carcinoma and an osteosarcoma cell line. No significant differences in the cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donor were observed when tested on mycoplasma-contaminated melanoma cells and the same cells made mycoplasma-free. Mitomycin-C-treated lymphocytes retained their cytotoxic effects. Lymphocytes from a healthy donor tested on different occasions on the same melanoma cells from a short-term culture showed an incidental cytotoxic reaction.


Enhancement by drugs of metastatic lung nodule formation after intravenous tumour cell injection. In studies on a model of induced pulmonary metastasis in mice a tumour host system was analysed which was not affected by immunogenicity of the tumour for the host; neither intensive immunosuppression nor immunization caused a significant change in the quantity of pulmonary metastatic nodules. In contrast the application of cytostatic drugs and of Corynebacterium parvum could modify the pulmonary resistance to the formation of tumour nodules by a factor greater than 100 in either direction. This finding confirms the observation of others that major modification of the resistance to metastatic tumour formation can occur independently of classical immunological mechanisms. Special attention is drawn to the fact that cyclophosphamide enhances the formation of metastatic nodules in this model by factors of 100 to more than 1,000 whereas other cytostatic drugs including the cyclophosphamide congeners iphosphamide and trophosphamide are active only factors between 2 and 12. The possible practical significance of these findings is discussed.


Variation in spotting among the close relatives of the butterfly, Maniola jurtina. A study of spotting in seven related butterfly species in the genera Maniola and Pyronia has been initiated, in the hope of complementing previous work on Maniola jurtina. Marked individual variability has been found in six of the species. Stability of spotting over large areas has not been prominent, but a high degree of apparent geographical variability has been found in four species. Sometimes this has taken the form of clines and sometimes of quantal steps. Some of the quantal changes coincide with the appearance of different "subspecies". Among the incomplete data presented, parallel geographical variation in different species has not been an obvious feature. There have not been enough samples to test for temporal variation in spotting.


Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp.I. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions for growth rate. Growth rate of 12 groups of common carp was measured at five experimental environments. Three of the 12 tested groups were strains of the domesticated European race of the common carp, one group was a representative of the Big-Belly Chinese race, and the remaining eight groups were F1 crossbreds among the European strains and between the European and the Chinese races. The average growth rate over the five environments of the Chinese Big-Belly was considerably poorer than that of the European carp. All the inter-race crossbreds and the crossbreds among the European strains showed heterosis. When the genotype-environment interaction was presented as a linear function of the quality of the environment, the regression coefficient (the overall responsiveness parameter) assumed relatively low values in the Big-Belly and two to two-and-a-half fold higher values in the European carp. The overall responsiveness of crossbreds was, on the average, intermediate between the two parents. When, however, it was partitioned into a scale function of the average genotype and specific independent responsiveness, the two components showed a high degree of heterosis but in opposite directions. An explanation of this genetic system in terms of adaptive evolution to the diverse modes of carp domestication in Europe and China was given.


Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp. II. Multi-character variation-a response to the diverse methods of fish cultivation in Europe and China. The European and Chinese races of the common carp and their F1 crossbreds were tested in five experimental environments. The two races differ widely and conspicuously in many characters. The Chinese carp has poorer growth rate but higher viability and fertility, earlier sexual maturity, higher resistance to crowding, better adaptation to unfavourable pond conditions, higher seine escapability, longer body and larger weight differences between females and males. The crossbreds between the two races are intermediate in some characters (differences in weight between females and males and seine escapability). In other characters (weight gain, specific adaptation to poor conditions and viability), the crossbreds showed dominance or even heterosis. An hypothesis was advanced to explain these genetic differences in terms of selection response to the different fish-farming practices that existed in the two regions. Specific suggestions were made for implementation of the present findings to genetic improvement of carp breeding stocks.


Selection of sex-ratio and the evolution of sex-determination. Deterministic selection forces operating at a modifier level within a population lead to the establishment of systems of sex-determination which, under a variety of natural conditions, induce sex-ratios close to 1 : 1.


All-female broods in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. and their ecological significance. Many female Danaus chrysippus produce all-female broods. Of the two common colour forms at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, form dorippus usually givs normal broods while more than 50 per cent of form chrysippus tested produced all-female broods. It is suggested that all-female broods are the result of meiotic drive governed by a Y-linked gene and that a dominant autosomal suppressor, closely linked with the forewing colour locus, must be present in the population. As selection for the colour morphs changes with season, the sex ratio also alternates between an excess of females at the start of the rains when population density increases rapidly, and an excess of males, probably through superiour survival, in the driest months. Changes in sex ratio allow the population to alter its numbers very quickly in response to prevailing conditions.


Determination of the environmental sensitivity of selection lines by the selection environment. The parents chosen to continue 10 independent selection lines of Schizophyllum commune over eight successive generations of selection, along with unselected controls, have been retrospectively examined for their response to growth at 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C. The regression of rate of growth on temperature was essentially linear over the range 15 degrees to 30 degrees C for all lines in all generations as was also the regression of rate of growth on various biological assessments of the environments over the whole temperature range. Either regression, therefore, provided linear regression coefficients which adequately accounted for the relative sensitivities of the lines to temperature in each generation of selection. These measures of environmental sensitivity confirmed our earlier report that selection for high mean performance in a good environment or for low mean performance in a poor environment leads to selections that are more sensitive to environmental variation than selections for high mean performance in a poor environment or for low mean performance in a good environment. These differences in sensitivity emerge as correlated responses during selection and the magnitude of these correlated responses is higher in the good environment than in the poor environment irrespective of the direction of selection. The environmental sensitivity of selection lines can be modified in either direction as required by either selecting for sensitivity simultaneously with the selection for mean performance or by selecting for mean performance in an above or below average environment. The quality of environments in which artificial selection is usually carried out is likely to have led to high selections with maximum environmental sensitivity and low selections with minimum sensitivity.


Population structure, gene flow and natural selection in populations of Euphydryas phaeton. An examination of seven proteins, presumably encoded by seven structural gene loci, in three local populations of the supposedly sedentary and colonial butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton revealed that three (43 per cent) were polymorphic with three to five alleles each. In addition to this high level of heterozygosity, no statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found at two of the three polymorphic loci. Since the effective breeding size in each population was estimated to range from as few as 20 to 200 individuals, it appears that some level of gene flow between populations must be invoked to explain the high levels of genetic variability maintained in local populations of this butterfly, despite its apparently colonial nature.


A second look at some data on a cline.

A second look at some data on a cline. The release-recapture data given in table 1 of Kettlewell et al.'s (1969) paper on a cline in the frequencies of the typica and edda morphs of the moth. Amathes glareosa have  been re-analysed. Estimates of daily survival probabilities have been calculated and these have been "explained" in terms of differences between localities of release and the morph involved. The conclusions of Kettlewell et al. (1969) with regard to the survival of the moths have not been confirmed.


Monomorphism and heterozygosity.

Monomorphism and heterozygosity. A myth about the relation between monomorphism and heterozygosity is dispelled: the observed relation provided no evidence for (or against) neutral mutations.


A note on assortative mating and artificial selection. A simple method is presented for determining the effect on the genetic variance of a quantitative trait, of selection followed by various degrees of assortative mating.


Effect of sugar analogues on growth, sugar utilization, and acid production by Streptococcus mutans. Studies on the effect of various structural analogues of glucose of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent sugar transport in Streptococcus mutans showed that sugars with alterations at carbon 2 were markedly inhibitory. Low concentrations of the nonfermentable analogue D-2-deoxyglucose (2-deoxyg) blocked the growth of S mutans in broth media containing various fermentable sugars. Acid production by S mutans from both exogenous glucose and intracellular storage polysaccharide was inhibited by 2-deoxyG. The analogue is bacteriostatic, and large quantities of intracellular 2-deoxyG-6-PO4 accumulate during exposure of S mutans to the sugar.


In vivo tetracycline labeling of experimentally induced reparative dentin in human teeth. Tetracycline hydrocholoride was administered to label reparative dentin in teeth indicated for extraction. Deep cavities or pulp capping performed on the teeth one of four months before extraction served as a stimulus for new dentin formation. Examination of undemineralized sections under ultraviolet light revealed fluorescent bands in the reparative dentin of most teeth. The technique can be safely used in studies of the effects of clinical procedures on the dentin and pulp of human teeth.


Antimalarial drugs and reduced incidence of dental plaque. Known antimalarial compunds from several chemical classes were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of microorganisms causing dental plaque and to prevent the development of plaque in a hamster model. Approximately a third of the compounds tested inhibited in vitro growth; however, none prevented development of plaque.


Predisposition to caries in hamsters following the Erosire effect of a commercial citrus beverage administered with and without supplemental fluoride. A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a citrus beverage on tooth erosion and predisposition to caries in hamster molars, and to determine if a supplement of 1.9 ppm fluoride to the beverage influences these systems. Results suggest that enamel erosion is a predisposing factor. The addition of physiological fluoride protects the enamel from erosion and caries.


Comparison of the effects of linear and cyclic phosphates on the adsorption of proteins by human enamel. Treatment of human enamel powder with cyclic trimetaphosphate or linear tripolyphosphate changes subsequent adsorption of amylase, lysozyme, and salivary protein from aqueous solutions. Treated enamel samples adsorb more lysozyme, less amylase, and more salivary protein (at concentrations exceeding 12 mug/ml) than controls treated with distilled water.


Peripheal blood toxicity of topical 5-fluorouracil on the Syrian hamster cheek pouch. Toxicological studies on the peripheral blood after topical application of 5-fluorouracil to the buccal pouch of the Suriam hamster showed that a daily application of 10 mul (9.5 mg) was the maximum ideal dose for this animal. This dose did not depress to a significant degree the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin leve., hematocrit value, or the peripheral differential blood counts after 14 daily applications. Doses of increased concentration either daily or periodically were less effective and toxic.


Multiple regression of predictors and criteria of dental school performance. This study reports normative data for 370 students admitted to the UCLA School of Dentistry, data on commonly used performance predictors, and the regression equation best fitted for forecasting performance in this school. Most variance was associated with denatl school grade point average, National Board Dental Examination averages, and clinical performance. Best predictors were achievement level and trend in preadmission academic performance. The selection interview and high school preformance were also evaluated as predictor criteria.


Enchancement of the antiplaque value of antibacterial agents by enamel-conditioning methods. I. Rationale, mechanism, and initial findings. A method is proposed to induce chemically the incorporation of bacterial agents inot enamel and thus rende this tissue resistant to bacterial colonization. It consists of promoting a slight initial dissolution of enamel, followed immediately by tis reprecipitation. During this latter phase, antibacterial agents included in the test formulations would become trapped in the reprecipitating enamel. That this happens is proved by the chemical detection of antibacterial agents in treated enamel, as well as by the development of a remarkable resistance of treated specimens to grow in vitro plaque.


Physical characteristics of a new cleaning and polishing agent for use in a prophylaxips paste. A prophylaxis composition containing a sodium-potassium aluminum silicate abrasive system was evaluated in the laboratory in comparison with several different commercial prophylaxis pastes. The in vitro data indicate that the new composition increases enamel polish and decreases abrasion characteristics without sacrificing cleaning efficacy when compared with the commercial products tested.


Dentistry, medicine, pharmacy: treatment interests, ability and socioeconomic index of three stable career groups. Career development literature indicates that many who enter a specific health profession may do so after actively considering one of the other health professions. From a field of 36 variables representing abilities, interests, temperanment, and socioeconomic index, 16 significant variables were found that best differentiate between and among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists. These 16 served as reliable discriminators for predictive classification.


Model practice as a valid research tool for studying actual private practice. Data from the actual private practices of two dentists were compared with respective data from the participation of the same two dentists in a laboratory model of private practice conducted in the University of North Carolina Dental Research Center. The findings show that a laboratory model can be established which accurately reflects the major parameters of an actual private practice.


Effect of selected dietary additives on the incidence of dental caries in the rat. Weanling rats fed a cariogenic diet supplemented with carbamyl phosphate, in combination with egg shell meal and trace elements, showed a striking reduction in the incidence of caries. The cariostatic efficacy of carbamyl phosphate is significant because it stimulates fluid movement within odontoblasts via the hypothalamic-parotid gland endocrine axis.


Acidogenic potential of cariogenic and noncariogenic diets in the rat. No significant difference in lactic acid content was observed in dood residues removed from the occlusal grooves of rats receiving Purina lab chow or the 62% sucrose cariogenic diet. The incubation of rat saliva with Purina chow, with 62% sucrose diet, or with the 62% sucrose diet  supplemented with carbamyl phosphate, egg shell meal, and the trace elements zinc, molybdenum, and chromium produced in 24 hours essentially the same pH surve. The terminaltitratable acidity observed in saliva incubated with the 62% unsupplemented diet, however, was significantly less than that produced in salivary mixtures containing either Purina chow or supplemented sucrose diets.


Colored charge-transfer complexes from N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine. Yellow mixtures form on adding essentially colorless N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) to colorless methacrylate monomers containing phthalate, isophthalate, or terephthalate diester groups. The color-causing interactions between the amines and monomers were investigated using ultraviolet spectroscopy. Equations were derived from predicting interactions between formulation ingredients and DMPT that would lead to undesired color.


Some toxicological aspects of sttanous fluoride after ingestion as a clear precipitatefree solution compared to sodium fluoride. Weanling rats were administered 20, 380, and 20,000 ppm F as clear precipitatefree SnF2 solutions. Equivalent ppm F as NaF solution was similarly administered for comparison. The rats were autopsied at the end of the study for histological examination of kidney, liver, and incisors. The pathognomonic manifestations were correlated with the plasma F levels.


Teaching self-examination of the head and neck: another aspect of preventive dentistry. A technique for self-examination of the oral cavity and head and neck has been presented. The technique is simple in its design and yet thorough in its scope. The need for such an examination is established on the incidence of malignancies in this area and the importance of early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. The role of dental auxiliaries and the role of risk factors are discussed.


Comprehensive management of the double tooth: report of case. A patient with an abnormal maxillary lateral incisor was treated to restore function and to improve appearance. Although specific classification of the problem into accepted terminology was attempted, the term double tooth was used to define the patient's problem. We have shown that the identification of the specific abnormalities, not the etiologic classification, is important to achieve an effective treatment plan.


Clinical evaluation of the sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth. The sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth was clinically evaluated in 93 teeth in 22 patients. A bleaching solution was first applied to the teeth, and then a sandpaper disk in a straight handpiece was rotated on the stained enamel surface. None of the patients complained of discomfort during or after the bleaching procedure.


An embouchure aid for clarinet and saxophone players. An embouchure aid was constructed as a means of bringing relief to the many clarinet and saxophone players who suffer chronic lip irritation as the result of playing their instruments. The device, a removable vinyl plastic matrix to be worn while playing, was designed to fit over the mandibular anterior teeth, thus relieving the pressure of the incisal edges of the teeth against the mucous membrane inside the lower lip. Tested in daily use by clarinet and saxophone players for a one-year period, the matrix proved immediately effective in eliminating lip irritation. Its unique design and construction gives it the additional advantages of being highly durable, as well as technically simple to fabricate and easy to fit.


A survey of anesthetic health hazards among dentists. Measurable concentrations of waste anesthetic gases have been found in hospital dental operating rooms. A mail survey of 4,797 general dental practitioners and 2,642 oral surgeons indicated that 20.2% of the general practitioners and 74.8% of the oral surgeons had anesthetic exposures exceeding three hours per week. In the comparison of the health of individuals exposed or unexposed to inhalation anesthetics, there was a significant increase (78%) of spontaneous abortion in the spouses of exposed dentists and a significant increase (156%) in liver disease for exposed dentists. The implication of these findings and possible solutions are discussed.


The location and incidence of accessory pulpal canals in periodontal pockets. One hundred permanent human teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were studied to determine the percentage of teeth in which accessory canals were located within a periodontal pocket. Pocket depth and other data were recorded before the extractions. After extraction, the pulpal contents were removed and pulp chambers and canals filled with a radiopaque material by an injection process. The teeth were radiographed from different angles to observe the accessory canals. Ten teeth also were studied histologically to compare the results with those obtained by the injection technique. Several conclusions were drawn from this study. Two percent of the 100 teeth studied had accessory canal located within a periodontal pocket. Seventeen percent of the teeth examined had one accessory canal, 6% had two accessory canals, and no teeth had more than two accessory canals. As groups, mandibular premolars and mandibular molars had the highest percentage of teeth exhibiting accessory canals, and maxillary molars and mandibular incisors had the lowest percentage of teeth with accessory canals. The histologic evaluation and the injection technique study showed a direct correlation as to the presence or absence of accessory canals. It was impossible to make any correlation between restorations, caries, attrition, or type of periodontal bone loss and the presence of accessory canals found in periodontal pockets.


A teamwork approach to correct a severe prosthodontic problem. Treatment for a patient with a severe Class II malocclusion, maxillary anterior protrusion, left maxillary posterior overeruption with resultant loss of intermaxillary space, and an undesirable plane of occlusion has been presented. Through the combined approaches of oral surgery and restorative dentistry, the patient was successfully treated without the loss of multiple posterior teeth.


Patterns of metastases in adenocarcinomas of man. An autopsy study of 4,728 cases. This paper deals with 4,728 autopsy records collected at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Department of Pathology. 1,436 adenocarcinomas provided the data to test whether certain adenocarcinomas had a higher propensity to seed metastatic organs than others. The data were subdiveded into four categories depending on the presence or absence of metastases at two keysites, i.e., lungs and liver. Metastatic keysites are defined as those organs whose chances of being seeded are the highest. Only adenocarcinomas were chosen to deal with the main theme discussed in the paper, i.e. soil specificity. "Soil specificity" is defined as a higher than expected occurrence of metastases at a particular organ, due to a primary adenocarcinoma, when compared to the overall group of adenocarcinomas. The location of the primary tumor and of the metastatic organ were taken into account to distinguish between a higher propensity to seed an organ either because of its anatomical proximity to the primary tumor or because of an affinity, possibly of biochemical nature. The presence or absence of metastases in lungs and liver clarifies the mode of spread of metastases, either by a direct spread, or by a cascade process which implies that no generalized metastases occur unless the lungs and liver are seeded.


Decrease in experimental liver metastasis in mice after treatment with pyran copolymer. Intravenous injection of pyran copolymer (divinyl ether-maleic anhydride) 24 h prior to intravenous injection of B16 melanoma in C57/BL6 mice greatly decreased the number of liver metastases. If the pyran copolymer was administered 3 days after injection of tumor cells, the number of metastases was not significantly decreased. Pyran copolymer has been reported to stimulate interferon production and increase clearance of particulate matter by the reticuloendothelial system. The results of this experiment suggests an important role played by the reticuloendothelial system in experimental liver metastasis.


Total-body irradiation and human chromosomes. V. Additional evidence of a transferable substance in the plasma of irradiated persons to induce chromosomal breakages. A substance (or substances) produced or activated by total-body irradiation in man and capable of affecting the chromosomes for an extended time has been postulated. Leukocytes from normal persons were cultured with autologous plasma, homologous plasma or serum from patients irradiated 10.5 years previously. Thirty (5.5%) chromosomal breaks were found in the 550 metaphases from the control cultures, 152 (13%) in the 1,175 metaphases from the irradiated plasma cultures and 130 (12%) in the 1,100 metaphases from the irradiated serum cultures. This finding confirms and extends our previous observation that plasma from total-body irradiated persons is capable of inducing chromosomal breakage in normal leukocytes even 10.5 years after the irradiation.


Causes of death in cancer patients.

Causes of death in cancer patients. Causes of death in the year 1970 were analyzed retrospectively on the basis of clinical and pathologic reports of 506 cases in the Roswell Park Memorial Institute and Hospital. The single major cause of death was infection (36%), which was also a contributory factor in an additional 68% of the cases. Other important causes of death were hemorrhagic and thromboembolic phenomena (18%), which also were contributory factors in an additional 43%. Organ invasion by neoplastic cells including hepatic failure was the major cause of death in 10% and was a contributory factor in 5%. Cachexia was reported as major cause of death in 1% and as contributory factor in 0.4%. Respiratory failure due to various causes (including aspiration) was the main mechanism of death in 19% and a contributory factor in 3%. Cardiovascular insufficiency was the major cause of death in 7% and a contributory factor in 3%.


Autonomic neuropathy of the adrenal gland of rats after alloxan diabetes. Six alloxan-diabetic male rats with blood glucose levels between 250 and 420% were sacrificed. Their adrenal glands were extracted and studied by Holmes technique and the modified Gross Bielschowsky stain. Degenerative changes in the nerve fibres ending in the cortex and those reaching the medulla were noticed together with chromatolysis of the chromaffin cells. These findings are similar to the autonomic neuropathies described by other workers in the digestive tract and urinary bladder. This work gives histological evidence of the biochemical findings of reduced plasma catecholamines in longstanding human diabetics.


Electrochemistry of the saline corrosion of conventional dental amalgams. The electrochemical behaviour of the component phases of dental amalgam, viz. Ag3Sn(gamma),Ag2Hg3(gamma1), Sn7-8Hg(gamma2),Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5 and a composite of gamma1 + gamma2 phases were evaluated in saline solution by standard anodic polarization techniques. Using multi-electrode theory a theoretical polarization diagram was constructed from the composite phases and compared with an anodic polarization profile attained from conventional dental amalgam. A strong agreement was obtained. From analysis of the electrochemical reactions it was found that the passivity of gamma2 is due to the formation of stannous and/or stannic oxide (hydroxide) and that the corrosion failure of dental amalgam occurs through the dissolution of this passive oxide in gamma2 at potentials of minus 250 mV Vs. SCE with the formation of tine oxychloride. The corrosion behaviour of Cu6Sn5 is similar to that of gamma2 phase and its presence impairs the corrosion resistance of dental amalgam. If the copper containing phase is Cu3Sn, it will be passive in Ringer's solution, possibly as a result of Tamman's "multiple rule of eight".


Oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability in 11-year-old children. Oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability were examined in twenty children, aged 11 years, with normal occlusion. In the RF-test (recognition of form) the children identified the test pieces quicker but with a higher frequency of misidentification of the test pieces than a group of 17-year-old boys studied earlier. The effect of learning on the children was substantial with much quicker and greater certainty from one examination to another. Identification time and misidentification were positively correlated (individuals with long identification time also had a high frequency of errors). In the MA-test (oral motor ability) the children required a longer time to assemble the halves of the test pieces than did 17-year-old boys. A considerable effect of learning was found in the MA-test. The results of the RF-test and the MA-test varied independently of each other for which reason the two tests measure different components of oral ability.


Oral ability to recognize forms and oral muscular coordination ability in dentulous young and elderly adults. A study has been carried out to investigate possible between a group of dentulous young adults (average 22-5 years of age) and a group of dentulous elderly individuals (65-9 years), when attempting to recognize forms orally and to carry out tasks which demand a fine-coordination of the oral muscular apparatus. The results showed, that the older group had reduced ability for both forms of tests used in this study (RF-test for estimating the oral ability to recognize forms, and MA-test to estimate oral muscular ability). The reduced capacity of the older individuals to learn the requirements of the tests as compared with the younger ones, was especially obvious. Furthermore, individual differences in this respect were more obvious for the older than for the younger examinees. The suggestion is made that in further studies the number of trial-rounds may be reduced from three to two, certainly for older individuals and for both the RF- and the MA-test. Because of the obvious correlation between the results of the RF- and the MA-test among older individuals, it is concluded that both forms of tests may measure common or closely related factors, which are reflected by these tests.


In vitro chloride corrosion behaviour of Dispersalloy. The in vitro chloride corrosion behaviour of Dispersalloy has been investigated by anodic polarization as a function of time after trituration (ageing) and compared with conventional dental amalgam. Dispersalloy is a commercial alloy containing a mechanical mixture of Ag-3-Sn and Ag-Cu eutectic in the ratio 2:1. From measurement of 1 h corrosion potentials it was observed that over a time period of 1 year Dispersalloy became appreciably more noble (potential shift from minus 500 mV to minus 350 mV Vs. SCE), whereas the corrosion potential of conventional amalgam remains unchanged. Initial anodic polarization profiles for Dispersalloy indicated presence of gamma2 and Cu-6-Sn-5 phases as evidenced by presence of the minus 250 mV peak. However, the current density associated with this peak was about three times less than that of conventional amalgam. As a function of ageing time the polarization profile is shifted in the direction of decreasing current density and after 1 year the minus 250 mV peak is absent. The anodic polarization profile of conventional amalgam is unchanges after 1 year. The improved corrosion resistance of Dispersalloy is attributed to the formation of Cu-3-Sn as a function of time due to solid state reaction between Ag-Cu eutectic and gamma2.


Electrochemical properties of copper and gold containing dental amalgams. Alloying or admixing of a dental amalgam alloy with an element or alloy which has a higher affinity for tin offers a means for eliminating the corrosion prone gamma2 phase. Accordingly, the corrosion behaviour of non-conventional amalgams containing Cu and Au were investigated by anodic polarization studies in Ringer's solution. The Cu containing amalgams were produced by admixing Cu-Hg (copper amalgam) with conventional amalgam in the ratios of 0-5:1 and 1:1. A 10 w/o Au in Ag-3-Sn was used as the gold amalgam alloy. The anodic polarization profile of the 0-5:1 Cu admixed was similar in shape to admixed conventional amalgams although current densities were less. After ageing for 1 month the minus 250 mV peak associated with gamma2 disappeared and the current density decreased by ten fold. After 2 months the current density decreased by one hundred fold. The anodic polarization of the 1:1 Cu admixed amalgams did not display the minus 250 mV (gamma2) peak after 1 week and current densities were 10-3 below that of conventional amalgams. The behaviour of these interesting amalgams is rationalized on the basis of the ease of formation of Cu-Sn intermetallics where Cu/Sn larger than or equal to 3. The anodic polarization profile of 10 w/o Au containing amalgam essentially is that of conventional amalgam and does not change drastically after 6 months. Although the Au may reduce or eliminate the gamma2 phase the resulting AuSn4 apparently corrodes in an analogous fashion. However, since distribution of AuSn4 may be different from gamma2, i.e. not continuous, the effect of corrosion on its mechanical properties may be different.


Linear dimensional change during setting of a zinc phosphate cement. A methodological study. A method for studying the linear dimensional changes of dental cements during setting has been described. The measurements started 3 min after commencing the mix with specimens placed on a mercury bath. Measurements were performed at 37 degrees C and under various environmental humidity. The specimens were made of a fine grain zinc phosphate cement with high powder/liquid ratio (3/1:g/ml) and low powder/liquid ratio (2/1:g/ml), and the measurements showed that the cement contracted during setting under both wet and dry conditions. Under wet conditions cements with both high and low powder/liquid ratio showed the same contraction, with 0-43% after 30 min reaching a maximum of 0-66% after 1 day. Under dry conditions the contraction was more pronounced, and somewhat dependent on the powder/liquid ratio. The cement with the high powder/liquid ratio showed 1-33% contraction after 30 min with a maximum of 3-83% after 7 days, whereas the corresponding values for cement with low powder/liquid ratio were 0-79% and 4-76%.


Screening in a dental clinic for adult rheumatoid arthritis involving the temporomandibular joint using a statistical discriminant function. The radiological features seen on the temporomandibular joint radiographs of ninety-nine cases of adult rheumatoid arthritis were used to distinguish this group from a group of eighty-three control subjects using the method of logistic discrimination. A readily calculable diagnostic score, whose value was verified by a second study involving thirty-two patients, sixteen of whom suffered from adult rheumatoid arthritis, was estimated. This second study was further used to illustrate how this scoring system would be modified to take account of extra information. Although a long term evaluation of the method is envisaged its clinical application is indicated and its practical value demonstrated.


Middle-third facial osteotomies: their use in the correction of acquired and developmental dentofacial and  craniofacial deformities. A method to describe middle-third dentofacial and craniofacial deformities systematically and more specifically is presented. Those middle-third dentofacial and craniofacial deformities that occur most frequently are discussed. Eight cases illustrate the methods of clinical, cephalometric, and occlusal evaluation, as well as the various surgical approaches and results of treatment.


Patient consent procedures for dental care. Informed consent is a poorly developed concept in dentistry. The dentist should initiate discussion on the information reasonable patients may need to make a decision on a specific treatment or on whether they will accept treatment from that particular dentist. As a minimum, dentists should be required to explain the treatment, benefits, and probable complications as well as possible alternatives. Increasingly, malpractice actions are being decided on these grounds and, thus far, little guidance is available to conscientious dental practitioner.


Trigeminal neuralgia: treatment by repetitive peripheral neurectomy. Supplemental report. Peripheral neurectomy affords a conservative method of relieving the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. Although the relief is temporary, the procedure can be repeated when the pain recurs. At Ochsner Clinic, 162 neurectomies were performed on 88 patients between 1956 and 1971. This includes 112 neurectomies performed on 63 patients between 1956 and 1965 from the previous report. This form of treatment is particularly indicated for an aged or severely debilitated patient in whom craniotomy is contraindicated. The total pain-free period obtained from repeated peripheral neurectomies is significant and justifies the use of the procedure. The median pain-free period among the 88 patients was 41 months with a mean of 52.5 months.


Antibiotic efficacy in odontogenic infections. Cultures and antibiotic sensitivities were determined for 84 patients in the oral surgery clinic who had diagnoses of odontogenic infections. Data tabulated from the results of the bacteriologic cultures and antibiotic sensitivities disclosed the five organisms most frequently involved. Antibiotic efficacy for each of the antibiotics used in sensitivity determinations was calculated on the basis of the percent sensitivity of a given organism to the given antibiotic, and the percent of patients with infections resulting from the given organism, both expressed as decimals. Antibiotics were then arranged in order of greatest to least efficacy on the basis of chloramphenicol as 100 percent. Efficacy values, sigma and lambda, were compared for the antibiotics. It was concluded that those antibiotics below penicillin on the efficacy table were less useful in the initial antibiotic treatment of odontogenic infections. Chloramphenicol was effective against every microorganism isolated during this investigation, but its use should be tempered with clinical judgment. Erythromycin should be given consideration as a replacement for penicillin as the preferred drug in the initial treatment of odontogenic infections on the basis of its high efficacy rating and freedom from potentially serious allergic or other untoward manifestations.


Occlusal force discrimination by denture patients. A study was conducted on subjects with conventional dentures and with overlay dentures to compare their abilities to discriminate between occlusal forces. Perpendicular forces were applied to the dynamic center of the occlusal table of the mandibular denture. Each subject's ability to distinguish differences in values of force was observed and recorded. All subjects with dentures showed sensory threshold values close to those reported for natural teeth. A graphic plotting showed that the responses of subjects with overlay-type dentures were more closely correlated with the psychophysical law as expressed by Stevens as a power function. Since this phenomenon holds true for natural teeth, the overlay denture more closely resembles natural teeth in this type of sensory function than does the conventional denture. In addition to recognized advantages, such as preservation of the ridge and improved retention and stability, the overlay denture provides more typical sensory function than is provided by the conventional denture. This advantage should further motivate dentists and patients to consider the retention and utilization of at least two suitable teeth in an overlay-type denture service.


Evaluation of an electrosonic denture cleaner. The effectiveness of an electrosonic denture cleansing system and a commercially available denture soaking agent was studies. An experimental sample of 32 edentulous patients was evaluated for presence of plaque and calculus on their dentures before and after the introduction of two different cleaning methods. Comparisons of plaque scores between test dentures and control dentures indicated that all the methods studies were equally effective in the prevention of plaque and accretions, yet no method eliminated plaque or calculus accumulation.


Prosthodontic management of the cleft-palate patient. Unlike some of the disciplines involved in the treatment of the cleft-palate patient, prosthodontics can have application from birth to death. Prosthodontic care never ends. Once surgical care or speech therapy has been completed, the need for follow-up care is ended unless specific problems manifest. With prosthodontic care, not only a restoration of the anatomic, physiologic, and cosmetic deficiencies but also a continual vigilance for signs of dental and periodontal problems must be undertaken. Preventive care is imperative if long-term preservation of the supporting structures and the well-being of the patient are to be attained.


Radiographic investigations into temporomandibular joint function. A three-phase investigation was conducted to learn more about the suspension mechanism of the temporomandibular joint with the aid of radiographs. Results indicate that superior condylar displacement occurs in most patients with unsupported closing muscle force and that condylar translation occurs during hinge opening for some patients. This study revealed that the condylar mechanism is not immutable. The superior condylar displacement produced by unsupported muscle force raises doubts about the whole understanding of the suspension mechanism of the temporomandibular joint and the clinical techniques associated with it.


Dialogue--a treatment modality.

Dialogue--a treatment modality. The findings and philosophy as to why a purposeful interview conducted in the dental office is desirable for the problem patient have been presented. Rapport and meaningful dialogue between dentists and patients are the first steps necessary for successful treatment. Conducting the interview with problem patients in the dental operatory may lead to one-way communication, from the dentist to the patient. The finest clinical oral health procedures may be doomed to failure when patients see themselves more as spectators than as participants in their planned over-all health care.


Serotoninergic control of rat growth hormone secretion. The ability of 5-hydroxyl-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) or pentobarbital anesthesia to elevate rat serum GH levels is completely blocked by the simultaneous administration of the serotonin antagonist cyprophepatidine, as well as by the pineal gland principles melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), and by the 0-methylated dopamine derivative  3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA). Small doses of 5-MT cause paradoxical elevations in serum rat GH but at the same time inhibit the action of 5-HTP. Blockade of dopaminergic pathways by treatment with either DMPEA or chlorpromazine causes a slight, nonsignificant suppression of serum GH in normal rats while serum prolactin levels are increased greater than tenfold showing that, unlike prolactin, rat GH is not subject to tonic inhibitory control by dopamine. The data presented support the recently advanced hypothesis that rat GH is under serotoninergic CONTROL AND DEMONSTRATE THAT GH secretion can be significantly suppressed by serotoninergic blockade. It is suggested that the results presented here for monoamine control of rat GH release are not a variance with those reported for man.


[Treatment of tumors of some structures of the splanchocranium]. The results of long experience with many methods of reconstructive surgery following destruction of various splanchnocranial structures are presented. Emphasis is placed on the usefulness of cooperation between the oncological and plastic surgeon. Fifteen cases are illustrated. In many of these, endoarterial infusion of chemical antiblastics was first employed. Since tumours may vary considerably in site and histological type, as well in the biotype, age and sex of the patient, and since a variety of radical and reconstructive techniques exist for individual or associated use, therapeutical programmes cannot be put forward with any degree of confidence, but must obviously be determined by the surgeon's personal experience.


An epidemiological study of pulmonary disease in preschool Rarotongan children. A survey of 2143 preschool children in Rarotonga was carried out in 1971. Pulmonary infections were common and no precise cause could be identified. There was widespread occurrence of intestinal parasites with lung phases of development. The implications of this are discussed.


Personality disorder: a challenge for the future. Young persons with life long pattern of maladaptive behaviour present to the health and social services with multiple disabilities. These include suicidal behaviours, drug abuse (alcohol and opiates), VA, motorvehicle accidents, repeated failure of close personal relationship (including marriage), job failure, repeated delinquency, criminal violence (including battering babies), and failure to cooperate with medical care. Conspicuous parental discord is the major causal influence, thus explaining transmission to successive generations. Regarding marital disharmony as a major public health hazard may diminish expensive human misery and reduce crime.


Undetected latrogenic hypothyroidism: a late complication of radio-iodine therapy. The thyroid status of 317 patients treated with radioactive iodine between 1951 and December 1971 was investigated. Information was obtained on 236 patients and hypothyroidism, either treated or untreated, was present in 48 percent of women and 37 percent of men at mean follow-up intervals of 5.5 and 4.4 years respectively. Ninety-four of the 241 patients still alive were assessed personally by clinical examination and serum thyroxine assay, and 10 were found to have previously undiagnosed hypothyroidism. Seven of these patients had symptoms and in five these symptonms were the cause of significant distress. The importance of undertaking a long term review programme following radioactive iodine therapy is emphasised.


Serial hexachlorophene blood levels in the premature infant. The concentration of hexachlorophene was determined in serial blood samples taken from seven premature infants washed with pHisoHex. Results indicated that after a single wash with 5ml of pHisoHex, blood concentrations reached a maximum of 0.75-1.20mug/ml two to four days after application. The results obtained in this study confirm that the dermal absorption of hexachlorophene is greater in premature than in full-term infants. Use of hexachlorophene for infants. Use of hexachlorophene for infants of birth weight less than 2kg has now been discontinued at Queen Mary Hospital and the amount of pHisoHex used in the initial toileting of infants with birth weight more than 2kg has been limited to a single application of 5ml.


An exploratory study of some behavioural consequences of insulin induced hypoglycaemia. The performance of 13 hospitalised patients, either obese or with suspected pituitary disorder, was compared on a selection of tasks involving motor conordination, visual organisation, immediate memory, and reasoning, both before and after intravenous insulin significantly lowered their blood sugar levels. Only motor co-ordination and immediate recall were significantly affected by lowering the blood sugar level, although the speed at which logical problems were solved, was reduced. Results were compared with those of other factors known to result in a wide variety of performance decrements.


Total maxillary osteotomy for cleft palate rehabilitation. The Obwegeser/Perko modification of the high horizontal osteotomy for management of mature cleft palate/cleft lip patients is described in detail. Careful evaluation and treatment planning preoperatively are stressed. Three cases which emphasize the need for individual tailoring of the maxillary procedure are presented. Results were found to be uniformly good, with few complications. In that the skeletal deformity of maxillary micrognathia/retrognathia is readily corrected by high horizontal osteotomy, this procedure is an ideal modality for the late rehabilitation of the patient with a cleft palate.


The effects of zinc on ectopic bone formation. The effect of dietary zinc deficiency was studies in ectopic bone formation subsequent to Achilles tenotomy and also following the implantation of demineralized bone matrix in the muscle of rats. Three experiments were performed. The first was designed to investigate the relationship between zinc and calcium concentration during the formation of ectopic bone in rats fed a commercial laboratory ration, the second concerned the effects of dietary zinc deficiency on ectopic bone formation, and the third studies the subsequent effects of dietary zinc repletion on ectopic bone formation. The results indicated that, with the commercial ration, zinc increased concomitantly with calcium during ectopic bone formation in rats. Dietary zinc deficiency caused a retardation of ectopic bone formation and a significant reduction of in situ zinc and calcium concentration. Dietary zinc repletion to zinc-deficient animals restored the zinc concentration in ectopic bone to a level comparable to that of zinc-sufficient animals. Thus, these experiments present strong evidence that zinc plays an active role in bone metabolism.


Maxillary sinusitis mimicking malignant disease. The diagnostic features of both maxillary sinusitis and neoplastic disease of the antrum are described. In most cases the clinical and radiographic evidence will lead to the correct diagnosis. However, in the two cases presented here, the clinical and radiographic evidence of neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus was not confirmed by biopsy and histologic examination. The significant fact that radiographic evidence of bone destruction of the antral walls can occur in maxillary sinusitis is discussed. This sign, together with a unilateral epistaxis, must always be considered as evidence of neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus. Where there is any doubt, biopsy must be performed.


Retrosternal parathyroid adenomas manifesting in the form of a giant-cell "tumor" of the mandible. The clinical features of primary hyperparathyroidism have been discussed. A case has been reported which presented many of the classic signs of the disease, including renal stones, duodenal ulcer, muscle weakness, and a swelling in the jaw. The problems of diagnosis and localization of adenoma have been discussed, and reference has been made to new diagnostic techniques using radiologic control and selective venous catheterization. The literature has been briefly reviewed and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment has been stressed.


Oral-facial-digital syndrome. A family case report. A familial case report of oral-facial-digital I syndrome affecting three generations is presented. The pedigree analysis substantiates that this syndrome is lethal for the male. The abnormal physical findings in the affected persons were predominantly associated with the oral structures. The need for early identification and diagnosis is imperative in the management of the affected females. This approach assists in the control of serious dental complications and allows for a professional overview of the growth and development of facial form. Also, supportive counseling acts as an aid in the control of emotional disturbances that can be associated with physical form and function. Since this syndrome is transmitted as an X-linked dominant affecting females, genetic counseling becomes a necessity in the care and management of the family and affected patients.


Uninherited dentinogenesis imperfecta.

Uninherited dentinogenesis imperfecta. The rare hereditary disease, dentinogenesis imperfecta, is a disturbance of dentin formation in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. It may be associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, though it is probably that the two diseases are carried by different genes. This association was recognized in a 19-year-old man. Dentinogenesis imperfecta had been diagnosed at the age of 6 and had been regarded as a mutation; 11 years later, an atypical form of osteogenesis imperfecta developed. The case is atypical because of the apparent absence of dentinogenesis imperfecta in the patient's family. The dental manifestations may have heralded the bone disease.


Ultrastructure of the keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst. Four types of cells in the keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst can be identified. The "basal cell" and "stellate reticulum-type cell" contained various amounts of tonofilaments and organelles. The "ghost cell" contained coarse bundles of tonofilaments intermingled with dilated membranous organelles. The "hornified cell" contained densely packed tonofilaments. Calcification of the ghost cell and hornified cell occurred with concomitant calcification of the adjacent collagen.


Calcifying odontogenic cyst.

Calcifying odontogenic cyst. The calcifying odontogenic cyst may present some problems of differential diagnosis, both clinically and histopathologically. The present article reports the case of a calcifying odontogenic cyst in the maxilla of a 54-year-old woman. The histopathologic examination showed that structures characteristic of calcifying odontogenic cyst and odontogenic tumor of ameloblastoma-like appearance occurred simultaneously. The lesion was benign. After surgical removal of the cyst, the wound healed uneventfully and the region was free of symptoms 12 months postoperatively.


Comparison of tissue response between a synthetic gutta-percha and a natural gutta-percha endodontic filler. Biologic acceptance is one of several criteria that must be met by an endodontic filling material. The purpose fo this experiment was to compare a new filling material consisting of a synthetic gutta-percha with a standard material consisting of natural gutta-percha. Each sample, being an endodontic point, contained a quantity of fillers. The materials were implanted subcutaneously in male white rats. The histologic appearance was essentially identical for both materials.


Radiologic examination of trismus as a complication of cancrum oris. In the radiologic examination of trismus complicating cancrum oris, abnormalities can be detected in the soft tissues, osseous tissues, and temporomandibular joint. In the soft tissue, scar formation may show as a depression in the normal smooth, convex contour of the lateral aspect of the face. There may be a myositis ossificans in the soft tissue, producing bony bars that lead to extra-articular ankylosis. By far the most important changes are in the temporomandibular joint, where there can be varying degrees of joint narrowing, sclerosis of the articular cortex, flattening of the mandibular condyle and occasionally also of the eminentia articularis, osteophytosis, and intra-articular bony ankylosis. Hypoplasia may involve the entire hemimandible or be restricted to its condyloid process. The latter may lead to compensatory enlongation and hypertrophy of the coronoid process. Bony ankylosis of the coronoid process to the posterior wall of the maxilla was seen in three cases. The pathogenesis of these changes is discussed.


Simple bone cyst. Report of two cases.

Simple bone cyst. Report of two cases. Two cases of simple bone cyst are presented. The first is unusual because of its radiologic appearance simulating ameloblastoma and its prolonged healing time, requiring surgical intervention on several occasions. The second is presented because of the occurrence of bilateral cysts, of which there are only eight other reported cases. It is postulated that the first case might represent a single large simple bone cyst that had several chambers with tenuous connections or that it might be an example of multiple simple bone cysts in close proximity.


[Occurence of dental plaque among Norwegian children with systematic school dental care. A method for identification of patients with special need for dental plaque control]. The prevalence of dental plaque was assessed in 1534 school children 7-12 years old in Porsgrunn, Norway. Only the first molars and the incisors were examined. In each child 48 scorings were carried out by the Plaque Index (Pl I) (Silness & Löe 1964). The frequencies of Pl I score 0, 1 and 2 were calculated per individual, school class and school. Score 0 expresses an optimal situation whereas score 2 is assumed to indicate the need for treatment. These features have been visualized, and the distribution pattern seems to be suitable for dental public health workers. Mean Pl I was 1.50. Score 3 was not observed. 55% of the tooth surfaces was covered with dental plaque corresponding to score 2, whereas score 1 was observed in 40%. Children with score 0 on all tooth surfaces were not registered. Great variation in plaque prevalence was found between the school classes. The 6. grade (aged 12 years) children showed the best condition.


[Habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint]. A case of recurrent dislocation of the left temporamandibular joint is reported. Different methods of treatment are reviewed. The present case was successfully treated with a combination of two methods: 1. Restriction of excessive condylar movement by means of continuous loop wiring and intermaxillary monofilament fishing line. 2. Intra-articular injections of autologous blood.


[Comparison of results of 99mTc-polyphosphate-camera-(sequence functional)-scintigraphy, 85Sr-, 87mSr-scanner-scintigraphy, and of radiologic methods in orthopedics]. Comparative studies between radiological (equals R; x-ray, thermography, angiography) and nuclear medical examinations (equals NM; scanner-, scintillation camera-sequential scintigraphy) in 339 patients with different bone diseases led to the following results: Thermography proved to be inferior to scanning in detecting of bone diseases. Angiography was the procedure of choice in detecting malignant bone tumors. Sequential scintigraphy performed by means of the Anger-HP-scintillation camera and Intertechnique-Cine-System allowed to establish the kinetic behaviour of tumors: an early increased TcPoP accumulation was observed in tumors with high perfusion (sarcoma), a late accumulation in those with low perfusion (osteoid osteoma).


Growth of human cancer cells as lung metastases in immunologically tolerant rats. Newborn rats were made tolerant to human cell antigens by intravenous injection of Amnion B cells, a permanet human cell line of normal origin. At various intervals thereafter each animal, and nontolerant litter mate controls were challenged by SC and IV injections of the malignant human cell line J-III. Tumor nodules of J-III cells grew SC and in the lungs of most of the tolerant rats challenged at ages from 7 to 14 days, but not in their controls. Challenge at age 19 days produced SC tumors but there was no growth from the IV inoculum.


Inhibition of Friend virus (FVP)-induced erythropoiesis by an erythropoiesis-inhibitory factor (EIF). An erythropoietin-independent murine erythroleukemia (FVp) has been used to evaluate the effects of an erythropoiesis-inhibitory factor (EIF) isolated from human urine. The consequent inhibition of FVp-induced erythropoiesis suggests that EIF exerts its effect independently of ESF. The inhibitory effect of EIF on FVp-induced erythropoiesis may reveal a potential for the physiological control of some types of erythroleukemia.


Acute monomyelocytic leukemia presenting as a felon. Case report. We present a case of acute leukemic infiltration in the distal phalanx of the thumb, resulting in a chronic felon with bone involement.


Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy in Pulmonary Metastases. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is most commonly encountered in association with bronchogenic carcinoma and tumors of the pleura. Its association with pulmonary metastases from extrathoracic neoplasms is rare, with only 44 documented cases in the literature. Three additional cases are reported. Nearly half of the reported cases have been sarcomas, mainly of bone and soft tissues; among the rest are tumors of the nasopharynx and uterus and cervix. It has recently been noted that symptoms can be dramatically relieved by intrathoracic or cervical vagotomy.


Characterization of R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins by isoelectric focusing. III. Cobalophilin (R protein) in myeloproliferative states and leukocytosis. The R-type vitamin B12-binding protein (cobalophilin) in plasma and serum of patients with myeloproliferative diseases and leukocytosis was studied by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The isoproteins composing the cobalophilin were mainly the same in these disorders as in plasma of health subjects. In half the patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and a few of those with leukocytosis some of the isoproteins were more acid than those found in healthy subjects. In chronic myelogenous leukaemia the high unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity of plasma was due to an increase in the fairly acid isoproteins, whereas in polycythaemia vera and in most cases of leukocytosis there was an increase in the least acid isoproteins.


Cytogenetic analysis of erythroleukaemia in two children - evidence of nonmalignant nature of erythron. Serial cytogenetic and cytological studies in 2 cases of erythroleukaemia in children indicated that erythropoiesis is not involved in the malignant process itself, but represents a response caused by unknown stimuli. A good correlation was observed between the percentage of aneuploid cells and blasts in mitosis, thus during the erythroid phase aneuploidy was minimal or absent, while during the myeloblastic phase a high percentage of members of the aneuploid clone was present. An inverse correlation between peripheral normoblast count and haemoglobin level indicated that erythropoiesis was under physiological control. Taken together these observations constitute evidence that, in the cases of erythroleukaemia studied, erythroid cells do not have inherent malignant properties. Cytogenetic analysis offers a tool for differentiating this type of erythroleukaemia from other forms of DiGuglielmo's syndrome.


Trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukaemia. Two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia with trisomy 8 in all examined bone marrow cells are reported. The occurrence and the prognostic significance of trisomy C in myeloproliferative disorders are discussed. The published reports of myeloproliferative disorders with chromosomal abnormalities identified by the banding technique are reviewed. It is to be noted that among group C anomalies in the acute myeloid leukaemias, only involvement of chromosome no. 7, 8 and 9 have been reported to far.


Vitamin B12-binding proteins of r-type, cobalophilin. A gradient was developed for isoelectric focusing in the pH range 2-5. Cobalophilin (earlier called R proteins or vitamin B12-binding proteins of R-type) was isolated from saliva and amniotic fluid in homogeneous form. It was found to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 59,300-69,100. The preparation from amniotic fluid contained 33% carbohydrate. Cobalophilin variants in plasma, serum, granulocytes, platelets, amniotic fluid, milk, saliva and gastric juice were characterized by isoelectric focusing. Most fluids and cells contained the same isoproteins, with pI values between 2.3 and 5.0. Isoproteins of presumably myelogenic origin (e.g. those in granulocytes and plasma) had pI values below 4.2, whereas those of glandular origin (in milk and saliva) had a pI range of 4.0-5.0. Serum contained more cobalophilin than plasma, owing to release of this protein from granulocytes during clotting. This phenomenon also changed the isoprotein pattern. Plasma and serum from newborn infants and from patients with leucocytosis, polycythaemia vera and chronic myelogenous leukaemia contained the same isoproteins as were found in plasma from healthy subjects. In addition to these, isoproteins with lower than 'normal' pI values were often found in chronic myelogenous leukaemia and occasionally in leucocytosis. It is concluded that cobalophilin from different fluids and cells is a single microheterogeneous protein with a variable carbohydrate composition. The distribution of cobalophilin in different body fluids and cells supports the suggestion that cobalophilin is an antimicrobial protein (Gullberg 1972) like lactoferrin and lysozyme.


Leukaemoid reactions in myeloproliferative diseases. Report of two patients. The occurrence of transient extreme neutrophilic leucocytosis, with white blood cell counts exceeding 100,000/mu-l in two adult patients with myeloproliferative diseases, polycythaemia vera and acute myelocytic leukaemia in remission, is reported. The reaction was transient, and the subsequent course of the patient's disease did not differ from that prior to the episode. Such extreme leucocytosis is rare in adults, despite the frequency of provoking conditions, and factors which predispose an individual to develop a leukaemoid reaction remain unknown. An increase in the size of the pool of proliferating granulocyte precursors accompanied by a loss of the restraining function of the marrow sinusoidal walls in myeloproliferative diseases may explain the augmented release of myeloid cells in our patients.


[HL-A system and blood transfusion].

[HL-A system and blood transfusion]. Anti-HL-A alloimunization has increased in frequency, particularly in patients with acute leukemia, since platelet and leukocyte transfusions have been systematically used for the prevention of hemorrhages and infections during the induction phase of chemotherapy. Although a systematic prevention of anti-HL-A immunization is not yet feasible in most cases, the selection of HL-A compatible donors can restore the efficiency of platelet and leukocyte transfusions even if alloimmunization is very severe. Compatible donors can sometimes be found in the patient's family, but the existence of a panel of HL-A typed blood donors will considerably facilitate the efficiency of the hematological supportive care of patients with leukemia and with bone-marrow aplasia of other origins.


[Results of serial studies in basle children after 12 years of water fluoridation and 4 years of prophylaxis in nurseries and schools]. The public water supply of Basel has been fluoridated to a content of 1 ppm since May 1962. A distinct reduction of caries could be observed since. The last four years have shown a decrease of caries incidence too, and the merit for this should be given to the prophylaxis department. Particularly the youngest individuals have benefited from this prophylaxis, because it has been intensified and its scope widened.


[Experimental studies on the stability of the functionally stable supporting structure inplant]. It has been shown clinically that the healing processes encountered at the site of a subperiosteal implant which is implanted as a sustainer for dentures is greatly dependent on the method of fixation. The inflammatory reactions around the abutments are less pronounced and epithelial attachment enhanced if a absolute rigid fixation exists between the implant material and the mandible. In order to study the stability of a scaffolding implant material under different conditions, measurements were undertaken on isolated cadaver mandibles. The dynamic forces acting on the fixed implant in an axial and transversal direction were recorded using a specially designed string gauge. The effects on the static forces of fixation were registered and evaluated. It could be demonstrated that the forces of fixation which were achieved by applying the general principles of compression osteosynthesis surpassed many times the shearing forces encountered at the time of functional stress. Conclusions are drawn regarding a possible improvement of fixation techniques used in such subperiosteal implants.


[Apicoectomy and focal diseases].

[Apicoectomy and focal diseases]. The so-called focal infections are today considered to be polyetiologic manifestations, in which there is a summation of various aggressions. Bacterial products, toxic or antigenic substances originating from different foci are but one of the elements susceptible of unleashing the disease. This explains why there are so many foci and so few results after their elimination. Scientific evidence shows that the histologic result of an apicectomy is considerably worse than the radiological evidence might lead to believe. Inflammation may persist for years before it disappears. Radiographs are therefore only a coarse criterion for judging results of healing. When facing a disease caused by focal infection, the possible foci should be eliminated quickly and as radically as possible.


[Cytogenetic characteristics of the growth of mouse ascitic strain L-5178]. The number of chromosomes in the cells of L-5178 ascites tumor vary from 38 to 46. The modal class consists of two cell lines with 43 and 44 chromosomes. The number of polyploid cells changes in the process of tumor growth from 11% within first 10 days after transplantation to 50% on the 21st-22en days. The tumor cell population manifests a number of metaphases with endoreduplication of chromosomes. The per cent of metaphases with diplochromosomes varies from 0.05% on the 7th day of tumor development to 5.0% on the 15th-17th day. L-5178 tumor cells are characterized by the presence of structurally changed chromosomes: the acrocentric chromosome with the secondary constriction, metacentric, and 2-3 small chromosomes.


Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of cells in effusions. The transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) features of cancer cells and benign cells from human effusions were described. Both in the TEM and the SEM the following cell types were indentified; mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lumphocytes, eosinophilic leukocytes, neutrophilic leukocytes, plasma cells, erthrocytes and cancer cells. The ultrastructure of malignant cells originating from cancers most commonly metastisizing to the serous body cavities was described in detail. Both the TEM and the SEM clearly demonstrated fundamental differences between the surfaces of the cancer cells and benign cells in body cavity fluids: cancer cells were covered by numerous microvilli, while non-neoplastic cells were not. The approach described in this paper can be used for purposes of cytologic diagnosis in difficult preselected cases and may also have some important theoretical implications.