[Studies on the bacteriological features of fresh meat. III. Effects of transport (author's transl)]. The bacteriological changes appearing on transport of legs of beef, pork carcases and parts of cattle and pigs were studied. Meat from three slaughter-houses was examined. Of the meat of each slaughter-house, specimens transported over a short distance, over a long distance or by the butcher's own vehicle were studied. The transported meat was found to be contaminated by bacteria which had developed on (other) meat. The hygienic condition of the meat-van obviously is a factor in the transfer of bacteria to legs and carcases; this was not observed where the parts were concerned. The effect of bacterial contamination was that the decrease in stability was most marked in meat showing low bacterial counts. The season during which the meat was transported and the temperature reached during transport were not found to have any appreciable effect on the increase in bacterial counts. Nor were any marked differences observed between slaughter-houses or the various transports to butcher's shops. On the other hand, there was a relatively marked increase in bacterial counts on a particular transport route on which the meat had to travel for periods varying from five to six hours.


[Biochemical changes in the blood of calves with scours and their correction by fluid therapy (author's transl)]. Clinical studies in calves which were moribund as a result of scours showed that the circulation was disturbed, the body temperature reduced and locomotion impaired. Biochemical examination of the blood showed that metabolic adidosis was present in every case. As a result of the inadequate circulation, respiratory compensation was not detectable in the venous blood in every case. On the other hand, it was invariably detected in the arterial blood. Metabolic acidosis was mainly due to a marked increase in the concentration of lactic acid in the serum. The haematocrit had increased, the blood urea and serum phosphate concentrations showed an increase, whereas the blood glucose lecel was reduced. Treatment showed that administration of 2,000 ml. of an isotonic bicarbonate solution by intravenous drip resulted in disappearance of the metabolic acidosis. However, this form of therapy failed to bring about the disappearance of the circulatory disorders in a number of cases. On the other hand, treatment of these disorders was successful when 3 l. of distilled water with 30 g. of sodium bicarbonate and 9 g. of sodium chloride, followed by 3 l. of distilled water with 14 g. of sodium bicarbonate, 12 g. of sodium chloride, 8 g. of potassium chloride and 100 g. of glucose were administered by infusion for 24 hours.


[Influenza vaccination: which vaccine (author's transl)]. A comparative study of the literature of the past ten years showed that vaccination of horses and ponies against influenza is best done using adjuvant-containing vaccines. Comparable results may probably be obtained by twice inoculating an aquenous vaccine. There are no drawbacks to the use of aluminium-hydroxide as an adjuvant when mineral oil is used as an adjuvant, the first and second vaccinations do not present any problems.


Effects of varying pacemaker sites on left ventricular performance. The hemodynamic effects of the site of the artificial cardiac stimulation were studied in 17 open chest dogs. The right atrium and five ventricular sites (the inflow and outflow tracts and apex of the right ventricle, apex and lateral wall of the left ventricle) were stimulated electronically at a given rate, ranging from 130 to 190 per min. When cardiac performance during ventricular pacing was compared with those during right atrial pacing, the former uniformly caused a diminution of cardiac output and systemic blood pressure, without reduction of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Ventricular function curves, in which left ventricular stroke work was related to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, shifted downwards and to the right during ventricular pacing. Stimulation frequency did not alter these variables. It was considered that the left ventricular dysfunction in ventricular pacing resulted from the absence of atrial contribution to ventricular filling, mitral regurgitation present and asynchronous ventricular contraction. No significant difference of cardiac performance was demonstrated by changing the site of ventricular pacing, suggesting that the mode of ventricular depolarization itself was not relevant to a decrease in cardiac performance.


Combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph in the evaluation of displaced kidney. The displacement of kidney was studied by using the combined liver-spleen-kidney scintigraphy and the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph to leave the liver-spleen scintiphotograph alone. A suprarenal mass was shown as cold spot between the liver and right kidney on the combined study. When the liver scintiphotograph and kidney scintiphotograph were over-lapped and the differential diagnosis was difficult, the subsequent subtraction of the kidney scintiphotograph was useful in the diagnosis of the enlarged liver.


Change of serum IgE concentration in asthmatic attack. Thirty-two patients with clinical diagnosis of bronchial asthma were evaluated. Serum IgE levels, measured by the Phadebas IgE test, were clearly increased in the patients with asthmatic attack compared with those without asthmatic attack. When the patients were grouped according to the clinical grading of severity of asthmatic attack, the levels showed the significant elevation in proportion to the intensity of asthmatic attack and were higher in the group of severe attack or moderately severe attack than in the group of mild attack. When the serial determination of serum IgE concentration was performed during the clinical course of the patients, a high correlation was observed between the levels and the intensity of asthmatic attack.


Histopathological findings of the ovaries in anovulatory women. Wedge resection of the ovary was carried out in 45 anovulatory women to study the correlation between the degree of disturbance of ovulation and the histopathological findings. Polycystic ovary was always found in patients with anovulatory cycles. The ovaries in grade 1 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to gestagen alone belonged to the nonspecific type, polycystic type and sclerotic type. These histological changes were relatively mild in many cases. The ovaries in grade 2 amenorrhea showing withdrawal bleeding in response to estrogen and gestagen but not to gestagen alone belonged to the non-specific type, polycystic type, sclerotic type, atrophic type and streak type. Even within the same histological entity, the histological findings of the ovaries were more pronounced in grade 2 amenorrhea than in grade 1 amenorrhea. The patients with primary amenorrhea had only hypoplastic and aplastic ovaries with marked histological abnormalities.


Biological characteristics of breast cancer in obesity. Biological characteristics of breast cancer in obese patients were investigated in comparison with non-obese patients. 134 patients with breast cancer were divided into three categories; thin, normal and obese based upon the height and weight. Five-year survival rate was 55.6% in the obese patients, whereas it was 79.9% in the non-obese patients including thin and normal subjects. A cause for unfavorable prognosis in the obese patients with breast cancer was clinically and histologically investigated. It was found that in the obese patients primary tumor, regional lymph node engorgement and clinical stage were relatively advanced, scirrhous carcinoma was predominant ( 46%), tumor margin was more infiltrattive (gamma type 64%), the incidence of vascular involvement was high (73%), lymph node metastasis was also frequent (58%) and nuclear grade was low.


Biotransformation of methylmercury in vitro. Inorganic mercury formation from methylmercury by the mouse liver and kidney was studied in vitro. With chopped liver or kidney, inorganic mercury was formed from added methylmercury, but when the tissue was homogenized, the activity was diminished. Equimolar addition of selenium had no effect on the reaction.


Extraction of erythrocyte membrane proteins by sulfhydryl inhibitors. Human red cell membrane proteins were extracted by incubation of the ghost with hypotonic phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), N-ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate. In paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and hereditary elliptocytosis, the amount of proteins extracted by these procedures was significantly less than the amount extractable from the ghost of normal and aplastic anemia red cells. Polypeptide patterns of red cell membranes in these hematological disorders were essentially similar to those of normal ghosts. Analysis of the supernatant by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that this reduction was mainly due to the reduced amount of peripheral proteins extracted. The extraction of peripheral proteins by sulfhydryl reagents was accompanied by shape changes resulting in the formation of membrane vesicles, suggesting an important role of peripheral proteins in the maintenance of ghost shape. It is also suggested that qualitative abnormalities of peripheral proteins such as altered reactivity to sulfhydryl reagents and/or strong binding to the membrane are present in PNH, HS and hereditary elliptocytosis red cells.


Determination of intrapenial blood volume using 99mTc-labeled autologous red blood cells. In 17 impotent patients, radioisotope penography was performed using 99mTc-red blood cells (the patient's own red blood cells labeled with 99mTc) for the quantitative analysis of intrapenial blood volume. A visual sexual stimulation (VSS) was given to the patient after injecting the 99mTc-red blood cells. Patients showing a complete erection had their intrapenial blood volumes 4.2-11.2 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 8.0 times). In cases of incomplete erection after VSS the intrapenial blood volumes were 3.3-7.0 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 4.9 times). In cases showing a gentle rise in their penogram curves without evidence of an erection, intrapenial blood volumes after VSS were 2.0-3.3 times those before VSS (mean increaae, 2.9 times). By contrast, in cases showing no response to the VSS or no rise in penogram curve, post-VSS increases in intrapenial pool of blood were very slight, slight, only 1.4-1.7 times the original volume of blood.


Glial and capillary density of the pontine white matter in swelling and atrophy. A total of 48 autopsied brains were morphometrically examined for the relation between pontine geometry and structural parameters. In each case, the numerical density of neuroglial cells Nv(G) and the linear density of capillary network Lv(C) of the pontine white matter were determined stereologically from the counts of glial nuclear profiles and capillary transections per constant area of a histological section with a constant thickness. It was revealed that in general the glial numerical density increased with advancing atrophy and decreased with increasing swelling, whereas the capillary linear density remained fairly constant especially in the advanced stage of brain swelling. Further analysis of this relation using a model of pontine geometry has made it clear that the total capillary length in the swollen white matter increases probably at the expense of the capillary caliber as swelling advances. The changes in the ratio Lv(C)/Nv(G) under pathological conditions are emphasized and possible utility of classifying stages of acute brain swelling from a viewpoint of microvascular dimension is suggested.


Androgen metabolism by rat epididymis. 5. Metabolic conversion and nuclear binding after injection of 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, in vivo. The pattern of androgenic metabolites in blood, muscle, caput and cauda epididymidis has been investigated in functionally hepatectomized 24 hours castrated rats, 3 hours after the intra-muscular injection of 200 muCi of 3H-3H-3alpha-diol. Identification of the radioactive metabolites showed only negligible differences between the epididymal regions. In both caput and cauda the main metabolite was DHT (17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-3-one); 3alpha- and 3beta-diol, androsterone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-androstane-17-one), 5-A-dione (5alpha-androsterone-3, 17-dione), delta16-3alpha-01 (kalpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-01), delta16-3beta-01 (5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-01) and delta16-3-one (5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one) were also present. Androsterone and 3alpha-diol were the predominant metabolites in blood and muscle. No delta16 compounds could be detected and in constrast to epididymis, more than 50% of the radioactivity was associated with polar compounds. From determination of total radioactivity, it was seen that retention by epididymis varied from two to four times that of muscle. Purification and identification of the radioactivity associated with the nuclear fraction demonstrated that DHT was the only nuclear bound androgen. It is suggested from these results that at least one effect of 3alpha-diol on the rat epididymis is exerted through its conversion to DHT.


Metabolites of estradiol-17beta in guinea pig uterus late in pregnancy. The metabolism of estradiol-17beta by the guinea pig uterus late in pregnancy was studied in vivo and in vitro. Whole uteri were examined for estrogen metabolites one hour following an intravenous injection of [3H]-estradiol-17beta or uterine sections were examined after incubation for one hour at 37 degrees C in medium containing [3H]-estradiol-17beta. In both instances uterine tissue metabolized estradiol-17beta to five products; estrone, estrone-3-sulfate, 17beta-estradiol-3-sulfate, estrone-3-glucuronide and 17beta-estradiol-3-glucuronide. Of the total radioactive products 11-43% were glucuronides, 17-26% were sulfates and 4-17% was estrone. These results indicate that the guinea pig uterus actively transforms estradiol-17beta into glucuronides and sulfates late in pregnancy.


Simplified radioimmunoassay for aldosterone using antisera to aldosterone-gamma-lactone. A simplified, non-chromatographic method for aldosterone-gamma-lactone (2) radio-immunoassay is described, using a high titer aldosterone-gamma-lactone antibody. This method takes six working hours for completion; the blanks are below the sensitivity of the assay (0-10 pg), and the intra and interassay coefficient of variation is 4.9% and 8.2% respectively. There is no significant variation with different plasma volumes assayed and the plot of added and assayed aldosterone gives a slope of 0.983. The negligible cross reactivity with other steroids and lactones eliminates the problem of interference by these substances.


Phytoecdysones from Diplazium donianum.

Phytoecdysones from Diplazium donianum. From Diplazium donianum, makisterone A, makisterone D, and an unidentified stereoisomer of makisterone B have been isolated. The presence of two other unidentified phytoecdysones has been noted.


Bile acids. LII. The synthesis of 24-nor-5alpha-cholic acid and its 3beta-isomer. To aid in the identification of trihydroxy acidic metabolite(s) derived from beta-sitosterol, 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholan-23-oic acid was prepared and its methyl ester was treated with Raney nickel in boiling p-cymene to provide methyl 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5alpha-cholanate, 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholante and 3-oxo-7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-24-norchol-4-enoate. The latter compound was synthesized from the 3-oxo-5beta-derivative with SeO2 to provide a product with identical properties. Catalytic reduction of either saturated 3-oxo-derivative provided the appropriate 3,7,12-triols isomeric at C-3. Results from gas liquid and partition chromatography, mass spectrometry, and otherr physical properties of the acids, their methyl esters and other derivatives are compatible with the assigned structures.


Nuclear binding of the estrogen receptor in whole uteri. In order to show whether the estrogen complex (ER) in the intact cell binds to some nuclear component or whether it is in free equilibrium between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, we incubated intact uteri under conditions which increased the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER. These conditions included (a) the use of sucrose at concentrations greater than 0.75 M, (b) ethanol at 7.5% to 10%, or (c) 1 mM mercuric chloride or phenylmercuric acetate. Whereas (b) and (c) increased the ratio by preferentially denaturing the cytoplasmic ER, (a) caused ER to move from the cytoplasm into the nucleus by an undetermined mechanism. Uteri with a high ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER were then washed, incubated in fresh "normal" incubation media, fractionated and the location of ER determined. If ER binding does occur in the nucleus, the high ratio of nuclear ER to cytoplasmic ER should be maintained, whereas if ER is in an equilibrium in the cell, ER should redistribute and re-establish the "normal" ratio. In all cases studied; i.e., after pre-treatment with sucrose at different concentrations, ethanol at different concentrations and either mercuric chloride or phenylmercuric acetate, the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic ER remained high, suggesting that ER binds to some nuclear component in intact cells.


Convenient large scale preparation of catechol estrogens. 2-Hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 2-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol, 2-hydroxyestriol, 4-hydroxyestrone, 4-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 4-hydroxy-17alpha-ethynylestradiol and 4-hydroxyestriol are prepared on a preparative scale from the corresponding aminophenols using a new inverse oxidation procedure. By the synthesis described both the 2- and 4-hydroxylated estrogens are available in high yields.


A non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay of progesterone in serum. Convenient methodology based on separation of progesterone from alcoholic neutral steroids by means of a sulfation-procedure has been developed for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of progesterone in male and female serum. When coordinated with our previously published non-chromatographic procedure for the RIA of estrone and estradiol in serum, all 3 seteroids can be determined in the same specimen. Validation of the procedure was based on: 1. Agreement between results obtained using ILC and sulfation to fractionate progesterone (r=0.98; b=0.86), 2. accurate recovery of different quantities of progesterone added to serum, 3. independence of the concentration of progesterone and volume of serum used for assay, 4. low procedural blanks (3.6 +/- 1.3 pg), 5. low intraassay (9.7 - 10.3%) and interassay (11.0 - 11.6%) variability and 6. correspondence of observed values for progesterone in male serum (108 +/- 20 pg/ml) and in female serum (follicular, 285 +/- 149 pg/ml; luteal, 3.46 +/- 1.45 ng/ml) with those reported previously by others.


Hormonal regulation of LH stimulation of testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells of immature rats: the effect of hypophysectomy, FSH, and estradiol-17beta. Testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells from testes of immature and adult rats was stimulated by addition of LH in a dose dependent way. Hypophysectomy of adult rats had no influence on LH-stimulated testosterone production in isolated Leydig cells after 5 days. In contrast hypophysectomy of immature rats resulted after 5 days in an almost complete loss of LH sensitivity of isolated Leydig cells. Daily adminitration of FSH during 5 days starting immediately after hypophysectomy maintained LH responsiveness of isolated Leydig cells of immature rats. Also FSH administration starting on day 5 after hypophysectomy resulted in a restoration of LH responsiveness. Estradiol benzoate, injected simultaneously with FSH, abolished the FSH-induced LH responsiveness.


Isolation, identification and quantitation of serum 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and its relationship to progesterone in the pregnant mare. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was isolated from pooled pregnant mare serum using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and identified by the use of radioimmunoassay, gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione was not cross-reactive with the radioimmunoassay system and was not detected by gas-liquid chromatography. Peripheral blood levels of progesterone and 5alphs-pregnane-3,20-dione were determined by radioimmunoassay in four Quarter Horse mares for the first 150 days of gestation. Progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione declined from a range of 6 to 15 ng/ml at day 10 to a range of 2 to 8 ng/ml at day 40. After day 40 there was an increase in progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione concentration. Toward the end of 150 days of gestation progesterone tended to decline; whereas, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione levels were maintained or increased to levels as high as 35 ng/ml. Neither source nor function of 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione is known.


Preparturient changes in plasma concentrations of estrone, estradiol-17beta and estradiol-17alpha in the fetal calf: effects of dexamethasone infusion. The concentrations of total estrogens in fetal calf plasma were determined during a 6-10 day period immediately before delivery. Comparison was made between levels found in untreated calves and calves infused with dexamethasone at the rate of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/24 hours. In untreated calves the plasma estrone, estradiol-17beta and estradio-17alpha levels remained relatively constant at 38 +/- 7 ng ml-1 (mean +/- SEM n = 3), 46 +/- 6 ng ml-1 and 29 +/- 5 ng ml-1 respectively. Infusion with dexamethasone at 0.1 mg/24 hr (3 calves) and 1.0 mg/24 hr (3 calves) was without dramatic effect on plasma estrogen levels. However, in one fetus infused with 10.0 mg/24 hr the dexamethasone treatment may have caused a transitory rise in the levels of all estrogens examined.


Schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bladder: a critical appraisal of causal relationship. The pathology of 154 cases of carcinoma of the urinary bladder diagnosed in surgical specimens in Ibadan is reviewed. Schistosoma haematobium-infections are found in association with all varieties of urothelial carcinoma. The majority of tumours in this and previously reported series from bilharzial and nonbilharzial underdeveloped regions presented in advanced stages. It is suggested that the preponderance of squamous cell carcinoma in these regions is a reflection of late clinical presentation. The evidence so far presented to support a causal relationship between schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bladder is reviewed. It is concluded that such relationship is probably not true.


Geographical distribution of amyloidosis in Papua New Guinea. During an 11 year period 73 cases of amyloidosis were diagnosed at Port Moresby General Hospital as a result of histological examination of autopsy or biopsy material. No case of amyloidosis came from either the Highlands or North Coast regions although these two areas together accounted for 16% of the medical admissions at the hospital and made up a similar percentage of Port Moresby's Papua New Guinean population. Within the sub-district in which Port Moresby is situated there was a much higher incidence of amyloidosis in the inland, more sparsely populated, census divisions of the sub-district. Aetiological factors which may be related to the common occurrence of amyloidosis in Papua New Guinea are discussed in light of the observed geographical distribution of cases.


Endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi. The distribution of non-filarial elephantiasis of the lower legs in Rwanda and Burundi in Central Africa has been studied in order to test the previous observation of an association between the disease and the volcanic rocks and soils on which the people live. Using the method of market counts, a total of 26,602 adults were observed in 23 markets; 189 had elephantiasis. In addition, 264 cases were observed in specially arranged clinics and a further 77 while travelling. Prevalence per thousand adults varied from 0.0 to 20.7. It was noted that the areas of high prevalence corresponded with the areas of volcanic lava. A differential market count at the edge of the red soils in two of these areas showed a raised prevalence among people living on these soils, similar to that observed in Ethiopia. The observations confirm that the disease occurs in barefooted people who dig in soil developed from volcanic rocks, under tropical conditions, at altitudes around 1500 m. It is suggested that the high proportion of iron and other transitional metals may be important as irritant or toxic to the lymphatic vessels of the legs after absorption.


A tuberculin skin test survey in a rural Ghanaian population. A study to determine the prevalence of positive tuberculin skin tests in a rural area of Ghana is described. Subjects over 14 exhibited the greatest percentage of positive reactions (40%), those under 15, less than 10 percent. Males had a higher percentage of positive reactions than females, which is consistent with the results of other tuberculin skin test studies. Prevalence of BCG scars was also studied as part of a village health survey medical examination. Overall BCG coverage was low (10%): the school age population, mose easily reached by mobile vaccination teams, had the highest rate of coverage (16%). There was a poor correlation between mothers' perception of children's BCG immunization status and the children's actual status determined during the medical examination, largely due to poor communication between immunization staff and the villagers. The authors conclude that BCG immunizations should be encouraged, particularly in children under 15, preferably via a mobile, mass campaign approach, with careful communication between medical staff and villagers.


Volvulus of the sigmoid in Khartoum, Sudan. Twenty-six cases of acute volvulus of the sigmoid in Khartoum Hospital are analysed. The condition accounts for 17.8 percent of all cases of acute intestinal obstruction. The majority of patients were from the Southern tribes whose diet contains a large amount of fibre. Of the different methods of surgical management simple operative detorsion and deflation gave the best results. The overall mortality rate was 23.1 percent.


Preterm and other babies with low birthweights in Ibadan. Earlier studies on the incidence of low birthweight babies were unanimous in the belief that this is a peculiarity of the developing countries, especially of the negro race. However, the more recent studies have shown that the differences in the incidence of low birthweights between the developed and developing countries might be due to other factors. In a study of birthweights in Ibadan, Nigeria, evidence was presented which showed that the level of socio-economic standards, rather than the peculiarity of geographical location or race, accounted for a high percentage of low birthweight babies. The various other factors associated with low birthweight babies in Ibadan were also highlighted.


Platelet count in healthy full-term Nigerian neonates. 633 platelet counts are reported on 338 full-term healthy Nigerian babies aged 1 hour to 28 days. Platelet counts for the first week (207,000 +/- 72,000 cumm) are significantly lower (P less than .001) than in the subsequent 3 weeks (282,000 +/- 94,000 cumm). Platelet counts of 100,000-400,000/cumm during the first week and 100,000-450,000/cumm during the rest of the neonatal period include 95% of the respective age groups of Nigerian infants studied and these ranges can therefore be regarded as standard for healthy Nigerian neonates. Platelet counts in Nigerian neonates are essentially similar to those reported elsewhere but significantly higher than in Nigerian adults.


Lactose tolerance in adult Jordanian Arabs. Lactose tolerance tests were performed in 56 male and female Jordanian Arabs who were permanently resident in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Forty three had a low rise in blood glucose and 36 had one or more symptoms after oral lactose. Lactose tolerance was not related to sex, age, milk or milk products consumption. The data presented confirm the few existing reports that the majority of Arabs, originating from the Mediterranean basin are hypolactasic and intolerant to lactose.


Lactose intolerance in East Indians of Trinidad. The incidence of lactose intolerance and by inference intestinal lactase deficiency was investigated by means of the oral lactose tolerance test in 30 East Indians born in Trinidad but of Indian heritage. Twenty showed flat curves (67%) and twenty had cramps and diarrhoea following the lactose load (67%). In India milk consumption is less than in Trinidad. Since all subjects were of the same racial origin the findings are interpreted as suggesting that lactase deficiency among East Indians is inherited on a genetic basis.


Toxoplasma gondii haemagglutinating antibody titers in Indonesian goats. Sera of 465 goats from several of the Indonesian islands were tested for indirect haemagglutinating (IHA) antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Titers greater than or equal to 1:16 were found in 24% of the animals with approximately 11% having titers of greater than or equal to 1:256. Sera from pigs, cows, water buffaloes and horses were also tested and only pig sera had IHA antibodies at titers above greater than or equal to 1:16. The possible role of goats in transmission of toxoplasmosis is discussed briefly.


Filariasis in the Minahassa.

Filariasis in the Minahassa. A survey concerning the occurrence of filariasis was carried out in Likupang, a village in the Minahassa, the norther tip of the Island of Celebes. We found four patients with elephantiasis of the leg. Only of people living in their neighbourhood proved to be positive for microfilariae of Brugia malayi. This result differs from surveys formerly carried out in whole Sulawesi, where locally microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti occurred next to those of B. malayi.


[Indications for amniocentesis for prenatal determination of fetal karyotype]. Analysis of the data from 13 centres of prenatal diagnosis in different countries revealed that 35 out of 1532 pregnancies where diagnostical amniocentesis was performed terminated in "spontaneous" abortions. The frequency of "spontaneous" abortions was found to be 2.28%. It was supposed that only those situations where a risk of the chromosomal disbalance in the fetus is above 2% may be regarded as the indications to amniocentesis for karyotype prenatal determination.


[Chromosome aberrations in the somatic cells of mammals evoked by chromium compounds]. It is established that potassium bichromate (K2Cr2O7) in chronic and acute poisoning evokes a significant increase in frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations in bone marrow of rats. Mutagenic effect of chromium compounds is not always in correlation with their toxic action. It is supposed that chromium compounds possess the properties of chemical mutagenes of delayed action.


[Ultrastructural transformation of guinea pig hepatocyte nuclei 2.5 hours after partial hepatectomy]. Ultrastructural changes of guinea-pig hepatocytes activated by partial hepatectomy were investigated in the period preceding the intensification of premitotic synthesis of protein and DNA, i. e. 2.5 hours after the operation, when the maximal increase of Acridine orange binding by DNP of these cells occurs. A disarrangement of the strand-like distribution patterns of condensed chromatin and margination of membrane-bound condensed chromatin was found. Morphometric analysis has shown some decrease of area occupied by condensed chromatin not bound with membrane and perinucleolar chromatin, and also a decrease in the number of isolated clumps of this chromatin. These finding may suggest some chromatin decondensation. At the same time, the condensed chromatin of most of hepatocytes reveals a righter packing of DNA fibrils. The nucleoli of activated hepatocytes increase in size and have a welll developed nucleolonemic structure and granular component; these pecularities corresponding to a high level of nucleolar RNA synthesis.


[Different types of secondary degeneration of visual nerve endings in the midbrain tectum of the steppe turtle]. Along with the commonly known patterns of terminal destruction ("dark", "light", "neurofilamentous"), new types of changes have been revealed, referred to as "vesicular" and "glycogen" trasformation types. Vesicular transformation which may develop according to the dark or light type is characterized by a sharp deformation of synaptic vesicles; glycogen transformation is distinguished by agglutination and disappearance of synaptic vesicles, the inside of the terminal being filled up with glycogen granules. Ultrastructural differences of the terminal degeneration process in different groups of nerve fibers reflect the morpho-functional heterogeneity of the retina ganglion cells and of their axons.


[Laminar analysis of neuronal ultrastructure in the midbrain tectum of the steppe turtle]. A layer-to-layer study of the neuronal ultrastructure in the mesencephalic optic centre of T. horsfieldi has been made, the results being compared to those of similar experments with Emys orbicularis L. Neurons of the efferent type (layers IV, V), in contrast to short axon elements (layers, I, 22) are characterized by a greater amount of cytoplasm and by a variety of cytoplasmatic organelles. A few morphological types of neurons are distinguished: light, dark and neurons with a light nucleus and a dark cytoplasm. In two systems of horizontal neurons dark cells predominate to be assumed as being an independent morphofunctional neuronal type. In contrast to E. orbicularis, the neurons of T. horsfieldi show a large amount of axo-somatic synapses on the surface, and a deficiency in spiny outgrowths, both on the apical and basal dendrites.


[Local unscheduled DNA synthesis following irradiation of a portion of mitotic chromosomes or interphase nucleus with UV microbeam]. Part of mitotic chromosome sets of the metaphase or anaphase SPEW mammalian cells were irradiated with an ultraviolet microbeam, and the subsequent incorporation of H3-thymidine into the postmitotic daughter nuclei was studied by autoradiography. The located areas of the unscheduled DNA synthesis were detected in these nuclei. This synthesis was likely to be due to repair process at the sites of postmitotic localization of the irradiated chromosomes. It is suggested that the selective chromosomal labeling induced by microirradiation could be employed in studying patterns of chromosome localization in the interphase nuclei. Local inhibition of the replicative DNA synthesis and local stimulation of the unscheduled DNA synthesis were observed after a partial microirradiation of the interphase nuclei. This unscheduled DNA synthesis was unaffected by hydroxyurea at concentration which inhibited normal DNA synthesis.


[Chromosome aberrations induced by fortrin in human lymphocytes in cultures and in vivo]. Chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo were studied after the treatment with the five-functional alkylating agent photrine (an original Soviet antitumour drug). In concentrations above 10-7 M photrine caused chromosome breaks in vitro at 4.6.10-4 M completely diminished the mitotic activity in cultured cells. The aberrations were presented almost exclusively as single and paired fragments occasionally distributed among the chromosomes. In three patients treated with photrine cells with aberrative karyotypes ranged within 14-37.5%.


[Production of a new form of fine-fiber cotton with improved fiber quality under the influence of a chemical mutagen]. A new form of cotton Mutant-1 was studied which is gymnospermous and is notable for an accelerated opening of bolls. This new form resulted from the effect of chemical mutagene HII-83 on hybrid population 5012 F4 from crossing the varieties2II3 X 5476II. The mutant differs essentially from the starting hybrid and all the more from the starting parental varieties in high productivity and quality of fibre and in certain quantitative and qualitative indexes.


[Effect of the dose of estradiol and long-term administration of the hormone on the proliferative activity of the epithelium of the cavity, glandular epithelium and stroma of the white rat uterus]. The duration of S-sphase of the cell cycle in uterine epithelial and stroma tissues of ovariectomised rats, treated with two doses of estradiol-17 beta for 4 days, was estimated by the double labeling technique using H3 -and C14-thymidine. Estrogen treatment induced cyclical changes of S-phase duration in the uterine cell compartments, with maximal values at 72 and 24 hours for 1mcg and 1 mg of estradiol. resp. The high dose of estradiol induced five-fold reduction of the mitotic and labeling indices in luminal epithelium in contrast to the effect of the low dose. In the rat glandular epithelium and stroma cells mitotic and labeling indices are not influenced by eith of the estrogen dosis.


[Recording of azimuthal characteristics of the polarized fluorescence of microstructures using a semi-wave plate]. We have suggested and grounded theoretically application of lambda/2 plate for the registration azimuth characteristics (AC) of polarized fluorescence of microstructures. Proper device of polarization microfluorimeter has been worked out. Application of this device in case of transmitted light illumination has allowed to record AC of a very small objects (up to 1 mkm) and add to a-curacity of measurements. In the case of incident light illumination one need to make achromatic lambda/2 plates.


Chemoprophylaxis trial in Canadian Eskimos. One hundred and two cases of inactive tuberculosis, 165 positive tuberculin reactors and 103 previous BCG vaccinated individuals showing large tuberculin reactions were placed on the completely supervised regimen consisting of isoniazid and ethambutol given three times a week. Over 90% of these individuals completed 18 months' treatment. There were no active cases of tuberculosis among the treated groups during the observation period averaging 34.8 months. The control groups consisting of 217 individuals had 9 cases of active tuberculosis giving an annual risk of developing the disease of 1.8 per 1000.


Acquired resistance to rifampicin by Mycobacterium kansasii. Two patients with Mycobacterium kansasii infection of the lung had organisms sensitive to rifampicin. Following treatment, essentially with rifampicin alone, the patients began to excrete organisms completely resistant to rifampicin. The ability of M. kansasii to acquire resistance to rifampicin during treatment has been clearly demonstrated. This reinforces the need to treat this infection with an adequate multiple drug regimen.


[Gastric stump carcinoma after resection for benign gastric or duodenal ulcer (author's transl)]. 33 cases of cancer of the gastric stump after gastrectomy for peptic ulcer observed between 1963 and 1972 are reviewed. In 26 patients the average interval between operation and carcinoma detection was over 20 years. No cases of carcinoma occurred in less than 10 years. All patients came too late for surgery, since they had attributed their symptoms to the previous operation. The gradual increase in the gastric-cancer risk of operated patients with time suggests a continuous carcinogenic influence. Regurgitation of duodenal contents through the Billroth II anastomosis seems to be the most important cause of postoperative atrophic gastritis, which is now considered by many authors to be a condition predisposing to gastric cancer. Gastric resection patients should be regarded as a high gastric-cancer risk group. The periodic use of modern procedures for early gastric cancer detection in this group of patients is therefore justified.


Effect of sulpiride on mammary tumor growth. The daily subcutaneous injection of sulpiride produced increase tumor growth and decrease of survival in DBA/2 mice bearing a transplanted mammary gland tumor. It is proposed that sulpiride effect may be mediated by the augment of prolactin level in serum.


Evaluation of the risk of multiple primaries in malignant cutaneous melanoma. The evaluation of the risk of a second primary melanoma has been done on a series of 521 cases of malignant melanoma observed at the National Cancer Institute of Milan from September 1967 to December 1974. It has been found that a malignant melanoma patient is about 900 times more likely to have a second primary than an individual in the general population is likely to contract the disease. The risk is age and sex dependent.


[In vitro development of macrophages from PHA-stimulated blood cultures in Hodgkin's disease and in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Blood was cultured from 17 normal subjects, 28 cases of untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and 41 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Macrophages were not observed in PHA-stimulated cultures of normal subjects, of CLL or of 18 cases of Hodgkin's disease. The latter had an almost normal rate of lymphocyte blast transformation (70,2 +/- 7,2%).on the other hand, macrophages were numerous in PHA-stimulated cultures of 23 cases of Hodgkin's disease with a low blast transformation (28.4 +/- 13,7%). In Hodgkin's disease the development of macrophages in PHA cultures may be related to the lower blast transformation and cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. In CLL the dilution of lymphocytes and monocytes by leukaemic B cells may account both for PHA unresponsiveness and low yield of macrophages in culture.


[Clinical-statistical correlation in 286 cases of diffuse and intestinal carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. Gastric carcinoma cases have been classified according to Lauren's system. The intestinal and diffuse histotypes are compared, and correlated with the epidemiologic data, type of operation and follow-up. The results show that total gastrectomy is indicated in diffuse carcinoma.


[Criteria for applying target biopsy and histological features in the diagnosis of gastric cancer in situ (author's transl)]. A histological examination of samples of 131 chronic gastric ulcers, 9 polyps and 12 cases of mucosal atrophy taken by means of a endoscope showed 3 border-line lesions and 4 early gastric cancers. The histological patterns of these lesions are described and the difficulty of histological diagnoses in early malignancy are emphasized.


Early glial tumor metastases through a ventriculo-atrial shunt. A girl of 12 with a pontine polymorphous astrocytoma diffusely metastasizing to the spinal cord leptomeninges suddenly died 20 hours after the insertion of a right ventriculo-atrial shunt. Many severely damaged glial neoplastic cells were found in the blood vessels of the lung and liver.


[Radiological study of complications and recurrences of esophageal carcinoma after surgery (author's transl)]. 256 esophageal carcinoma patients subject to various surgical procedures were examined with a view to identifying as early as possible the complications and possible tumoral recurrences, early or late, at anastomosis level. The most caracteristic and frequent radiological features, especially of neoplastic recurrences are presented; the various morphological types are described and discussed and for the first time a radiographic classification is proposed, followed by a discussion of the criteria of differential diagnosis of these lesions, especially from postoperative perivisceritis. Correct identification and precise radiographic description of the early signs of neoplastic recurrence in the esophagogastric anastomoses make it possible to reoperate, at least in some patients.


[Evaluation of 178 mediastinoscopies (author's transl)]. Of the 178 consecutive mediastinoscopies performed at the Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori of Milan from 1967 to 1974 145 were performed for diagnostic purposes and 33 for the pre-operative evaluation of resectability in cases of proven lung carcinoma. Mediastinoscopy is a very useful procedure for obtaining a definite pathological diagnsis in indeterminate mediastinal and pulmonary lesions. In succases, mediastinoscopy should precede any attempt at therapy, as 1/3 primary mediastinal lymph node lesions are benign and about 30% of suspected mediastinal tumors or lymphomas are actually misdiagnosed lung cancers (mainly oat-cell carcinomas). As to the role of mediastinoscopy in the assessment of lung cancer resectability, the current view is that it plays a part together with tomography and bronchoscopy in the clinical staging of this neoplasm, but it is no longer relied upon alone. It is mandatory in every case of suspected or probable mediastinal invasion and the criteria for inoperability are the following: spread to high paratracheal or contralateral nodes, direct invasion of the mediastinal fat, fixity of the neoplasm to the trachea or vertebral bodies. In such cases mediastinoscopy will prevent a useless exploratory thoracotomy.


[Alcohol infusion of the pituitary, high-dose medroxyprogesterone and their association as analgesics in advanced breast cancer (author's transl)]. The analgesic effects of alcohol infusion of the pituitary, high-dose progesterone and their association on chronic intractable pain in TxN+M+ breast cancer patients no longer responsive to combination chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy are assessed. The antalgic effect of medroxyprogesterone proved to be more lasting than that of alcohol infusion of the pituitary. Moreover, 6 of the 20 patients treated with the former presented regression of the disease whereas none of those treated with alcohol did so.


An analysis of 800 breast cancer patients relapsed after radical mastectomy. The chronology of first recurrences, their topographic distribution and survival from mastectomy were retrospectively studied in a series of 800 mastectomized women with special reference to the relationship between these data and treatment delay, TN categories and free interval. Visceral metastases were more frequent in patients under 50 years, whereas local recurrences were more common in patients over 50. The average free interval was 26 months (over 5 years in 18% of cases) and seemed to be influenced little by the treatment delay or by tumor size; it was shorter in patients under 50 years and shorter still in patients with lymph node involvement at operation. A similar correlation exists between these parameters and survival. The 5 years survival rate of the 800 cases with recurrence was 52%, which is quite different from the rate generally indicated for surgical cases, and much higher than the rate for the natural history of untreated breast cancer. The survival rate in cases with first metastases confined to the soft tissues is much higher than in those with bone and/or with visceral metastases. The survival after recurrence proves to be significantly influenced by the length of the free interval, but much more by the presence or absence of regional lymph node involvement so that the lymph nodes status (N--or N+) turns out to be a prognostic item of primary importance, even after the onset recurrence.


[Cobalt therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the oropharynx]. A clinical retrospective evaluation of 177 cases of carcinoma of the oropharynx treated with Cobalt therapy from 1959 to 1965 has been made. The analysis of long term results has shown that Cobalt therapy alone does not satisfactorily control carcinomas of oropharynx. In fact, less than 30% of the patients is still alive after 3 years. Survival is directly affected by the local extent of disease since, while the 5-year survival of T1 and T2 cases is respectively 26.8% and 21.5%, only 6.5% of patients with T3 carcinomas is still alive after 5 years. Particularly disappointing is the survival rate in cases with mono- or bilateral involvement of neck nodes, since none of these cases are alive 2 years after the initial therapy. In 69.4% of the cases, treatment failure has to be attributed to minimal response or early recurrence of primary tumor, while lymph node relapses have been observed in more than 25% of the cases. To allow a detailed clinical evaluation of the results, the different regions of the oropharynx should be considered separately, since differences in clinical evolution of various carcinomas would call for a different therapeutic approach. The results of this study in oropharyngeal carcinomas, indicate that improvement of long term results may only be obtained through a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach.


[Sarcoid type granuloma in lymph nodes with Hodgkin's disease]. Sarcoid type granuloma have been observed in lymph nodes with Hodgkin's disease. Several pathogenetic hypotheses have been considered, and finally the picture has been interpreted as the epithelioid form of Hodgkin's disease.


The effect of high molecular dextran on coagulation and metastes. The intravenous injection of high molecular dextran (HMD), increased pulmonary metastases of the carcinosarcoma of Walker 256, from 35 per-cent of the control animals to 64 per-cent of the animals treated with HMD. A significant prolongation of the clotting time and prothrombin; and a decrease in fibrinogen levels platelets, hematocrit and factors II, V, VII and VIII were observed following the infusion of HMD. There was no obvious untoward side effect of HMD in any of the animals studies.


[Effect of several surface-active substances on the biological and mechanical properties of a catalase monolayer]. It is found out that surface pressure of catalase monolayers increases when some medicinal surface-active agents are added to its substrate, while its enzymic activity decreases depending on the increase of surface activity of the medicinal substance. Catalase monolayer viscosity grows with a decrease in the area. The viscosity decreases with a rise in the dimedrol concentration in the substrate. The same is recorded for the shear module. As to the shear stress characterizing the strength of the monolayers it decreases with the addition of medicinal substances. This change in rheological properties of the catalase monolayer evidences for its structural destruction with an increase in the mixed monolayer pressure.


[Two forms of alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the serum of persons with jaundice of different origin]. Distribution of the alkaline phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activity was studied in blood serum by means of gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 with jaundices of different origin. Both enzymes have two forms differing in the molecular weight, 5'-nucleotidase presenting mainly a high-molecular form in contrast to alkaline phosphatase. This form activity for both enzymes is higher with obturative jaundices as compared to liver cirrhosis and virus hepatitis. The results of incubating sera with desoxicholate and the subsequent gel filtration in its presence, as well as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of butanol extracts of the fractions containing high-molecular fragments, evidence for the fact that these fragments are lipoproteid complexes.


[Effect of excess D,L-tryptophan on the level of aminoacylation of tRNA by 14C-tryptophan]. The effect of the D,L-tryptophan excess in the rat organism was studied as applied to the level of amino acylation of tRNA by 14C-tryptophan. It is established that the introduction of tryptophan for three days in doses of 50 and 75 mg per 100 g of the living weight evokes a 24 and 40% decrease, respectively, in the level of amino acylation of the rat livel tRNA by 14C-tryptophan. The ability of accepting 14C-tryptophan in total preparations of the experimental rats liver tRNA considerably lower as compared to norm. A short-term heating in the presence of magnesium ions partially restores their decreased acceptor ability. This gives ground to suppose that the molecules of tRNAtr in the total preparation of the rat liver tRNA with a great tryptophan excess in the organism partially change their conformation and this is one of the reasons of the decrease in the level of tRNA amino acylation by 14C-tryptophan. The decrease in the protein synthesis at the first stage with the presence of a great tryptophan excess in the organism is evident to be also connected with the inhibition of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase activity.


[Physico-chemical properties of uterine smooth muscle actomyosin]. The actomyosin complex of human myometrium has a low Ca-activated ATPase activity (0.007-0.012 mu mole H+ per 1 mg protein for 1 min), small degree and rate of superprecipitation. Transition to the state of pregnancy is accompanied by considerable changes in the physicochemical properties of the myometrium actomyosin. ATPase activity is 5-10 times as high and the rate of superprecipitation rises, particularly after the increase in the calcium concentration. The content of nucleic acid in the actomyosin complex decreases and D280/D260=1.1. The intensity of the actomyosin fluorescence at the pregnant state is more than twice as high.


[Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activity in rat liver following administration of vitamin E and methionine]. A single introduction of vitamin E and D,L-methionine to rats kept on the vivarium ration or their addition to protein-free diet separately does not affect the glutathionperoxidase and glutathionreductase activities in the liver. A simultaneus introdyction of the vitamin and methionine causes an increase in the glutathionperoxidase activity, without changing the glutathionreductase activity. Vitamin E prevents from increasing the glutathionperoxidase and glutathionreductase activities due to selenium. Propyl gallate produces no such effect.


[Electrophoretic fractions and NH2-terminal amino acids of high-molecular tryptic fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin]. The electrophoretic and NH2-terminal analyses were performed for D and E fragments obtained by tryptic digestion of bovine fibrinogen and fibrin under various conditions. The preparations of fragment D were heterogeneous, they were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into a number of electrophoretic components with molecular weight ranging from 65 000 to 85 000. NH2-terminal analysis revealed from 6 to 8 NH2-terminal amino acids: Ser, Gly, Thr, Asp, Gly, Lys, Gln, Asn. Their composition and quantitative ratios were found to vary depending on the conditions of the fragment D production. The electrophoregrams showed that with Ca++ in the medium the enzymatic splitting of fibrinogen was limited. Fragment D obtained from fibrinogen without Ca++ was electrophoretically rather similar to that obtained from fibrinogen at Ca++ optimal concentration. Taking into consideration a very high specific anti-coagulational activity of these two fragment D preparations, one may conclude that both the polymerized state of protein molecules and the presence of Ca++ stabilize the specific molecular structure, that favorus the preservation of specific inhibitory activity in fragment D. According to the NH2-terminal analysis data, fragment E derived from fibrinogen hydrolyzed in the presence of Ca++ optimal concentration is also heterogeneous. The following amino acids were found: Tyr, Lys, His (main ones) and Gly, Ser, Thr, Val (minor ones). As to molecular weight determined by electrophoresis, fragment E appears to be homogeneous.


[Content of polyribosomes and poly-A-containing RNA in rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine]. The contents of total polyribosomes and the ratio of free to membrano-bound polyribosomes as well as the number of poly(A)-containing RNA in cytoplasm and in two classes of polyribosomes of the liver were studied in rats chronically treated with diethylnitrosamine. A decrease in the number of total polyribosomes and changes in the ratio of free to membrane-bound polyribosomes toward a decrease of the latter were found within the whole period of carcinogenesis. The absolute amount of the free polyribosomes per 1 gr of the liver tissue did not differ significantly from the normal values but the number of the membrane-bound polyribosomes in the treated animals was 2-2,5 times as low. The amount of poly(A)-containing RNA in the postmitochondrial fraction increased and decreased in free polyribosomes. A redistribution of the templates by free and membrane-bound polyribosomes in cytoplasm of the hepatocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis due to the disturbances in the equilibrium between these two classes of polyribosomes is suggested.


[RNA concentration in DNA preparations from animal tissues (quantitative analysis of an alkaline hydrolysate)]. Two methods are compared for estimating the RNA admixture in preparations of DNA isolated from mammalian tissues. The RNA content in alkaline hydrolyzates of DNA as determined by the spectrophotometric method is found to be from 2 to 5 times higher than that estimated by means of the colour orcinol reaction. Possible reasons of such a difference are discussed. Attempts are made to find out the optimal conditions for isolating RNA from DNA preparations.


Binding of proteins to mouse blastocysts after the attachment stage of implantation. Experimentally delayed mouse blastocysts were activated to implant by exogenous estradiol and after varying duration of estrogen influence, the blastocysts were flushed out from the uterine horns. Then they were incubated in the cold with different, 125I-conjugated proteins and the amount of protein bound to the blastocysts was determined by radioassay. Three radiolabelled proteins: human serum albumin (125I-HSA), human serum transferrin (125I-HST) and normal rabbit IgG (125I-RIgG) were tested and it was found that the uptake of each protein markedly increased between 14 and 24 hours of estrogen-activation. It was possible to partially block the binding of 125I-HSA and 125I-RIgG with the respective unlabelled protein. Unlabelled RIgG could also partially block the uptake of 125I-HSA whereas HSA did not impede the binding of 125I-RIgG. During delay of implantation the protein binding was low and approximately the same as after 14 hours of activation. However, at 18 and 24 hours of activation protein uptake increased gradually. Raising the incubation temperature from 0 to 37 degrees C did not significantly influence the protein binding capacity of the 24-hour-activated blastocyts. Whole blastocyst autoradiography indicated that the labelled protein was heavily bound in patches, preferentially located in the abembryonic half of the postattachment blastocysts. It is assumed that the binding of protein to abembryonic trophoblast cells of the implanting blastocyst can be attributed to the presence of protein receptors on the surface of these cells.


Detection and characterization of hyperlipoproteinaemia in middle-aged men. Serum lipoprotein (LP) concentrations were determined and LP patterns were classified in 261 middle-aged men, recruited from a health examination survey, with serum lipid values above the 80th percentile of the same population. Individuals with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) and normolipidaemic controls were characterized also regarding family history of cardiovascular disease, socio-economic factors and clinical and laboratory variables. Subjects with HLP type IV-V and IIB were overweight and showed hyperuricaemia and hyperinsulinaemia compared with normolipidaemic controls and subjects with HLP type IIA. The latter showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In spite of being overweight, subjects with HLP type III showed normal fasting values of insulin and uric acid in serum and normal early insulin response to intravenous glucose. The glucose tolerance did not differ significantly between the groups. Men with HLP types IV-V had predominantly sedentary occupations, in contrast to those with type IIA. There were significantly more smokers in the groups with HLP type IIB and IV-V than in the control group. Thus, individuals with different types of HLP tend to show different metabolic profiles but also different socioeconomic and clinical patterns, suggesting that exogenous factors are of importance in the expression of the LP abnormalities.


Acute myopericarditis. A long-term follow-up study. A follow-up study was made of 29 patients aged 21 to 45 years, some 15-158 months after acute myopericarditis. The mean follow-up period was 72.9 months. The follow-up investigation included recording of history, physical examination, laboratory tests, radiologic examination of the heart and lungs and electrocardiography. All but one of the patients were fit for fulltime work. Nine had residual cardiac symptoms, but the physical examination was negative in all but 2 of them. One patient had chronic cardiac insufficiency and hepatic enlargement. Another had sinus tachycardia and cardiac enlargement of moderate degree and impaired working capacity in relation to heart size. Cardiac murmurs without clinical significance were audible in three cases. The resting ECG was pathologic in only 6 cases. Orthostatic ECG evoked ECG abnormalities in 6 more cases. Exercise tolerance tests showed reduced working capacity in relation to heart volume in 5 of the 29 cases (17%). Four of these 5 patients had cardiac enlargement. There was thus good correlation between increase in heart volume and reduction of physical capacity. The prognosis in regard to cardiac function was good, as was also found in other comparable series in which the observation time was somewhat shorter.


Dimensions of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle. A study of the physical dimensions of the rabbit tenuissimus muscle is described and compared with previous work on the same muscle from the cat. The muscle in the rabbit was found to be larger than in the cat, but was consistent in its dimensions and suitable for use as a model for microvascular research.


The effect of digitalis on regional ischaemia of the rat small intestine. Research in recent years has shown that under certain conditions digitalis has a strong vasoconstrictive effect in the splanchnic region. This may imply that in cases of mesenteric ischaemia, digitalization may inhibit a collateral circulation necessary for restoration of the intestinal function. In this investigation the effect of digitoxin on the exchange circulation of the small bowel mucosa was studied in rats with induced regional ischaemia of the intestine. On analysis 30 min after establishment of the ischaemia a statistically significant negative effect of digitoxin was observed.


Preliminary report on angiography with polymeric contrast agents in rabbits and dogs. Polymeric, water-soluble, iodine-containing contrast agents have been synthesized and tested in renal angiography and thoracic aortography in rabbits and in femoral arteriography in dogs. Good filling of the arteries and also of the veins was obtained.


Familial ovarian carcinoma.

Familial ovarian carcinoma. Familial aggregation of patients with ovarian carcinoma is unusual. A family with four affected members in three consecutive generations is described. The tumors were all of the serous papillary adenocarcinoma type. The pattern of appearance of the malignant disorder in the present family may be explained as the result of transmission of a dominant mutant autosomal gene. The future long term management of such a family might include prophylactic oophorectomy in certain family members, and possibly selective terminations of pregnancies with female fetuses in high-risk women.


The fluid double polar-nonpolar-polar leaflet model for biological membranes. A model for biological membranes is proposed according to which the plasma membrane consists of two functionally different polar-nonpolar-polar leaflets separated by a polar space. The binding of water-soluble proteins, integral lipoproteins and spanning proteins to a biological membrane as well as possible conformations of interphase peptides partitioned between polar and nonpolar layers are discussed. A model for the diffusion of water soluble proteins across nonpolar layers of a membrane is described. Three complete biological membranes containing two leaflets and an inter-leaflet space are defined. These are: 1: The inner nuclear membrane + the perinuclear space and the endoplasmatic cisternae + the outer nuclear membrane and the endoplasmatic reticulum, 2: the innner mitochondrial membrane + the mitochondrial intermembraneous space + the outer mitochondrial membrane and 3: the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane + an intramembraneous space in the plasma membrane + the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane.


Uromucoid in the rat: its isolation, localization in the kidney and concentration in the urine. Based on the finding that rat uromucoid cross reacts with antihuman uromucoid, rat uromucoid was isolated by means of immune absorption chromatography. Using a monospecific antiserum obtained with the use of this preparation, uromucoid was shown to be present in the distal tublues of the kidney. A quantitative immunological determination was made from the urine of 30 normal rats.


A contribution to the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate urinary calculi. I. Stabilising urinary constituents in the formation of weddellite. 25 to 30% of calcium oxalate urinary calculi consist of the metastable Weddellite crystal phase. By fractionation of urine it was found that mineral substances are stabilising factors. The stability was checked in dry condition at room temperature at 38 degrees C and at 110 degrees C. These results could be confirmed by precipitation from synthetic solutions. Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Cu individually, and above all in combination, promote the formation of Weddellite. The formation of mixed crystal phases must be considered one of the main factors for the stabilisation of Weddelite in the urinaty calculus.


[New aspects in the biological preparation of tissues for plastic repair using V.P. Filatov's pedicle flap]. In the paper, the author's experience and literature data on studies of the role of biological processes developing in the host wound and grafted tissues in formation of the pedicled graft are reported. Considering these processes in the modern aspect in due account of general state of the organism, the status of local tissues, causes conditioning the defects formation and other factors, the author suggests new grounds for his concepts concerning the rational of active biological preparation of tissues in creating the pedicled graft. The technic of the preparation in question and results of its successful utilization in 25 patients are described, the conditions for wound and tissue healing being unfavourable due to different reasons, and in case of need of large quantities of plastic material the former also may be used.


[Differential diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer and hamartoma]. Under study were clinico-roentgenological data on 102 patients with peripheral lung cancer, which were compared with analogous materials of 54 hamartoma observations. The observations indicated, that it is nearly always feasible to recognize peripheral cancer of the lung and hamartoma based on the anamnesis and clinico-roentgenological findings. A valuable adjunct in establishing the diagnosis of spheroid lung cancer is a roetgenological "flame sympton" i.e. indistrinct radiating peripheral (lateral) portion of the cancer node contour, observed by the authors.


[Resection of the lung in tuberculosis]. The results of surgical treatment in 175 patients (two patients were subjected to bilateral pulmonary resection) are reported. Fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis was observed in 92 patients. The complex of preoperative management comprised increased doses of ascorbic acid to prevent postoperative capillary hemorrhages. Postoperative complications developed in 23 patients, these were liquidated in 20 cases. There were 3 deaths. A complete cure was gained in 99 patients, considerable improvement--in 71, some improvement--in 2. Late results were followed up in 160 patients within the period from 1 to 4 years. The recurrent tuberculous process was noted in 6 cases.


[New method of treating the postresection wound surface of the liver, spleen and pancreas]. Experimentally on dogs the authors have elaborated a new method of treatment of postresection wound surface of the liver, spleen and pancreas by using a heated head of an electrothermocoagulator with subsequent sealing with BF-glue. The application of the method concerned allow secure hermetization of the wound surface. Thi method is insignificantly traumatic and is followed by no complications. Tissue responses to thermocoagulation and BF-glue anr not markedly pronounced. The method suggested by the authors seems to be advantageous for the clinical practice.


[Activity of the reparative processes in the liver in cholelithiasis]. The authors have studied the character and rate of reparative reactions in liver biopsy specimens from 207 patients suffering cholelithiasis. The activity of reparative processes in hepatic parenchyma is evidenced by an increased amount of binuclear and polyploid hepatocytes, the appearance of mitosis figures. It is evident that active reparative processes underlie the compensatory function of the liver in cholelithiasis.


[Functional and morphological state of the liver in secondary cholangitis]. Studies on the liver state from the functional-morphological point of view in patients with acute and chronic secondary cholangitis have revealed in all cases the involvement of hepatic parenchyma with the development of cholangiohepatitis. In its acute course and timely performed operative interventions the process in the liver tends to subside. The authors consider that due to the absence of pure forms of cholangitis this term seems to be questionable, and they recommend to substitute it in all cases by the term cholangiohepatitis.


[Late results of surgical treatment of mitral stenosis]. An analysis of late results of closed mitral commissurotomy in 408 patients with the follow-up period to 18 years is presented. As pinpointed further late results of mitral commissurotomy were found to depend on the degree of stenosis of left atrioventricular orifice and concomitant mitral insufficiency, on how radical the operation was, on the presence of gross morphological changes in the valve, the stage of the disease, the activity of rheumatic process, patients' age and terms of observation. The predisposing factors and causes of restenosis of left atrioventricular valve are characterized.


[Histochemical study of the enzymes of the denervated liver]. The author has studied histochemically the localization and level of enzymic activity of different metabolic cycles in the liver of dogs during the period from 1 week to 1 year after its mixed denervation. The activity of nearly all enzymes under study was found to be increased 1--2 weeks following denervation and to be decreased up to the control level after 1 month with subsequent normalization later. The study of protein-formation function revealed its complete normalization 3 months following the operation. The results of these studies made it possible to conclude that denervation of internal organs is not associated with marked and continuous impairment of metabolic processes, and it should not be an obstacle for their transplantation.


[Cancer of th e exrahepatic bile ducts]. The authors have summarized their experience with observations and treatment of 101 patients with cancer of extrahepatic bile ducts. Based on personal authors' findings it is concluded, that cancer of bile passages can frequently develop against the background of cholelithiasis. Taking into account little efficacy of surgical therapy, the prophylaxis of cancer development, namely an early operation for cholelithiasis, is believed by the authors to be the most effective measure.


[Cholecystectomy from a median incision and the lack of need for gauze tampons]. An analysis of surgical treatment in 482 patients with gallbladder affections is presented and estimated comparatively. Modern anesthesia with the use of myorelaxants allowed a neglect of most abdominal wall incisions and the performance of cholecystectomy from the upper median incision irrespective of patients's constitution and weight, moreover gauze tampons are not employed in the clinic any longer. Instead of them a rubber tube is introduced in the Winslow foramen through a trochar made puncture in the right subcostal space. Such measures enabled us to reduce considerably the number of various complications and the mortality in acute cholecystitis from 15.5% to 3.5%, to shorten the patient's stay at the hospital from 38 to 15 days, while in cholelithiasis--from 30 to 13 days.


[Some aspects of the complex treatment of acute suppurative perionitis]. The authors present an analysis of the results of complex treatment in 4318 patients operated upon for acute peritonitis, caused by acute appendicitis, perforating gastric and duodenal ulcers, acute cholecystitis, ruptures and perforations of the intestine and other surgical and gynecological diseases. Patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis showed marked disorders in protein-aminoacid, nitrogen, and water electrolyte metabolism, acid-base balance, a reduced nonspecific immune responsiveness of the organism. Therpeutic tactics was delineated taking into account the revealed changes.


[Secretory activity of the small intestine after resection of the pancreas]. The experiments on dogs have shown that during 3-5 weeks after resection of 1/3 and 2/3 of the pancreas the total amount of the excreted intestinal juice and the content of proper enteric enzymes in it (enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase and saccharase) are decreased. According to the author's data the activity of intestinal juice amylase and lipase being enzymes mostly of the pancreatic origin, transferred in the small intestine from blood, is enhanced due to impairment of the histo-hematic barrier in the region of the resected pancreatic stump. 2-3 months following resection of 2/3 of the pancreatic gland the amount of excreted intestinal juice was nearly unchanged, but the content of proper enteric enzymes was somewhat increased, as compared with background indices.


[Objective control in treating arthrosis deformans of the knee joint in hospitals and under ambulatory conditions]. The aim of the present work is to study the peculiarities of upright position and walking in patients with deforming arthrosis of the knee joint and to make a conclusion as to the possibility of using biomechanical methods for an objective estimate of the efficacy of treatment in such patients. The authors examined 88 patients with deforming arthrosis of various degree of severity and marked pain syndrome. In the examination separate weighing, seismoactography, ichnography and podography were employed. Deforming arthrosis of the knee joint was found to be accompanied with significant disorders in the upright position and walking, including a decreased static stress on the affected extremity, an increased amplitude oscillations of the body center of gravity while standing on the affected extremity and others.


[Operative treatment of hallux valgus].

[Operative treatment of hallux valgus]. A new method of operative treatment for hallux valgus consists in a derotational osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone and adductorotenotomy, that allows a correction of the deformity without an operation on the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A total of 67 patients were operated upon (81 operations). Late results were followed up in 48 patients (59 operations). Excellent and good results after the operation were noted in 47, satisfactory-in 10 and poor-in 2 observations. The operation is thought to be indicated in marked deformities.


[Experience with treating complicated forms of abscessing pneumonia in children]. Under observation were 157 patients with different forms of abscessing pneumonias. Pleural complicaitons were noted in 113 patients (about 60%). The complex treatment was employed in all patients (intensive antibacterial therapy, immunotherapy, bacteriophage, administration of protein preparations, vitamin-therapy, fresh blood transfusion, artery system and by means of percutaneous catheterization of th subclavian vein. The results of the treatment are described.


[Methods for expanding the collapse lung in complicated abscessing pneumonia in children]. A comparative estimation of different methods of expanding the collapsed lung for staphylococcic pneumonia in children enabled the author to speak in favour of lung inflation by using an artificial occlusion of the bronchus with a peripheral fistula. This technic seems to be advantageous since a one-moment inclusion of the lung in the process of ventilation is found to contribute to prompt reduction oxygen deficiency of the organism, liquidation of the residual cavity and hemodynamic disturbances, and intoxication. The recovery of children is note din shorter terms. The time of patient's stay at the hospital is also shortened.


[Errors in the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children]. According to the authors' findings among 1027 children operated upon for appendicitis 61 children had diseases not related with inflammation of the appendicular process. Mesenterial lymphadenitis was observed intraoperatively in 34 cases, pneumococcic peritonitis-in 15, invagination of the small and large intestine-in 3, diverticulitis of Meckel's diverticulum-in 3, ovarian apoplexy-in 3, atonia of the urinary bladder-in 2. Diagnostic errors occurred as a result of improper analysis of the anamnesis data, rare incidence of the aforementioned diseases, and also due to the absence of reliable methods of objective laboratory and instrumental investigations of such patients.


[Tissue tolerance to staphylococcal infection in multiple wounds of the soft tissues[]. The results of 254 experimental studies and 117 case reports of patients with multiple soft tissue injuries of different localization are analysed. Mutiple cutimuscular wounds were found to decrease the tolerance of injured tissues to purulent infection. Experimentally, on 130 rabbits the methods of rational prophylaxis of local purulent infection in case of multiple soft tissue wounds were studied. Their prophylactic effect in this pathology was 20% lower compared with single wounds of identical character.


[Operative treatment of meniscus injuries to the knee joint]. The author suggests "A set of instruments for the performance of meniscectomy" which includes: a lift-probe, double-edged and end face meniscotome. The instruments provide for a search of the sites of meniscus injury and also its prompt atraumatic removal. A total of 220 operations were performed. Late results were studied in 104 patients. Excellent and good results made 90.4%, satisfactory-9.6%, no poor issues were noted.


[Diagnostic and therapeutic importance of right-heart catheterization during operations on the lungs and in the early postoperative period in elderly patients]. Pressure in the right heart (CVP) was measured at different stages of lung resection and during the first postoperative days in 74 aged patients, operated upon for various pulmonary affections. Pneumonectomy was performed in 33 patients, partial resection--in 31, thoracotomy--in 10. The pressure was measured by catheterization of the right heart, using the Valdman apparatus. No complications relative to catheterization of the right heart were noted. Intraoperative observations over CVP dynamics with due account of other hemodynamic indices, general patient's state and the operative stage provide for additional valuable data of the state of a patient operated upon. During the first days after pneumo- and lobectomy CVP was found to be decreased compared with initial values, that seems to be related with hypovolemia. Studies on the circulating blood volume and its components, carried out in 18 patients, have proved the presence of hypolvolemia in patients under consideration. These investigations make it possible to recommend continous catheterization of the right heart for early recognition of hemodynamic disturbances and a simultaneous use of the catheter for infusion of medical drugs.


[Hemodynamic indices and the volume of circulating blood in the surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus and cardial portion of the stomach]. The authors report the data on changes in some indices of the hemodynamics, red blood, total blood serum protein, the circulatory volume and amount of the operative blood loss in radical surgical treatment of patients with cancer of the esophagus and cardia. Depending on the kind of anesthesia all patients were subdivided into three groups: in the first group ether-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis was employed, in the second-fluothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen endotracheal narcosis and in the third-neuroleptanalgesia.


[Esophagoscopy under anesthesia with diffusion breathing]. The authors have performed 180 esophagoscopies (in many cases repeatedly) under anesthesia in conditions of diffuse ventilation against the background of apnoe in patients with esophageal diseases, aged from 1 to 72 years. An analysis of ECG indicated no essential changes in the cardiac electric activity, that correlates well with the data of biochemical control, with the exception of persons with concomitant cardiac organic lesions in whom a decreased electric activity of the myocardium due to metabolic changes was noted.


[Use of neruoleptoanalgesia in the postoperative period]. The authors recommend a postoperative administration of the mixture consisting of phentanil, droperidol and dimedrol. The mixture would provide anesthesia during 4-10 hours and a peaceful sleep during 2-4 hours. In case of necessity the mixture may be reinjected.


[Suppurative-necrotic pancreatitis and its surgical treatment]. Purulent-necrotic processes in the pancreas may arise against the background of different forms of acute pancreatitis. Biological tamponade of the pancreas with the greater omentum and hermical closure of the abdomen result in a reduced number of cases of the gland suppuration. The treatment of purulent pancreatitis should be complex, comprising an early surgical intervention with subsequent rational conservative therapy.


[2-stage operations in cancer of the pancreatic head and major duodenal papilla]. As the first moment of the operation laparoscopic cholecystostomy was employed in 63 patients. In 6 patients due to their grave condition no other operative interventions were performed. In 35 patients during the second operation various biliodigestive anastomoses were constructed. In 3 patients transduodenal papillectomy with lymphodenectomy was performed. Pancreatoduodenal resection was employed in 19 cases, three patients died postoperatively. The author's personal modification of pancreatoduodenal resection was used.


[Compensatory reactions after surgical treatment of peptic ulcer]. The work is based on studies conducted in 30 experimental dogs with gastrointestinal ulcer induced experimentally, which were subjected to selective vagotomy with pyloroplasty after the Heinike--Mikulicz technic, and also in 22 patients having gastric ulcerous disease who were subjected to trunk or selective vagotomy with drainage operations or vagotomy associated with economic gastric resection. As a result of investigation performed, it was found that the operative intervention on the stomach i. e. selective vagotomy with economic gastric resection both experimentally and clinically is accompanied with marked disturbances in the compensatory and adaptation mechanism in the organism, these are manifested in inhibition of oxido-reduction processes (a pronounced decrease in reduced glutathione level, an increase of oxidated glutathione, a great fall in blood vacant oxygen). The postoperative period is characterized by normalization of oxido-reduction processes, their normalization being but slow.


[Surgical tactics in peptic ulcer devleoped after gastrectomy]. The authors analyse the materials pertaining to 96 patients with peptic ulcers arising after gastric resection. Eighty seven of them were subjected to 94 surgical interventions. Attention is called to different causes of the ulcer occurrence and possibilities of their recognition. Depending on the cause of ulcer various operations were undertaken i.e. reresection of the stomach, vagotomy, removal of the remained protion of antral duodenal mucosa, total resection of the gastric stump. Indications to each kind of surgery under consideration are discussed.


[Various problems of diagnosis and treatment of hyperparathyroidism]. Under observation were 30 patients with the clinical picture of hyperprarthyroidism. Resection of parathyroid adenoma was performed in 10 cases. Recovery was noted in 5 cases, in 5--the operation failed to yield any remarkable effect.


[Possibility of leaving gastrin-producing pyloric glands in the stump of resected stomach]. Based on the data obtained in fibrogastrochromoscopy and histological studies of gastric biopsy specimens from patients with ulcerous gastroduodenal disease, prior to surgical intervention and after gastric resection for this affection, it was found that in "standard" gastric resection with 2/3 of the organ the possibility of remaining a portion of the antral mucous membrane in the gastric stump is practically excluded and, consequently, the role of this factor in the development of peptic ulcer of the anastomosis seems to unliely after the so-called inadquate in extent gastric resections.


[Analysis of complications of synchronous combined excision of rectal cancer]. Based on the data of 185 patients the immediate results of surgical treatment for rectal cancer are discussed. The total number of intraoperative complications was 6.5%. Postoperatively, complications were noted in 65.2%. The authors consider the dependence of complications on such factors as sex, age, patients' obesity, stage of the process and the kind of surgical intervention.


[Thoracophrenotomy as an approach to the adrenal glands]. For 88 operations in 69 patients with different adrenal diseases the author has employed transpleural (in 53 cases) thoracophrenotomy and subpleural (in 35 cases) thoracophrenotomy along the tenth intercostal space. These approaches are recommended evenin one-moment bilateral operation (3 observations). The incidence of complications directly relative to the selected approach is less than in lumbotomy.


[Characteristics of surgical treatment of the renal form of primary hyperparathyroidism]. Based on the experience of surgical treatment in 124 patients with renal form of primary hyperparathyroidism, the author gives a description of peculiarities of parathyroidectomy technic. Positive results  of the treatment were obtained in 32 of 35 patients with spontaneous discharge of concretions. In bilateral nephrolithiasis postoperative recurrences, solitary stones the effect of the treatment depends both on renal surgery and therapy of pyelonephritis, nevertheless postoperative recurrences in these patients were 2.5 times as rare as in routine therapy.


[Surgical treatment of microbladder of tuberculous etiology]. In tuberculous microcysts two technics of plastic surgery are suggested depending on the state of the prostatic gland and urethra. In patients with microcysts without specific lesions of the prostatic gland and urethra vertical sigmocystoplasty was performed after subtotal resection of the urinary bladder. In microcysts associated with tuberculosis of the prostatic gland or urethra perineal sigmocystoplasty after the authors' technic was employed.


[Disorders of microcirculation and systemic circulation in acute pancreatitis and methods of their correction]. Clinically (in 186 patients) and experimentally the authors studied the peculiarities of variation in microcirculation, organ blood flow and systemic circulation in acute pancreatitis. The authors emphasize the leading role of early arising circulatory disorders in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. The main pathways for correction of hemodynamic disturbances with due account of their causes, character and the sequence of development are described.


[Secondary abscessing pneumonia in children]. Among 370 patients with staphylococcic abscessing pneumonia in 55 secondary pulmonary involvement (14.8%) was noted. Acute hematogenic osteomyelitis was the most frequent cause of sepsis. The treatment of patients with secondary staphylociccic abscessing pneumonia is described. The mortality was 40 per cent.


[Choice of anesthesia in operations on the spine and spinal cord]. It was found that in patients with spinal and cerebrospinal lesions considerable circulatory disorders occur that are depended on the character of the disease and related homeostasis disturbances. As evidenced by the authors' findings the main causes of circulatory disturbances may be as follows: altered innervation below the focus of cerebrospinal lesion, the development of insufficiency of the myocardiac contractility, a changed general vascular resistance, a decrease of total circulatory volume.


[Adrenal cortex function after local, peridural and potentiated peridural anesthesia]. The study of the adrenal function in local anesthesia and one-moment peridural anesthesia in operations for analogous affections--venous varicosity of the lower limbs, indicated no differences in changes of the adrenal cortex functioning. In one-moment peridural anesthesia, potentiated with neurolentanalgesics a tendency was observed to an increased glucocorticoid function of the adrenal gland, which should be ascribed to the effect of neuroleptanalgesics.


[Method of correction of microstomia and deviation of the mouth angles by rotation of trapeziform and triangular flaps of the mouth mucosa]. In the paper, the author suggests an essentially new method of dilation of the oral orifice and elimination of mouth angles deviations basing on the principle of new redistribution of local tissues by means of rotation of a trapeziform graft of the mucosa with its submucous layer from the buccal and adoral region. In this method one uses more adequate tissues, which reserves in case of microstomia are located in the buccal and adoral region. The successful utilization in 60 patients of the suggested method of elimination of microstomia arising due to different causes enabled the author to recommend it widely for reparative surgery.


[Method of drainage of the common bile duct with the aid of a tube formed from the omentum]. The author suggests a tube formed from the omentum and enveloping a drainage rubber tube like a muff. When fixed to the common bile duct and parietal peritoneum, it allowed him to eliminate the drawbacks of currently used drainages.


[Method of venectomy with intravenous transillumination]. A probe suggested by the author (a modification of Babcock probe) makes it possible to perform venectomy under the optic control, that prevents errors relative to determination of the site of a probe olive and collaterals and provides for a better cosmetic effect of the operation.


[Diagnosis and treatment of visceral form of hyperparathyroidism]. Under observation were 131 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, 22 of them (16.8%) suffering its visceral form. Seventeen patients aged from 31 to 60 years. The duration of the disease from the onset of initial signs till establishment of the final diagnosis was from 3 to 21 years. In two-thirds of patients this period lasted from 4 to 7 years. The clinical picture of the disease is described. All patients were subjected to surgical therapy--adenomas were removed in 18 patients, hyperplastic bodies --in 3, parathyroid cancer--in 1. No lethal issues were observed. The follow-up terms were from 1 to 7 years.


[Clinical characteristics of intestinal esophagoplasty in cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus]. In 136 patients with cicatrical strictures of the esophagus the author performed total esophagoplasty, using the left colon (89 cases), the right colon with terminal iliac portion (8 cases), the small intestine by Roux-Herzen-Judin technic (27 cases) and the small intestine with primary reconstruction of the graft (12 cases). The results obtained and also early and late complications of the methods of esophagoplasty employed are clinically analysed. Based on clinical examinations of the patients within the terms from 1 to 16 years, the data of roentgenokinematography and the degree of their rehabilitation, the function of a newly constructed esophagus is estimated.


[Main clinical syndromes after gastrectomy for cancer]. The immediate and late results of 219 gastrectomies performed for cancer were analysed. The postoperative mortality was 13.2%, the survival over 5 years--23.7% to the number of operated patients, and 34.7% to the number of those followed up. A functional estimation of the sequelae of 169 gastrectomies, performed by different technics, enabled the authors to reveal pathological changes on the part of the liver, gallbladder, esophagus, pancreas and intestine. The clinical picture of some major pathological syndromes after gastrectomy for cancer of the stomach are described. A certain dependence between the type of surgical intervention and the character of postgastrectomy disorders was noted.


[Causes of mechanical afferent loop syndrome after stomach resection in peptic ulcer]. The author observed 27 patients with the adducent loop mechanic syndrome (ALMS), which was caused by scarring deformations, ulcerous and cancer process in the region of anastomosis, constructed after one of Billroth-2 technics, impairing evacuation of the adducent loop content. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical findings and pinpointed further by roentgenoscopy and fibrogastroscopy. The presence of helminthic invasion of the liver--opisthordiasis resulted in hepatitis, pancreatitis that would not respond to therapy in patients with ALMS. Conservative measures in this syndrome yield but only a provisional effect. Eighteen patients were operated upon.


[Treatment of gastrointestinal polyps].

[Treatment of gastrointestinal polyps]. The brief historical information concerning the stages in endoscopic polypectomy development is given. Indications and contraindications to polypectomy by means of modern fiberendoscopes are formulated. The results of 409 polypectomies accomplished by means of endoscopes are analysed. The method of electroexcision of polyps is described, and it is to be emphasized that the former is the most radical one among the currently used technics of polypectomy. Attention is paid not only to great therapeutic efficacy of the operation but also to its economic effectiveness.


[Enzymological studies in biliary tract diseases]. The authors have studied the activity of enzymes of pentosophosphate pathway in patients with different diseases of bile outflow tracts. An increased activity of the enzymes under consideration was found after an operation for acute phlegmonous, acute gangrenous and chronic cholecystitis, chronic cholecystopancreatitis, mechanic jaundice. It is the authors' opinion that the changes revealed are not specific, and they can not be considered a diagnostic test in bile passages diseases, however, these tests may serve as the control of the efficacy of therapy and functional state of the liver.


[Composition of biliary calculi and possible causes of their formation]. The ingredients and chemical content of 135 biliary calculi from 120 operated patients was studied roentgenostructurally, with infra-red spectrophotometry and visually. Based on the results obtained, it proved feasible to differentiate 4 groups of calculi differing in their content: cholesterol, metallocholesterol, cholesterolphosphatide, phosphatide-protein.


[Capillary blood flow and oxygen consumption in the leg muscles in obliterating endarteritis]. Free oxygen tension (pO2) and tissue blood flow (by the rate of elimination of hydrogen from the tissues after its single inhale) at rest and after functional stresses (oxygen inhalation, walking) were studied polarographically in healthy persons (10), patients with obliterating endarteritis (25) and obliterating atherosclerosis (22). It was shown that the rate of pO2 and capillary blood flow reduction in the tissues and peculiarities of their changes in response to functional stresses aid in establishing the precise differential diagnosis of obliterating endarteritis and atherosclerosis, a stage of the disease and also in evaluating the efficacy of treatment.


[Treatment of nonspecific lymphadenitis in children]. Since 1970 to 1974 one hundred and eighty eight children with lymphadentis of different localization were observed by the authors. In 12 of 188 patients the diagnosis of chronic lymphadenitis was established, in the remainder of acute one. Seventy two patients (38.1%) needed surgical therapy, 106 patients were treated conservatively. Some practical recommendations are given.


[Irrigation of the bone marrow canal in the treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. The method of treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of long tubular bones in children is described. This method was employed in 31 children, aged from 3 to 14 years, with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis. The complete recovery was noted in 27 cases, in 4--due to late hospitalization and secondary infection the inflammatory process became chronic.


[Early diagnosis of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. As evidenced by the author's findings, the use of the method of ultrasonic echolocation of long tubular bones facilitates the recognition of acute osteomyelitis in the stage of intramedullary abscess and also makes it possible to reduce the number of diagnostic errors and improve the results of treatment.


[Diagnosis and treatment of acute purulent pleurisy in children]. Under consideration is the diagnosis and treatment of different forms of staphylococcic destruction of the lung in children. The immediate and late results of treatment are studied. Application of the intensive therapy in association with different surgical interventions enabled the authors to obtain good immediate and late results in children with staphylococcic destruction of the lung.


[Course of the postoperative period in infants with suppurative lung diseases]. An analysis of postoperative complications in 167 infants, operated for suppurative lung diseases, indicated that these complications are mainly the result of the purulent-inflammatory process progression. Recommendations concerning the prophylaxis against these complications with the analysis of the results of their use are given.