Steric inhibition of conjugation in lowest excited singlet state of 9-anthramide by hydrogen bond donor solvents: role of solvent in chemical structure. 9-Anthramide has electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra that, in water, are similar to those of anthracene. This result is attributed to steric hindrance of the 9-carboxamido group with the peri-hydrogen atoms in the 1- and 8-positions of the anthracene ring. However, in aprotic solvents, although the absorption spectrum of 9-anthramide is anthracene-like, its fluorescence spectrum is red shifted and structureless. This finding is attributed to excited-state rotation of the 9-carboxamido group into coplanarity with the anthracene ring and indicates that, in water, the hydrogen-bonded solvent cage affects the steric inhibition of conjugation in excited 9-anthramide. These findings suggest that studies of structure and reactivity of drugs in nonaqueous or solid matrixes are probably of only limited value, since in the strongly interacting aqueous media the aqueous solvent cage plays a substantial role in determining molecular structure and reactivity.


Effect of variation in compaction force on properties of six direct compression tablet formulations. The effect of variation in compaction force on six direct compression tablet matrixes was investigated. An instrumented tablet press allowed direct measurement of applied and ejection forces. Hardness, apparent tablet density, and disintegration times also were determined. The disintegration time of spray-dried lactose tablets was essentially independent of compaction force. However, in the other systems investigated, the properties studied showed varying types of dependence on compaction pressure. A direct compression formula was developed and exhibits a decrease in disintegration time as compaction force is increased.


Influence of steroids and stress on toxicity and disposition of tetraethylammonium bromide. In female rats, pretreatment with dexamethasone acetate or triamcinolone reduced the toxicity and plasma concentrations of tetraethylammonium bromide while increasing its level in urine. Pretreatment with corticosterone acetate or pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile shared none of these effects. Although starvation or restraint neither diminished the tetraethylammonium bromide concentrations in plasma nor accelerated its urinary excretion, its toxicity was diminished by the stress induced with spinal cord lesions, heat, cold, hydrocortisone, or reserpine as well as starvation or restraint. The protection offered against the toxicant by stress and by the potent glucocorticoids seemed to be mediated, at least partly, via different mechanisms. Stress-induced resistance to tetraethylammonium bromide could not be attributed to elevated plasma corticosterone levels, whereas glucocorticoid-induced resistance could be partially ascribed to increased urinary excretion of the toxicant.


Determination of the nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate and three of its metabolites, cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol, in urine of rats and rabbits. The nonnutritive sweetener sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was fed to Wistar albino rats and New Zealand White rabbits. Urine was collected for 3 days after feeding, combined, and examined for the metabolites cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol and for sodium cyclopentylsulfamate was assayed by hydrolysis in acidified dioxane-water and subsequent measurement of the absorbance of the product formed (lambdamax = 490 nm) by the liberated amine with p-benzoquinone. The average conversion to cyclopentylamine, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol was 0.103, 0.171, and 0.054% in the rabbit and 0.057, 0.016, and 0.008% in the rat, respectively.


[Autonomic nervous changes in combined exposure to lead and arsenic]. The characteristic features of the clinical and functional indicators in the early stages are outlined. The impression is that the subjective feelings are being overlapped and objectified by the neurologic status. A considerable number of non-specific reactions with a tendency for generalization are established. It is presumed that in the latent period, the functional changes in the nervous system forerun those in the clinical course and blood. Emphasis is laid on the significance of the astheno-vegetative syndrome and some neurological signs for the early diagnosis.


[Attempt to assess the effect of atmospheric pollution on human beings and experimental animals via biochemical indices]. Three biochemical methods--erythrocyte oxygen consumption, erythrocyte decarboxylation and oxygen consumption of tissue homogenates--to determine the influence of atmospheric pollution in populated communities are suggested. The first two methods which provide information on erythrocyte metabolism, employed both in humans and in animals experimented upon, adequately reflect the atmospheric pollution effect in four industrial areas, differing by the type and degree of pollution agents. Oxygen consumption in tissue homogenates of liver and kidney from experimental animals, raised in the same areas, exhibits an analogical correlation. The inference is reached that the degree of inhibition of the oxidation processes in the organism may be employed in atmospheric pollution effect assessment.


[Effect of meteorological factors on the 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in the ground air layer in the region of the city of Sofia]. An investigation is performed to determine 3,4-benzpyrene content in the Sofia area (in a single spot), covering a one-year period (1970), on the basis of mean monthly concentrations established through gas chromatography, and compared to some of the averaged meteorologic data. The correlation between 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations and some meteorologic factors found is corroborated by the clearcut seasonal fluctuations of 3,4-benzpyrene concentrations in the atmospheric air. An inversely proportional dependence is established of 3,4-benzpyrene concentration to the summed up radiation, and directly proportional--to the dust amount. A rise of 3,4-benzpyrene concentration under conditions of the various types of temperature inversions, and a complex effect of meteorologic factors have been also noted. Moreover, an attempt is made at establishing the washing effect of rainfalls, and it has been found that up to a certain extent, such an effect really exists. The study performed shows in a clearcut manner that 3,4-benzpyrene content is considerably influenced by a variety of meteorologic factors.


[Ultraviolet radiation in the light microclimate of a city]. The problems of ultraviolet microclimate under conditions of urban environment are discussed. Changes in the quantitative and qualitative content of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth surface of free spaces, or else penetrating living premises, accounts for a characteristics of the short-wave spectrum supplied by the natural sun radiation, obviously unfavourable in biological and hygienic respect.


[Health status and morbidity in schoolchildren from villages in Silistra and Tutrakan Districts]. This is study of the health state and morbidity rate in a group comprising 408 schoolchildren from the Silistra and Tutrakan regions, aged 7 to 14 years. The results of the research demonstrate a slight lagging behind of the school-children's physical development relative to children of comparable ages from the urban areas. Their health state is estimated as good, and the somatic neurotic morbidity--rather low. The most frequently encountered affections include diseases of the upper airways, infectious and dental diseases. A considerable number of slightly hypochromic anemias are also recorded.


[Evaluation of the phase changes in cardiac activity in respect of age]. A comparative analysis is made of the chronocardiometric indicators among teenagers with a special reference to the age factor. The presence of phasic syndromes is established by the type of hyper- and hypodynamia of the myocardium in 22.3 per cent average of the children under study. Up to the 15th year of life, the diseases characterized by hyperdynamia show a two-times higher incidence in comparison with hypodynamia cases. In the 16 to 17-year age group the ratio is altered and accordingly reveals a predomination of hypodynamia conditions. Development of phase changes of the type of hyper- and hypodynamia in the myocardium is attributed to the anatomo-physiological characteristic features of the cardiovascular system during the puberty period. Parallel to aging, the discrepancy in development between heart and vessels gradually disappears. The relative myocardial hyperfunction, occurring as a compensatory reaction of the organism, loses its significance. The heart begins to work in a regimen of relative hypodynamia.


[Age-related characteristics of motor coordination in schoolchildren during dynamic and static work]. An experimental study is conducted in a group of schoolchildren of varying ages with the purpose to establish the interrelations between muscles-antagonists upon performing dynamic and static work, requiring precision of muscular exertion. The methods employed include electromyography and dynamography. The obtained results show that upon performing movements with power-precision characteristics, both in static and dynamic work, the synchronous co-working of the two muscles antagonists proves to be the basic form of action. The electromyographic analysis proves the coordinating role played by the antagonist in the above described pattern of actions. It is furthermore established that in schoolchildren, aged 12-13 and 16-17 years, accomplishment of the motor task is fulfilled more rationally, with less neuromuscular energy expenditure in comparison with 7 to 8-year-old schoolchildren. In addition, after the age 12-13 years, a certain degree of stabilization in some of motor activity parameters takes place, brought on by improvement of motor activity regulation and control.


[Physiological hygienic characteristics of the teaching by the new educational programs for grade III]. The effect of the new training curricula and plans on the reactivity, health state and physical development of third-grade pupils is studied. Simultaneously with researches into the experimental class, investigations are conducted in a control class also. The working-capacity curve in the experimental-class pupils yields more clearcut fluctuations in a negative sense, interpreted as an expression of greater fatigue, as compared to the control class. This is confirmed by reliable data about the changes in the functional state of the higher nervous activity, hemodynamics and neuroendocrine regulation. It is concluded that the hygiene-physiological characteristics of the reactivity and health state of pupils, trained according to the new curricula, gives sufficient reason to stress the necessity of accurate assessment and rather prolonged medico-pedagogic observation with a view to obviate the cumulation of the described above negative effects on the organism of teenagers.


[Seasonal changes in the makeup of the red blood of healthy children]. Hemoglobin and red blood count are studied in a series of 240 children, aged 7 to 10 years (30 boys and 30 girls each in the various age groups), during the autumn, winter and spring. The research is performed in boarding-school conditions where all the children are subjected to identicad living conditions, The results point to the fact that both hemoglobin and erythrocyte indicators of the boys and girls in the ages covered by the study show a tendency to an autumn-winter increase and spring reduction. The incidence of anemias does not rise during the spring season. No sex-related difference is established in the indicators under study.


[Changes in the serum activity of lysosomal enzymes in rats after the use of propoxur (Baygon) insecticide. 2. The dynamics of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase]. The influence of 1/50 and 1/10 LD50 of the monomethylcarbamate insecticide Propoxur (Baygon) on the lysosome enzyme beta-N-acetylglucose-aminidase serum activity is studied in white rats upon daily administration per os, over a period of 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. A statistically significant increase of the enzyme activity is recorded at 15 days after introduction of 1/50 LD50, and at 15 and 30 days after 1/10 LD50 administration, followed by a reduction of the activity and returning to normal values. In all likelihood, the harmful effect of Propoxur on the lysosome and cellular membrane decreases after the 15th day because of activation of the microsome enzymes which, in turn, speed up the process of rendering innocuous the insecticide administered.


[Changes in lysosomal enzymatic activity during the limited feeding and physical loading of white rats]. The effect of deficient alimentation and physical exertion on the total and free activity of two lysosome enzymes: acid phosphatase and beta-N-acetylglucose aminidase, in liver homogenate, and in serum--for the latter enzyme, is investigated in a series of 63 white rats at two different durations of the experiment (20 and 140 days). An increase of the free activity of both enzymes is recorded in the groups subjected to a limited nutrition, an increase which is interpreted as an expression of enhanced permeability of the lysosome membrane during the transition to partial andogenous alimentation. The applied physical loading failed to produce additional changes in the activity of the lysosome enzymes under study.


[Morphological changes in the organs of rats subjected to limited feeding and physical loading]. Changes in the liver, stomach, small intestine, kidneys, lungs, myocardium, aorta, spleen and mesenterial lymph nodes are studied histologically in 120 male white rats from the Wistar line, subjected to a deficient alimentation regime, with and without physical exertion. The observed slight degree of adiposogenital dystrophy of the liver during free feeding regime indicates that the latter is equivalent to overfeeding. Variations from the normal histological picture in some organs (liver, myocardium, stomach and small intestine) are detected in the groups undergoing rather prolonged, moderate undernourishment--a sign of the sensitivity of these organs to the limited supply of nutritive ingredients. Physical loading, combined with free alimentary regimen, exert a beneficial effect on the organism which is suggested by the morphological data disclosing a slightly enhanced function of the myocardium and kidneys in these animals.


[Physical state and the capacity of agricultural machinery operators]. Based on anthropometric investigations, and on some biometrical indices and physiological parameters, the authors study the physical fitness and ability for work in a group of 1216 machine operators, engaged in farming activities. Upon comparison of the data obtained, practically insignificant differences are established for the respective age groups relative to the general population. Virtually equal indices are recorded in most of the cases. Emphasis is laid on the necessity to estimate the working load among technicians older than 45 years.


[Lysosomal enzymatic activity in a hepatotoxic lesion in white rats]. Beta-N-acetylglucoss aminidase and beta-galactosidase serum activity, as well as total and free activity of the former in liver homogenate are studied in the listed below groups of rats experimented upon: group I--controls, group II--fed perorally with 200 000 IU/kg body weight vitamin A for seven days, group III--injected i.p. with 150 mg/kg body weight thioacetamide, 24 hours prior to sacrification, and group IV--thioacetamide was given within seven days of vitamin A treatment. The recorded serum and free activity rise of the enzymes under study is due to the increased permeability of the lysosome and cellular membrane in the group with high vitamin A doses; the increase of the permeability is more pronounced in the group treated with thioacetamide, and in the group subjected to the combined effect of the two factors.


[Changes in serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in obesity patients treated with various diets and physical exertion]. Changes in the serum activity of the lysosome enzyme beta-N-acetyl glucos aminidase are studied in 85 patients with varying degree alimentary overweight, undergoing treatment under sanatorial conditions with regimes including physical loading and a variety of diets: "free of carbohydrates" according to Atkins (31 cases), poor in fats (16 cases) and rich in fats (38 cases). The enzyme activity shows a statistically significant rise in the middle and at the end of treatment. The differences discovered are interpreted as an expression of the participation of lysosomes and their hydrolytic enzymes in the transition period to partial endogenous feeding which is connected with the increased permeability of lysosome and cellular membranes.


[Embryotropic action of phosalone].

[Embryotropic action of phosalone]. The study on the embryotrophic action of phosalon insecticide preparation is conducted against the background of its comprehensive and thorough hygiene-toxicologic assay. Pregnant white rats undergo treatment per os with 1/10 and 1/100 LD50 throughout the entire gravidity period. Recordings are made of the quantity of corpora lutea, pre- and postimplantation lethality; the pedigree development is traced up to the end of the second postnatal month with readings being made of weight and length in the first postnatal day, presence or not of external malformations, weight increase and survival up to the end of the lactation period, day of eye cleft opening and hairing, and sex ratio. The presence of phosalon and phosalon-oxone in whole embryo homogenates is estimated. Enzyme activity of GOT, GPT, catalase, LDH, G-6-PD, RNA and DNA quantity are studied in the liver of newborns on the second postnatal day. Within 21 days of birth, the peripheral blood picture and visceral weight coefficient are also studied. Investigation of the peripheral blood picture, activity of catalase, GOT and GPT in the liver and serum, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and peroxidase in the serum is performed at the end of the second month. The results point to the presence of an embryotoxic effect at the level of the investigated hepatic indicators, detected on the 2nd day of the postnatal period, only at 1/10 LD50 dose.


[Individual variability in human requirements for food stuffs and energy and nutritional norms]. The regular modifications in man's need of energy and protein substances primarily under the effect of a variety of factors are investigated. Emphasis is laid on the broad limits of individual variations in terms of alimentary requirements of people, and on a number of facts suggesting that in some ses the regularity of variations is by no means clarified. The problem of the minimum energy expenditure required by the organism is dealt with, underscoring the role played in this respect by basic metabolism values, and by the maximum energetic potential. The problem of the influence of deficient feeding and immobilization on man's need of alimentary substances is also discussed, as well as the issue of optimal protein balance level in the organism, considered as a level securing to the organism the optimal possibilities of metabolic adaptation to external milieu effects.


[Effect of acetylcholine on active ion transport across the epithelium of frog skin]. The effect of acetylcholine on isolated skin of Rana ridibunda is studied. The application of acetylcholine (1 mM) in Ringer's solution, washing the outer aspect of the skin, causes slow and smooth increase in the preparation's current and potential. Upon acetylcholine addition to the solution on the inner aspect, the increase of the above parameters runs a course along a two-peaked curve. It is presumed that in the latter case acetylcholine, prior to exert a direct effect on the epithelium, influences some of the nerve or glandular formations in the skin corium.


[Possibilities of the biophysical evaluation of the efficiency of vibration protection devices for the hands]. The possibility of quantitative assessment of the efficiency of hand vibratory-protective devices using a physiological parameter--the loss of vibrosensitivity in the right-hand fingers depending on the intensity of vibration effect--is discussed. The results of the experiments prove that in case of vibration effect at frequency 31--500 Hz, the changes in vibrosensitivity threshold might be employed as an experimental method of assaying the efficiency whenever it exceeds two decibels.


[Method of determining system errors due to the quality of the electronic filters in the spectral analysis of noise vibration]. A method to determine systematic errors, conditioned by the extreme degree of fading out, beyond the permeability band of electric filters used in noise and vibrations' spectral analysis, is suggested. The obtained formulas for the active filters of the noise-measuring apparatus PSI-202, making part of the hygiene network equipment throughout the country, are tabulated and thus prompt determination of the respective systematic error is rendered possible.


[Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible concentration (MAC) of polyvinyl chloride resin]. The acute and chronic oral, dermal and inhalatory toxicity of PVH resin is studied in white rats. It is established that in acute treatment, irrespective of the route of PVC resin penetration into the organism, its effect proves weakly toxic. During chronic oral and inhalatory experiments, a slight affection of peripheral blood elements only is noted. In the lungs of the animals inhalating 2 and 6 mg/m3 concentrations for a duration of four months, no changes are detected which might be interpreted as being PVH specific. Cumulative effect, and skin stimulating and sensibilizing action of the polymer are neither established. Against the background of the obtained results, a provisional normal MAC value is proposed, namely 2 mg/m3 of PVH dust in the air of the working environment.


[Pathologicoanatomic and enzymatic histochemical changes in the body of white rats with chronic, intermittent pirimor pesticide poisoning]. Not infrequently, the continuous use of pesticides leads to production of resistant species of agricultural pests which makes imperative to adopt the practice of intermittent, i. e. periodic application of the agricultural preparations. In this work the difference in degree of pathoanatomical damage upon chronic and periodic, weekly application of the new carbamide pesticide Pyrimor, extensively used in the Bulgarian farming economy, is discussed. The results of pathomorphological and histochemical study of the chief parenchymatous organs shows a clearcut difference in the group with continuous administration of the pesticide, as compared to the control and intermittently poisoned group. It is furthermore pointed out that the two-times higher dose, introduced at weekly intervals, leads to slighter lesions of parenchymatous organs in comparison with chronic, oral Pyrimor treatment. Season related, incessant use of pesticides results in occupational risk increase among the workers engaged in farming.


[Changes in enzymatic activity in rats with acute Unden poisoning]. The influence of Uden, exerted on the activity of GOT, GPT, LDH acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum, is investigated upon 4-day-long treatment. The experiment is conducted in three groups of white male rats with mean weight 270 +/- 20 g. The first group of animals underwnt poisoning with 1/20 LD50, the second--with 1/4 LD50 while in the third, control group, the animals were treated with an oil solvent at the respective days. It is found that acid phosphatase, GOT and alkaline phosphatase activity in group two is virtually unchanged, whilst GPT activity in both experimental groups, and acid phosphatase in group one are reliably increased (P less than 0,01), with 20,17 and 53 per cent respectively. LDH activity is reliably lowered with 60 per cent in group two, whereas in group one a tendency for a reduction is noted (P less than 0,05).


[Changes in liver dehydrogenase activity in rats with Unden poisoning]. Changes in LDH, SDH, MDH and G-6-PDH activity in the liver of white male rats are studied within 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment with 1/10 and 1/50 LD50 and after 15 days recovery period following the 90-day-long treatment. The animals are divided up into three groups as follows: group one--treated with 1/10 LD50, group two--with 1/50 LD50, and a control group treated with vegetable oil solvent at the respective days. The findings show that changes in enzyme activity are comparatively one-way in terms of duration of the treatment. In the early days of the experiment, a reliable increase is noted followed by a normalization of the values and reliable reduction. At ninety days, and after the recovery period is over, the activities of all five enzymes do not differ from those in the control groups. The most clearly outlined changes are recorded in SDH, and the slightest--in MDH. The analysis of the picture obtained shows that in all instances it is a matter of reversible changes.


[Sanitary chemical evaluation and control of hazards in the varnishing ships of the furniture industry]. Using theoretical calculations and personal observations and researches, the authors succeeded in demonstrating that evaporation from lacquered surfaces, particularly in the early period of drying, is the primary source of working environment air pollution with toluene and styrol in the varnishing workshops of furniture factories. Three equations are submitted to calculate the quantities of evaporated volatile components from  the lacquer film of the machine, and from the varnished surfaces, equations which have been adopted in the practice of pollution sources' sanitary-chemical assay. Against the background thus outlined, the conclusion is reached that the varnishing machine is by no means the primary source of harmful effect provided the technology of varnish application employed does not require tools of the type of a conveyor line, pointing out furthermore that air pollution from the wheel-barrows, containing varnished details, is the most significant. Proceeding from the results of the research, it is recommended to carry out during of the varnished surfaces in a separate room or in a tunnelled drying room which, under conditions of updated technology of applying varnish, prove the most effective from sanitary hygienic viewpoint since they provide for the lowest toxic-vapour concentrations in the air of the working environment, and for optimal working conditions.


[X-ray morphological changes and the degree of lost work capacity in silicosis patients]. In a series of 200 patients with silicosis an analogy is drawn between form, size, widespreading and evolution of the pneumoconiotic changes, on the one had, and working ability loss, on the other. It is established that the heavier the form of the pneumoconiotic process, the higher the degree of severity and widespreading of the roentgenmorphological changes in the lungs and the quicker the evolution, the heavier the retriction of the ability for work among the affected. The conclusion is reached that that the working ability of patients with silicosis represents a complex phenomenon resulting from numerous factors with varying in intensity effect. A new, more complex and updated method for the assessment of working ability in patients with silicosis is proposed.


[Analysis of a subjective assessment of work and morbidity in modern jobs]. An analysis is made of the subjective assessment of work and morbidity in individuals engaged in two groups of up-to-date occupations: a) with considerable, and b) with insignificant nervous strain. The questionnaire study covers 1420 workers. Morbidity analysis is carried out on the basis of data from 1980 temporary disability cards--90 per cent of the workers exposed to a substantial neurosensory stress feel tired at the end of the working day. It is accepted that the cause of fatigue is firstly, the sustained and continuous observation and secondly, the rhythm required. The greater concentration and monotomy are pointed out as the primary cause in group two. The incidence of central nervous system diseases among workshop supervisors and operators of punching machines definitely augments with the length of service. The morbidity rate of gastrointestinal and peripheral nervous system diseases is also rather high.


[Skin mediator reactivity in workers in contact with lead]. The intracutaneous adrenomimetic test is discussed against the background of overall neurovascular reactivity. The skin-mediator test is recommended as a reference of the functional condition of vegetovasal substrates. A certain degree of synchronization between dermal reaction and degree of clinical syndromes and their stages is sought for. Emphasis is laid on parasympathetic excitation in the initial stage. Adrenergic reactivity considered in a constellation with the other indicators, has a definite diagnostic-prognostic value.


[Autonomic nervous manifestations in combined exposure to lead and manganese]. An increased reactivity of the vegetative nervous system under manganese-lead effect is established in practically healthy workers during the latent stage. The dynamics of the combined toxic invasion is characterized by sympathetic-adrenergic manifestations mainly. A number of vegetative disturbances showing a tendency for generalization, and involving various levels of the nervous system, are also outlined.


Hair transplantation. The use of hairbearing compound grafts for correction of alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus, traumatic alopecia, and male pattern baldness. In this study 8 patients with alopecia due to chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), 10 patients with traumatic alopecia (TA), and 12 patients with male pattern baldness (MPB) were treated with the punch graft method (PGM). Stastistical evaluations of the results and factors influencing the results were careied out. The mean survival rate of hairs was 72% in CDLE, 97% in TA, and 104% in MPB. The mean number of hairs in a 4 mm graft before transplantation in 30 patients and 752 grafts was found to be 18.2. This is far more than the number reported in previous publications concerning PGM owing probably to the difficulties of counting several hairs simultaneously emerging from the same pilary canal when the hair is cut to a length of 1--2mm preoperatively. For this purpose the author has developed a special photographical magnifying system. The number of hairs surviving transplantation in MPB in a 4 mm graft was about 19 hairs per graft, which is superior to previous reports. This is possibly due to some modifications of the procedure made by the author. In a control series done with the same technique as that often seen in the literature, about 50% inferior results were obtained. These results were however similar to those reported in the literature. Consequently the modifications of the procedure have been successful. Only one article with a series of 12 patients with TA treated with PGM was found in the literature. The hair survival results of the author exeeded the reported results by about 100%. The size, hardness, and elevation of the scars of the donor holes were checked statistically after various treatments. It was found that the diameter of the scar is the same regardless of type of treatment but that a signifcantly greater risk of hard and elevated scars is taken if the bald grafts are put back in the donor holes. No complications were seen in this series. PGM is a safe method that gives good hair survival results on transplanted hairs in MPB and TA, but the results vary in CDLE. In spite of the good results with PGM the author emphasizes that, although the therory of the method is simple, both the preoperative judement and the performance with its practical difficulties and many cosmetic problems is complex and requires a lot of psychological insight, practice and experience before correct preoperative judgement and a maximally good cosmetic result can be achieved.


Effect of insulin on serum lipids in juvenile diabetes. In diabetic children, the effect on serum lipids of insulin by itself and combined with glucose of with Aminosol + glucose has been studied. The level of serum free fatty acids decreased significantly in every case. The cephalin level decreased under the effect of insulin and insulin + Aminosol, whereas it rose after insulin and glucose infusion. The triglyceride level remained unchanged when insulin was applied by itself, and decreased significantly under the effect of insulin + Aminosol, while it showed a rising tendency after insulin + glucose infusion.


Surveillance of congenital anomalies in Hungary. Surveillance of congenital anomalies has various functions viz. monitoring (to detect clusters as soon as possible), registering (to contribute to medical care and to provide material for scientific research) and informative. The Hungarian Congenital Malformation Register records the occurrence of malformed babies diagnosed from birth to 1 year of age. The Register has 3 sources (obstetricians, paediatricians, pathologists) and has registered since 1971 over 4000 malformed infants annually, an occurrence of over 28%. Validity and completeness of notification depend on the type of malformation. A separate Monitor started on January 1st, 1973, is confined to congenital malformations detectable unequivocally and readily during the first seven days of life. So far four real clusters occurred in Hungary but their causes could not be found. Particular stress has been laid upon multiple malformations (syndromes) since all known teratogens affecting humans produce multiple malformations.


Abnormal tryptopham metabolism in congenital erythroid hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anaemia. Tryptophan loading was performed in a child with Diamond-Blackfan anaemia as well as in his parents and two control persons. There was a fivefold increase of anthranilic acid and kynurenine excretion beside a marked generalized aminoaciduria in the proband; in the parents and the controls no such phenomenon could be demonstrated. The importance of the finding is discussed and investigation of tryptophan metabolism before the first blood transfusion is recommended. The finding cannot be used as a heterozygote test.


Methadone maintenance treatment of narcotic addiction: a unit of medical care based on over 50,000 patient treatment years. The experience with methadone maintenance treatment by two major New York City methadone maintenance treatment programs using the Dole-Nyswander philosophy is reviewed. After more than 56,000 person-years in treatment over a 10-year period of time, a unit of medical experience exemplified by these two programs is evident. There was a high degree of patient acceptance, a small amount of recognized residual illicit drug abuse, and steeply reduced criminal activities of those patients who remained in treatment. A wide variety of other methadone treatment programs are recognized. Many use methadone differently from those in the present study. The treatment results reported herein may represent a standard by which narcotic (methadone and other) treatment programs can be assessed.


Undetected opiate use in the Southwest: comparison of official drug-user files and treatment program patient records. Highly disparate research techniques have been employed to develop estimates of the extent of opiate use. Exclusive reliance upon public health and law enforcement statistics has been supplemented in recent years with data generated by survey research "incidence and prevalence" epidemiological methods. State agencies attempting to measure the extent of opiate use as a requirement for the receipt of federal categorical grant formula funds utilize multiple indicators: opiate treatment, arrest, incarceration, serum hepatitis, narcotics overdose death, and survey data. To address the question of undetected opiate use in a major southwestern city, the authors have undertaken a study measuring the extent of law enforcement recognition of the addictive status of a random sample of patients selected from the city's two municipally operated methadone treatment programs. The results indicate that over one-half of the sample was unknown to the police as addicts. Descriptive attributes of the unknown group were identified through appropriate statistical analyses. These findings are comparable to those of a similar study conducted in 1973 in a major eastern city.


Methadone dispensing by community pharmacies. This study reports 1 year follow-up data of 96 patients who received methadone at selected community pharmacies instead of traditional program dispensaries. Outcomes are comparable to those reported for traditional programs. Security measures were not a problem. The results indicate that most patients can begin methadone maintenance at a pharmacy without a period of stabilization at a program unit. Of several factors studied, arrest record, both preceding and during treatment, based on official police data was the single factor significantly associated with employment and continuation in methadone treatment. Community pharmacy dispensing of methadone is a useful means of operating a methadone treatment program.


A study of addicts' career experiences with methadone. Recent public concern over illicit methadone use has generated considerable interest among both treatment authorities and researchers. Unfortunately, many professional studies on the topic have done little to clear up certain misconceptions surrounding methadone use. In building upon earlier empirical work, the authors sought to explore the role of methadone within the context of addict career experiences as a whole. Interviews revealed considerable differentiation in types of experiences and purposes for use with respect to a variety of demographic and drug career attributes. The findings suggest the need for some rethinking about prevailing conceptions of "the problem" of illicit methadone use.


Methadone maintenance and the problem with alcohol. There is a growing concern with the rapid pace of physical and psychosocial deterioration of methadone patients who abuse alcohol. The need for a sample method for determining the extent of the problem, as well as the presence of an alcohol problem in individual patients, led the authors to test the validity of the Michigan Alcoholism Sreen Test (MAST) in a small urban methadone maintenance clinic (N = 125). The MAST was administered to every patient by their counselors, and the nursing staff was asked to independently rate each patient according to Keller's definition of alcoholism. The authors compared the patients' MAST scores with the global ratings of the nursing staff. Forty-six percent (n = 58) of the patients scored in the alcoholism range of the MAST questionnaire, while 34% (n = 43) of the patients were diagnosed as alcoholics by the nursing staff. There was 75% (n = 94) agreement between the MAST findings and the nurses' global ratings (p less than .001). The authors suggest that the MAST could be an effective screening tool in the area of alcohol abuse in methadone clinics. Going beyond the data, the authors recommend reexamination by psychiatrists of their peripheral role in the treatment of these difficult and multihandicapped patients.


The abuse of multiple drugs. I. Definition, classification, and extent of problem. Drug abusers have historically tended to abuse more than one drug. However, over the past 5 years there has been an increasing tendency to combine narcotics, alcohol, sedatives, and/or stimulants. The statistical increase of such abuse in the United States is documented by national surveys and the findings of drug treatment programs and detoxification centers. To clarify the confusion about such terms as "polydrug abuse" and "multidrug abuse," these terms are defined. A classification of multiple drug abuse is presented which demonstrates recent increases in each of four categories.


The abuse of multiple drugs. II. Psychological hypotheses, treatment considerations. Several basic psychological hypotheses about multiple drug abuse are examined, i.e., social determinants, the effect of availability on extent of abuse, that drug abuse is a symptom rather than a disease, the relationship of social class to psychopathology, the lack of specificity of psychodynamics or psychopathology to drug choice, and the use of drugs to facilitate or obliterate concern with assertion, relieve neurosis, or provide homeostasis. There is a need for a variety of comprehensive, directive treatment approaches from which an individual treatment plan can be chosen. Such plans must consider which of the complex factors that can lead to multiple drug abuse are most prominent and can be remedied in each case.


Variables related to length of stay in day programs for drug abusers. In a study of client variables related to length of stay in two types of drug-free day treatment programs, results varied according to program structure and sex of the clients. In the more loosely structured Youth Centers, in which the programs differed from center to center and the populations were heterogenous, there were no clear-cut results. However, within the more tightly structured Ambulatory Treatment Units, the programs and the populations were more homogeneous, and the results showed a significant pattern related to length of stay, but for males only.


Clinical guidelines for the cross-cultural treatment of chemical dependency. Clinicians should be skilled in work with their ethnic peers before attempting cross-cultural treatment. Acquiring cross-cultural sensitivity involves regression to childlike openness for new values, attitudes, and behaviors. Members of the ethnic group can orient the clinician by discussion, suggested readings, and invitations to their homes and ritual events. Work should begin slowly, with regular consultation from ethnic peers of the patient. Special transference issues involve parent-child transactions and the "Messianic countertransference." Clinicians must maintain their primary commitment to the patient and to the patient's social resources, rather than to an institution not responsible to the patient population.


An epidemiological description of the development of drug dependence: environmental factors and prevention. The "agent," "host," and "environment" of drug dependence are examined relative to their potential as effective foci of efforts in the areas of primary secondary and tertiary prevention. Factors associated with the agent and the host are shown to be of extremely limited value when it comes to the primary prevention of drug dependence. Results of prior rewards are reviewed and they serve as the basis for the conclusion that the manipulation of environmental factors holds the greatest promise relative to the primary prevention of drug dependence.


Relationship of neonatal withdrawal to maternal methadone dose. Neonatal withdrawal is described for a sample of 70 infants born to addicted women treated with methadone and comprehensive prenatal care. Although symptoms were manifested by over 90% of the infants, those born to women receiving near-term average doses of less than or equal to 20 mg/day had significantly less symptomatology, weight loss, and need for pharmacologic treatment than those of mothers still on higher doses. Reduction of methadone dose levels during the last 6 weeks of pregnancy to less than or equal to 20 mg/day appears to reduce the severity of neonatal withdrawal.


Medical implications of marijuana use.

Medical implications of marijuana use. The effect of marijuana smoking was studied in 28 healthy young adult men who had previously smoked marijuana for approximately 5 years each. The subjects were hospitalized on a closed research ward for 31 days during which comprehensive psychological, physiological, and medical observations and tests were done. Physical examinations, neurological examinations, chest X-rays, electrocardiograms, and clinical laboratory tests were all within normal limits. Marijuana produced inconstant changes in pulse rate and blood pressure in these studies. Six subjects were found to have significant reduction in resting vital capacity during the baseline period of the study which were felt to be related to their prior marijuana smoking. In contradistinction to these findings, 12 of 15 subjects had statistically significant increases in peak expiratory flow rate immediately following marijuana smoking. Body temperature tended to be slightly reduced during marijuana use.


Narcotic use in an inmate population at three points in time. Studies on new jail admissions conducted in 1969, 1971, and 1973 indicated a sharp decrease in heroin use among male inmates in the District of Columbia in 1973. In the jail study conducted in 1969 among 225 inmates, 45% reported to be addicted to heroin, in 1971, 47% of the 150 inmates reported to be addicted, as compared to only 22% of the 200 inmates in 1973. Only 38% of the addict-inmates in 1969 reported ever receiving treatment for their addiction, while 62% in 1971 and 64% in 1973 reported receiving treatment.


Employment and social disability among opiate addicts. This study examines the relationship between employment and social disability. It is based on admission data for 296 opiate addicts who enrolled in New York Medical College's Multitrack Abstinence Program during 1974. Social disability is defined here as an attribute of the patient which may count against him or her in the job market. Employment rates are examined in the light of an index comprised of three specific disabilities: minority group status, lack of a high school degree, and presence of an arrest record. It is found that the proportion of addicts employed upon admission to the program varies inversely with the number of disabilities. Furthermore, it is found that the proportion of addicts who rely on illegal acts for their main source of income varies directly with the number of disabilities.


A follow-up study of 300 ex-clients of a drug-free narcotic treatment program in New York City. This article deals with an attempt at evaluating the success of a drug-free narcotic treatment program in New York City through a follow-up study of 300 ex-clients of the program. Two hundred ex-clients out of the 300 target population were actually interviewed. The number of months the clients had remained in the treatment program was found to be a key factor in the outcome of the program. The length of time in the program was itself highly dependent upon the client's background: the higher the pretreatment pathology the lower the chance of treatment success.


Drug dependency: some etiological considerations. In an effort to illuminate etiological aspects of drug dependency, some findings from genetics are examined for meaningful connections with psychological areas, particularly with regard to the contribution of Object Relations theory. The latter is described in some detail, using methadone maintenance treatment as an illustrative context. Connections between the two areas are described which increase an understanding of the relevance of each and which raise questions about the artificiality of the usual separation of biological and psychological approaches in this area.


An analysis of psychedelic drug flashbacks. Psychedelic drug flashbacks have been a puzzling clinical phenomenon observed by clinicians. Flashbacks are defined as transient, spontaneous recurrences of the psychedelic drug effect appearing after a period of normalcy following an intoxication of psychedelics. The paper traces the evolution of the concept of flashback and gives examples of the varieties encountered. Although many drugs have been advocated for the treatment of flashback, flashbacks generally decrease in intensity and frequency with abstinence from psychedelic drugs.


The epidemiological approach to drug abuse: its relevance to the teaching of future professionals. In most areas of the medical curriculum it is far more important to teach students the approach to problems, rather than to encourage rote learning of the specific diagnostic and therapeutic regimen indicated in every conceivable circumstance. This is especially true in the field of substance abuse, in part because there simply are no clear-cut answers which can be universally applied. Nevertheless, dogmatism has been all too common in the teaching as well as the treatment of addiction, and there is a general tendency to view the problem simplistically and to advocate a specific modality as the solution. Teaching new professionals to apply the holistic perspective of the epidemiologist will enhance the likelihood of establishing realistic program goals, and adopting a comprehensive, balanced approach.


Use of a social indicator system to assess alcoholism among Indian people in Minnesota. A social indicator system was used to assess alcohol-related problems among American Indian people in Minnesota. Instead of counting "cases," the method involved using "events" that were recorded by various social institutions in the course of their work. The system showed that Indian people commonly encountered alcohol-related "events" that led to death or to social institutions with a poor record of problem resolution (foster homes, jail, prison, welfare agencies). However, they infrequently appeared in psychiatric facilities with alcohol-related "events."


Sex differences in alcoholics: a comparison of male and femal alcoholics' self and spouse perceptions. Self-perceptions of male and female alcoholics and the perception of them by their respective spouses were investigated in an attempt to study sex differences in alcoholics. The subjects were 20 male and 20 female hospitalized alcoholics and their spouses. Subjects were administered a modified Katz Adjustment Scale and the NIMH Mood Scale applied both to states of sobriety and intoxication. The results indicated that the female alcoholic is more likely to characterized by her spouse as guilty and depressed both in states of sobriety and intoxication than is the male alcoholic. The therapeutic implications of these and other findings are discussed.


Reported drinking among posttreatment alcohol abusers: a preliminary report. Posttreatment drinking behavior and job effectiveness ratings by supervisors are compared at 6, 12, and 24 months follow-up for young (age 25 and younger) and old (age 26 and older) male alcohol abusers admitted to Naval Alcoholism Rehabilitation facilities. Follow-up results indicate that: (1) large percentage of subjects were rated effective at their work following treatment; (2) effective subjects drank significantly less than noneffective subjects; (3) young subjects tended to drink significantly more than old subjects; (4) of those rated effective at their work, young subjects drank more and abstained less than did old subjects; (5) drinking behavior and work effectiveness ratings appear to remain consistent over the three follow-up periods. Some implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.


Drug abuse in junior high school populations. Illegal drug use in a population of 3,807 junior high school students in a suburban area appeared strongly correlated with family instability, student personal problems, and low academic performance. Use of tranquilizers, amphetamines, and sedatives was often motivated by attempts at self-medication to reduce painful feelings. Over 14% of illegal users took an overdose with about half of them intentional. Illegal users and nonusers agreed that drug education programs and the threat of legal penalties had little influence in their decisions about drugs.


The spread of addiction-the role of the "average addict". A survey of an accidental sample of 100 addict-clients indicates that approximately two-thirds of addicts induct others into the heroin culture. Typically, the number of new users recruited in this way is no more than one or two new users contacted by each experienced addict. The problems of interdicting the transmission process is complicated not only by the large numbers of persons involved in that process, but is further complicated by the fact that new users are recruited relatively early in the experienced users' careers when they are least likely to be known to treatment or law enforcement officials. The work of interdicting the spread of phenomenon is still further complicated by the fact that heroin is transmitted between friends under circumstances the experienced user can characterize, if with some possible exaggeration, as involving an effort to share a pleasurable experience and/or to meet others' requests.


The black addict: I.Methodology, chronology of addiction, and overview of the population. One hundred ninety-two Black, male heroin addicts in various phases of treatment and nontreatment, including never-treated active addicts and actively addicted treatment dropouts, were systematically interviewed for early life events, psychosocial variables, and natural history of addiction. This report presents the chronology of the addiction problem from childhood as well as evidence of significant early antisocial activities predating drug use in this population. Data on family characteristics, arrests, problems in formal schooling, and adult activities are summarized. The current work is compared to earlier data on comparable populations.


A national follow-up study to evaluate the effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a report on cohort 1 of the DARP five years later. Preliminary findings for the first cohort of a national follow-up study of drug users admitted to treatment in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program (DARP) during 1969-1971 are reported. From a sample of 1,853 selected for follow-up, 87% were located and interviews were completed for 77%. Gross tabulations are shown comparing several outcome measures based on pre-DARP treatment, the posttreatment period, and for the 2 months before interview. Sixty-one percent of all patients returned to treatment at some time after DARP termination. Decreases in drug use, expecially of opioids, were substantial and were generally accompanied by improvements in other outcome measures as well. Plans for more detailed and informative analysis of these and related DARP data are addressed.


Drugs, Vietnam, and the Vietnam veteran: an overview. Highlights are presented on the issue of drug use among servicemen in Vietnam and its aftereffects. Two stages of Vietnam drug use are identified-a period of increasing marijuana use followed by the 1970 influx of highly potent heroin to which 1/5 of the enlisted troops were addicted at some time during their tour. The major contributing factors appear to be: (1) the need of troops in stressful combat situations for self-medication, escape, and hedonistic indulgence; (2) the relaxation of taboos against drug use in the United States; and (3) the availability of illicit drugs at low cost, which was apparently the result of profiteering by a number of South Vietnamese officials. Related to the above was the growing disenchantment with the war and the progressive deterioration in unit morale. These drugs are seen as serving many of the functions performed by alcohol in earlier millitary conflicts. There is no hard evidence that duty performance in Vietnam was seriously affected by drug use. Since 95% of those who were addicted to narcotics in Vietnam have not become readdicted, the situation does not appear to be as severe as originally supposed. Myths as to the persistence and intractibility of physiological narcotic addiction were dispelled. A major negative effect has been the difficulty that soldiers with less-than-honorable discharges due to drug abuse have had in obtaining jobs. Other long-term effects from drug use are less clear and are difficult to separate from the overall effects of the war.


The structure of heroin communities (in relation to methadone maintenance). The sociocultural structure of contemporary urban heroin-using communities is delineated using the dimensions "being hooked," "scoring," and "hustling" on "the street." A concentric ring model is constructed with four rings: (innermost) the street dealing network, other criminal hustles, employed addicts, and a peripheral "recruitment" area (outermost). The model is used to define differential intentions toward and responses to methadone maintenance treatment among members of the heroin community.


Drug overdose emergency room admissions. The incidence and patterns of drug overdose admissions to the University of Michigan Medical Center Emergency Suite were studied for the first 3 months of each year from 1956 to 1970. Among variables investigated with regard to age, sex, and time comparisons were types of drugs used, purpose of ingestions, medical condition on arrival, disposition after emergency care, and history of treatment for emotional problems. The continuing escalation in drug overdose emergencies, primarily related to intentional self-poisoning, reflects the growing social health problems of drug use proliferation and rise in suicide attempts over the past two decades. Emergency room resources are being increasingly taxed by the psychological and medical care needs of these cases. Renewed effort toward primary prevention is essential.


Fetal cephalometry. An improved method and an evaluation. A method of fetal cephalometry is described which is an advance on the combined A and B scan technique previously used. A flow chart has been prepared which clearly specifies the procedure to be followed. The criteria used when making an estimation are reported. The method is applicable to various types of machine and it can be taught to a good degree of accuracy in a short time to people with limited obstetric knowledge. There may be a significant difference between operators but this difference is roughly the same from patient to patient and decreases with training. It is considered that the chief source of variation is the failure to measure the same diameter on each occasion.


Serum oestriol in normal pregnancy.

Serum oestriol in normal pregnancy. Serial measurements of serum oestriol (E3) were made in 56 normal pregnancies from 10 to 40 weeks gestation using a radioreceptor assay. Several parameters of the assay and its intrapatient variability were examined. The mean curve for pregnancy E3 levels and limits of normal variation have been identified and compared with those of other series. A positive correlation was found to exist between infant birth weight and the last E3 value in normal pregnancies prior to the onset of labour. Advantages of serum E3 assays over urinary E3 determinations are discussed.


Carbohydrate metabolism in pre-eclampsia. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed on 30 primigravidae with pre-eclampsia and 15 normal primigravidae in late pregnancy. The groups were matched for age, height and weight and had no stigmata of potential diabetes. Plasma glucose, plasma immunoreactive insulin and plasma placental lactogen (HPL) levels were measured before (fasting) and at timed intervals after the glucose challenge; the glucose response was expressed as the increment index. The patients with severe pre-eclampsia had significantly lower fasting plasma glucose levels than those with mild pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancies. The mean increment index in both the severe and mild pre-eclamptic groups was significantly lower than that of the normal pregnant group. Fasting HPL levels were significantly lower in patients with severe pre-eclampsia than in those who had mild pre-eclampsia or a normal pregnancy. Both the fasting plasma insulin and insulin response following glucose injection were lower in patients with severe pre-eclampsia than in those with mild pre-eclampsia or a normal pregnancy. The differences however were not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest that carbohydrate metabolism in severe pre-eclampsia is altered to an extent similar to that in patients with chemical gestational diabetes, and this alteration may be due to maternal beta-cell anoxia caused by the vascular changes in pre-eclampsia.


The cause of the fall in serum folate in normal pregnancy. Study of a complete antenatal population, a group of normal primigravid singleton pregnancies, and a group of normal twin pregnancies, suggests that the fall in the serum folate concentration which occurs in normal pregnancy is due principally to plasma volume expansion and should therefore be regarded as physiological.


Plasma solute concentrations during gonadotrophin-induced ovulation. The effects of ovulation induction on some plasma solute concentrations were investigated serially in eleven women, nine of whom conceived in that cycle. Increasing oestrogen output during the follicular phase was associated with decreasing levels of osmolality, urea, total protein and the albumin free protein fraction. Smaller decreases in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, carbon dioxide combining power (CO2CP) and albumin were not statistically significant. The luteal phase was marked by a rise in osmolality and a fall in CO2CP but no other significant changes. Levels of osmolality, sodium and potassium fell in early pregnancy when oestrogen output was further increased. These results appear consistent with an oestrogen induced expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment by retention of water in excess of solute, which might also account for the similar changes in pregnancy.


Haematological changes during ovulation-induction by gonadotrophins. The oestrogen response to ovulation-induction by gonadotrophins initiates a preovulation rise in total leucocytes and promotes fluid retention. In consequence of the latter, cyclic changes occur in blood haemoglobin and the haematocrit. The level of oestrone excretion in the follicular phase of induced cycles indicates that multiple follicular development probably occurs, and this also appears to affect the luteal phase. It seems likely, therefore, that the data present a rather exaggerated picture of the situation which obtains in normal menstrual cycles.


The fetal membranes as a possible source of amniotic fluid prostaglandins. Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins was studied in human amniotic and chorionic membranes obtained at term. Using specific in vitro methods it was demonstrated that the fetal membranes contain an organization of enzymes regulating both synthesis and degradation of prostaglandins. Differentiation between amnion and chorion showed that virtually all of the biosynthesis and metabolism occurred in the chorion, whereas enzymatic activities in the amnion were negligible or low. The results suggest a high turnover of prostaglandins in the chorion, and its importance as a source of prostaglandins found in amniotic fluid is discussed.


Prostaglandin dehydrogenase in the placenta before and after the onset of labour. Inactivation of prostaglandins in the placenta was studied using an assay for 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH). Forty-four patients with normal single pregnancies between 38 and 42 weeks gestation were studied. Placentae were obtained before the onset of labour in 9, after spontaneous labour in 18, and after oxytocin-induced labour in 17 cases, PGDH-activity ranged from 54 to 495 nanomoles PGF2alpha/g placenta/minute, with a mean +/- SEM of 207 +/- 18 nanomoles/g/minute. The results indicate that the PGDH content of the human placenta does not change markedly with the onset or during the process of labour. The length of either spontaneous or oxytocin-induced labour was not influenced by the PGDH content of the placenta.


Placental pathology in midtrimester pregnancies interrupted by intra-amniotic injection of hypertonic urea. The histological appearances of 52 placentae from patients who had a urea-induced second trimester abortion were studied. Extensive subchorionic intervillous fibrin deposition and swollen degenerated stromal cells (probably Hofbauer cells), were found both in the placenta and membranes. Between urea injection and abortion, serial vaginal smears showed signs of progesterone deficiency. The urea-induced placental and fetal damage was similar to that seen with hypertonic saline.


The effect of daily norethisterone (0.35 mg) on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels. The effect of 0.35 mg of norethisterone daily on cervical mucus and on urinary LH, pregnanediol and oestrogen levels was studied during two treatment cycles in five subjects who had been observed during a control cycle. Variable changes in hormone excretion patterns were found and are discussed.


The use of a computer in an obstetric department. Experience with a computer in an obstetric department is presented. A regular statistical analysis of the work of the department was readily available and computer printed summaries were produced for 86 per cent of the patients within one week of their discharge home. Solutions to problems encountered are discussed. It is concluded that a computer can be used economically and advantageously in this way even in hospitals without a computer on site. Future developments in the use of the computer are outlined.


Is viviparity the best means of reproduction? Successful reproduction in the context of evolution demands no more than perpetuation of the species, but an ideal system of reproduction should also aim for high efficiency. Two basic systems have predominated: egg laying and viviparity with placental attachment of the embryo to the mother. Egg-laying is inefficient in allowing huge losses and greatly limits the size of the newborn, although it has the advantage of causing little physiological upheaval to the mother. Viviparity, on the other hand, allows the growth of a much larger fetus, offers great protection and is highly efficient. Its major disadvantage is the enormous disturbance of the mother's physiology in the interests of ensuring that the fetus will not be rejected immunologically and that a continuous supply of nutrients can be provided and waste products removed. Only the marsupial seems to have achieved a sensible compromise by producing the young at a very early stage when it is living as an egg embryo without the need for placentation, and then giving it continuous nourishment and great protection by milk feeding in an external pouch.


[The growing skull. Part I. Neurocranium. Statistical considerations (author's transl)]. Measurements were made on the radiographs of the skull of 540 boys and 496 girls obtained in the years 1951-1968. Distances and angles were established with the Tuberculum sellae as the centre. The subjects ranged in age from the first day of life till late puberty. They were divided into 26 groups comprising smaller periods in earlier life, and increasing with age. Results are presented of measurements of 9 distances and 3 angles exclusively concerning the neurocranium. The neurocranium of the girls is smaller than that of the boys from the first day of life and the difference is growing with age. The angles displayed little sex differences. The greater part of the growth of distance takes place in the earliest period of life.


Serum concentrations of individual monocarboxylic short-chain fatty acids C2-C6 in underweight children. The serum concentrations of individual short-chain fatty acids containing 2-6 carbon atoms were studied in 12 underweight children. Mean n-butyric and iso-valeric acid levels were significantly elevated in underweight children, while those of n-valeric and iso-caproic acids were not significantly higher than in the control group. The level of total free fatty acids was also increased in the underweight group. A reduced enzymatic activity in fatty acid synthesis is supposed to be the factor underlying the impaired lipogenesis.


Lyell's syndrome: histological, immunohistochemical and serological observations. Observations of Lyell's syndrome in two girls, one 2 and the other 7 years of age, investigated serologically, histologically and by immunofluorescent technique, are reported. In both cases. the disease had been preceded by a prolonged or repeated treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, in the first case in combination with sulphonamides and antibiotics and in the second in combination with mephenytoin. Immunofluorescent staining revealed immunoglobulins in subepidermal blisters and along the dermal vessels. Acetylsalicylic acid has been assumed to have been one of the causative factors of the violent progression of toxic epidermal necrolysis, probably by an antigen-antibody reaction. This has been supported by serologic demonstration of antibodies to acetylsalicylic acid in both cases.


Results of regional portal infusion of 5-fluorouracil in patients with primary and secondary liver cancer. The survival of 47 patients with liver malignancies treated with continuous portal infusion of fluorouracil (5-FU) has been studied. 18 of them had been treated initially by hepatic artery ligation. Total mean survival was 9.4 months. Patients treated with hepatic artery ligation + 5-FU lived longer (mean 10.8 months) than those treated with 5-FU alone (7.4 months). The survival was longer than could be expected for patients treated for primary liver cancer or for liver metastases from  colo-rectal cancer, when compared with the "untreated" group. It is concluded that continuous portal infusion of 5-FU appears to prolong survival in some groups of patients with malignant liver tumours. However, the influence of "unspecific, general" therapy is difficult to evaluate.


The aetiology of acute pancreatitis.

The aetiology of acute pancreatitis. The most common aetiological factors of acute pancreatitis in an unselected group of 215 consecutive surgical patients were biliary tract disease (40.0%), alcoholism (20.0%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (4.2%). In women, biliary tract disease was by far the most common cause (61.3%), but in men considerably high frequencies of alcoholism (48.3%) and gastroduodenal ulcer (15.7%) were noted as at least one possible aetiological factor. This deserves a special notation when contemplating prophylactic measures to prevent recurrences of acute pancreatitis.


Intestinal blind pouch- and blind loop- syndrome in children operated previously for congenital duodenal obstruction. A follow-up study of 27 children operated for congenital duodenal obstruction (CDO) in the years 1953--71 is presented. Nine children belonged to the intrinsic and 18 children to the extrinsic group of CDO. A total of 7 retrocolic, isoperistaltic, side-to-side duodeno-jejunostomy, 7 Ladd's operation, 8 duodenolysis, 2 reduction of midgut volvulus, 2 duodenostomy a.m. Morton and one gastro-jejunostomy were performed at the age of 1 day--15 years. The clinical and radiological examinations were performed 3--21 years (mean 10 years 2 months) after these operations. In 3 cases there was a moderate duodenal dilatation, but reoperation was not necessary. During the follow-up period, one boy, now aged 8 years, developed a blind pouch-syndrome in the I portion of the duodenum containing a 5 x 5 cm phytobezoar 4 1/2 years after duodeno-jejunostomy. The frequency of blind pouch-syndrome after duodeno-jejunostomy was thus 1:7 or 14%. One girl, now aged 9 years, developed a blind loop-syndrome in the ileocaecal segment 3 months after side-to-side ileotransversostomy, which was performed from adhesion-obstruction after duodenolysis for malrotation I and CDO. Both the blind pouch- and the blind loop-deformation were resected and the children recovered well. To avoid blind-pouch- and blind loop-deformations in the intestines, the anastomosis must be made wide enough, and especially in the surgery of the jejuno-ileo-colic region an end-to-end anastomosis is preferable.


Short-stay varicose vein surgery.

Short-stay varicose vein surgery. From 1967 patients attending for varicose vein surgery at the Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, have been operated on on the day of admission, spend the following night in the bed ward and are discharged the morning after the operation. The operation is performed under general anaesthesia with as radical approach as possible stripping the long saphenous vein and, if required, the short saphenous vein, excising the superficial side branches and ligating incompetent perforators. In the study a follow-up examination was carried out on 2334 patients. Wound infections occurred in 1.8%. Two patients had transient arrhythmia, and one a late haemorrhage. More serious complications were absent. During the follow-up period 5.2% of patients were operated on for recurrent varicose veins. 84.6% were subjectively satisfied. The number of hospital days per patient averaged 1.2. It was possible to follow the above planned course of action in 93.4%. The organization and surgical technique can be recommended in order to achieve savings in hospital days and to produce permanent and good surgical results.


A comparison of dicloxacillin and ampicillin in the antibiotic prophylaxis of total hip replacement. The effect of two semi-synthetic penicillins, dicloxacillin and ampicillin was compared in systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip replacement patients. The drugs were given in routine oral dosage for eight days to two patient groups each consisting of 50 patients. There was no fatality. In the ampicillin group there were three staphylococcal infections but no infections in the dicloxacillin group. Two of the infections occurred in reapplication cases leading to the loosening of the prosthesis. One infection appeared after a primary operation with a superficial recurrence 10 months later. In the ampicillin group, side effects were diagnosed in 12 cases and in the dicloxacillin group in one case.


Amniotic fluid removal prior to saline abortion. To evaluate whether removal of the amniotic fluid prior to the instillation of 200 ml of 20% hypertonic saline has any effect on the success, speed, and safety of the abortion process, 192 patients at 15--20 weeks' gestation were aborted according to one of the following procedures: 1) instillation of 200 ml saline without removal of the amniotic fluid (92 subjects), 2) removal of 100 ml of amniotic fluid prior to saline instillation (46 subjects), and 3) removal of 150 ml of amniotic fluid prior saline instillation (54 subjects). The study indicated that there are no apparent advantages to the removal of the amniotic fluid prior to the instillation of 200 ml of hypertonic saline. The median times from instillation to abortion and rates of incomplete abortion were similar for the three groups of patients. Rates of specific complications, except for fever, were similar for the three groups.


Complications in acute pancreatitis.

Complications in acute pancreatitis. In a group of 260 non-selected cases of acute or subacute pancreatitis, severe complications occurred in 60 (23.1%). Long lasting shock and/or massive internal bleeding (5.4%), severe renal problems (anuria, tubular necrosis, nephrosis) (5.4%) and frank hepatic failure due to extensive liver necrosis or other severe destruction (5.0%), invariably lead to death. The clinical group of findings pointing to a fatal course usually manifested themselves during the first three days. Severe renal and hepatic lesions were in many cases secondary to shock in fulminant rapidly deteriorating cases. Preventing and efficient management of shock are thus essential prerequisites for saving the patient. Other important complications included severe intra-abdominal suppuration and abscesses, peritonitis and sepsis (3.9%), pseudocysts of the pancreas (5.4%) and biliary statis (18.4%). Severe obstruction to bile flow with associated jaundice occurred in only 4.6% of cases; unselected operative biliary decompression does not therefore appear indicated. If an early laparotomy is performed, efficient debridement and drainage are of utmost importance. Fatal panreatitis was associated with extensive necrosis of the pancreas in about 80% of cases; possibly subtotal pancreatic resection at an early laparotomy would have given better results in these most severe cases, as recently reported in the literature.


Persistent and atypical lobules in the human breast may be precancerous. Persistent human mammary lobules (PL) remaining after the menopause, and certain atypical lobules (ALA) are morphologically similar to the common preneoplastic hyperplastic alveolar nodule (HAN) of mice of strains having a high incidence of mammary carcinoma. This and other evidence suggest that like the HAN of mice human PL and ALA are precancerous.


Comparison of metabolism of free fatty acid by isolated perfused livers from male and female rats. Livers from normal, fed male and female rats were perfused with different amounts of [1-14C]oleate under steady state conditions, and the rates of uptake and utilization of free fatty acid (FFA) were measured. The uptake of FFA by livers from either male or female rats was proportional to the concentration of FFA in the medium. The rate of uptake of FFA, per g of liver, by livers from female rats exceeded that of the males for the same amount of FFA infused. The incorporation by the liver of exogenous oleic acid into triglyceride, phospholipid, and oxidation products was proportional to the uptake of FFA. Livers from female rats incorporated more oleate into triglyceride (TG) and less into phospholipid (PL) and oxidation products than did livers from male animals. Livers from female rats secreted more TG than did livers from male animals when infused with equal quantities of oleate. The incorporation of endogenous fatty acid into TG of the perfusate was inhibite) by exogenous oleate. At low concentrations of perfusate FFA, however, endogenous fatty acids contributed substantially to the increased output of TG by livers from female animals. Production of 14CO2 and radioactive ketone bodies increased with increasing uptake of FFA. The partition of oleate between oxidative pathways (CO2 production and ketogenesis) was modified by the availability of the fatty acid substrate with livers from either sex. The percent incorporation of radioactivity into CO2 reached a maximum, whereas incorporation into ketone bodies continued to increase. The output of ketone bodies was dependent on the uptake of FFA, and output by livers from female animals was less than by livers from male rats. The increase in rate of ketogenesis was dependent on the influx of exogenous FFA, while ketogenesis from endogenous sources remained relatively stable. The output of glucose by the liver increased with the uptake of FFA, but no difference due to sex was observed. The output of urea by livers from male rats was unaffected by oleate, while the output of urea by livers from females decreased as the uptake of FFA increased. A major conclusion to be derived from this work is that oleate is not metabolized identically by livers from the two sexes, but rather, per gram of liver, livers from female rats take up and esterify more fatty acid to TG and oxidize less than do livers from male animals; livers from female animals synthesize and secrete more triglyceride than do livers from male animals when provided with equal quantities of free fatty acid.


Control of mating preferences in mice by genes in the major histocompatibility complex. When a male mouse is presented with two H-2 congenic two female in estrus, his choice of a mate is influenced by their H-2 types. The term "strain preference" is used to describe the general tendency of the male population of one inbred strain to prefer two female of one H-2 type rather than another. The term "consistency of choice" is used to describe the added tendency of particular two males of one inbred strain, in sequential mating trials, to prefer two females of the H-2 type they chose in previous trials. Statistical analysis showed trends in the data that support the following conclusions: (a) The choice is made by the male, not the female. (b) The strain preference of two males may favor two females of dissimilar H-2 type (four of six comparisons), or of similar H-2 type (one of six comparisons). (c) Consistency of choice does not always correspond with strain preference. In one of six comparisons of H-2 genotypes there was no strain preference but pronounced consistency of choice by individual two male. This suggests memory, but fortuitous bias is not excluded. (d) Strain preference of the same male population may favor two male of the same or a different H-2 type, depending on which different H-2 type is offered as the choice alternative to self. These findings conform to a provisional model in which olfactory mating preference is governed by two linked genes in the region of H-2, one for the female signal and one for the male receptor. These mating preferences could in natural populations serve the purpose of increasing the representation of particular H-2 haplotypes or of maintaining heterozygosity of genes in the region of H-2.


High-pouch imperforate anus treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal repair. Four male infants with imperforate anus were treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal anoplasty with division of rectourethral fistula. Each had high-pouch imperforate anus of the supralevator type, with rectourethral fishtula at or above the level of the membranous urethra. Perineal anoplasty was accomplished in all four, with division of the rectourethral fistula, avoiding the need to do a sacral-abdominal-perineal procedure, as had been customary previously in similar cases.


Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine-induced miotic response in rabbits. The time variation of changes in the chlorpromazine-induced pupil diameter decrease was studied following varying bolus and slowly infused intravenous doses administered to rabbits. The observed pharmacological response data were coverted, via, the use of a dose-effect curve, to values theoretically corresponding to relative biophasic drug levels. These values were, in turn, used to construct a linear pharmacokinetic model of the drug bioavailability input equilibrium pharmacological response output dynamics of the system. The use of a time domain, MULTIFIT, computerized method of fitting the data to obtain a pharmacokinetic model was compared to the use of a frequency response, PLTEST, approach. The fidelity of the model in quantitatively relating the time course of systemic drug bioavailability to observed pupil response was verified by the satisfactory agreement obtained by directly comparing experimentally known amounts of drug intravenously infused with corresponding values computed from observed changes in pupil size. The applicability of using pharmacological data for quantitative bioavailability and pharmacokinetic analysis of chlorpromazine is demonstrated. This finding is particularly significant because no suitable chemical or radiological direct assay technique exists for determining levels of chlorpromazine, except for high doses, in body fluids.


Humoral reponse to neuraminidase-treated tumor cells. L1210 leukemia cells grew progressively and caused tumor deaths in all recipient mice. However, when these cells had been treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) prior to injection, tumor deaths did not occur. Both untreated and VCN-treated L1210 cells elicited a humoral response, as manifested by an increasing percent of cells in the spleen and peritoneal cavity, with various types of membrane-associated immunoglobulins. Progressive tumor growth was associated with a large percent of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells bearing membrane-associated IgG, a late increase in the percent of PE cells with IgG, and only a small percent of PE cells with IgM on their surfaces. Conversely, PE cells from mice given VCN-treated L1210 cells were characterized by a small percent with IgG, an early increase in percent of cells with IgG, and a large percent with membrane-associated IgM. An injection of VCN-treated L1210 cells into mice with progressively growing L1210 tumors caused frequent tumor remissions, with a corresponding alteration of the ongoing humoral responses. Both the degree of alteration and the number of cures depended on the tumor burden at the time VCN-treated tumor cells were injected. The humoral response in mice with tumor remission following immunization was comparable to the response detected after an injection of VCN-treated cells only.


Choline loss during hemodialysis: homeostatic control of plasma choline concentrations. Endogenous concentrations of free choline in plasma were measured in azotemic subjects receiving repetitive hemodialysis and excretion of free choline into the dialysate was determined. Chemical choline in plasma and dialysate was measured by adding choline kinase and measuring the production of radiolabelled phosphorycholine in the presence of radiolabelled adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mean free choline concentration in plasma of azotemic subjects receiving hemodialysis was found to be 37 muM, which is about twice that of normal persons. The total excretion of choline into the dialysate during 360 min averaged 730 mumoles +/- 69 (SEM). Levels of free choline in plasma fell during hemodialysis at two hours but recovered toward predialysis values at six hours. The return of plasma choline concentrations toward control values during dialysis suggests that a feedback mechanism exists which was activated rapidly to produce homeostasis of plasma choline concentrations. In these patients, the degree of peripheral neuropathy as judged by measurement of nerve conduction velocities showed a significant inverse correlation with levels of free choline in plasma.


Elemental analysis of biological specimens in air with a proton microprobe. The unique capabilities of the proton microprobe in an atmospheric environment as a biological tool are illustrated in studies of arsenic and mercury distributions in siingle strands of hair from poisoning victims and of the distributions of several abundant elements in frozen hydrated eye and kidney specimens from rats.


Atopic dermatitis and IgE. Relationship between changes in IgE levels and severity of disease. At the Mayo Clinic, atopic dermatitis was evaluated in a series of 28 patients to determine whether, during the course of the disease, serum IgE levels fluctuated with changes in the severity of dermatitis. The study covered a 1- to 11/2-year follow-up period. Previously, it had been shown that, at initial examination, serum IgE levels were positively related to the extent of disease. Although notable fluctuations in serum IgE levels and in extent of dermatitis were seen in more than half of the cases, no relationship was found between the two factors during the period of study.


2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. I. Description of the inhibitory effect. Incubation of normal or thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG) inhibits the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize IgG- or complement-coated particles via their Fc and C3 receptors. 2-dG has no inhibitory effect on the capacity of these macrophages to phagocytize latex or zymosan particles, which are ingested in the absence of specific opsonins, and it does not inhibit binding of IgG- or C3-coated particles to their respective receptors on the macrophage's plasma membrane. 2-dG exerts its inhibitory effect on the macrophage and not on the opsonized particle. The inhibition is independent of particle size, occurs within 15-30 min of addition of this glucose analogue to the medium at 37 degrees C, cannot be overcome by supra-agglutinating amounts of opsonizing antibody, and is completely reversible by substitution of 5.5 mM glucose for 50 mM 2-dG in the medium. Addition of equimolar amounts of glucose or mannose, but not of fructose, galactose, fucose, or glucosamine, to medium containing 50 mM 2-dG results in substantial reversal of the inhibitory effect of 2-dG on Fc and C3 receptor mediated phagocytosis.


An improved isolation procedure for the gas chromatographic analysis of urinary polyamines. The isolation of polyamines from urinary hydrolysates in a sufficiently pure state for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography has proved to be difficult. However, by using columns of Porapak-Q and ion-exchange resins, urinary hydrolysates are readily purified and formation of trifluoroacetyl derivatives of polyamines proceeds in high yield without carryover of artifacts in the gas chromatographic elution profile. Good yields from the trifluoroacetylation reaction are not achieved if large quantities of salts or urinary pigments are present. By obtaining the polyamine carbonates in the final stages of the method described, the trifluoroacetylation reaction yields excellent derivatives of nanogram or microgram amounts, particularly after standing over-night at room temperature. The procedure described in detail should permit routine urinary polyamine analysis where rapidity, ease of handling many samples, freedom from complications and artifacts are a consideration.


Tay-Sachs screening: social and psychological impact. Participants in two Tay-Sachs screening programs were generally satisifed with the organization of the tests and the results. There was no evidence of adverse impact on reproductive  plans or interpersonal relations, and the respondents professed to believe in the value of screening. While the carriers discussed their condition freely with others and were no less favorable to the idea of screening than the noncarriers, about one-half of their number expressed discomfort in being told they were heterozygotes. These feelings were allayed by counseling, but there was evidence of some residual unease. It is suggested that this anxiety would be less prominent and more easily reduced if screening were done under conditions of ordinary primary medical care rather than outside the conventional system.


The relation between total finger ridge-count and variability of counts from finger: genetic implications of racial variation. The measure of ridge-count diversity, S/square root 10, was computed for a sample of American Whites, American Blacks and African Blacks, and the regression of S/square root 10 on total ridge-count was determined for each group. The shapes of the regression lines differed considerably. The American White curve was very similar to that obtained by Holt in an English sample, while the two Negro curves generally showed lower lower S/square root 10 values for ridge-counts over 80. The American Negro curve was found to behave like a mixture of the White and African Negro curve to a degree approximating to the fraction of White genes in their gene pool. Holt's parent-child data are used to construct a simple test of the hypothesis that that S/square root 10 reflects zygosity in total ridge-count genotypes. The preliminary results support this hypothesis.


Concentration-dependent mutation of diploid human lymphoblasts by methylnitronitrosoguanidine: the importance of phenotypic lag. The mutation of diploid human lymphoblasts by methylnitronitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was measured over the range of 0--45 ng of MNNG/ml of of medium. We found a 12-day lag in the phenotypic expression of 6-thioguanine resistance; the occurrence of this lag was independent of MNNG concentration. We hypothesize that the unexpectedly long lag period reflects a requirement for the loss of previously existing molecules of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) after mutation at the HGPRT locus.


A model for reinforcing mental health facilities: a student's view. Present mental health care facilities are not reinforcing either to work in or to utilize. A new approach to agency design, in order to provide client self-respect and situational relief, to increase availability and accessibility of services, and to attract highly skilled staff should be adopted. The criteria for a reinforcing agency should be based on a client, staff, and community needs. Changes can be implemented by building new facilities or modifying old ones. The resulting facilities would enhance the treatment process, reinforce behavioral change, and reinforce productivity.


[Role of integrity of the inner nuclear membrane in energy supply for protein synthesis in the isolated cell nuclei of the salivary glands of Chironomus plumosus]. Using isolated nuclei of salivary grand cells of Chironomus plumosus larvae, it was revealed that the integrity of nuclei was a necessary condition for realization of protein synthesis in the nuclei. The involvement of nuclear particles in the above synthesis is supposed.


Noise exposure and prevalence of high blood pressure among weavers in Iran. 821 weavers working in three textile mills were examined in this survey. It was found that 8.5% of the workers were hypertensive and 12.4% borderline. All these rates are significantly different from those of the control groups. Also there is a clear increase in the prevalence of hypertensive and borderline cases in the weavers in relation to the length of employment. These findings emphasize the need for, at least annually, periodic examination of the entire work population in order to detect early such adverse health effects and to consider suitable medical care.


Hiatus hernia: a comparison between two methods of fundoplication by evaluation of the long-term results. This paper presents a comparative study of two methods of fundoplication, a Belsey-like procedure and a Nissen-Rossetti operation in the management of 283 cases of hiatal hernia from 1962 to 1974. The methods, history, and preoperative findings are described, and the mortality and morbidity rates, particularly related to recurrence, are discussed. A short historical review is included in the discussion, which also deals with the anatomic and physiologic factors thought to be involved in the maintenance of the competence of the cardia. The author's reasons for preferring a Nissen operation are outlined. The management of peptic stricture and of shortening due to periesophagitis by modification of this technique is described.


Relationship between Hb and HbA2 concentrations in beta-thalassemia trait and effect of iron deficiency anaemia. The relationship of HbA2 to total Hb has been measured in 204 cases of Beta-Thalassaemia (beta-th-t) where the total Hb varied from 3.6 to 16 g/100 ml. The variation of total Hb in the study population was due, as far as could be defined, only to beta-th-t and a superimposed iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Superimposed IDA decreases HbA2 proportionately more than it does total Hb (P less than 0.001). A not previously described relationship between HbA2 and total Hb was demonstrated and probably conformed to a second degree parabola.


[Studies on the effect of nutritional factors on the rumen mucosa. 2. Report. Morphological conditions after feeding with fattening rations in various physical forms]. 3 groups of fattening cattle (DSR breed) were fed rations of nearly identical composition for a period of 395-455 days. The rations consisted of either crushed (group I), finely ground (group II) or finely ground and pelleted material (group III). Samples of the ruminal mucosa from 26 animals were investigated macroscopically, microscopically and histologically. All samples from animals of group I were found to be normal whereas clumping of the villi, hyperkeratosis, atrophy and loss of villi over 40%-50% of the surface of the ruminal mucosa were observed in the animals from group II, and, to a larger extent in animals of group III. The main reason for the mentioned changes of that kind are the very fine foodstuff particles, less than 0.05 to 0.5 mm in length, which form extraneous deposits in the mucosa or act as cement substances between neighbouring villi. This leads to hyperkeratosis because these particles prevent desquamation of the corneal cells and at the same time produce conditions of compression; these, in turn, result in a hardening of the newly formed stratum corneum. Hypertrophy of the undamaged villi was observed in animals of group III receiving the pelleted ration (thickness of villi group III: 243 mum as compared with group I:196 mum). The unfavourable morphological state of the ruminal mucosa in animals of group III was associated with a reduced rate of daily weight gains and increased food consumption.


[Protein utilization of mixed feed rations in lactating pigs with reference to the essential amino acid content of the feed proteins. 3. Report. Correlation between the protein metabolism data and the amino acid content of the dietary protein]. Protein utilization data were established in N balance trials with lactating sows fed various dietary proteins. The data obtained were compared with the amino acid indices of the dietary proteins and regression equations were established for the relations existing between these data. Additionally, simple and multiple regressions were calculated for relationships between the levels of N balance and the levels of crude protein intake, digestible crude protein, lysine per kg of milk production or lysine and all the other essential amino acids per 10 g of milk N. A relation was found between the level of daily lysine intake and all the other essential amino acids and the level of productive N utilization.


Metabolic effect of alpha-and the beta-adrenergic stimulation of rat submaxillary gland in vitro. 1. Incubation of submaxillary-gland slices with isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 41% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 50%. Propranolol blocked these effects of isoproterenol. 2. Phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, stimulated glucose removal by 35% and decreased tissue [glucose 6-phosphate] by 75%. In addition, phenylephrine also completely overcame the inhibition of pyruvate removal caused by acetoacetate metabolism and decreased tissue [atp] by 45%. Phentolamine blocked the effects of phenylephrine. 3. In contrast with beta-adrenergic stimulation, alpha-adrenergic stimulation required exogenous Ca2+. 4. These results explain the different metabolic responses of the submaxillary gland to adrenaline in the presence and absence of exogenous Ca2+.