Evaluation of prostatic cytology in primary diagnosis and clinical course of prostatic carcinoma. Franzén's method of transrectal aspiration biopsy, capable of being performed without narcosis or hospitalization of the patient, is an ideal method of early recognition of prostatic carcinoma, and its reliability is equal to the more elaborate transrectal or transperineal needle biopsy. For the appraisal of the local therapy-effect, transrectal aspiration biopsy can be successfully used if no high-voltage radiation treatment of the primary tumour has been administered. For local progress-checks on radiologically treated prostatic carcinomas, however, needle biopsy with the Tru-Cut needle is clearly superior to aspiration biopsy. Cytologic and histologic progress-checks reveal that the local therapy-effect of the measures were applied were directly dependent on the primary degree of differentiation. No improvement in the therapy-effect is to be achieved by the use of high-voltage radiation, especially in cases of undifferentiated carcinoma of the prostate. The clinical course is also largely determined by the primary degree of differentiation, and 20 % of stage C patients tend, with or without radiation-treatment, to rapid metastasisation, although the local tumour may have partically disappeared after such treatment. The plasmatestosterone level could be related neither to the local therapy-effect nor to the clinical course, whereas the enzyme-status in numerous cases coincided with the clinical history, though not with the cytologically or histologically determined therapy-effect. We could not establish any radiologically induced typical therapy-effect on the prostatic carcinoma either by cytological or histologic means.


Effects of food restriction and mutation on central catecholamine levels in genetically obese mice. Norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hypothalamus and telencephalon of genetically obese mice with the OBOB and DBDB mutations are significantly higher than those of their lean littermates. Obese mice with the viable yellow mutation failed to show this increase. Restricting the diets of OBOB animals to prevent excessive weight gain does not affect NE levels in the hypothalamus, telencephalon or brainstem.


Actions of repeated injections of LSD and apomorphine on the copulatory response of female rats. LSD, a serotonin receptor stimulating agent, inhibits copulatory behavior (lordosis response) in the ovariectomized and estrogen + progesterone treated female rat. The same effect is obtained by apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulating compounds. The lordosis has been shown to be dependent on serotonin, but also dopamine has been implicated in its mediation. Tolerance develops to certain responses after repeated injections of LSD and in the present study the influence of apomorphine and LSD was compared, when given in repeated doses. Possible cross-tolerance between the two compounds was also tested on the frequency of lordosis responding in ovariectomized and hormone treated female rats. Tolerance to LSD develops over seven days, while the suppressing influence of apomorphine on lordosis in seven repeated doses is not significantly altered from that of a single dose. No cross-tolerance was observed on the lordosis response with either order of treatments. Repeated doses of LSD did not influence locomotor activity differently from a single dose, while repeated doses of apomorphine enhanced this response in comparison with the effect of an acute dose. These results indicate differential sensitivity to the repeated treatments and further support an interpretation of the LSD effects on lordosis responding to be primarily on serotonergic rather than dopaminergic receptors.


Drinking induced by parenteral injections of pilocarpine. Parenteral (IP) injections of pilocarpine, in doses from 3.75 - 30 mg/kg, reliably produced drinking in water-satiated rats. This effect was not diminished by pretreatment with either centrally active (scopolaime, atropine) or peripherally active (methyl scopolamine, methyl atropine) cholinergic blocking agents, suggesting that pilocarpine does not induce drinking via a cholingergic meachnism. Repated injections of low doses, but not high doses, of pilocarpine augments drinking over trials.


Marijuana and memory impairment: the effect of retrieval cues on free recall. In an attempt to ascertain the effect of retrieval cues on recall deficits which occur following intoxication with marijuana, 40 male volunteers were presented with word lists following the smoking of a single one gram marijuana (0.94% delta 9 -THC) or placebo cigarette and then were required to recall these words immediately after presentation. Recall occurred under a condition in which cues representative of to-be-remembered words were present or in an uncued condition. Results indicated that recall was depressed following marijuana administration under both cued and uncued conditions with cues being only mildly effective in reversing the recall deficit. There was no increase in the number of internal intrusions under marijuana, but the number of external intrusions was significantly elevated under the cued conditions.


Does tolerance develop to low doses of d- and l-amphetamine on locomotor activity in rats? An observational study of the behavioural effects of chronic regimens of d- and l-amphetamine was designed to investigate possible mechanisms underlying any parallel behavioural changes: (1) Accumulation of p-hydroxynorephedrine in noradrenergic nerve terminals; (2) Altered sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors. The study revealed that locomotor activity seen with low doses of both isomers (2.0 mg/kg d- and 6.0 mg/kg l-) decreased with chronic once daily treatment. However, this was accompanied by an increase in directed sniffing activity and the behaviour came to resemble that seen with higher doses of amphetamine (8.0 mg/kg d- and 16.0 mg/kg l-). Nonsignificant decreases in locomotor activity and increases in directed sniffing to apomorphine administration were observed during chronic amphetamine treatment. These findings suggest that (1) p-hydroxynorephedrine, a metabolite of d- but not 1- amphetamine, does not play an important role in these alterations in behaviour with chronic treatment and (2) the tolerance to amphetamine observed under these conditions is due to an increased, rather than decreased, sensitivity of the rats to amphetamine.


Effects of response requirement upon human sedative self-administration and drug-seeking behavior. Five male volunteers with histories of sedative drug abuse were given the opportunity to self-administer up to 20 oral doses per day of either diazepam (10 mg per dose) or sodium pentobarbital (30 mg per dose). Each dose was purchased with tokens earned by exercising on a stationary exercise bicycle. Each two minutes of exercise earned one token. In a mixed order across days the number of tokens required to purchase each dose was varied among 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10. Drug intake decreased as a function of increased response requirement for purchasing the drug. Response output for drug tended to be an inverted-U shaped function of the response requirement. Thus, the cost of drug doses act as a powerful environmental influence upon both of these aspects of drug abuse behavior - amount of drug consumed and amount of drug-seeking behavior.


Enkephalin and a potent analog facilitate maze performance after intraperitoneal administration in rats. Met-enkephalin and its analog [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalin-NH2 were administered intraperitoneally (IP) at a dose of 80 microng/kg body weight to hungry rats which were tested over 3 days for their ability to run a complex, 12 choice Warden maze for a reward of food. Animals receiving either peptide negotiated the maze significantly (p less than 0.01) faster (74.1 and 73.5 vs. 128.8 sec) and made significantly (p less than 0.01) fewer errors (5.5 and 5.4 vs 9.1) than animals receiving the diluent vehicle. These findings did not seem to be explained by differences in appetite, thirst, olfaction, or general activity. Rats injected in a preliminary study with an analog, [D-Phe4]-Met-enkephalin, which has essentially no opiate activity appeared to run the maze as fast as rats injected with [D-Ala2]-Met-enkephalin-NH2 and with just as few errors. Injection of morphine seemed to result in slower running times and more errors in the maze. These results demonstrate that enkephalin and some of its analogs can exert significant behavioral changes after IP administration and that these behavioral effects probably can be dissociated from the opiate effects.


Cocaine and morphine self-administration: effects of differential rearing. Two groups of Wistar rats were reared in either enriched or impoverished conditions for 100 days postweaning. These two groups were further divided and tested for cocaine or morphine preference in a two-bottle choice (water alternative) for 16 days. Enriched and impoverished rearing has previously been found to alter emotionality, conditionability, and body weight of adult rats. Validating previous reports of differential rearing effects on body weight, the enriched animals in the present study weighed less than their litter mates reared in impoverished conditions. Animals reared in the enriched environment consumed significantly more cocaine than animals reared in an impoverished one. No significant differences were observed for morphine self-selection as a result of differential rearing.


Differences in cytochrome P-450 of various strains of rats following chronic administration of pentobarbital. Cytochrome P-450 levels were analyzed in rats of two pigmented (black Long-Evans and ACI) and two albino strains (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley) following the administration of pentobarbital sodium and physiological saline. Differences between the albino vs pigmented strains were observed following injections of saline. The Fischer 344 albino strains responded similarly to the pigmented strains following a progressively increasing dose schedule of pentobarbital sodium.


Synthesis and screening of some substituted 3.5-dioxopyrazolidines. Seven new 3.5-dioxopyrazolidine derivatives, incorporating in their molecule a p-substituted benzoyl grouping, were synthesized. The preliminary screening of four selected compounds showed that 1-phenyl-2-[p-nitrobenzoyl]-4.4-diethyl-3.5-dioxopyrazolidine possesses a low order of antiinflammatory activity.


On the solubilization properties of surfactant-polymer complexes. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) affect the solubilization properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). When these polymers are added to SDS solution, its solubilization power for riboflavin, khellin and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate is markedly decreased. In case of riboflavin and khellin, the polymer effect is more pronounced at high surfactant concentrations; for propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the polymer effect is inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration. On the other hand, the solubilization power of SDS towards methyl and butyl p-hydroxybenzoate is greatly enhanced by PEG or PVP. In case of methyl p-hydroxybenzoate the effect of PEG is more pronounced at high surfactant concentrations; the effect of PVP is not significantly dependent on the surfactant concentration. For butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the polymer effect decreases markedly with increasing surfactant concentration.


Synthesis of 1.4-naphthoquinones-4-aryl(aroyl)hydrazones of potential antimicrobial activity. The isolation of phthiocol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-1.4-naphthoquinone) from the acetone-soluble fat fraction of tubercle bacilli [1, 2] and the confirmation that it had antituberculous activity against H-37 R.V. strain [20] in vitro and in mice [12], prompted the synthesis of some 2-alkyl-3-hydroxy-1.4-naphthoquinone-4-aryl(aroyl)hydrazones as possible tuberculostatic agents.


Polysalt flocculates as a physicochemical approach in the development of controlled-release oral pharmaceuticals. In the field of pharmaceutical formulation, polysalt flocculates have received relatively little attention in the literature. Accordingly this investigation could be considered an approach towards the development of oral controlled release dosage forms by polysalt flocculates. The polymer selected for this study was sodium carboxymethylcellulose. This was based on the fact that it forms an insoluble complex with aluminium sulphate, which could be of value in controlling the liberation of the entrapped drug. Drug entrapment was effected by polymeric flocculation, induced by the addition of a physiologically inert electrolyte. Results of this study indicated that this approach provided a physicochemical method for controlling drug release from oral pharmaceuticals, that could be claimed to replace the earlier empirical mechanical methods.


The fate of Depogen in rats.

The fate of Depogen in rats. Studying the metabolism of Depogen in rats we have worked out a method for the purification, isolation and separation of the drug and its potential metabolites. In the basic fraction we have found the same metabolic pathway of Drotaverin published earlier by us. In the focus of our recent work was the fate of the theophylline-7-acetic acid and its eventual biotransformed products. We have stated that theophylline-7-acetic acid contrasts with the theophylline excresa in unchanged form, which has been confirmed by several methods.


Pitch control and pharynx with in Twi: an electromyographic study. The author examined electromyographic tracings from four muscles--genioglossus (GG), anterior belly of the digastric (D) sternothyroid (ST) and thyrohyoid (TH)--for 210 Twi syllables selected so as to give information on seven parameters: tense/lax vowels, long/short vowels, close/open vowels, front/back vowels, high-tone/low-tone vowels, vowels preceded by a fricative/plosive consonant and vowels preceded by a voiced/voiceless consonant, and concluded, inter alia (1) that GG and D functioned as pitch control muscles but that it is not clear why raising of the larynx should accompany an increase in pitch; (2) that GG did not play the major role in tongue root fronting that was expected of it but that we may have to consider GG to consist of at least four functional muscles; (3) that GG and D offered little evidence to support a prosodic view of vowel harmony in Twi, and (4) that features may be ranked by the muscle activity associated with them and that 'high-tone', 'fricative' and 'voiced' dominated for GG, D and ST.


[Statistical and dynamic analysis of crime in relation to primary dimensions in various countries]. The examination of the effects of social change on crime has experienced a revival of interest in the past decade. With the increasing availability of cross-national data such analyses are being done in a comparative perspective. The current effort is designed to examine the relationship between three variables which have been shown to be empirically and theoretically pertinent to the study of social change and crime indices. Specifically, the variables of population, gross national product per capita and political orientation are regressed on the homicide rates, property crime rates and total crime rates for a number of countries. This analysis is done statically for 1965 and dynamically, for the change in the variables from 1960 to 1965. The data for the independent variables were acquired from the World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators, Second Edition. The source of the dependent variables was the International Crime Statistics published by the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The problems with such data are recongized and discussed. The results indicate that in the static analysis the three variables explain a substantial amount of the variance in property crime rates and total crime rates whereas they do not explain much of the variance in the homicide rate. Gross national product per capita contributes the most to the explained variance in all the analyses. A theoretical perspective combining the ideas incorporated in control theory and in environmental opportunity theory was employed to account for the results. The results of the dynamic analyses parallel those of the static analyses, with the exception of the equation employing the total crime rate at the dependent variable. The total variance explained in this equation was significantly lower than in the static analysis for the total crime rate. Durkheim's notions of the functions of crime and the expected stability in crime rates were offered as an explanation for this finding.


[Alternative imporisonment measures in the penal legislation of the Socialist Republic of Poland]. On April 19th, 1969 the People's Poland Parliament adopted a new penal legislation consisting of a Penal Code, a Code of Criminal Procedure and an executory Penal Code, which all came into force January 1st, 1970. The distinctive peculiarity of the above mentioned Codes, as the Authors have pointed out, is that they conform to the recent political, social and economic democratization of Poland and to the structure and dynamics of delinquency in this country. In examining the measures concerning educational rehabilitation provided for by the penal law in question, the Authors have started discussing questions like restriction on personal freedom, conditional suspension of criminal procedings, supervision of the convict who has been given the benefice of conditional suspension of the execution of sentence or of conditional release and supervision of the recidivist as well as points related to warranty and postjail care. Though these measures show some similarity to those provided for by bourgeois penal legislations, they result from a quite anthithetic ideology according to which punishment has to perform a double function of defence of working-class achievements as well as of an effective rehabilitation of the convict. A detailed analysis of the theoretical premises and of the actual carrying out of these measures shows, the Authors say, that though they represent only a further stage in the development of socio-juridical progress, they are put in conformity with the criminal policy's trends and the politico-ideological contents of a socialist government. They testify therefore an actual effort to make social rehabilitation of the convict possible in that they prevent the exertion of all negative psycho-pathogenic influences of jail environment on the convict, especially in case of slight crimes. The ultimate importance of these measures is that they can be considered an articulate attempt to promote actual social rehabilitation of the convict and therefore they are a real contribution in the resolution of delinquency which is viewed in Poland, where a process of socio-political trnasformation has been recently taking place, as part of the heritage from the past bourgeois government.


[The decline of fertility in western europe: I. -- the appraisal (author's transl)]. The sharp decline in the number of births these last ten years is a general phenomenon in Western industrialised countries. As far as methodology is concerned, a clear distinction must be made between two concepts measuring fertility: completed fertility of successive generations, total fertility rate of successive years. The evolution of these two indicators of procreative behaviour is amazingly comparablefrom country to country, in spite of their various difference in termes of economic situation, of legislation (family allowances, contraception, abortion, divorce), predominant religion, etc...


[Penal institutions in Porto Azzuro].

[Penal institutions in Porto Azzuro]. Prior to describing the environmental and human situation of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, the Author devotes a chapter to the historical part and gives an outline of the most important events that, in 1600 or thereabouts, led to the construction of the Fort S. Giacoma (where the penitentiary is presently sited), which, after a number of vicissitudes and transfers of title, was finally destined for use, in 1900, as a prison establishment. The subsequent and, in particular, the recent building re-structurations, have radically changed the penitentiary in order to make it more in line with the functions required by the present prison policy. After describing the establishment's setup, which includes many institutes, the Author passes on to consider the problems of personnel and, in particular, of the military staff. In the central chapter on intramural life, he makes an in-depth review of the methods and means of treatment, some of which are proper of this particular environment. In illustrating such convicts' activities, as working, leisure time, education, relationship with the extramural world, the Author lays stress on the always present objective: that directed at helping convicts re-enter social life. In conjunction with health services and religious services, the Author deals at length with the delicate moment of the "audience", viewed as a therapeutic means indispensiable for establishing a valid re-educational contribution. The discipline and discharges conclude the description of the Porto Azzurro penal Institutions, whose environment and various treatment methods in use before the implementation of the new penitentiary System, are dealt with in detail by the Author.


[Evaluation of technics used to define type 'A' pattern, in the Belgian Prevention Project of cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)]. In order to define the Rosenman and Friedman type A pattern three technics where used: the Bortner scale, the Jenkins Acitivity Survey (J.A.S.) and the interview. These are part of the base-line data recorded during the screening of a belgian male population aged 40 to 59 at entry of a controlled trial for the multifactorial prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The J.A.S. and the Bortner scale are evaluated in relation to the interview. Extremes of type A and B are less prevalent in our study compared to the Western Collaborative Group Study. Both the J.A.S. and the Bortner scale are very satisfactory in predicting type A and B pattern. The Bortner scale predicts the pattern in 78% of the subjects, by the method of weighted scores. The validation of this classification method, on a second sample, gives an accurate classification in 75% of the subjects. The J.A.S. predicts, the pattern in relation to the interview in 78% of the subjects; again the validation of the classification method, on a second sample, gives a correct classification in 70% of the subjects.


[Genetical and epidemiological study of uricaemia in a Pyrenean population. (Region of Sault - Pyrérées audoises) (author's transl)]. Serum uric acid levels were determined in 229 individuals of Rodome and 127 individuals of Camurace, in the french Pyrénées. The difference of average levels between these two populations was found to be due very likely to different way of life. Intra-familial correlations suggest a greater importance of environmental than genetic factors on serum uric acid levels.


[New results on the phage typing of Yersinia enterocolitica, concerning more of 4 000 strains of various origins (author's transl)]. 1) The phage typing of Y. enterocolitica has been made on more than 4,000 strains of various origins by means of 2 sets of phages. The 1st one, composed of 12 phages extracted from lysogenic strains of the same species has permitted to distinguish 10 phages types numbered from I to VIII and from IXa to IXb among the 3,323 lysotypable strains on the 4,366 examinated. 2) The search of the beta-galactosidase has differentiated the phage type IXa in its 2 varieties, the IXa 1, beta-galactosidase negative and the IXa 2, beta-galactosidase positive. 3) The 1,043 untypable strains by the 1st set were forming 2 very different groups. One of them, the X was insensitive to the 12 phages of the 1st set; the other XI, showed such a variety of lytic reactions to the phages of the 1st set that it was impossible to consider the rare samples of each of them as phage types. 4) The group X, submitted to a "complementary phage typing" by means of a second set of phages isolated from sewage water, has been subdivised into about 20 undergroups, from which only, 7 have been studies up to now, numbered from X 1 to X 7...


[Radiations and public health (author's transl)]. A short review is made of the general characteristics of electromagnetic and corpuscular radiations to which man can be exposed. Following some considerations on the action of ionizing radiations and the radiobiological factors governing their effects on health, the overall characteristics of pathological effects differentiating stochastic from non-stochastic effects are summarized. The uncertainties remaining as to low-level exposures are stated as well as the cautious assumptions usually madein this field. The various sources of exposure to which the population is submitted are considered, i.e. exposures from natural, medical, domestic, industrial sources or from fallout from nuclear weapon tests; the present or predictable levels of exposure and their variations are given for each source. But for medical irradiation, all the exposures connected to human activities are much lower than natural exposure variations; such exposures should modify the incidence of certain affections but quite insignificantly as compared with the regional or local variations observed.


Cytochemical investigation on lipids in human major salivary glands. A light and electron microscope study. The localization of lipids in the secretion of human parotid and submandibular glands has been here investigated. Ultrastructural observations following lipid extraction and histochemical data showed that lipid components are not present in the secretory granules. In fact, while histochemical reactions are completely negative, secretory granules from lipid-depleted glands retain all their morphological characters. These results led us to emphasize that, at least in human seromucous cells, lipids are not directly involved in the salivary secretion. This conclusion, which is supported by the biochemical data concerning the lipid content in human saliva, disagrees with the findings obtained in rat and guinea pig salivary glands. However, this discrepancy may be ascribed to the specific biochemical and ultrastructural differences found in the salivary glands of the various mammalian species.


[Quantitative limits of the Feulgen reaction: analysis of interference caused by dehistonization and denaturation and renaturation treatments]. The Feulgen reaction intensity (measured with a microdensitometer Vickers M86 on the nucleus of erytrocytes of Xenopus laevis Daud.) is increased after dehistonization according to Brody (1974) only if the dehistonization is made before the fixation in acetic acid. The denaturation and renaturation treatments which should act specifically on the screws of the DNA and therefore should not affect the Feulgen reaction, act in a specific manner, probably going away another histonic components. On the dehistonized material the action of the hydrolysis of the Feulgen reaction would add up to that implicit in the dehistonization treatment and would cause a rapid fall of the values for loss of material as consequence of depolymerization facts, according to Andersson and Kjellstrand (1975). The successive renaturation treatment both on dehistonized and on non dehistonized material does not change significantly the values precedently obtained and this confirms the idea that the rilevability of the Feulgen reaction is not influenced by the treatments "per se" but by the deep "touching" of the chromatin components.


[Some cytochemical characteristics of the chromatin in the erythrocytes of Xenopus laevis Daud]. The Xenopus laevis Daud. genome offers a stimulating model of a chromatin (Davidson et al., 1975) in which a high ratio of repetitious DNA sequences has been recorded (45% of total genome according to Davidson et al., 1975). We have studied cytochemically this model "in situ", on the erythrocytes of air-dried smears of peripheral blood. The cells, which are non-dividing and not engaged in DNA reduplication, constitute almost hypothetically a homogeneous class constantly in G1 phase of the cellular cycle. Our methods are: a) analysis on the curves of Feulgen hydrolysis kinetics to attempt to find the depurination and depolymerisation patterns of DNA according to Andersson et al. (1975); b) determination of the DNA resistence ratio to chemical denaturation with a quantitative relative microdensitometric determination of methyl-green staining, according to Scott (1967) specific technical conditions. For comparison, qualitative and preliminarly subjective control determinations have been made with acridine-orange in correspondent denaturation conditions. Both the a) and b) methods have been performed with and without previous HCl dehystonisation and with and without formaldehyde pretreatment. The results with the a) and b) methods have not yet been theoretically compared and the possibility of an approach to this correlation is discussed here as a tool for a possible cytochemical quantitative measure of the nuclear fraction of repetitious DNA "in situ".


[Histochemical studies of the endocrine cellular components of swine duodenal glands (Brunner's glands)]. The AA. describe an endocrine cells presence in the Pig Brunner's duodenal glands by means of histochemical methods at light microscope. Between these they can recognize two types of cells: these enterochromaffins (EC) and these non-enterochromaffins (non-EC), both presents either in the secretory part of the glands or in the deeper parts of the ducts. The EC-cells show generally a prismatic size and their apical part attains the glandular cavity. Their granules are much numerous and recognizables either in the basal part or in other parts of the cells. The non-EC-cells show a variable, from the prismatic to the spheroidal, size. Their granules are numerous and recognizables mostly in the basal part of the cells. Between the non-EC-cells they can also differentiate at least three types: a) these Davenport-positives and poorly argyrophils; b) these Davenport-positives and clearly argyrophils and c) these Davenport-negatives and clearly argyrophils. All cells are by lead-haematoxylin stainables, while by the HCL-BT method the EC-cells are ortochromatics and these non-EC are metachromatics.


[Morphological and histochemical aspects of the argentaffin and argentophilic cells in the gastric mucosa of Scyliorhinus stellaris and Scyliorhinus canicula]. Using histological and histochemical methods for the identification of biogenic amins, phenolic and indolic groups, and of substances with a proteine and carbohydrate nature, it has been possible to identify at least five types of endocrine cells in the gastric mucose of Scyliorhinus stellaris and Scyliorhinus canicula. One of these, a type I cell, localised mainly in the piloric portion, shows morphological and histochemical characteristics which are perfectly comparable with those of the enterochromaffin type found in the gastro-intestinal tract of mammals. On the other hand, the four remaining cellular types are more difficult to define; three of these latter are present solely in the pyloric mucose, i.e., (a) type II cells with slightly fluorescent and metachromatic granules, with a positive reaction to the Grimelius test and to proteine test, and completely negative and argentaffin methods, (b) type III cells with non-fluorescent granules, but metachromatic and postive to argentaffin methods, and (c) type IV cells with slightly (argyrophilic) granules, strongly metachromatic and positive to the PAS test and to the tryptophan test, respectively. Types II and IV have been hypothetically correlated with the G and D cells, respectively, of mammals. The fifth cellular type, present solely in the central portion of the stomach has exclusively argyrophilic granules. This latter cellular type is considered similar to the ECL type, mammalian cell. No hypothesis, however, has yet been ventured with respect to the cells belonging to the third group.


[Histochemical demonstration of uridine diphospho-glucoso-4'-epimerase activity]. In the byosinthesis of glycosaminoglycans, UDP-glucose is utilized by two enzymes: UDP-glucose dehydrogenase which produces UDP-glucuronic acid (chondroitin sulphate precursor), and UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase which produces UDP-galactose (keratan sulphate precursor). The mechanisms regulating these two reactions have particular interest mainly considering that many connective tissues can modify its glycosaminoglycan production with aging; it is well-known that cartilage of young animals synthesizes almost exclusively chondroitin sulphate while cartilage of old animals synthesizes both chrondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. The kinetic parameters of both enzymes utilizing UDP-glucose have been recently investigated and some mechanisms responsible for UDP-glucose utilization in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis have been evidenced. Under histoenzymological viewpoint, we have confirmed the inhibiting effect of UDP-xilose on UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and the possible role of such nucleotide in aging processes of cartilage. In order to study this problem even by a histoenzymological approach, an original method for histochemical determination of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity in connective tissue cells was developed. This method seem to be more sensitive than that described by other authors. In standard conditions the sections of the frozen tissue were incubated in Tris-HCL buffer, pH 8.8 (Tris concentration 0.025 M), containing 0.5 mM UDP-galactose, 2 mM NAD, 0.6mM NBT and an excess of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (about 300 mU). Control experiments in the absence of UDP-galactose, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and in the absence of both UDP-galactose an- UDP-glucose dehydrogenase were also carried out. Under our experimental conditions, UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase present in the cells epimerizes UDP-galactose (added in the incubation mixture) to UDP-glucose which can bo oxidized by the excess of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase to UDP-glucuronic acid with a consequent NADH formation. The NADH formed is able to reduce and precipitate NBT. As a control of experimental sistem, we have determined the increase in O.D. at 525 nm of a reaction solution that was incubated directly in the spectrophotometer cuvette, at 37 degrees C with UDP-galactose 0.2 mM, NAD 2 mM, NBT 0.6 mM, 200 mU of UDP-glucose, dehydrogenase, 400mU of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase and Tris HCL buffer pH 8.8 to a final volume of 1 ml. Histoenzymological and biochemical results demonstrate that this method is specific for and sensitive to UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity.


[Distribution of the enterochromaffin ("EC") cells and those of the "APUD" series in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants]. The research was carried out on the vorestomachs, abomasum and on the various tracts of gut of adult Cattle, Sheep and Goat, because Ruminants, not previously studied with respect to this problem, have, as is well known, particular morpho-functional characteristics of the digestive system. The results can be synthetized as follows: 1) either "EC" (5-HT-producing) or "APUD" cells (peptide hormones-producing) are not demonstrable in the vorestomachs. 2) "EC" cells are present in the various areas of abomasum (particularly numerous in the fundus glands) and in the different tracts of the gut (predominantly in the duodenum and in the rectum). 3) In the "APUD" cells of the abomasum gastrin-producing "G" cells are certainly demonstrable. They are present only in the pyloric glands, where they prevail in the middle third. Only in the cattle, cells which have all the histochemical characteristics of "G" cells, but are quite morphologically different, are also present in the same area. An interesting peculiarity seems to be the reduced number of "APUD" cells, compared with that of Monogastrics: it was impossible, in fact, to demonstrate some cells ("A", "A-like","X", "D", "D1", "ECL") which are described by other Authors in the stomach of various Mammals. 4) In the small intestine, endocrine cells, probably heterogenous are present, resulting more numerous in the duodenum. 5) In the coecum, colon and rectum, cells comparable to enteroglucagon-producing "EG" cells, are present; they are particularly numerous in the rectum, where cells similar to "H" cells are also present.


[Distribution of the enterochromaffin ("EC") cells and those of the "APUD" series in the gastrointestinal tract of the calf]. Based on morphological and histochemical data, the Authors describe the distribution of "EC" (5-HT-producing) and of the other endocrine cells of the "APUD" series (polypeptide hormone-producing) in the gastro intestinal tract of weaned and unweaned 3-4 month old calves. The results demonstrate that: -- no difference concerning the different diet can be correlated; -- no endocrine cell is present in the vorestomachs; -- the "EC" cells in the abomasum prevail in the fundus glands; they are demonstrable also in every tract of the intestine and are more numerous in the duodenum and in the rectum; -- within the "APUD" series four cellular types are demonstrable in the abomasum; two are in the cardias, one in the fundus and one in the pylorus glands; the last one probably corresponds to the gastrin-producing "G" cells. -- In the small intestine, particularly numerous in the duodenum, a probably heterogeneous family of endocrine cells is present, while in the coecum, in the colon and, above all, in the rectum, cells probably corresponding to "EG" cells are identifiable. These results are compared to those previously obtained in the adult Cattle: remarkable differences are demonstrable only within "APUD" cells of abomasum.


[Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins and neurological diseases]. Then is reported a new inexpensive and easy method to analyse the CSF concentration of immunoglobulins in some neurologic disease (in particular in the multiple sclerosis). The obtained data were in according with similar results of other Author, which used more sophisticated techniques. The increase of IgG in multiple sclerosis (72,7%) suggested us to consider this analysis now very useful for a correct diagnosis. The reason of CSF IgG increase in multiple sclerosis is discussed.


[Nonpharmacological, ubiquitous, rapid, fused graphic elements in the electroencephalographic pattern of 2 sisters with type A sulfatidosis and ponto-cerebellar systemic atrophy]. Two sisters, affected by late infantile type Sulfatidosis A, died at 22 and 15 years old respectively, presented, after autoptic examination, also a ponto-cerebellar athrophy. The EEG finding was characterized by few bioelectric abnormalities in the earlier studies of the disease and, afterwards, a progressive slower electric activities, with isolated asymmetric spikes. The typical aspects in the EEG recordings of our two patients were the presence of many rapid and diffuse elements, shay wawes without any pharmacological treatment. The significance of these peculiar recordings is there discussed.


[Reaction to awakening from sleep in children (electroencephalographic study of 153 subjects)]. The arousal reaction has been studied on the EEG records of 153 children aged within 1 and 4 and observed suffering from different neuropsychiatric disorders. In the majority of the patients the arousal was accompanied by diffuse paroxysmal modifications that are present both in the records of clinically epileptic children and in those having never suffered of epileptic seizures.


[Juvenile myasthenia gravis of possible post-vaccinal inoculation: study of 2 cases]. The AA. describe two cases of serious juvenile myasthenia arisen after jennerian vaccination, antidiphteric and antitetanic vaccination in the first patient and after antitetanic vaccination in the second one. They put forward the hypothesis that in the two patients juvenile serious myasthenia is a complication due to vaccination for the following reasons: 1) the chronological relation between vaccination and the arising of myasthenic sumptomatology is very close; 2) the vaccine produces in the body a reaction of immunity type and myasthenia is nowadays generally considered as an immunity disease. Although the ways in which the vaccine inoculation can give rise to the disease are unknown, it can be supposed that in the occurrence at the same time of a genetic factor or of an susceptible area, the vaccine can act as a factor provoking the immunity answer of myasthenic type.


[The world of the epileptic: anthropo-phenomenological considerations]. After pointing out that in literature studies concerning the anthropo-phenomenologic aspects of the existence of subjects suffering from epilepsy are very scanty, the Authors dwell upon the opportunity of deepening this study which may allow a better knowledge of the complex problems of the patient. These problems should be neglected if only the biologic side of the disease was taken into consideration.


[Lead arsenate as an underestimated cause of polyneuropathy in rural environment: description of two cases]. Two cases of lead arsenate polyneuropathy are described in two farmers from the same rural area; the etiology of the neurologic al disorder was ascertained only after repeated hospital admissions. It was a neuropathy of the radial nerve associated with signs of peripheral impairment of the lower limbs with pains and paresthesias. Abdominal colies, arterial hipertension, anaemia and signs of renal impairment were also present. Specific therapy was undertaken which was soon followed by nearly full recovery. Lead and arsenic toxicology are discussed with particular focusing on the necessity emphasis on commun occupational hazards both in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The differential diagnosis is considered between the observed clinical picture and other polyneuropathies of different etiology i.e. dysmetabolic (porphyria) or toxic (insecticides, T.O.C.P., etc).


[Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome: an angiographic and nefrographic study of one case (author's transl)]. Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome has been described as more common though not exclusive in the Japanese people; it occurs in the pediatric or young adult age. The clinical syndrome is most variable (transitory ischemic attacks or circulatory insufficiencies with permanent neurological deficit, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage). Conversely, the angiographic syndrome is quite typical: I) stenosis of both internal carotid arteries and the anterior part of Willis circle; II) presence of an angiomatous net at the level of the basal ganglia; III) presence of several anastomosis between internal and external carotid arteries. The essential pathogenetic event seems to be the slow occlusion of the two internal carotid arteries and of the anterior part of the anterior part of the circle of Willis of unknown aetiology. The observations reported in the present article cover angiographic, nefrological, microbiological, metabolic and immunological studies in a clinical case of Takeuki and Nishimoto's syndrome. This was clinically revealed by a subarachnoid hemorhage, indicating that carotid stenosis may be a fairly selective process. The temporal evolution of such a process and the slow invasion of distal arterial segments support the interpretation of the process itself as not congenital.


[Clinical study of dantrolene sodium in the treatment of spastic and dystonic syndromes]. Dantrolene sodium has been given to 45 patients suffering from dyskinetic syndromes: 33 were suffering from spastic syndromes, either secondary to cerebral lesions at birth, or to other cerebral lesions, or to cord lesions; 9 were affected by infantile dystonic syndromes; 1 by dystonia muscolorum deformans and the last 2 patients were suffering from parkinsonism. The best dosage schedule was individual and ranged from 50 mg to 300 mg a day. In this range, the majority of the spastic patients showed reduction of spasticity, unrelated with the site of pathology: a slight one in 12 patients, a moderate one in 9 and a marked one in 2. On the contrary, slight improvement has been noticed in only two of the patients suffering from dystonic syndromes. In no case side effects has been noticed. In all patients who underwent slight or moderate improvement only, we tried to obtain better results on spasticity by growing the dosage schedules; but we have always noticed side effects, that is weakness or drowsiness and, sometimes, urinary uncontinence. Moreover 2 patients showed evidence of transitory metabolic side effects. Therefore our experience shows that dantrolene sodium is an useful drug into the therapy of spasticity, even if often a slight of moderate improvement only is achieved. Slow increase in dosage schedule, repeated laboratory controls and alternate periods of treatment and suspended treatment should be observed.


[A case of prosopoagnosia (author's transl)]. A case of prosopoagnosia is described in a ten year old boy who was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery in Parma, because of a cerebral contusion. This symptom is present in a number of patients with lesions involving the right hemisphere, particularly in post-rolandic injuries, often associated with left visual field defect, with directional and vestibular disturbances and metamorphopsia. This symptom may be interpreted as a defect which avoids simultaneous and them total acknowledgements. The acknoyledgement of human faces is an acquired ability susceptible to a regression to an infantile level.


[Pourfour du Petit syndrome and intracranial aneurysms (author's transl)]. A 52 year old female suffered for more than 20 years from a recurrent pulsating headache on the left side. Clinical examination showed the retraction of the superior eyelid and mydriasis on the left. Exophthalmometry revealed 17 mm of protrusion for each eyeball. Angiographic investigations showed two little aneurysms: one of the anterior comunicating artery, the second of the left middle cerebral artery. In view of the clinical and angiographic findings the authors discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms of such oculo-sympthetic syndrome.


Born to be poor: birthplace and number of brothers and sisters as factors in adult poverty. Household heads who grew up as members of large families and/or as natives of small towns or rural areas tend to have less education and are more likely to be poor than those coming from small families and/or large cities. Data to support these conclusions have been drawn from two independent sources--a special Social Security Administration supplement to the April 1968 Current Population Survey and findings from the Retirement History Study conducted by the Social Security Administration.


Self-employment income at low earnings levels. If self-employment were much more prevalent at moderate and high earnings levels than at low levels and if the incidence of both the employee and employer taxes on wages is on the employee, then the social security tax structure would be regressive relative to taxable earnings. Analysis shows, however, that this is the case only in a very limited sense. For 1970, 6.5 percent of taxable earnings derives from self-employment. At least 6.3 percent of taxable earnings consists of self-employment income in each observed interval from $400 to $3,600. The proportion declines slightly with rising earnings until near the taxable maximum, when it begins to rise. If the average tax rate on earnings up to the maximum were tabulated by earnings both below and above the maximum, it appears very likely that mild regressivity would be shown beyond the taxable maximum, but of not more than a few tenths of a percent.


Women's worklives and future social security benefits. More women will earn social security benefits in their own right in the next 30 years than do so at present; their benefits will not necessarily rise in relation to men's benefits. For this to occur, the ratio of women's earnings to men's would have to rise markedly or young women would have to work most of their lives. The earnings ratio has stayed nearly constant, for 25 years at least. In this article, worklives of younger women are estimated from their own early experience plus the completed careers of women now retired. Though their total labor-force activity before retirement age will be greater than that of these older women, the increase will not be sufficient to compensate for the lengthening benefit-computation period. Benefits earned on their own records therefore will not supplant dependent and survivor benefits.


Demographic characteristics of disability applicants: relationship to allowances. This article highlights some of the causes underlying differences in disability allowances by sex and race. Among the causes are differences in labor-force patterns, the educational background, and the age distributions of the insured and applicant populations. More than half of the differences between the black and white applicants in the proportion of claims allowed is explained by differences in their age distributions. The lower proportion of claims allowed for black applicants may reflect the greater tendency fo the black insured population to apply for disability insurance benefits.


Private pension plans, 1950-74.

Private pension plans, 1950-74. During the past quarter century, private pension plans have enjoyed a healthy growth. Although the rate of growth has slackened somewhat during recent years, the private pension movement is now a major contributor to the income maintenance needs of the American worker during retirement. The passage of pension reform legislation in 1974 offers an appropriate milestone year for measuring the current status of pension plans and the progress that has been made to date.


Worker and caller variety in three crisis centers. Worker and caller behaviors are studied and compared in an available sample of 100 suicidal calls to three crisis intervention centers. Caller-Worker Interaction Program results were compared among the three centers. Worker and caller differences across centers were significant in 32 of 41 categories (p less than .05); using four discriminant functions, 2 of 18 hit percentages exceeded p less than .01. The verbal behaviors of workers and callers at the three centers are substantially different, leading to the conclusion that crisis intervention is dissimilarly practiced between centers but similar within them.


Suicide survivors: psychotherapeutic implications of egocide. Interviews with seven of ten known survivors of jumps from the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge revealed that all of them experienced transcendence and spiritual rebirth phenomena. The psychotherapeutic implications of these findings lie in helping depressed and suicidal individuals confront death in a symbolic and meaningful way. The issue is one of "egocide" (symbolic suicide) and aiding individuals in the rebirth process. In this way actual suicides can be prevented. When individuals experience partial "deaths" (like loss, failure, rejection, depression, suicidal states, or negative parts of their egos), there is opportunity for "rebirth" (positive transformation, creative change, growth, and significant spiritual reawakening). The therapeutic task is to help individuals differentiate between "ego death" and total death and to discover through the creative process of psychotherapy that overt suicide need not be a solution.


Suicide and blacks: a conceptual framework. Suicide among black Americans has risen sharply in this decade. The suicide pattern differs from that of white Americans in that black suicide is mainly a youth phenomenon and the rates between black females and black males are relatively equal. The lack of research into these phenomena is highlighted along with an exploration of current explanations. A specific conceptual framework is proposed that includes extragroup pressure, intragroup pressure, and value orientation. The framework is extended into the area of mental health planning, as well as behavioral science practice.


Suicide prevention for high-risk persons who refuse treatment. A program was developed to exert a suicide prevention influence on high-risk persons who decline to enter the health care system. There were 3,006 patients admitted to a psychiatric in-patient service because of a depressive or suicidal state who were contacted to determine if the post-discharge plan was followed. Half of those who refused their treatment program were contacted by telephone or letter on a set schedule. The contact was limited to expressing interest in the person's well-being. Mortality in the contact group was compared with the no-contact subjects and with the subjects who had accepted treatment, after 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. Suicidal deaths were found to diverge progressively in the three groups, the treatment subjects showing the highest rates, the no-contact group coming next, and the contact subjects showing the lowest. The observed divergence between the contact and no-contact groups provides tentative evidence that a high-risk population for suicide can be identified and that a system-atic approach to reducing that risk can be applied.


Immunogenetics and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Immunological capability is to a substantial extent genetically determined. Because genetic linkage exists between histocompatibility gene loci and certain immune response gene loci, histocompatibility specificities can serve as indicators for the presence of particular inherited immunological traits. In man, certain HLA antigens seem to be associated with immunogenetic traits which result in altered susceptibility to disease with known or suspected viral or autoimmune etiologies. We have found an association between HLA-A3 and "classic" cases of ALS. The A3 antigen was present in 49% of these cases, but not in the more chronic or benign form of the disease. Five out of six "benign" cases carried HLA-B12, suggesting perhaps the presence of a trait conferring resistance to the disease. Epidemiological surveys provide evidence both for and against a correlation between the incidence of ALS and that of HLA-A3 in various population groups. Because of the multiplicity of immune response genes, susceptibility or resistance to ALS in different populations may depend on different immune response genes. The association of a disease with selected HLA antigens or phenotypes might be suggestive of a viral-allergic etiology. Evidence that bears on this hypothesis has been reviewed.


Theiler's virus-induced central nervous system disease in mice. Theiler's viruses, which are common enteric pathogenes of mice, produce an unusual buphasic disease in the natural host following IC inoculation. There is an early phase of virus growth in CNS gray matter resulting in motor neuron degeneration and microglial proliferation. Since the spinal cord is the principal site of involvement, infected animals develop flaccid limb paralysis (early disease). Immunosuppression of the host during the early phase of infection augments virus growth and pathological lesions in gray matter, suggesting that TV causes a cytocidal infection of neurons. More importantly, surviving mice have persistent infection and pathological change limited to the spinal cord. There is marked mononuclear cell infiltration in the leptomeninges and white matter and concomitant primary demyelination. These changes are associated  with a distinctive late-developing neurological disorder characterized by general inactivity, slowed movement, poor righting ability, and stimulus-sensitive extensor spasms. It appears that there are differences in host susceptibility to the development of late disease with the SJL/J inbred strain of mouse regularly showing the most severe clinical manifestations. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity to TV antigen are delayed, reaching a maximum after 2 months; hence, this temporal sequence of the immune response is atypical  of acute virus infections. Certain features of the late disease process favor an immune-mediated mechanism for demyelination, and this possibility is currently under investigation. The cells chronically supporting virus replication and the mechanisms of persistent infection remain to be elucidated.


Cardiovascular reactivity to noradrenaline and angiotensin in normotensive, hypertensive and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. Blood pressure responses to intravenous noradrenaline and angiotensin in the pithed rat preparations from normotensive, chronically hypertensive and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated groups were found to follow different patterns. 6-OHDA treated rats were very sensitive to the effects of the two pressor agents and repeated administration of the two drugs invariably led to cardiovascular collapse.


Effects of reserpine on the responses of the isolated rat fundus strip to catecholamines and specific adrenoceptor antagonists. The effects of reserpine on the sensitivity to catecholamines and adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol and azapetine were studied on the fundus strips of the rat. The results obtained in this study would support the view that reserpine may increase the sensitivity of beta receptor to isoprenaline and adrenaline by the mechanism which may be independent of the uptake of catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system.


[Results of the systematic control of tuberculosis in the People's Republic of Poland according to the development of the epidemiological data till 1975 (author's transl)]. After the second World War a marked improvement of the epidemiological situation in the field of tuberculosis has been achieved in Poland. In 1952 the incidence of tuberculosis amounted to 490 per 1000 000 of the population; the prevalence to 1400. The mortality rate was 105.8 in 1950. In 1974 the incidence rate has been reduced to 81.4 (among them 49.4 excretors of tubercle bacilli), the prevalence rate was only 248.9 (among them 78.3 with excretion of tubercle bacilli and 11.7 with chronic tuberculosis--persons excreting tubercle bacilli for more than 2 years). The mortality rate from tuberculosis amounted to 13.8 at this time. The most sensible reduction of all indices was found among children 0-14 years old. Tuberculosis in Poland is still a problem of medico-social importance in adults and before all in old people, being that part of the population in past times only in a low degree vaccinated or revaccinated and in a higher degree exposed to severe infections with tubercle bacilli. The comprehensive complex programme of tuberculosis control passed by the Sejm of the Polish People's Republic, includes three approaches since 1960: the epidemiological, the integrating and the phthisiopneumological direction. Prerequisites for the scheduled realisation of the programme are the case-finding as early as possible, the quick and correct diagnosis and the immediate onset of a specific treatment, further on the dispensary care of all contacts of the patient (his surroundings) and optimal prophylactic measures against tuberculosis.


[Detection of healthy carriers of lesions and measures for prevention of tuberculous disease in this group in the Esthonian Socialist Soviet Republic (ESSR) (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Tuberculosis morbidity has been markedly reduced in the Esthonian SSR. In children and yough tuberculosis is no more a problem. Among the new cases of adults formerly diseases or with inactive lesions in the lungs amount to 44,5% of the incidence. In the Esthonian SSR all persons with any lesions in the lungs are registered in an individual record index. They all are now supervised in intervals of a year and less. Another aggravating conditions exist in 13,6% of these persons. Chemotherapy or chemoprophylaxis is done in this group. A marked reduction of morbidity has been attained in this way.


[High incidence of lung cancer in persons with chronic professional exposure to pesticides in agriculture (author's transl)]. In an epidemiological study in the Neubrandenburg district among 316 long-term exposed pesticide workers the incidence of tumors was investigated. There were 30 cases of tumors, of which 11 were lung cancers. The incidence of lung cancers was in contrast to age-specific population twenty times higher. The average exposure against pesticides amounted to 14.1 +/- 4.7 (6-23) years, the latency period between exposition start and tumor manifestation to 17.9 +/- 6.0 (6-23) years. The exposure occurred mainly to the following agents: herbicides, such as derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D and MCPA); insecticides, such as chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, HCH and Toxaphen), organic phosphorus compounds (Parathion) and organic nitro derivatives (DNOC) as well as fungicides, such as copper containing and organic synthetic agents. Between 1950 and 1956 some pesticide workers were also exposed to arsenic containing agents. As the workers were exposed to various chemical compounds simultaneously or alternatively, no carcinogenic effect can be determined by specific individual pesticides. The investigations are discussed in detail on the today knowledge about cancer hazards associated with exposure to pesticides, and respective conclusions are drawn for preventive measures.


[Massive endobronchial hemorrhage during bronchological examination-successful treatment by temporary half-side blocking by means of a Carlens-tube (author's transl)]. During a bronchological examination a massive endobronchial hemorrhage from the left bronchial system occurred in a 48 year old woman suffering from pneumonia of the right 6th segment of the lung. Successful treatment by use of a Carlens-tube with half-side blocking. Later on, the left lower lobe was removed by operation. Pathological findings showed multiple lung-infarctions. The possibilities of treatment are discussed in the case of endobronchial hemorrhage in the course of bronchological examinations.


[Hemothorax--a life-threatening complications of spontaneous pneumothorax (author's transl)]. A 23-year old male with an spontaneous hemopneumothorax and in the state of severe shock was admitted to our hospital. The etiology, incidence and therapeutic measures are discussed. It is recommended that patients with spontaneous hemopneumothorax after securing the diagnosis by radiography and puncture biopsy have to be admitted immediately in a thoracic surgery clinic. An early thoracotomy is favourable.


[Diagnosis, clinic and therapy of bronchial adenomas (author's transl)]. Report on diagnosis, clinic and therapy of 77 cases with bronchial adenomas. These semimalign tumours of the respiratory tract amounted to 1.5 per cent of all lung tumours admitted to our clinic within 21 years and were growing predominantly in the central parts of the respiratory tract. Resection therapy is the therapy of choice. Although potential malign, the bronchial adenomas differ markedly from bronchial carcinomas in relation to prognosis and mortality.


[Evaluation of the monocyte test for diagnosis of allergic asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. We investigated, if in routine work the relative simple monocyte test can improve the diagnostic yield of allergic asthma bronchiale in comparison with the inhalative allergen test. In 600 patients differential counts in peripheral blood were performed before, 30, and 60 minutes after inhalation of the allergen and the increase of monocytes was evaluated. Monocyte test and inhalative allergen test proved to be concordant in 67%, this value was statistically significant, but control trials failed in 11%. Therefore, the monocyte test fails to be of diagnostic value in allergic asthma, it does not increase additionally the diagnostic yield as a routine method.


[Animal experiments on the etiology and histogenesis of colonic carcinoma]. The influence of nutrition upon the etiology and histogenesis of dimethylhydrazine induced carcinomas of the colon was studied in rats. A double-way Anus praeter was made in one-half of the animals (393/823). Histological and statistical analysis of more than 7000 organ preparations yielded the following results: (1) The intestinal contents has effects on localization, latency, and frequency of the colonic tumour. (2) When maintained on a protein-rich diet, rats with Anus praeter developed intestinal carcinomas more frequently and earlier than the corresponding controls, or with other dietary regimens under otherwise equal conditions. (3) In rats with Anus praeter the inflammatory stimulus on the ectopied mucosa exerted a stronger co-carcinogenic effect than the intestinal contents. (4) The genetic predisposition of the organ plays an important role in tumorigenesis. (5) In no case did intestinal carcinomas develop de novo, that is, from the unaltered, intact intestinal mucosa. (6) DMH induced carcinomas of the colon was solitary in 46% of the cases, and multiple in 54%. Histological differences within the same carcinoma (10% of the cases) are also indicative of a frequent, multicentric genesis of colonic carcinomas. (7) The significance of submucous, lymphocytic plaques for the immunological defense system requires further experimental clarification. (8) Polyps of the colon are a potential, but no necessary, intermediate from of cancerization.


[Occlusion of the ductus arteriosus in the rabbit. A light and electron microscopic study]. The development of changes appearing with the closure of ductus arteriosus was followed in mature rabbit foetuses with the help of light and electron microscopy. In the foetuses, in which there was no spontaneous respiration of atmospheric air before fixation the ductus remained opened. In smooth muscle cells of the media there were enlarged cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum being partially decayed. The foetuses that respired for about one minute had the ductus contracted to various degree and the endothelial cells were expelled into the lumen. In the foetuses respiring for 10 minutes the ductus were more contracted. The endothelium was considerably waved and the agglomeration of smooth muscle cells appeared. In the endothelial and musclar cells the endoplasmic reticulum was richer, and in a lot of places considerably disturbed. The ductus of foetuses respiring for 15 minutes had the lumen completely closed. The smooth muscle cells had a significantly changed their internal structure. The possibility of the direct transformation of the endoplasmic reticulum of the smooth muscular cells into inclusion bodies during the ductus arteriosus closure is discussed.


Histochemical study of distribution of esterases in the pharyngeal bulb of earthworms. The esterases are studied histochemically in the pharyngeal bulb of local earthworms using tweens, naphthols and indoxyl substrates. Lipase and esterases are located mainly in the pharyngeal epithelial cells and chromophill cells. No activity is seen in the nonchromophill cells. The connective tissue and musculo-vascular tissue contain some esterases activity. Possible role of the esterases in the cellular elements of pharynx has been discussed.


Structure of synapes in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the water beetle (Dytiscus marginalis). 1. Light- and electron microscopic investigations prove that synapses, without any exception, are confined to the neuropil. 2. Under the light-microscope, synapses display the shape of terminal boutons at the ends of the nerve fibres; in some cases they appear as smaller or larger plates. Electron microscopic investigations suggest that also varicosities of nerve fibres can be regarded as synapses, though these might have possible arisen from axoplasmatic peristalsis. 3. Electron microscopically the overwhelming majority of the synapses are axodendritic contacts; axo-axonic contacts occur less often. 4. The generally accepted characteristics of synapses are defective. Membrane thickenings and intersynaptic spaces are missing. Accordingly, synapses in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the water beetle differ markedly from those described in Vertebrates. 5. Synaptic vesicles sometimes fill the axoplasm of the nerve fibre completely. In other cases, clusters of synaptic vesicles can be seen, on both sides of the contact. 6. Synaptic vesicles are mixed with neurosecretory granules. Synaptic vesicles may appear also in the dendrites.


Histochemical mapping of certain enzymes in few fresh water teleosts. I. Acid phosphatase. A detailed investigation of the distribution pattern of acid phosphatase in the different parts of alimentary canal and associated glands of Colisa fasciatus, Macrognathus aculeatus, Notopterus notopterus and Nandus nandus has been made. Though this enzyme shows its hydrolytic activity in all the parts of the digestive system yet its intense activity has been noted in the intestine, pyloric caeca, liver and pancreas of all the 4 fishes. Mucosal and submucosal layers of all the parts of the alimentary canal are the main seat of localization of this enzyme.


[Histochemical study of the activity of aspartate aminotransferase in the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the central cerebellar nuclei of several vertebrates]. The aspartate aminotransferase activity (AAT) is reserched into the spinal cord, the medulla oblongata and the cerebellar nuclei of the rat, chicken, Lacerta lepida and Bufo calamitas. It's proved that the AAT activity shows in many locations, that are mainly: 1. In the nerve fibers 2. In the cytoplasmic membrane, and in the nuclear membrane of the neurons 3. In all neuronal cytoplasm, and 4. In the mitochondria of neurons and choroid plexus cells. The results base the idea that there's more than one pool of glutamic acid in relation to that AAT. It's suggested that the role that AAT plays is different in everyone of the described locations, and may be it's connected with transport phenomenons in the membrane, with energetic function on the mitochondria and with functions of the nerve impulse transmission in the synapsis. We remark, finally, the interest that the enzymatical works can have the time comming to establish homologies among similar structures of several animal's nervous system.


Effects of dactinomycine (actinomycine D) on budless hydra and during its budding process. The effect of dactinomycine (actinomycine D) is manifested in various ways, which depends upon its concentration and animal condition at the time of treatment. Dactinomycine is citotoxic in stronger concentations so hydra dies quickly. In thinner concentrations it stops the mitotic activity of the cell, but the basic metabolic processes continue as before. Interstitial cells differenciate into cnidoblasts for some time, the cnid production is not halted, but all of these cells disappear as well as zimogen cells which dedifferentiate into gastrodermal interstitial and into mucous cells. Such animals live longer but die eventually. The effect of dactinomycine is generally milder on animals with a larger cell mass, in hydras with the budding tendency where exist such reserves and in those hydras in which the budding process has begun. In these a part of mobile undamaged zimogen cells can remain. They keep their reproduction ability. These animals can survive and keep on growing normally.


[Light and electron microscopic studies of nucleus-like formations of fragmented oocytes in rat ovary]. Oocytes in ovarian atretic follicles now and then show in their cytoplasm nucleuslike formations. The appearance of those pseudonuclei in the rat is described by light-and electron microscopy. Every pseudonucleus contains one or more Feulgen positive particles, and is surrounded by a membrane on its surface. The pseudonuclei are formed in the course of degeration of the oocyte during 1. und 2. meiotic metaphase from contracted chromosomes, probably with the involvement of the mixoplasma.


Occurrence and frequency of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine of birds. The occurrence and frequency of enterochromaffin cells in the intestine of 14 separate species of birds, the quantitative variations in the several sections of the intestine and the quantitative changes in the embryonic and postembryonic development of Anas platyhynchos have been investigated by the Protargol-reaction of Bodian and the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. Enterochromaffin cells are concentrated in the crypts of Lieberkühn in first line. They have been found in all investigated species but in various frequency. The enterochromaffin cells exist frequently in herbivorous species, scarcely in carnivorous. The number of enterochromaffin cells increase from the duodenum to the colon. The enterochromaffin cells appear in the intestine of the duck embryo beginning with the 15th day of embryonic life. The number increase related with the age of the duckling. The content has been identified as 5-hydroxy-tryptamine by the colour of fluorescence and depletion of all enterochromaffin cells following reserpine administration.


Histochemical localization of lipid in the respiratory muscles of a fresh water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). The histochemical localization of lipids in the respiratory muscles of Clarias batrachus (Linn.) has been studied. The muscles innervated by the facialis (VIIth) nerve contain more lipid than those innervated by the trigeminal (Vth). The muscles directly concerned with the opercular suction pumps (Inferior and Superior hyohyoideus, Adductor, Levator and Dilator operculi) have more lipids and suggest their sustained role in the maintainance of efficiency of the opercular suction pumps. The Retractor tentaculi associated with the movements of barbels also have lipid droplets in good quantity.


[DNA inhibition and development of the pigment epithelium and receptors in rat retina]. In the retina of the guinea pig the outer segments of the receptor cells are damaged by cyclophosphamid, but the inner segments and the centriole are not altered. The disturbed membranes of the outer segments are incorporated by pigment epithelium. The progress of degeneration of outer segments corresponds with the increase of the number of Lysosomes in the pigmemt epithelium. The structure of mitochondria is disturbed by blocking the DNA. The unaltered mitochondria show a normal reaction of succinode hydrogenase.


[Effect of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in autonomic nerves in cat in vitro]. The effects of colchicine and lumicolchicine on the ultrastructure of non-myelinated axons in cat autonomic nerves were studied using in vitro preparations of inferior mesenteric ganglion/hypogastric nerves. After 24 hrs of in vitro incubation with colchicine added to the medium (10 microng/ml) a significant decrease in number of neurotubules per 1 axon was observed. In the presence of a solution of alpha-beta and gamma-lumicolchicine (10 microng/ml) severe degenerative changes occured in axons and Schwann cells. At a lower dose of lumicolchicine (3 microng/ml) these changes were less frequent and the number of neurotubules per 1 axon did not differ from that in control nerves.


The ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus in domestic fowl. The morphogenesis of lower end of tibia in chick is studied commonly but the process of ossification of the same has received very little attention so far. The present study is directed to throw some light on the appearance of ossification centers in the lower end of tibiotarsus of chick. The histology of lower end of tibiotarsus was studied by procuring developing tibiotarsi from chick embryos (20) of 6th day incubation till hatching and 3 post hatched chicks. The transparancies of chick embryos at different incubation periods and post hatched chicks were prepared by Dawson's Alizarin staining method. Three cartilage center (tibial, fibulare and intermedium) appeared in 6...9 days of incubation period in the tarsal region. These gradually fused with the lower end of tibia. Three ossification centres developed in the lower end of tibiotarsus. One for intermedium appeared on 16th day and two fotibial and fibulare on 20th day. All these three centres could be located in the transparancies of the chick embryos in tarsal region. The present study proves that the three cartilages centres maintain their individuality during the ossification process even though those fuse completely with the lower end of tibia in chick. The centers for tibial and fibulare are similar to epiphyseal centres of mammals in histological details.


Urinary bladder tumours in Zambia.

Urinary bladder tumours in Zambia. The clinical picture of bladder cancer as seen in Zambia is presented. The majority of lesions were squamous carcinoma and although all cases were first seen at a late stage it was possible to undertake a potentially curative operation in 16%. Operation provides excellent palliation and should be considered wherever possible.


Assessment of transvenous right atriography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion. From our results, we feel that transvenous right atriography is a reliable confirmatory investigation of pericardial effusion. The procedure is simple and can be carried out in any hospital. Spurious positive results may arise from faulty technique or due to marked pericardial thickenning whilst false negatives may be enountered with viscid, inspissated or loculated pericardial effusion.


Vasopressin-sensitive diabetes insipidus-a case report. This is a case report of Vasopressin - Sensitive Diabetes Insipidus in a 5 year old Zambian Coloured male child together with a brief review of etiology, diagnosis and management of the condition.


Chronic endometritis. A clinical and histopathological study. Chronic endometritis is not an uncommon diagnosis in our biopsy material and we believe should be diagnosed more frequently. There seems to be no correlation however between clinical symptomalogy and severity of plasma cell infiltration of the endometrial stroma as observed histologically. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the condition most commonly associated with chronic endometritis. The precise etiology of pelvic inflammatory disease is not clear. No clinical cause could be found in 37.5% of our cases with histopathological diagnosis of chronic endometritis.


Impact of piped water supply on the incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases in Lusaka. The effect of piped water supply on the incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases in the City of Lusaka is reported. The incidence of typhoid fever and diarrhoeal diseases reduced in the City as the piped drinking water was extended to the Urban and peri Urban self-help settlements.


Iron turnover in chronic hepatitis.

Iron turnover in chronic hepatitis. Radioisotope studies of iron kinetics carried out in patients with chronic hepatitis yielded the following results. Serum iron level and free iron binding capacity showed little difference from the normal mean value. All three types studied (chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis) revealed an abnormal distribution of iron in the first 24 hours. Normalization of iron distribution ensued in persistent hepatitis and in chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis, but in chronic active hepatitis the abnormal distribution persisted, as reflected by a decreased iron utilization and an increased iron storage in the liver. The cause of this is attributed to a transitory accumulation of ferritin in the liver.


Immune reactivity in subjects remaining tuberculin-negative after repeated BCG vaccination. Thirty-four children of 12 years mean age having had 3 to 5 BCG vaccinations owing to tuberculin negativity, were subjected to cellular and humoral immune assays (tuberculin skin test, leucocyte migration test, lymphocyte transformation test, estimation of serum IgG, IgA, and IgM levels). It was found that nonreactivity may cease by the age of 11 to 12 years. At the time of study 21 of the 34 children were already tuberculin-positive and only 13 failed to react to 5 TU. The studies confirmed the presence of combined immune deficiencies (negative tuberculin test, negative leucocyte migration test, abnormal immunoglobulin levels) as well as of changes confined to the individual immunoglobulin classes. In the case-history recurrent febrile diseases were found to occur more frequently between the 1st and 6th year of life than between 6 and 12 years of age. It is suggested that nonreactivity to tuberculin results from a congenital partial cellular immune deficiency.


Surgical treatment of Cushing's disease caused by adrenocortical hyperplasia: experiences with bilateral adrenalectomy. Experience with the surgical treatment of hypercorticism caused by bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia in 16 patients is discussed. The treatment of choice is bilateral total adrenalectomy. Following subtotal adrenalectomy recurrence occurred in three of six patients; a third operation was needed in two cases, while permanent hypadrenia developed in the third. There was no operative mortality. One patient died 9 years after surgery, but the death was not related to the original disease. The clinical symptoms of hypercorticism subsided in every totally adrenalectomized patient. Indication and contraindication of adrenalectomy, the surgical method, and the problems of pre- and postoperative treatment are discussed.


Distribution of caries among tooth types in fluoride and non-fluoride areas. A method is described for estimating the preferential caries protective action of fluoride on certain morphological types of permanent teeth. The results  of an analysis by this method, applied to data for 1164 Austrian school-children aged 6--14 years, are reported. There was no indication that fluoride would exert its caries inhibitory effect selectively on certain types of teeth. Tentative explanations are put forward for the only inconsistency within the general results observed in 11--14-year-old children having a total of 3 carious teeth.


The distribution of 3H-gastrin and 14C-pentagastrin in the blood and lymph of rats. 3H-gastrin (0.83 mug/rat) or 14C-glycine-pentapeptide amide (100 mug/rat) were injected into the femoral vein in various groups of rats and radioactivity was measured in the arterial blood plasma and thoracic duct lymph in consecutive 5--10 min. periods for 60 minutes. Radioactivity excreted in the bile for 30 minutes was injected into the blood and lymph was followed for 120 minutes. It has been observed that labelled gastrin or pentagastrin activity reaches its peak in the plasma in the 5th minute after intravenous injection. Next, activity in  the plasma decreased after the injection of labelled gastrin, but remained unchanged after the injection of labelled pentagastrin. In the lymph, radioactivity reached its peak value between 5--15 min. after the injection of the labelled hormones. This peak value was two- to threefold of plasma radioactivity measured at the  same periods.  After the intravenous injection of labelled pentagastrin radioactivity was excreted in the bile; injecting this radioactive bile into the jejunal lumen, radioactivity was reabsorbed mainly into the blood circulation.


Enzyme inducing effect of muscular exertion in the rat. The activity of hexobarbital oxidase in vivo was found to be higher in rats forced to swim regularly (sleeping time studies). The enzyme inducing effect of spironolactone and norandrostenolone was reduced in trianed animals. Inactivation of the inducing agents is suggested to be faster in animals trained by swimming. The difference observed between test and control sleeping times was ascribed to an increased capacity of the liver to inactivate hexobarbital, while an alteration of central nervous responsiveness could  be excluded since the difference in serum hexobarbital concentratios was negligible when the animals awoke. Elimination of canrenone (dethioacetylated spironolactone) was faster in trained rats. Immediately after the swimming exercise hexobarbital elimination was slower in both the trained and the control groups. Accelerated elimination, a characteristic of physical fitness, could be observed to return 5 hours after terminating the exercise.


The mast cells of the inner ear.

The mast cells of the inner ear. The presence of mast cells in the subepithelial connective tissue of the human endolymphatic sac has, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, been described. A hypothesis has been put forward in which these cells, which are known to contain histamin, heparin and serotonin, play an important role in the physiologic functions of the endolymphatic sac as well as in some pathologic states of the inner ear.


[Cervical nystagmus and functional disorders of the cervical column]. Our experience concerning the necktorsion-nystagmus has convinced us that this type of nystagmus must be elicited via a proprioceptive mechanism. The course of the curve is very suggestive, as we can state that this nystagmus changes its direction every 3-4 seconds, following exactly the stimulating movement of the chair. Our investigations resulted in another very interesting statement. Examining also a group of normal subjects, we could state that more than 50% of them presented a necktorsion-nystagmus. In a group of patients with vertigo, we could elicit in nearly the same percentage a cervical nystagmus. A significant difference between the nystagmus observed in the normals and in the pathological cases, could not be deduced from our data, except that the pathological cases showed a little more intensive necktorsion-nystagmus. A functional examination of the mobility of the cervical spine showed a significant relationship between a movement restriction of CO-C1 and the presence of necktorsion-nystagmus. This proves also the nystagmus starts via a proprioceptive mechanism, interfering with the labyrinthine in-put at the vestibular nuclei. Without doubt, the necktorsion-nystagmus is not a direct expression of a vertebro-basilar insufficiency and is even not a true pathological sign. Its clinical value is to be re-evaluated.


Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Clearly, the technics of transformation in epithelial cell cultures bring us closer to understanding chemical carcinogenesis. Also clear is the need to develop new technics to evaluate the significance of viral particles found in tumors and to answer the basic question as to whether mutation or aberrant differentiation is the mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis.


The scientific base and challenge of cancer diagnostic research. A multi-approach study of the diagnosis of the common malignancies is underway. Screening of asymptomatic patients and early diagnosis, with the aid of new and sophisticated methodologies may arrive at the diagnosis of cancer at an earlier stage (i.e., before the tumor has metastasized). Table 2 summarizes many of the newer methods which might be incorporated into such a study.


Cancer treatment combined modality approach. Other approaches to determine whether patients have a high probability of metastases (and therefore no need for axillary dissection) have been the measurements of several circulating substances (e.g., polyamines, nucleosides, CEA and HCG). None of these are by themselves useful. There is a high percentage positive in those patients with metastatic disease (with up to 97% positive for either HCG, CEA, or guanosine (nucleoside). What we need is a correlation or a parameter of what the tumor cell number is, who to treat, and how long. Today's therapy is larger empiric. The ultimate goal is to individualize therapy. Figure 1 summarizes a planned treatment for a woman with a breast cancer in 1974.


Some physiological aspects of genetic variation in the blood of sheep. The principal genetic variants in sheep red cells and plasma are listed. Current hypotheses as to how the L blood group antigen affects active potassium transport across the red cell membrane are summarized. Recent work on an inherited defect in amino acid transport which results in a red cell GSH deficiency is also described.


The contribution of isozymes to alkaline phosphatase activity in chicken plasma. The contribution of different isozymes to plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was investigated in a White Plymouth Rock strain. No significant difference in AP acitivity between FF and FS genotypes was observed in both young chick and laying hen. As previously reported in young chickens, a significant difference in AP activity between F and S types was observed in laying hens. Of the total variance of AP activity 53%, 9% and 5% were explained by isozyme type, family and sex, respectively. The higher activity of the F band was responsible for the higher activity of the F type in the young chicken, while the activity of the B band of either type did not contribute to activity difference. The hypotheses are proposed so as to the activity difference.


Biochemical gene markers in the gerbil Tatera brantsii from Lesotho. Several geographically separated populations of the gerbil Tatera brantsii were investigated with protein and enzyme gene markers. Genetic variation was found in the following systems: serum albumin, 6-PGD, haemoglobin, esterase, IDA and GPI. No variation was found in the SDH and LDH systems. There appeared to be only slight differences in gene frequencies between populations. No real seasonal variation in any of the frequencies could be established.


Observations on blood plasma postalbumins and hatchability of chickens. In chicken blood plasma two bands have been observed in the region of postalbumins. The genetically determined faster migrating band PasA was present in the blood plasma of all tested males in the plasma of a majority of the females. The slower migrating band (PasB) was only observed in the blood plasma of laying females and never in the blood plasma of males and non-laying females. The genotype of individuals of which the faster migrating band was present was determined as AA and Aa and of those lacking this postalbumin as aa. An excess of females over males was found from mating of male Aa x female Aa and male Aa x female aa. At the same time the percentage of hatched eggs was lowered respectively.


[Coding of tumorous lesions in anatomopathology]. The writer presents an initial and brief analysis of the "International Classification of Diseases, adaptation to Oncology "(CIM-O), prepared by the World Health Organization based on the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The CIM-O includes a topographical code (location of tumors) and a morphological code (histopathology of tumors) and thus makes available to all specialists in carcinology, including anatomopathologists, an international work tool for the recording of their findings. The English edition of the CIM-O has just been published, and its version in French is in the progress of preparation. The CIM-O should become effective internationally on 1 January, 1979.


[Familial syndrome combining short small intestine, intestinal malrotation, pyloric hypertrophy and brain malformation. 3 anatomoclinical case reports]. Anatomoclinical study of 3 cases of an exceptional malformative condition characterized by: --extreme shortness of the small intestine, --mesenterium commune, --hypertrophic pylorus, --malformation of the central nervous system (heterotopia, absence of operculum temporale). Clinically this malformative condition is characterized by failure and inertia of the intestinal peristalsis producing at intervals of 10-15 days episodes of subocclusion, the repetition of which causes death. The syndrome is familial and seems to be of autosomal recessive inheritance. The absence of mechanical obstruction, the repeated failure of colostomy and ileostomy, the normal aspect of the myenteric plexuses verified by cytoenzymatic and silver stains allow to individualize this anatomoclinical syndrome and to rule out the hypothesis of Hirschsprung's disease, Chagas' disease, idiopathic megacolon or hypoplasia of the myenteric plexuses. The association of cerebral malformations leads to consider the responsibility of a lack of synthesis of a same specific intermediate factor which is up to now poorly determined, implicated in the neuronal migration and neuromuscular transmission.


[Methods for study of soluble antigens in pathological anatomy]. The authors restate their personal researches about several antigen systems, viz. ACE, neurospecific antigens. They point out the complementarity of immunochemistry and immunohistochemistry which implicates a very precise methodology and utilization of rigorously monospecific immune serums with regard to the studied antigen. This conduces to reproducible, responsive and reliable techniques in optic microscopy but much less easily so in electron microscopy. These techniques are still partly experimental; but their application to the study of pathological tissues and especially of tumors may however be considered. The identification of histological types and the correlated evolution is suggested on hand of concrete examples.


[Extemporaneous histopathological examination in neurosurgery. Report on 500 cases]. The authors review 500 extemporaneous histopathological examinations done in a neurosurgical unit over a 16-month period. The following four questions are asked by the neurosurgeon: is there a tumor? is it a primary or secondary one? what variety is it? what is its degree of malignancy? The percentage of errors was respectively: 2 per cent, 2.2 per cent, 8.8 per cent and 7.4 per cent, or roughly, a percentage two times lower than in a series from the same laboratory done before the use of the low-temperature microtome. It especially seems that the tumoral variety is often determined accurately in meningiomas, neurinomas, medulloblastomas and craniopharyngiomas. In gliomas the variety is often more difficult to accurately affirm, and especially the "grade" of malignancy. The authors analyse the problems raised by the different types of tumors.


[The role of anastomosis resection in the treatment of stenosis of cervical trachea after resuscitation]. The authors describe a group of 9 resection anastomoses with end-to-end sutures of the cervical portion of the trachea after resuscitation. The operative results are analyzed first: in 8 cases the trachea recovered almost normal function in a very short time; one failure occurred : this was with a patient with considerable neuro-psychic sequelae following serious cranial traumatism. These results are then compared with 7 laryngo-tracheal plasties carried out according to the principles of Rethi's operation; it emerges from this study that circumferential resection followed by end-to-end anastomosis is still the ideal form of treatment for tracheal stenoses in view of the quality and consistency of the results. Operative technique is then described and, in giving their operative indication, the authors stress the need for medical and endoscopic treatment during the asphyxial crisis; this treatment is then suggested for removing the tube in open tracheal stenoses and in order to allow resection anastomosis with the trachea closed several weeks later.


[Anatomoclinical study of 29 cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis. Demonstration of herpes virus in 24 cases]. The authors studied the cerebral lesions in 29 cases of acute necrotizing encephalitis. Electron microscopy showed the presence of typical herpes virus particles in 24 cases. In 16 of them the virus had been isolated from specimens of the brain taken by biopsy and in 8 other cases from autopsy specimens. In 3 acute cases the search for the virus was negative and it was not carried out in the two cases with prolonged evolution. Only 6 patients have survived. Some peculiar varieties have beeen observed, i.e. two adolescents had temporal and almost entirely unilateral lesions, and two aged females had severely hemorrhagic necrotic areas which could have been confounded with vascular lesions. In these two later cases typical particles were present. Finally, one case showed within the same nuclei at once typical herpes virus particles and other viral structures of vermicular form, the origin of which could not be precised.


[Computer technology in otospongiosis. 2. Statistics on 15 years of stapedectomy]. To complete their two previous data processing studies on systematization of parameters for otospongiosis and on statistics concerning the otospongiotic disease itself, the authors now develop the study of postoperative functional results obtained over 15 years stapectomies performed according to various techniques. The characteristic of this study is that the functional results are not considered only from the operative technique point of view, but that they also take into account all the factors having an influence upon the functional results, i.e. mechanical operative factors, otospongiotic cochlear factors and, finally the patient's general factor. This work is divided in three parts. The first part considers statistical data drawn from investigating elements taken over a period ranging from 1960 to 1975 from operative findings, surgical techniques and operative complications, particularly during reoperations, i.e., the mechanical part of hearing improvement in otospongiosis surgery. The second part deals with the problem of the medical postoperative care in stapedial surgery and with that of postoperative complications and the therapy used to combat them. It is the study of the cochlear support problem considering both the cochlear fragility facing the operative trauma, and the cochlear deterioration due to the enzymatic action of the otospongiotic microfoci of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct and of the vestibular side of the footplate. The third part is the statistical study made both by means of data processing and of manual investigation, on the long term functional results obtained, on one hand by the surgical solution of the stapedial fixation's mechanical problem, and on the other, by the medical solution of the cochlear problem considered both from the enzymatic and vascular point of view. This study of stapedectomies' long term functional results allows the authors to draw the conclusions which seem to result logically from this very elaborated statistical study concerning near 17000 stapedectomies performed from 1960 through 1975.