5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of penile and urethral condylomata acuminata. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) cream was compared with podophyllin 25 percent in alcohol for treating genital and urethral condylomata acuminata. The cure rate after four weeks was found to be 6 of 18 patients treated with 5-FU and 10 of 19 treated with podophyllin. By changing the treatment  for those not cured, warts regressed after four weeks in four more patients in each group. Patients were followed up for four to nine months; 10 of 27 treated with 5-FU and 14 of 31 treated with podophyllin remained in remission. It is not possible to support earlier reports on the successful treatment of meatal warts using 5-FU cream. More than half of the patients given 5-FU reported side effects after 10 to 14 days' treatment, which in some cases led them to stop using the cream. Twenty-one men considered to be treatment failures or relapses were examined by urethroscopy. No intraurethral condylomata were found but three cases of warts in the fossa navicularis were doscovered; this prompted us to introduce an instrument to examine the urethral meatus and the fossa navicularis.


Gumma of the testis and penis.

Gumma of the testis and penis. The case is described of a patient suffering from gummata of the testes and of the penis, and asymptomatic neurosyphilis. The diagnosis was made on the clinical findings and the strongly positive serological tests for syphilis. It was further supported by the response to penicillin.


Circinate vulvitis in Reiter's syndrome. Two cases of Reiter's syndrome in women are described. The diagnosis was based on the presence of increased vaginal and cervical discharge containing excess leucocytes, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and HLA B27 tissue-typing antigen. In addition circinate lesions developed on the vulva similar to those seen on the glans penis. No previous description of these lesions has been traced and the name 'circinate vulvitis' is suggested for these lesions.


Apparent lack of a dopaminergic-cholinergic link in the rat nucleus accumbens septi-tuberculum olfactorium. The nucleus accumbens septi and tuberculum olfactorium (NAS-TO), which from part of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, and the striatum, which is part of the nigrostriatal dopamingeric system, contain high levels of both dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine and resemble each other in some other biochemical properties. We determined whether blockade or stimulation of DA receptors by agonists or antagonists affects the cholinergic neurons in this brain structure. The DA receptor antagonists haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine and clozapine had no effect on the acetylcholine level in the NAS-TO even at 2-8 times the minimum dose required to maximally decrease striatal acetylcholine. Similarly, D-amphetamine and bromocriptine (CB 154), DA receptor stimulating drugs, had no effect on the acetylcholine level in this brain area at doses up to 3 times higher than those that produced a maximum increase in the striatum. Piribedil (15-120 mg/kg) and apomorphine (4 mg/kg) did increase acetylcholine in the NAS-TO but the action was not blocked by pimozide and is therefore not attributable to DA receptor action. The data thus indicate an apparent lack of a dopaminergic-cholinergic link in the NAS-TO.


A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. I. Effects on the skin and deep receptor structures in man. The possibility of use of focused ultrasound (focused beam of high-frequency mechanical waves) for stimulation of nerve structures was investigated. The stimulation of human hand resulted in various sensations: tactile, temperature, pain etc. The corresponding thresholds were determined and characteristic features of ultrasonically induced sensations were studied. The modality of temperature sensation (warmth-cold) was found to depend on the environmental temperature. The character of pain was dependent upon the type of tissue stimulated. Effective factors in ultrasonic stimulation are discussed.


A study of reception with the use of focused ultrasound. II. Effects on the animal receptor structures. The possibility of stimulation of receptor structures with focused ultrasound (focused beam of high frequency mechanical waves) was investigated. Stimulation of single Pacinian corpuscle isolated from cat's mesentery resulted in receptor and action potentials. Stimulation of frog's ear labyrinth resulted in evoked potentials recorded from midbrain auditory area, their characteristics being much the same as those for responses to adequate sound stimuli. It is concluded that focused ultrasound is an advantageous agent for stimulation of various mechanoreceptors both isolated and, especially, located deep in the body. Some problems related to sensory specificity are discussed.


Odorant responses in taste neurons of the rat NTS. In the experiment reported in this paper, 22 of 35 neurons in the gustatory NTS were found to respond to odorant as well as taste stimuli. This odorant response was apparently mediated by the ethmoid nerve and at least one other odorant-responsive system, possibly other nasal trigeminal afferents. These gustatory neurons responded to odorants, as they did to taste stimuli, in a manner consistent with an encoding of stimulus quality information. Thus at least some of the neurons of the gustatory NTS carry information concerning several of the senses involved in ingestion.


Monoamine oxidase in developing chick retina. The developmental changes in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities towards 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) in chick retina were investigated. The whole pattern of the developmental changes in MAO activity towards 5-HT was similar to that towards PEA, even though the activity towards 5-HT was much lower than that towards PEA during the period from the 12th day of incubation to the 14th day after hatching. The MAO activities on the 12th day of incubation were low and increased remarkably until the 18th day of incubation. Then they remained unchanged until the 7th day after hatching; therefore, they decreased. The activities measured on the 14th day after hatching are on the same level as those of an adult. The multiplicity of MAO in the retinae of a chick on the 12th day of incubation and of an adult was also studied with specific inhibitors. The result showed that the major part of MAO in chick retina is type B enzyme; that type A MAO in the retina of an adult is, however, relatively higher than that in the retina of the embryo on the 12th day of incubation. It was found that an appreciable amount of MAO activity towards 5-HT in chick retina is due to type B MAO.


On the origin of substance P and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the substantia nigra. Knife cuts in the frontal plane separating the anterior part of the caudate-putamen from the globus pallidus resulted in marked decreases in substances P levels in the reticular part of the substantia nigra. More caudal knife cuts were required in order to effect maximal decreases in nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase levels. Thus, there is a clear anatomical dissociation between the striatal neurons which project to the reticular part of the substantia nigra and which contain SP, and the more caudally located GAD-containing striatal and pallidal neurons, all of which travel through the globus pallidus on their way to the substantia nigra.


Localization of a brain protein metabolically linked with behavioral plasticity in the goldfish. Immunofluorescent methods were used to map the distribution of a soluble, 32,000 dalton brain protein, the synthesis of which increases when goldfish master a vestibulomotor task. The protein was found to be associated with a family of approximately 15,000 cells which vary in diameter from 8 to 15 micrometer and possess multiple processes. These cells are distributed near periventricular and external surfaces from the spinal cord up through the forebrain, but are most abundant in the broad ependymal zones of the optic tectum and vagal lobes. This localization pattern suggests that one of the major changes in brain protein metabolism associated with performance of the 'float-training' task in goldfish may reflect the activity of a non-neuronal population of brain cells.


Conditions for dominance of one eye during competitive development of central connections in visually deprived cats. Three groups of visually deprived cats were studied for evidence that one eye gained a competitive advantage over the other during development of central connections. We attempted to detect such an advantage by measuring lateral geniculate cell sizes, by recording the proportion of lateral geniculate Y-cells and the ocular dominance of cortical neurons, and/or by testing visual orienting behavior. Three cats were raised with one eye covered by the lids, and the other, by the nictitating membrane. Lids reduce illumination by 3--4 log units, nictitating membranes, by about one log unit, and both eliminate spatial patterns. Neither eye in these cats appeared to develop with a competitive advantage over the other. Four cats raised with monocular nictitating membrane closure developed with a clear advantage to the open eye, and in all ways data from these cats were indistinguishable from those previously reported for monocularly lid sutured cats. Finally, 4 cats reared with binocular lid closure, but with additional, temporally modulated stimulation through the right lids, showed no evidence of a competitive advantate to either eye. We conclude that interocular differences in light intensity or temporal patterns do not confer a significant competitive advantage to either eye during development of central connections.


The effect of lesions in the locus coeruleus on the physiological responses of the cerebral blood vessels in cats. The effects of cerebral blood flow (CBF) of lesions placed stereotactically in or near the locus coeruleus were studied in 15 lightly anesthetized cats; 5 control cats in which the electrode was placed but no lesion created, and 10 experimental cats in which a lesion was created. The response of CBF to changes in Paco2 and in mean arterial blood pressure was determined by 133Xe-washout studies 10 days after the stereotactic procedures. The sites of the lesions were studied histologically, and their effects on catecholamine concentrations in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus, and parietal cortex were determined by radio-chemical assay. Control animals and those with lesions near, but not in, the locus coeruleus had normal Paco2--CBF response curves and normal catecholamine concentrations in the areas of biopsy. Bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus was confirmed in 3 animals on histological examination and in these animals there were decreased levels of catecholamines in the areas of assay, higher resting CBFs at normocapnia, and significantly abnormal CBF--Paco2 response curves. The autoregulatory response to changes in perfusion pressure was preserved. Thus, noradrenergic neurons originating in the locus coeruleus may contribute to the control of intraparenchymal cerebral vessels and disturbance of this control may be important in the pathology of cerebral ischemia.


Ionic determinants of excitability in cultured mouse dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord cells. The ionic components of the action potentials of mouse spinal cord (SC) cells and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells were studied in dissociated cell cultures. It was found that the action potentials of SC cells required Na+ in the medium and were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1 micron). Action potentials of DRG cells, on the other hand, were not blocked by TTX (up to 10 micron) and were observed in Na-free media in the presence of 8 mM Ca2+. In low Na (31 mM), low Ca2+ (0.1 mM) medium, action potentials were not observed but could be obtained if the Ca2+ concentration was increased. Action potentials of DRG cells investigated in low Na concentration in the presence of 1 mM or 8 mM Ca2+ became larger in amplitude and shorter in duration when the sodium concentration was increased. Na+ has this effect even in the presence of TTX. It is concluded that the action potentials of SC cells result mainly from a TTX-sensitive Na component. The action potentials of DRG cells on the other hand have both a TTX-insensitive Na component and a Ca2+ component.


Regional acetylcholine turnover rates in the brains of three inbred strains of mice: correlation with some interstrain behavioural differences. The hypothesis that the genetically determined behavioural differences which exist between the inbred mouse strains Balb/c, DBA/2 and C57Bl/6 may be related to differences in acetylcholine metabolism in certain regions of the brain has been tested. In vivo ACh turnover rates have been measured in three regions (hippocampus, caudate nucleus and frontal-parietal cortex) of the brains of each strain by following the rate of formation of labelled ACh, in these regions, after a pulse intravenous injection of a tracer dose of 3H labelled choline. Focused microwave procedures were used for the rapid fixation of brain tissue and Ch and ACh radioactivities were determined following their electrophoretic separation. Steady-state concentrations of Ch and ACh were measured by a sensitive radio-enzymatic method. Significant interstrain differences in ACh turnover rates are reported for each of the brain regions studied with the order of metabolic activity being Balb/c greater than DBA/2 greater than C57 Bl/6 in each case.  These results are interpreted as being in agreement with previous reports on correlations between learning ability or locomotor activity and regional activities of choline acetyltransferase in the brains of these inbred strains. The correlations between the in vivo ACh turnover rates and (1) interstrain differences in behavioural measures and (2) regional choline acetyltransferase activities are discussed.


Regional differences in the sensitivity of cholinergic neurons to dopaminergic drugs and quipazine in the rat striatum. Marked differences were found in the activity of choline acetylase (ChAc) in various discrete areas of the rat striatum. The richest cholinergic innervation was observed in the centrolateral part of the structure. A similar distribution was obtained by measuring acetycholine (ACh) levels in punches taken from frozen frontal serial slices. As revealed by the analysis of the topographical distributions of ChAc activity, ACh, 5-HT and DA, the regional cholinergic innervation differed markedly from that of aminergic terminals. Changes in ACh levels induced by drugs could be estimated in microdiscs of tissues punched from frozen slices. Apomorphine and haloperidol, which increased and decreased ACh levels respectively, induced similar effects in the various striatal areas examined. By contrast quipazine, a drug acting on 5-HT uptake and release and on serotoninergic receptors, selectively increased ACh levels in some areas of the striatum but not in others. The regional changes in ACh levels induced by quipazine were satisfactorily correlated with the regional distribution of 5-HT but not with that of DA. These results suggest that a limited population of striatal cholinergic neurons is under the inhibitory control of serotoninergic neurons. They also indicate that some striatal cholinergic neurons influenced by dopaminergic neurons are not controlled by serotoninergic neurons.


GABA receptor binding in rat striatum: localization and effects of denervation. Intrastriatal injection of 2 microgram of kainic acid, a conformationally restricted analogue of glutamate, causes degeneration of GABAergic neurons intrinsic to the striatum while sparing axons of extrinsic neurons terminating in or passing through the region. From 2 to 15 days after striatal lesion with kainate, the sodium-independent binding of [3H]-psi-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to striatal membranes is increased 200% above that of control. Differences in the amount of endogenous GABA contaminating the membrane preparations do not account for the increased receptor binding. Scatchard analysis reveals an increased affinity of the GABA receptor in the kainate-lesioned striatum with no change in the number of binding sites. The subcellular distribution of the receptor as well as the sensitivity of the receptor to several agonists and antagonists is unchanged by the kainate lesion. Ablation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway by nigral injection of 8 microgram of 6-hydroxydopamine reduces by 22% the specific binding of [3H]GABA in the ipsilateral striatum and attenuates by 33% the increase in GABA receptor binding produced by the striatal kainate lesion. These studies demonstrate that (1) the sodium independent binding sites for GABA in striatum are localized on axons of extrinsic neurons, and (2) the affinity of these receptors for GABA increases in response to GABAergic denervation.


Effects of the Areca nut constituents arecaidine and guvacine on the action of GABA in the cat central nervous system. Arecaidine and guvacine, constituents of the nut of Areca catechu, inhibited the uptake of GABA and beta-alanine, but not that of glycine, by slices of cat spinal cord. In cats anesthetised with pentobarbitone, electrophoretic arecaidine enhanced the inhibitory actions of GABA and beta-alanine, but not those of glycine or taurine, on the firing of spinal neurones. Similarly, electrophoretic guvacine enhanced the inhibition of spinal neurones by GABA but not that by glycine. The uptake of GABA by slices of cat cerebellum was inhibited by arecaidine, and the effect of electrophoretic GABA on the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells was enhanced by electrophoretic arecaidine. When administered intravenously arecaidine failed to affect synaptic inhibitions considered to be mediated by GABA. Intravenous arecaidine had no effect on either spinal prolonged (presynaptic) inhibition (20mg/kg), dorsal root potentials (20mg/kg) or basket cell inhibition of Purkinje cells (250 mg/kg), although topical arecaidine (6.6-10 x 10(-3) M) blocked this latter inhibition. Large doses of arecaidine (1 g/kg subcutaneous) marginally reduced the lethal effects of bicuculline in mice but appeared to have little or no anticonvulsant activity.


Afferent connections of the nucleus raphe dorsalis in the cat as visualized by the horseradish peroxidase technique. Using a retrograde tracer technique with protein horseradish peroxidase (HRP), attempts were made to determine afferent projections to the nucleus raphe dorsalis (NRD). As a control, the injection of the HRP was also made into one of the following structures adjacent to the NRD: (1) mesencephalic periaque ductal gray; (2) nucleus linearis intermedius; and (3) third cranial nucleus. The present results indicate that the NRD, particularly is rostral part, receives direct projections arising from: (1) locus coeruleus complex (locus coeruleus, locus coerulus alpha, and locus subcoeruleus); (2) parabrachial nuclei (nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis); (3) nucleus laterodorsalis tegmenti; (4) griseum centrale pontis, particularly the caudal part of the nucleus incertus; (5) substantia nigra; (6) lateral habenular nucleus; (7) hypothalamic areas, particularly dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas; (8) preoptic areas; (9) anarea dorso-lateral to the inferior olivary complex and medial to the lateral reticular nucleus; and (10) raphe nuclei; particularly nucleus linearis intermedius, centralis superior, pontis and magnus. The present findings thus confirm some previous reports on the afferent projections to the NRD described in the cat and rat, and further indicate the richness of afferent connections of the NRD. Some problems of the peroxidase technique have also been discussed.


The internal organization of the mouse caudate nucleus: evidence for cell clustering and regional variation. From paraffin-embedded brains of adult mice, ten-micron sections were taken through the entire-extent of the caudate nucleus. Coronal, horizontal or sagittal sections stained with cresyl violet were used to examine two aspects of the internal organization of the nucleus: regional variation and cell clustering. A core of large cells located centrally in the head of the nucleus and ventrally in the body was described. This core is bounded by zones containing medium cells. Slightly larger medium cells occur laterally in the head of the nucleus than elsewhere. Based on these results, three zones have been described in the head of the nucleus: a lateral periphery, a central core area and a medial periphery. The dorsal area of the body of the nucleus probably corresponds most nearly to the lateral periphery, and the ventral area to the central core. Cell clustering is dominant pattern of organization within each zone. Only one large cell was seen per clumped cell grouping, and this cell could occupy either a peripheral or central position in the cluster. Medium cells participated in the clumped arrangement of cells, and also formed rings around fibers of the internal capsule.


Antinociceptive effects of vaginal stimulation in rats: neurophysiological and behavioral studies. The present studies extend previous findings that probing the vaginal cervix of rats blocks withdrawal reflexes and induces immobilization44. In the present studies, we report that this effect is apparently not due to an action on the final motor pathway, for limb or facial movement induced by electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract was not suppressed by the probing. In contrast, the sensory response of neurons in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus to noxious pinch stimulation was markedly attenuated by probing the vaginal cervix. However, the response of these neurons to gentle tactile stimulation was not attenuated, indicating a selective antinociceptive effect of the probing. The antinociceptive effect was not necessarily related to changes in arousal. These findings were supported by behavioral studies in which probing the vaginal cervix blocked vocalization in response to tail shock, and elevated the current threshold for eliciting vocalization in response to tail shock. Furthermore, during the probing, the rats were found to be capable of vocalizing in response to presumably non-noxious (lifting) stimulation, even though their vocalization response to noxious tail shock was suppresed. These studies suggest that probing the vaginal cervix rats exerts an analgesic action.


Perinatal malnutrition: effects on brain norepinephrine content. Timed-gestation Wister rats were given free access to isocaloric diets containing 8% protein (malnourished) or 24% protein (controls). The dietary regimen was initiated on the 12th day of gestation and continued to the dams throughout the remainder of gestation and lactation. Postweaning rats were continued on the respective diets until studies were performed. Whole brain norepinephrine concentration was slightly increased on Day 21 after birth and was significantly increased on Day 35 in malnourished rats as compared with controls.


Neuronal firing patterns during generalized penicillin epilepsy in the awake cat. Single unit activity was recorded in the neocortex of awake cats during spontaneous spike wave discharges. Ongoing activity was interrupted during paroxysmal events and was replaced by (1) bursts of action potentials coincident with the EEG spike and cessation of firing during the wave, or (2) cessation of firing for the duration of the paroxysm. Other units which displayed little or no background activity were recruited to fire during the EEG spike. Surface cerebellar stimulation at high frequencies led to decreased neuronal activity while single pulse shocks resulted in short latency activation. These results were compared to studies of spike wave activity elicited by electrical stimulation.


Dorsal raphe, substantia nigra and locus coeruleus: interconnections with each other and the neostriatum. Using a retrograde axonal transport method, direct projections to the neostriatum were demonstrated from the dorsal raphe nucleus, a large area of the ventral midbrain tegmentum (including the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, the substantia nigra pars compacta, reticulata and suboculomotoria), and the tegmentum ventral to the caudal red nucleus. A direct projection was also found from the mediodorsal part of the substantia nigra to the rostral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus. Projections from the entopeduncular nucleus (pallidum) and the lateral hypothalamic area to the lateral habenular nucleus, and from the latter to the dorsal raphe nucleus were also found. This habenular projection arises primarily from large neurons in the medial part of the lateral habenula and also from another group of small cells immediately adjacent to the medial habenular nucleus. A non-reciprocal connection of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the locus coernuleus was also found. On the basis of these results and the data available in the literature on the possible neurotransmitters used by these various structures, it is suggested that the dorsal raphe nucleus may play an important role in brain stem modulation of neostriatal function.


Two satiety systems revealed by hypothalamic knife cuts in hypophysectomized rats. When pituitaries are intact, hypothalamic knife cuts produce obesity in adult rats but not in weanlings. Knife cut weaning females do not usually begin to become obese until after they are 7 weeks old. When pituitaries are removed, symmetrical or asymmetrical knife cuts produce obesity promptly in both adults and weanlings. Obesity indices that correct for stunted linear growth reveal that in adults the degree of obesity is independent of the presence or absence of the pituitary. Based on these findings we speculate that there may be two appetite regulating systems, a juvenile one involving the pituitary, and an adult one involving the hypothalamus.


Response of temperature-sensitive medullary neurons to acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Single unit activity was recorded by means of five-barrel micropipettes from temperature-sensitive neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata in urethanized cats. Acetylcholine (ACh), norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were applied microiontophoretically to the immediate vicinity of the neurons. Both thermally sensitive and insensitive units responded to ACh (82.0%) and 5-HT (93.0%) by increasing discharge rate. Iontophoretically applied atropine, but not hexamethonium, antagonized the excitatory responses to ACh. NE was shown to have different effects on the medullary neurons. Most temperature-insensitive units were either nonresponsive (52.4%) or excited (28.6%) by NE, while a majority of warm-sensitive (61.8%) and cold-sensitive (55.6%) neurons were inhibited by NE. Iontophoretically application of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, or the beta-antagonists, propranolol, or sotalol, produced no effect on the inhibitory responses to NE. These results tend to support the current concept of the transmitter role of monoamines in thermoregulation.


Purine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. The metabolism of adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenosine was studied in rat liver cell suspensions, prepared by collagenase perfusion. Oxygen supply was a critical variable in the preparation and subsequent incubationof the cells, as judged on the basis of the ratio of radioactivity in ATP to that in ADP after incubation with [14C]adenine. This ratio is suggested as an additional criterion of cell function. Adenine nucleotides synthesized from [14C]adenine were slowly catabolized to allantoin, with little incorporationof radioactivity into other purine compounds. [14C]Adenine is thus suitable for prelabelling the adenine nucleotide pool. [14C]Guanine and [14C]hypoxanthine were rapidly catabolized to allantoin, whereas nucleotide synthesis was low. [14C]Adenosine was initially phosphorylated and deaminated at about equal rates, but with continued incubation catabolic products predominated. Isolated hepatocytes were found suitable for studies of purine metabolism, in which the liver has important functions for the whole organism.


Translocation of spin-labelled radioactive lipids from isolated guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. Translocation of membrane-bound labelled lipids from guinea pig liver microsomal to mitochondrial membranes was studied. When microsomal membranes containing known amounts and composition of spin-labelled radioactive lipids were incubated with unlabelled mitochondrial membranes, reisolated mitochondria contained spin- and radioactive-lipids in an amount which could not be accounted for by the microsomal contamination of reisolated mitochondria, establishing therefore the translocation of labelled lipids from microsomal to mitochondrial membranes. The effect of addition of crude 105000 X g supernatant on the translocation was studied. The translocation of labelled lipids in aged membranes was also described. The rate of loss of paramagnetism in microsomal and reisolated mitochondrial membranes was measured and found to be different, supporting the conclusion that the translocation of labelled lipids between membranes took place. Data from these studies suggested that the translocatndrial membranes probably occurred. Furthermore, our results suggest that the mechanism by which lipid translocation takes place does not necessarily involve soluble cytosol proteins. In view of experimental data, possible mechanisms for the translocation of lipids between biological membranes were discussed.


The relative utilization of different molecular species of unsaturated 1,2-diacyglycerols by the acyl-CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes. The possible selectivity of the acyl-CaA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase in rat liver microsomes towards different molecular species of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols was studied. Triacylglycerol synthesis was determined by monitoring the entry of radioactive palmitate from [1-14C]palmitoyl-CoA into triacylglycerol in the presence of various diacylglycerols. The diacylglycerol acyltransferase did not exhibit any selectivity against hexaenoic precursors under the assay conditions used (0.25 mM diacylglycerol in medium) and the rates of triacylglycerol synthesis observed with various diacylglycerols were not significantly different when the data were analyzed statistically. The results that the extremely low level of docosahexaenoic acid in triacylglycerols cannot be attributed to a discrimination of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase against 1-saturated 2-docosahexaenoyl precursors.


Breakdown of mucin and plant polysaccharides in the human colon. To obtain an estimate of the extent to which complex carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria in the human colon, aqueous extracts of colon contents from four human subjects were separated into high and low molecular weight fractions by chromatography on a Sephadex G-100 column. The composition of these fractions was compared with the composition of similar fractions from ileal contents, i.e., from material entering the colon. In all four subjects, high molecular weight carbohydrate concentrations were lower in the colon than in the ileum, indicating that breakdown of complex carbohydrate occurs in the colon. The high molecular weight carbohydrate fraction contained sugars characteristic of plant polysaccharides (arabinose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose) as well as sugars characteristic of mucin (fucose, hexosamines, sialic acids). Concentrations of most of these sugars were uniformly lower in the colon than in the ileum. Since high molecular weight protein concentrations were lower in the colon than in the ileum of two of the four subjects tested, some degradation of protein  may also occur in the colon.


A skin test for pseudorabies virus infection in swine. Heat-inactivated pseudorabies virus caused cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitive reactions when injected intradermally on the dorsolateral aspect of the thorax and tips of the ears of pigs previously exposed to the homologous virus. The reaction induced by subcutaneous injection in the lower eyelid was more easily administered and evaluated. Nonexposed control pigs did not react to the antigen and exposed and control pigs did not react when injected with a cell control antigen prepared in a similar manner. A positive response was detectable as early as seven days after exposure, reached near maximal levels by 28 days, and remained at similar levels for at least 90 days.


Histological features of respiratory epithelium of calves held at differing temperature and humidity. The effect of ambient temperature and humidity on the structure of respiratory epithelium of calves was studied. Four calves of each of three experiments were acclimatized to a nonoperational environmental chamber for six days and then exposed to constant extremes of temperatures and relative humidity of one of 30 degrees C --35%, or 27 degrees C--92%, or 5 degrees C--92% respectively in this chamber for eight days each. Five calves (3 and 2) were similarly acclimatized then exposed to 1 degrees C--40%. Nasal swabs were taken from all animals at regular intervals. Swabs of three animals yielded Mycoplasma spp. and one swab yielded the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Detailed histological studies of respiratory epithelium of nose, trachea, major bronchus and terminal bronchioli were conducted at four sites. Goblet cells were least in calves held in hot and dry air; calves held in dry air had the least polymorphonuclear cells and the greatest prevalence of hypochromatic cell layers and vacuolation of epithelial cells. Differences between experiments were evident most for sites of trachea and major bronchus.


A comparison of various Haemophilus somnus strains. Sixty-eight Haemophilus somnus strains isolated from the bovine in Canada and the U.S.A. were compared. In media enriched with 5% ovine serum, 5% bovine serum and 10% yeast extract, H. somnus fermented glucose, levulose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, sorbitol, trehalose and xylose, but failed to ferment arabinose, dulcitol, galactose, inositol, lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin and sucrose. The organisms acidified litmus milk, produced cytochrome oxidase, indole and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and reduced nitrates to nitrites. The motility, methyl-red, acetylmethyl-carbinol urease catalase, citrate, malonate, lysine, ornithine and arginine tests were negative. Haemophilus somnus was resistant to lincomycin, neomycin and triple sulfa, but susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline. No antigenic differences were noted between strains when tested against rabbit antisera of eight strains using agglutination, complement-fixation, immunodiffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Low titre cross-reactions were found in the agglutination tests with some of the anti-H. somnus rabbit sera with Actinobacillus lignieresi and Moraxella bovis. No distinct antigenic similarities to nine other species of pathogenic bacteria of animal origin were found. No difference was observed between H. somnus isolates from Ontario and those from western Canada and the U.S.A.


Prevention of thiopental and thiopental/halothane cardiac sensitization to epinephrine in the sheep. The effects of epinephrine (5 microgram/kg of body weight) on ten unanesthetized sheep were experimentally tested: all sheep displayed serious arrhythmias. Sheep anesthetized with thiopental and thiopental/halothane combination displayed cardiac arrhythmias of the order of 10% and 20% respectively. Challenge injections of epinephrine (5 microgram/kg of body weight) to ten sheep anesthetized with thiopental, and to the same number of animals after 45 minutes of anesthesia with thiopental/halothane, produced serious arrhythmias. However, following preanesthetic treatment with acepromazine maleate (0.5 mg/kg) to 15 sheep, serious arrhythmias were prevented in all of them when they were given arrhythmic doses of epinephrine.


Interaction of heparin with canine coagulation proteins: in vivo and in vitro studies. The effects of heparin on the coagulation profile and on specific factor activity in canine plasma have been examined both in vivo and in vitro. The results show that the prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time of plasma produced by heparin is, at least in part, the result of the interaction of heparin with the intrinsic Factors VIII, IX and XI and the inhibition of their procoagulant activity by heparin. A significant correlation was found between the partial thromboplastin time assay and the circulating heparin activity following intravenous administration of heparin to dogs. The results confirm the suitability of the partial thromboplastin time assay for monitoring heparin therapy in the dog.


Evaluation of techniques for counting bovine platelets. Visual and electronic techniques for counting bovine platelets were investigated. The reference method used was hemacytometer counting of platelets in whole blood diluted with 0.85% NaCl solution. A whole blood platelet-rich plasma technique was imprecise and inaccurate. Isopycnic centrifugation of blood diluted in 8.01% NaCl solution (same density as platelets) was a precise technique, but the whole blood platelet count was underestimated. The most precise and accurate technique investigated was unit gravity sedimentation of a 1:100 dilution of blood with 10 ml of Isoton followed by electronic counting of platelets in the supernatant. This technique correlated very well with visual counting of bovine platelets (N = 77, y = 55 + 0.80x, r = 0.89, P less than 0.01).


A comparison of parameters used to assess liver damage in sheep treated with carbon tetrachloride. Changes in serum enzyme levels, liver histology and liver function tests have been correlated to determine the usefulness of these tests in assessing liver status. The effects of carbon tetrachloride administration on these parameters has been determined in a group of 20 sheep. Normal levels, elevated levels after injury and the effect of elapsed time after injury are reported for serum glutamic dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, fructose-1-phosphate adlolase, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and proteins. Variation in the time of elevation of enzyme activities may be useful in determining the elapsed time between acute injury and serum sampling. In comparison to sheep fed an adequate diet, a diet with a restricted protein intake was associated with increased severity of histological lesions and decreased liver function.


Some effects of acupuncture at Jen Chung (Go-26) on cardiovascular dynamics in dogs. The cardiovascular effects of two types of acupuncture, needling with twirling and moxibustion by electrocautery, at Jen Chung (Go-26) were studied in dogs with chronically implanted electromagnetic flowmeter probes, during 0.75% halothane anesthesia with a succinylcholine drip to allow controlled ventilation. Cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure, central venous pressure, total peripheral resistance, acid-base and blood gases were measured over a two hour period. During and following moxibustion by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) there was a generally significant increase (5% level) in cardiac output and stroke volume and an initially significant increase in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. There was a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following moxibustion by electrocautery and an initially significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following moxibustion by electrocautery and an initially significant decrease in total peripheral resistance following needling with twirling. It was observed in this investigation that moxibustion by electrocautery at Jen Chung (Go-26) produced more significant changes in cardiovascular dynamics in dogs than needling with twirling.


Quantitative assessment of the morphology of the pig's head used as a model in surgical experimentation part 2: results of measurements. We recorded 32 measurements from the surface of the head of healthy pigs at five, 11, 21 and 37 weeks of age. Average absolute growth gains were smallest in the orbit and nose and greatest in the anterior-posterior and circumferential measurements of the head. Average relative increases were smallest in measurements of the orbit and greatest in the circumference of the head and "face". Average absolute growth gain per week was greatest during the second stage (between 11 and 21 weeks of age). Similarities in splanchnocranial growth in humans and pigs were noted, confirming the applicability of these measurements in facial reconstruction research in man.


Drug resistance in coccidia: a robenidine-resistant strain of eimeria tenella. Tests for resistance to a recently introduced anticoccidial drug, robenidine, were performed on a strain of Eimeria tenella recovered from broiler chickens infected with acute cecal coccidiosis. The strain was identified previously and again confirmed by the timing of mortality of the infected chickens (five to six days postinfection), the appearance of lesions and parasites in ceca only, and the measurements (21.6 +/- 1.9 micron X 19.8 +/- 2.4 micron) of the oocysts. The tests showed that the strain of E. tenella could establish infections in chickens medicated with fourfold the recommended level of robenidine in feed but no oocysts could be recovered from the feces of infected chickens when the level of drug was increased to eightfold. The decrease in mortality, in the severity of lesions and oocyst output and the increase in the average weight gain of infected chickens followed closely the increase in the level of robenidine in feed. In contrast, no infections were found in chickens infected with a sensitive strain of E. tenella and maintained on feed mixed with the recommended level of robenidine. This and other findings discussed here show that resistance to robenidine is developing in coccidia commonly found in broiler houses.


Bioavailability, disposition kinetics and dosage of sulfadimethoxine in dogs--a correction. A reevaluation of the disposition kinetics and extent of absorption of sulfadimethoxine in normal dogs following intravenous and oral dosage has been made. The tissue to plasma level ratio at the peak tissue level (k12/k21) was 0.55, while the tissue to plasma level ratio after distribution equilibrium (k12/k21-beta) was 0.926. The systemic availability of sulfadimethoxine from the oral suspension was 48.8% (24.4-86.2) when corrections for intrasubject variability were made.


Emotional factors in strabismus.

Emotional factors in strabismus. Emotional disturbance may cause strabismus which disappears when the disturbance is relieved. It is frequently the cause of a deterioration in the control of an esotropia particularly that associated with a high AC/A ratio. Two cases are reported. In the first, a concomitant esotropia was present in an adult with paranoid schizophrenia. This resolved completely after psychiatric treatment. The second case resembled a lateral rectus palsy. This also resolved on psychiatric treatment.


The value of pancuronium in prolonged intraocular operations. We wished to determine the effectiveness of Pancuronium, a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant, in prolonged intraocular operations. We compared the variations in intraocular pressure when using four different methods of induction of general anesthesia. With Pancuronium the intraocular pressure fell initially and then rose to just below pre-induction levels and remained there. Our study suggests that pancuronium stabilizes intraocular pressure at a level which is highly desirable for intraocular surgery.


Radial sponges in retinal detachment surgery. Radial silicone sponge explants were used in the repair of 100 retinal detachments. The radial sponges were particularly effective in treating retinal detachments with horseshoe tears posterior to the equator, large retinal breaks, and elongated radial tears. In 90 of these cases an encircling silicone band was used in addition to the radial sponge. The silicone band was employed to close other small retinal breaks and to relieve vitreous traction in aphakes and myopes. The success rate of reattachment was 94% and the final vision was better or the same post-operatively in 88% of cases.


Progression of glaucomatous field defects despite successful filtration. It is generally assumed that successful filtering surgery, by maintaining intraocular pressure at a low level, will protect a glaucoma patient's remaining visual field. We present three patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and typical visual field changes. In each case, filtering surgery was performed because of progressive loss of visual filed and inadequate pressure control. Despite excellent pressure levels after operation, field loss continued in the operated eye. Certain genetic and systemic factors may contribute to further loss of visual field in the presence of normal intraocular pressures. We stress the importance of careful and continuous examination of the visual fields in all glaucoma patients regardless of the response of pressure to treatment.


Vitrectomy in retinal detachment surgery. Pars plana vitrectomy has provided an approach to those situations in which treatment of a retinal detachment becomes impossible due to vitreous pathology. The records of the first 207 pars plana vitrectomies performed by one of us (M.S.) were reviewed and attention was focused on the combined vitrectomy-scleral buckle procedures, particularly with regard to anatomical reattachment and visual improvement. This group was then divided into those in which a one-handed technique was used (29 procedures on twenty-eight eyes, involving 27 patients) and those in which a two-handed technique was used (22 procedures on twenty-two eyes of twenty-two patients). A combined vitrectomy scleral buckle approach has succeeded in reattaching the retina in a number of cases and provided a number of patients with worthwhile visual improvement.


Intubation of obstructions in the lacrimal system. It maybe difficult to maintain the patency of the lacrimal system in some cases of congenital obstruction after chronic infection or after trauma. Intubation is carried out using silicone tubing to which is attached a stainless steel wire probe which has a knob on the end. This is engaged by a special hook which is used to draw the wire out from under the inferior turbinate. After leaving the tubes in place for 4 to 6 months the obstructed area is usually epithelialised.


Particulate phagocytosis by trabecular meshwork endothelium. We studied the phagocytic response in the trabecular meshwork of rabbits to the debris released by photocoagulation of the iris. Four cell types exhibited phagocytosis: native meshwork endothelium, histiocytic macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and corneal endothelial cells. Nienty days after the photocoagulation both the lining cells and the trabecular beams of the meshwork had returned to normal.


Material and thickness: the important factors in the impact resistance of spectacle lenses. The identify the population at risk of permanent visual impairment from injuries associated with spectacles, we analysed 446 cases of penetrating ocular injury occurring over a ten year period. Sixteen injuries (3.6%) were due to spectacles; 40% of these were adult male amateur athletes. We used the drop-ball test to determine the important factors in the resistance to impact of 177 used spectacle lenses (29 plastic C39, 40 heat-tempered glass, 108 non-tempered glass). We found that material and thickness were the most important. The plastic lenses were the most impact resistant and non-tempered glass lenses the least, with heat-tempered glass lenses falling between. Plastic lenses of adequate centre thickness mounted in plastic frames are recommended for all children and all adults involved in athletics.


Infrared transillumination stereophotography of normal iris. We studied the structure of the normal iris as seen in infrared transillumination photographs of variously pigmented eyes in subjects of different age and sex. To transilluminate the iris infrared light was passes via a fiber-glass optic through the lateral wall of the globe and photographs were taken with a Zeiss stereo slit-lamp camera. The photographs showed that the structural pattern of the iris was similar in both blue and brown eyes of either sex. The iris was rather dense in children, well developed in adults and somewhat atrophic in the elderly. On the posterior surface of the iris the radial contraction folds and the structural folds of Schwalbe and circular contraction folds were seen; they were delicate in children and more pronounced in adults and the elderly. The pupillary part of the iris ballooned forward in young people whereas in the elderly the whole iris had this configuration.


An improved screen for use with the auto-plot perimeter. The Auto-Plot perimeter is a projection perimeter designed for analysis of the central 30 degrees of the visual field. It supplies clean test spots, which can easily be varied in size and colour, and the results can be recorded rapidly. However, because the screen is flat, the size and illumination of the projected spots of light vary as the targets are moved outward from the fixation point. We have devised a very inexpensive curved screen which eliminates these disadvantages.


Electron probe X-ray analysis of an intraocular foreign body. We describe a simple and rapid method of electron probe x-ray analysis on a foreign body removed from the eye. We demonstrated the presence of copper in an intraocular foreign body which has originated from a blank 0.22 calibre cartridge. Sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulpher and chlorine were also detected. It seems likely that these elements were derived from the biological milieu in which the intraocular foreign body had rested for some 2 years and 9 months.


An instrument for ultrasonic biometry.

An instrument for ultrasonic biometry. A simple instrument has been developed for measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth. It is pocket sized, and the digital output is easy to interpret. The long term accuracy of 0.2 mm is ideal in helping to eliminate errors of lens selection.


Intra-operative hyphema: a complication of retinal detachment surgery with the Choyce pseudo-phakos. During retinal reattachment surgery in an eye with a Choyce pseudo-phakos a large hyphema developed. The probable mechanism was rupture of blood vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber during drainage of sub-retinal fluid as all the eye structures collapsed around the rigid pseudo-phakos.


Responses to electrical stimulation, noradrenaline, serotonin, and vasopressin in the isolated ear artery of the developing lamb and ewe. Responses of isolated helical strips of ovine ear artery to electrical stimulation of postganglionic adrenergic neurons and exogenous agonists were studied at various stages of development from 110 days of gestation through to adulthood. Only rudimentary responses were observed at 110-115 days of gestation. A parallel development of responses to noradrenaline (NA), serotonin, and lysine vasopressin began sometime after 110-115 days of gestation and continued until 133-137 days of gestation but there was little development of the latter responses until more than 3-5 days post partum. Development of responses to exogenous agonists was incomplete 2-3 weeks post partum. The development of postganglionic adrenergic responses lagged behind those to exogenous NA. Two to three weeks post partum the NA maximal response was one-third that of adult tissue whereas the response to 16 Hz (highest frequency used) was one-sixth that of adult tissue. The NA threshold concentration was lower in arterial strips of adult animals than it was in those of younger animals. The data suggest that development of functional post-ganglionic adrenergic innervation of vascular smooth muscle begins late in gestation and continues well after birth; this development is preceded by development of vascular mechanisms involved in the response to several agonists.


On the mechanism of central hypotensive action of clonidine. The hypotensive effect of clonidine in anaesthetised (pentobarbitone) cat has been analysed with the help of pharmacological tools. Application of clonidine (0.1%) to the exposed ventral surface of medulla oblongata produced hypotension (28.6%) and bradycardia (18%). Similar application of glycine (5%) and GABA (10%) also lowered the blood pressure of cat by 20.3% and 29.3%, respectively. The hypotension as well as the bradycardia owing to clonidine were significantly (p less than 0.01) blocked by similar prior application of atropine methylnitrate (1%) and hemicholinium-3 (HC3, 1%), whereas HC3 pretreatment only insignificantly blocked the hypotension produced by glycine (p greater than 0.80) and GABA (p less than 0.70). Topical application of atropine (1%) also blocked (p less than 0.05) the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Intravenous administration of clonidine (50 microgram/kg) produced hypotension (34.6%) after an initial hypertensive response and bradycardia (38.8%). The hypotension was significantly (p less than 0.01) blocked by pretreatment of the cat with intracerebroventricular atropine (4 mg) or HC3 (0.5 mg). Topical application of atropine (1%) to the ventral surface of medulla also significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the hypotension and bradycardia resulting from intravenous administration of clonidine. It is concluded that an intact cholinergic link in the brainstem is essential for the hypotensive effect of clonidine.


Adenosine uptake by the isolated epithelium of guine pig jejunum. The uptake of [8-14C]adenosine by the isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum was faster than that of inosine, hypoxanthine, or adenine. The initial velocity of adenosine uptake from both the luminal and the antiluminal side of the epithelium exhibited saturation kinetics. The apparent Km, V, and passive permeability of luminal adenosine uptake were all lower than the corresponding values of antiluminal uptake. p-Nitrobenzyl-thioguanosine inhibited adenosine uptake from both the luminal and the antiluminal side, whilst hexobendine decreased the uptake only from the antiluminal side of the epithelium. The results suggest that adenosine enters the intestinal epithelium by a carrier-mediated process in addition to passive diffusion. The antiluminal transport system for adenosine seems similar to that of other tissues with respect to hexobendine inhibition; the luminal transport mechanism, however, exhibits different properties, being insensitive to hexobendine.


Salvage of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenisine by the isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum. The metabolism of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenine (labelled with 14C in the carbon 8 position) at a concentration of 5 X 10(-6) M was studied in isolated epithelium of guinea pig jejunum. When adenosine or adenine was added to the antiluminal side of the epithelium, two-thirds or one-half, respectively, of cellular radioactivity was incorporated into the nucleotide fraction, mainly in the form of adenine nucleotides. Nucleotides synthesis from inosine or hypoxanthine was significantly smaller than that from adenosine. By contrast, another metabolic patern was found after luminal administration of adenosine, inosine, or hypoxanthine: the incorporation rate into the nucleotide fraction was equally high and the label was recovered in IMP and adenine nucleotides to about the same extent with all three substrates. Purine riboside (10(-4) M) significantly depressed nucleotide formation from adenosine, with respect to IMP formation in particular, while no change was observed in inosine or hypoxanthine salvage. The results suggest compartmentation of the enzymes of purine metabolism within the intestinal mucosa. The significance of this conclusion with regard to the salvage pathway is discussed.


Species and strain differences in the lethal factor of the mouse submandibular gland. The differences in susceptibility of animals to the lethal factor extracted from the mouse submandibular gland and magnitude of its lethality were compared among various species, strains, ages, and sex of mice. Comparisons of LD50 values computed by an IBM 360/System computer using a programmed probit analysis yielded the following significant results. The lethal factor of adult male mice was lethal to all species and strains of animals tested. Strain differences were observed in five inbred strains of mice, and varying degrees of resistance against the lethal factor were demonstrated. The lethality was strongest in the submandibular gland of our subline BALB/c mice, and the highest susceptibility to the lethal factor was demonstrated by female C57BL mice. This factor was found to be lethal not only to mice but also to other species of animals, Mongolian gerbils being most susceptible and New Zealand rabbits next.


Electrocardiograms of male rats fed rapeseed oil. Frontal plane electrocardiograms (standard limb leads) were recorded on male Sprague-Dawley rats fed for 14 weeks on semisynthetic diets containing 20% (by weight) of Brassica napus cv. Tower or B. campestris cv. Span rapeseed oil or fractions isolated from Span rapeseed oil. Control diets were rat Chow or semisynthetic diets containing 20% (by weight) of either safflower oil or corn oil. The amplitude of the P, Q, R, S, and T waves, the duration of the P wave, QRS complex, and P-R interval, and the cardiac rate were measured in the electrocardiograms and differences between groups compared statistically. While there were statistically significant differences in the amplitude of some of the wave forms, there were no consistent differences which could be attributed to the feeding of rapeseed oil or its fractions. The duration of the P wave and the QRS complex were significantly longer in some of the control groups than those in most of the treated groups. There was no correlation between the presence of a Q wave and the incidence of myocardial lesions in any group. Cardiac rate was essentially the same in all groups.


Massive liver enlargement accompanied by decreased drug metabolism. Effect of anterior pituitary extract on hepatic ultrastructure, zoxazolamine paralysis, and metabolism in the rat. The relationship between liver enlargement and drug metabolism was investigated in female rats. Hepatomegaly (e.g., 31% increase in liver weight in a 17-day experiment) was induced by injection of lyophylized anterior pituitary (LAP) extract. The liver enlargement seemed to be due to an increase in the number and the size (enhanced water content and PAS-positive material) of hepatocytes. Electron microscopic examination of the liver revealed slight proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and pronounced fragmentation and dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Zoxazolamine paralysis time was significantly prolonged (+55% and +102%) after 4 and 17 days, respectively, of treatment with LAP. Metabolism of zoxazolamine by the 9000 g supernatant fraction of the liver of rats given LAP for 17 days was reduced by 73%. Thus, the marked hepatomegaly induced by LAP was associated with a prolonged action of the drug which may result from a decrease in hepatic drug metabolism.


Pentobarbital sleeping time and waking blood levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pentobarbital sleeping times and blood levels on arousal were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive controls (WKR). Sleeping time for SHR was significantly less than for WKR, but blood levels of [14C]pentobarbital at awakening were not significantly different. The shorter sleeping time in SHR appears not to result from decreased brain sensitivity to pentobarbital. Instead, SHR appear to differ from WKR in the rate of metabolic clearance of the drug or in the distribution of the drug between blood and brain.


Resistance to heat stress in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Thermal resistance as determined by survival time was examined in different age groups of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats during terminal heating. A comparison with age or weight matched controls indicated that the thermal resistance of SHR animals was markedly inferior to that of normotensive animals as evidenced by 56% and 36% decreases in the total heating time to the lethal temperature, respectively. The decrease in thermal resistance in SHR animals occurred after 8 weeks of age and was coincident with the elevation of mean blood pressure to about 150 mmHg. The observation of significantly decreased total body water and rates of evaporation at critical colonic temperatures (39-40 degrees C) suggested the possibility of a reduced ability for water mobilization for thermoregulatory purposes in hypertensive animals although it appeared that other factors affecting heat gain or loss were involved.


Response of microbial populations in arctic tundra soils to crude oil. Experimental crude oil spillages of 5 and 12 litre/m2 were established on the four major topographically distinguished soils of Arctic coastal polygonized tundra. The response of microbial populations to contaminating oil was found to depend on soil type and depth. Increases in numbers of heterotrophs were initially restricted to the top 2 cm of the soils. Increase in oil-degrading populations were found in oil-treated soils. Increases in microbial populations in subsurface soils paralleled downward migration of the oil. Some of the observed population increases probably resulted from input of plant residues and products from oil biodegradation.


[Quantitative changes in the principal cell constituents of Entomophthora virulenta during sporogenesis]. Changes in the relative abundance of cell constituents of Entomophthora virulenta Hall & Dunn were studied during the various differentiation phases leading to the formation of zygospores. The highest total protein (43%) and nucleic acid (5.2% RNA and 0.2% DNA) concentrations were found in the exponential growth phase; these concentrations decreased regularly as the mycelium aged. The amount of lipids was four times larger at the prespore and spore stage (about 25%) than at the exponential mycelial stage. The zygospore contained a very high concentration of chitin (about 17%), three times more than the mycelial concentrations. However, the percentage of polysaccharides without chitin, but including glycogen, was higher in the deceleration phase mycelium (34%) than in the spore (25%). A physiological model of the sexual sporulation of E. virulenta based on these data has been presented.


The taxonomy of some new isolates of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria. The interrelationships between 92 isolates of sporing and non-sporing sulfate-reducing bacteria were determined. Of the 116 biochemical and physiological characteristics examined, only 25 were useful for discrimination of groups. Responses to most of the test were negative. A similarity coefficient and a principal component factor analysis of these data were made. The deoxyribonucleic acids buoyant densities (DNA) from all strains and the electrophoretic properties of adenylylsulfotransferase (ATP-sulfurylase), adenylphosphosulfate (APS)-reductase, and sulfite reductase of selected isolated were determined. On the basis of these various data eight groups were recognized. Isolated of seven of these groups appeared to be similar to one or more named strains. Isolates of group E(DNA buoyant density, 1.708) were different from previously named strains. Sporins strains were not isolated from the Papua New Guinea location. Halophilic and non-halotolerant strains were isolated from highly saline locations in Australia. Results pertinent to the taxonomy and ecology of the sulfate-reducing bacteria are discussed.


Hepatic lesions and bacterial changes in mice during infection of Fusobacterium necrophorum. Liver abscesses were induced in male albino mice within 1 week after intraperitoneal inoculation of viable Fusobacterium necrophorum LA19 culture. Fusobacteremia was transitory and reached a peak 2 h after inoculation then sharply declined until its disappearance 24 h post inoculation. By contrast, the number of fusobacteria in the liver increased rapidly during the first 4 h post inoculation and continued to do so less rapidly until the last sampling time (48 h post inoculation). There were small or large areas of necrosis, usually surrounded by inflammatory cells, small focal accumulations of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages in areas of parenchyma with no degenerations, generalized proliferation of Kupffer cells, and a few accumulations of fibrin and leukocytes on the surface. Ultrathin sections of infected liver tissues reveled both intact and partially degraded F. necrophorum cells enclosed in phagocytic and digestive vacuoles of mononuclear cells, The results indicate that macrophages play a key role in the pathogenesis of liver abscesses.


Comparison of fatty acid composition of stable L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus induced by three differnet mechanisms. The total saponifiable fatty acids of three stable L-phase variants of Staphylococcus aureus induced by cycloserine, methicillin, and lysostaphin were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Five separate preparations of each of the three variants were examined. Twenty-nine fatty acids were identified. The fatty acid patterns of the three variants were very similary.


Concentric bodies in two species of he loculoascomycetes. Concentric bodies were found in vegetative and pycnidial cells of Podoxythium tricothecium and in ascostromal paraphyses of Rhytidhysterium rufulum, two representatives of the Loculoascomycetes. They averages 185 nm in diameter in P. trichothecium and 255 nm in R. rufulum and consisted of three zones.


Purification and biochemical properties of Egtved viral RNA. 32P-labeled Egtved virus RNA was released from highly purified virus by phenol-SDS extraction. The single-stranded nature of the RNA was demonstrated by (1) its buoyant density of 1.69 g/cm3 in Cs2-SO4, (2) its susceptibility to digestion by pancreatic ribonuclease in either 1 X SSC or 0.01 X SSC (standard saline citrate), (3) its base composition (29.3% C, 23.6% A, 14.5% U. 32.6% G). This Egtved virus is different from the other rhabdoviruses since the base composition of its genomic RNA is lower in its composition of A + U. Such a result could have possible taxonomic implications concerning the orignin and evolution of Egtved Virus relative to the other known rhabdoviruses.


Heterogeneity and the modelling of bacterial spore death: the case of continuously decreasing death rate. Models for the inactivation of bacterial spores for the case of continuously decreasing death rate are reviewed and extended to show that it is not possible to distinguish between one particular model based upon the innate heterogeneity of the population and that based upon the acquisition of heat resistance during the heating process. Two innate heterogeneity models have been fitted to published data.


A light and electron microscope study of the interaction of soil bacteria with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. Light- and electron-microscopic examination showed that bacteria became associated with the hyphae and asexual reproductive structures of P. cinnamomi in soil. In suppressive soils this association appears to be correlated with hyphal lysis, inhibition of zoospore production, and sporangial breakdown. One notable feature of the microbial association between P. cinnamomi and soil bacteria is the formation of extensive slime material. Many of the bacteria isolated from the fungal hyphosphere display antagonism to the growth of P. cinnamomi in vitro. The bacteria are morphologically varied and include Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. These observations suggest that the appropriate manipulation of the antagonistic bacteria may provide a means of biological control of P. cinnamomi.


Ultrastructural and immunological demonstration of the nodulation of the European Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. host plant by the North-American Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. root nodule endophyte. The inoculation of the European Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. host plant by a crushed-nodule inoculum, prepared with the North-American Alnus crispa var. mollis Fern. root nodule, was successful. Fluorescein- and ferritin-labelled antibodies, specific against the A. crispa var. mollis root nodule endophyte (Lalonde et al. 1975), demonstrated the idenity of this endophyte in the resulting nodules. The nodulation process of this abnormal host-endophyte system was studied by light and electron microscopy. An excretion of host blebs containing electron-dense polysaccharide material, resulting in the formation of exo-encapsulation threads containing presumptive endophytic bacterial cells, was associated with deformed root hairs. Originating from an exoencapsulation thread, the endophyte penetrates the root hair cell and then migrates as a hypha toward the cortical cells of the root. Its migration in the cortical cells of the primary nodule results in the induction of a lateral root which develops as the true nodule. The ultrastructure of the A. crispa var. mollis endophyte developing in the primary and true nodule of the abnormal A. glutinosa host was similar to the one induced inside its normal A. crispa var. mollis host. The actinomycetal intruder was a branched and septate hypha able to produce septate vesicles. The endophyte was always encapsulated in an electron-dense polysaccharide material surrounded by a host plasma membrane envelope. However, in this abnormal host-endophyte system, the number of primary nodules formed per root system was drastically reduced, and their appearance was delayed by 1 to 2 weeks. The delayed nodules were effective in fixing nitrogen and able to support satisfactory plant growth in a nitrogen-free medium.


Studies on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. VIII. Avirulence induced by temperature and ethidium bromide. When tumorigenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were subcultured at temperatures between 31.5 and 37 degrees C or in broth containing ethidium bromide, they lost their capacity to induce tumors in tomato plants. The sensitivities of curing virulence (tumorigenicity) depended on the density of the population of cells, fewer cells (100/ml) being more sensitive to curing than higher densities (10(6)/ml). The loss of virulence need not require the total loss of the virulence-specifying plasmid, but may result from a loss of a small segment of that plasmid. Virulent strains made avirulent by temperature or ethidium bromide treatment still harbor a large plasmid of 70-80 megadaltons size compared with the 100- to 120-megadalton plasmid in the untreated strains.


Nitrate-reductase electron-transport cofactors in Veillonella alcalescens. Studies on the effects of inhibitors of the nitrate-reducing activity of Veillonella alcalescens extracts suggest the participation of a naphthoquinone, a b-type cytochrome, and non-heme iron in electron transport to nitrate. A nitrate-reductase-deficient mutant displayed a longer doubling time and a decreased molar growth yield on nitrate media. This mutant was phenotypically restored by the addition of molybdate to the growth medium, giving evidence for the functioning of molybdenum in the nitrate-reductase enzyme of V. alcalescens.


Arthrobacter sialophilus sp. nov.; a neuraminidase-producing coryneform. A new species of Arthrobacter is described for which the name A. sialophilus is proposed. The organism was obtained by elective culture from soil using Collocalia mucoid, and can readily be induced in replacement minimal media with appropriate substrates, to form the enzyme neuraminidase. It undergoes sphere-rod-sphere morphogenesis, is gram-variable, non-motile, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, fails to release acid or gas from saccharides, has a GC content of 56.0 mol % and can grow at temperatures up to 45 degrees C. The peptidoglycan composition of its spherical form contains neither diaminopimelic acid nor arabinose as components, but does manifest the presence of glycine. Its generation time at 30 degrees C on tryptone-yeast extract medium is 1.6 h. Accessory growth factors do not appear to be required. The organism, though colorless in the dark, provides a bright yellow water-insoluble pigment after exposure to light. The foregoing combination of properties distinguishes this isolate from other well-described Arthrobacter spp.


Occurrence in Monia rectirostris (Cladocera: Daphnidae) of a parasite morphologically similar to Pasteuria ramosa (Metchnikoff, 1888). Pasteuria ramosa, a bacterial parasite of the cladocerans Daphnia pulex and D. magna, was described by Metchnikoff in 1888. Because the organism could not be cultured, it was subsequently lost. However, the original illustrations and descriptions of the life cycle of P. ramosa are similar to a bacterial spore parasite of nematodes (BSPN) that was recently described in Meloidogyne. As a result of these similarities, a search for P. ramosa was initiated. An organism resembling P. ramosa was found infecting Moina rectirostris, a member of the Daphnidae and a new host for the bacterium. Photomicrographs and scanning electron micrographs of the parasite indicated that the morphology of this organism was similar to the descriptions and illustrations presented by Metchnikoff. Morphological features of this newly described parasite also indicated that the bacterium is similar to the BSPN.


Risks of discontinuing anticoagulant therapy in a selected group of patients with atherosclerotic heart disease: a prospective study. In 134 patients with coronary artery disease, long-term oral anticoagulant therapy (mean duration, 56 months) for acute myocardial infarction (98 patients), acute coronary insufficiency (25 patients) or severe chronic angina (11 patients) was terminated abruptly in 50 patients (group 1) and gradually in 84 (group 2). The 134 patients represented a homogeneous population of patients with coronary artery disease since most patients older than 75 years and those with conditions known to increase the risks of thromboembolic complications were excluded. The two groups were comparable in terms of sex, age, presence of risk factors, duration of anticoagulant therapy, and presence of angina and abnormal resting electrocardiograms during therapy. Patients were evaluated 6 months after cessation of anticoagulant therapy and, since abrupt withdrawal of therapy did not carry a higher risk than gradual discontinuation, data for groups 1 and 2 were tabulated together.Of the 84 patients with angina at the end of therapy 15 experienced an increase in its severity and this symptom appeared in another patient (relapse rate, 18%). Angina progressed to fatal acute myocardial infarction in four (mortality, 3%) and nonfatal infarction in two; however, all six had extensive coronary artery disease and poor left ventricular function. The results of this study suggest that neither abrupt nor gradual cessation of anticoagulant therapy is associated with an inordinate exacerbation of heart disease.


Transvascular removal of catheter fragments from the great vessels and heart. Embolization of catheter fragments or fractured spring guidewires used during cardiac catheterization or fractured central venous pressure (CVP) lines is not uncommon. Although CVP lines are usually used in seriously ill patients, often with complications secondary to prior surgical intervention, if the catheter fragments are not removed they can give rise to serious illness or death in about 50% of patients. Experience with the removal of nine such catheter fragments is reported. In eight patients a helical basket was available for removal through a Dotter retrieval catheter. With prolonged hyperalimentation therapy polyethylene catherters become very brittle. They are relatively easy to grip with the wire basket. Silicone elastomer catheters remain pliable but are so bouncy that they are difficult to grip. For removal of catheter fragments from vessels of small diameter, such as the subclavian vein, or vessels in which the catheter has to take an acute bend to enter, such as the right or left pulmonary artery, a smaller, more pliable Bean-Smith-Mahorner biliary stone helical basket was adapted by extending the length of wire to 100 cm. For removal of catheter fragments from the right pulmonary artery it is probably better to use a softer, 100-cm-long no. 8 French right heart catheter. A Dotter retriever catheter set with both large and small helical wire baskets should be available in any cardiac catheterization laboratory.


Arteriosclerotic femoral artery aneurysms. Arteriosclerotic aneurysms of the femoral artery are uncommon lesions that occur in elderly men. In 30 patients 36 aneurysms were repaired at the Toronto Western Hospital from January 1965 to June 1977. Half of the patients presented with ischemia and one quarter with an enlarging mass, and one quarter had no symptoms. Two thirds had other aneurysms and one third had suffered from cerebral or myocardial ischemia. The technique of repair changed from reconstructive aneurysmorrhaphy before 1970 to use of an interposition arterial prosthesis thereafter. Minimal groin dissection, internal control of blood flow in the deep femoral artery, and use of an appropriate arterial prosthesis provided excellent results. Surgical repair is recommended for most symptomatic ones when the patient's life expectancy is more than 2 years.


Clinical course and management of accidental adriamycin extravasation. Adriamycin infiltration into subcutaneous tissues during intravenous administration results in an intense inflammatory response, which may progress to full-thickness skin ioss and irreversible damage to underlying tendons and neurovascular structures. An analysis of 10 patients seen with Adriamycin in filtration indicated that healing of ulcerated lesions is often prolnged and associated with significant morbidity. Seven patients suffered skin ulcerations and three had severe functional impairment due to joint contractures. Adriamycin should not be infused near joints if possible . Surgical excision of ulcers is advocated if healing is prolonged. Proper local therapy, as well as early attention to proper splinting and physical therapy, can help reduce ultimate functional disability.


Optic nerve glioma: the role of radiation therapy. Sixteen patients with optic nerve gliomas were treated with radiation therapy between 1962 and 1975. Surgical extirpaton was not attempted. Fifteen patients had biopsies with histologic confirmation: one had a craniotomy without biopsy. With a follow-up of 1 to 14 years, mean 6.3 years, 12 of the 16 patients are alive without evidence of disease. Vision was preserved or improved in all surviving patients. No patients who received 5000 rad or greater had a recurrence of his tumor, whereas four of seven patients receiving doses less than 5000 rad had recurrences and eventually died. We currently recommend 5000-rad megavoltage photon irradiation, delivered with standard fractionation, for all patients with optic nerve gliomas.


Radiotherapy of choroidal metastases: breast cancer as primary site. Forty-two cases of metastatic breast cancer to the choroid treated by radiation therapy were reviewed. Fifteen patients (36%) had bilateral and 27 patients (64%) had unilateral choroidal involvement. In 12 patients (29%) the choroid was the first site of dissemination. The median survival period after choroidal metastases was 10 months. Most patients were treated with Co60 in doses of 2500 rads tumor dose (TD) in ten fractions, 2500 rads, (TD) in five fractions and 3000 rads (TD) in ten fractions. An early group of patients had orthovoltage therapy. Good visual responses were obtained with each of the above treatment programs. Radiation treatment in the range of 2500-3000 rads TD in a short course is recommended for palliation of metastatic breast cancer to the choroid.


Breast cancer mammography patterns.

Breast cancer mammography patterns. Mammography studies, from 1963 through 1972, on 5,918 women over age 30 years with 327 breast cancer on initial studies, were prospectively categorized on a scale of 1 to 4 of increasing amounts of fibroglandular tissue. Approximately 60% of the cancers occurred in classes 1 and 2 breasts, about one-third of the patients, while 40% of the cancer were in the remaining two-thirds, comprising classes 3 and 4. There were 54 cancers that developed in breast that previously were free of symptoms, clinical signs, and x-ray abnormality. Up to 36 months one cancer was found in class 1, while 26 cancers were detected in class 4 breasts; two cancers developed in class 2 and seven in class 3. Cancers developing 38 to 88 months after normal examination had an incidence of 0.23% in combined classes 1 and 2 and an incidence of 0.21% in classes 3 and 4. Dense fibroglandular tissue delays detection of breast cancer by mammography. Apparent increase in cancer risk in such breasts is due to this delay. More than a 3-year follow-up is required to assess the life history of breast cancer by mammography.


Modulation of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by subpopulations of transforming lymphocytes. The finding of less-than-expected lymphocyte transformation by both PHA-P and PWM acting together supports the possibility that subpopulations of lymphocytes may interact to suppress their transformation and thereby help regulate the immune response.


Ultrastructure of unusual cytoplasmic inclusions in a case of myeloproliferative disorder. An unusual case of myeloproliferative disorder in which mature and immature myeloid cells were found to contain unusual cytoplasmic inclusions is reported. By light microscopy, these inclusions could be observed with Wright's stain. By electron microscopy they appeared to consist of a pale, finely granular material without surrounding membranes. Although their exact nature remains unknown, we speculate that they may represent the results or products of autophagocytosis of a portion of degenerated cytoplasm.


Ultrastructure of an infantile hemangiopericytoma. A tumor in the back of a 12-year-old Japanese girl is reported. Although the exact onset of its occurrence was unknown, the tumor conformed in all the other respects to the criteria of infantile hemangiopericytoma; namely, it was subcutaneous, multinodular, with prominent fibrosis, and with features of both hemangiopericytoma and hemangioendothelioma. Electron microscopic study demonstrated the perivascular tumor-cell showing differentiations to various vasoformative elements. Most cells appeared to differentiate toward mature pericytes; however, some cells did show characteristics of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infrequently, smooth muscle cells. This supports the concept that the pericytes are poorly differentiated cells with potentials of transformation into other cell types, and that infantile hemangiopericytomas are better differentiated and benign, compared with adult-type tumors. In addition, fibrillar inclusion bodies were found in the tumor cell nuclei; their significance is discussed briefly.


Basal cell carcinoma with intraneural invasion. Two cases of basal cell carcinoma had diffused infiltration that included not only perineural but endoneurial invasion. One patient presented with trigeminal neuralgia, and the other patient developed localized neuralgia when the tumor recurred. Nests and indian files of carcinoma cells were in the endoneurium, a region that anatomically is devoid of lymphatics. The involved nerves displayed axonal degeneration. Such intraneural invasion by basal cell carcinoma is very rare, even in the scelerosing variety of basal cell carcinoma.


Small cell cancer of the uterine cervix. Forty-one patients with small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were evaluated and treated at the University of Kentucky Medical Center from 1962 to 1974. Eighteen patients (44%) developed widespread metastases and died of recurrent cancer within 2 years of therapy. Common sites of metastases included the lung, liver, and bone. There was a significantly lower incidence of lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in small cell cancers than the keratinizing or nonkeratinizing squanmous cell carcinomas of the cervix. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of unstimulated regional lymph nodes in patients with small cell cancer when compared with the lymph nodes of patients with the other cell types of cervical cancer. These data suggest that small cell cancer of the cervix is a highly aggressive tumor similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung and behaves quite differently from other types of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Radiation therapy was superior to radical surgery in eradicating pelvic disease, but prospective studies need to be undertaken to determine the effect of adjunctive chemotherapy in patients with this rare tumor.


Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa:  report of two autopsy cases. Two autopsy cases of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa proper are presented. Consecutive histologic examinations confirmed that adenoid transformation had occurred directly from within the pre-existing usual squamous cell carcinoma during the course of the disease. The adenoid pattern was reproduced in the lymph node metastases in both cases. The behavior and autopsy findings were not significantly different from those of usual squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa.


Chromosomal aberrations in human neuroblastomas. Six human neuroblastomas were analyzed by Giemsa and fluorescence banding techniques to identify chromosomal aberrations. Two neuroblastomas were primary tumors from untreated children, and four were well lines established from human neuroblastomas. Five of the six tumors studied were diploid or near diploid; one was near tetraploid. A 1p- was found in three of the neuroblastomas examined. The 1p-was present in both primary tumors, and in one it was the only abnormality detected. This deletion was also found in the cells of an established line, in addition to other abnormalities. Giant markers of different origins were found in the four cell lines, and no double-minute chromosomes were found in the primaries or the cell lines studied. Thus, a 1p-deletion was the most consistent abnormality found in the six human neuroblastomas examined in this study. We attempt to correlate this finding with Knudson's hypothesis on the origin of childhood cancer. Additional studies of primary tumors should clarify whether this specific chromosomal abnormality is related to the the acquisition of malignant behavior in human neuroblastomas.


Correlations among serum protein-bound carbohydrates, serum glycoproteins, lymphocyte reactivity, and tumors burden in cancer patients. Levels of glycoprotein-associated carbohydrates (neutral hexoses, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose) were determined in the serum of patients with either local, regional or metastatic cancer, patients clinically cured of cancer, and controls (smokers and nonsmokers). Total protein-bound carbohydrates were compared with levels of 17 normal serum glycoproteins, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and with lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutin (PHA). Tumor burden was directly related to protein-bound carbohydrate levels in patient groups. Levels of bound carbohydrates reflect the sum of all the changes in serum glycoproteins, but primarily changes in the acute-phase proteins (alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin) found in the alpha-globulin fraction of serum. Increases in protein-bound carbohydrates in tumor-bearers were not related to increases in CEA. Increased levels of the acute-phase proteins occurred in individuals with depressed in vitro lymphocyte reactivity to PHA. A significant positive correlation was found between lymphocyte reactivity and level of alpha 2HS-glycoprotein. The results suggest that serum protein-bound carbohydrates or glycoproteins may be of adjunctive value is assessing tumor burden and immune reactivity in cancer patients.


Neutrophil function in cured cancer patients. Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction was evaluated in 86 individuals cured of various types of solid malignancies and in 55 healthy adults. Oxygen consumption tests, at rest and during phagocytosis, were performed with polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 22 patients and 10 controls, chosen at random. The results revealed an impaired capacity of patients' neutrophils to reduce NBT. The decrease in the stimulated reduction values was more pronounced (p less than 0.0005) than in spontaneous values (p less than 0.01), and was also noticed in patients who had been treated by surgery alone and in those with a disease-free interval of 10 years or more. Oxygen consumption by patients' leukocytes was similar to that of controls. The present results, especially those of the endotoxin-stimulated NBT test, might reflect a neutrophil dysfunction in cured cancer patients. The nature of such an abnormality and its possible clinical implication are still obscure.


Unicystic ameloblastoma: a prognostically distinct entity. The occurrence of unicystic ameloblastoma has been studied in 20 patients presenting with unilocular cystic lesions whose clinical, radiographic and gross features were those on non-neoplastic cysts. In the majority of these, the lesion mimicked dentigerous cyst. The rate of recurrence for this group of lesions as determined by long term follow-up observation available for the majority of patients was distinctly lower than that associated with multicystic character of the lesion throughout its course, is indicative of a much less aggressive variety of neoplasm. The adequacy of simple enucleation as a modality of treatment in the majority of patients with this type of lesion is suggested. It was not possible to answer the question whether or not the ameloblastoma began in antecedent non-neoplastic cyst.


Primary pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of primary paraganglioma of the lung in a 63-year-old woman is presented. The tumor arose from a segmental pulmonary artery and had typical epithelioid cell nests in a "Zellballen" pattern surrounded by reticulum. An electron microscopic study revealed cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules. As in eight previously reported cases, in the English literature, the tumor was benign. The tumor has occurred in seven women and two men with an age range of 43 to 69 years. All patients were asymptomatic, and the diagnosis has never been made prior to operation.


Low incidence of estrogen receptor in breast carcinomas with rapid rates of cellular replication. The results of assay for estrogen receptor (ER) in the tumor cytosol and thymidine labeling indices (TLI) of 63 primary invasive carcinomas of the breast were analyzed. The ER assay was performed by using dextran-charcoal to adsorb unbound tritiated estradiol-17beta (E2) in cytosol. The TLI was measured as the number per hundred of neoplastic cell nuclei labeled by tritiated thymidine. A significant association between low TLI and presence of ER was found. Wereas all 19 tumors with TLI less than 2.5 contained ER in the primary lesion or in axillary metastases and ER was found in 25 of 30 tumors with TLI between 2.5 and 10, only 4 of 14 tumors with TLI greater 10 contained ER (p less than 0.001). TLI and saturable binding of E2 were significantly negatively correlated (r=-0.436,P. less than 0.001). It is concluded that dedifferentiation in breast carcinomas is associated with both high TLI and absence of ER, and suggested that the carcinomas with the most rapid proliferative rates will include the highest proportion of tumors unresponsive to hormonal therapy.


Inverted papilloma of the lacrimal sac, the paranasal sinuses and the cervical region. A 22-year-old woman presented with a lacrimal sac mass which on biopsy was an inverted papilloma. Two years later an ipsilateral cervical mass was removed, which contained inverted papilloma with a histologically typical pattern. Subsequently, the patient had a medial maxillectomy and remains well 5 years later. The cervical mass may represent inverted papilloma arising in a branchial cleft cyst or it may be a metastasis of benign papilloma to a regional lymph node. This is the second such case reported and the first with substantial followup.


Renal papillary necrosis associated with renal candidiasis in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. A case of renal papillary necrosis is reported that was associated with renal candidiasis occuring in a patient with Hodgkin's disease (lymphocyte depletion histology) with profound cellular immunodepression.


Bone marrow examination: for metastatic tumor: aspirate and biopsy. A 6-year experience with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies (96 cases) positive for metastatic carcinoma is reviewed. Marrow examination detected secondary carcinoma in 58 cases (60%) despite negative roentgenographic and/or bone scan examinations. Breast carcinoma was the most frequent primary site. The bone marrow biopsy was superior to the aspirate in finding carcinoma (97% vs. 72%). However, in an occasional case, tumor was found only in aspirate preparations. Both procedures should be considered complementary and are recommended in the marrow evaluation of patients with carcinoma.


Solitary secretory plasmacytoma of the lung in a 14-year-old boy. A case of solitary plasmacytoma of the lung in a 14-year-old boy is reported. The diagnosis was made after a lobectomy was performed for the presence of a mass in the right lung. Two aspects of this case are of particular interest: the young age of the patient and the disappearance after 2 months of the M-protein of of the IgG-k type which was present in the serum.


Myelopathy due to spinal metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. The first case of a gallbaldder carcinoma with metastasis to dura and epidural space causing myelopathy is described. The mode of metastasis remains obscure because there was no involvement of liver or retroperitoneal veins. It is possible that the spread was by the vertebral venous plexus, which could account for a spinal metastasis in the absence of liver involvement.


Myofibroblastic contraction in spontaneous regression of multiple congenital mesenchymal hamartomas. Subcutaneous nodules from a newborn boy with "multiple fibromatosis" involving the head, neck, trunk, and all four extremities were studied by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent techniques. Light microscopy suggested a hamartomatous process with fibroblastic adipose, vasoformative and apparent smooth muscle components. The principal cell population combined ultrastructural characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Immunofluorescent studies revealed binding of human anti-smooth muscle antibody to the cytoplasm of the spindle cell population of the subdermal nodules but not to fibroblasts of the overlying un-involved skin. The ultrastructural and immunofluorescent studies revealed the previously underscribed fact that fibrous hamartoma of infancy is principally a proliferation of myofibroblasts. At age 8 months, there was complete spontaneous regression of all subcutaneous nodules not previously altered by excisional biopsy. The authors conclude that myofibroblasts are fibrocontractile cells, which play a role in shrinkage and eventual disappearance of these subdermal hamartomas.


The nasopharyngoscope and camera examination of the primary carcinoma of nasopharynx. The site of origin, the histology, the morphology, the extent, and the T category of the primary carcinoma of nasopharynx and their correlations, including incidence of cervical lymph node metastasis, of 159 consecutive cases seen in a period of four years are studied.


A quantitative measurement of peritoneal drainage in malignant ascites. With a two-compartment model, a method is described for quantitative determination of peritoneal drainage rates in malignant ascites. Data on twenty-four patients are presented and comparison is made with the qualitative assessment of the integrity of diaphragmatic and mediastinal lymphatics on the basis of lymphoscintigrams. It is concluded that flow rates less than 50 ml/hour are usually associated with abnormalities of the diaphragmatic and mediastinal lymphatics, indicating that tumor permeation of these structures is a significant contributing factor to persistent, intractable ascites in patients with malignant diseases.


Psychological and social adjustment to mastectomy: a two-year follow-up study. A consecutive series of 160 women admitted to hospital for breast tumor biopsy was assessed prior to, and at 3, 12, and 24 months following operation for marital, sexual, interpersonal and work adjustment, depression, and personality characteristics by means of rating scales based on structures interviews and standard tests. By 2 years there wery no significant differences in social adjustment between mastectomy patients and benign breast disease controls; 70% of cancer patients were no longer stressed by mastectomy at 1 year. Factors predicting poor adjustment to mastectomy were high preoperative scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Neuroticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory; deterioration in sexual adjustment was associated with biological or chronological perimenopausal status. Significantly more cancer than benign disease patients were dissatisfied with the information they received about operation and diagnosis. Implications of these findings for the care of the mastectomy patient are discussed.