Intrarenal vascular obstruction of superior ureteropelvic junction causing nephralgia in a woman with complete duplex kidney. (a case of Fraley's syndrome in duplex kidney). A case of Fraley's syndrome in a Japanese woman was reported. This is believed to be the first case involved in a complete duplex kidney.


Pelvic neurilemmoma.

Pelvic neurilemmoma. A rare case of benign pelvic neurilemmoma with bladder infiltration and ureteral obstruction is presented. This neurally originated tumor may occur anywhere in the body, but involvement of the urinary tract is rare. Management depends upon location and other clinical findings, and in this case, since complete removal was impossible, urinary derivation was employed as a palliative treatment.


Carcinoma of the bladder. (A study of 106 cases over a period of ten years). The authors have treated 106 patients with bladder carcinoma. Results are reported here.


Abortion and maternal health: an American perspective. It was decided to legalize abortion in the U.S.A. in 1973. Since then the national abortion ratio has increased from 180 per 1000 to 272 per 1000; the fertility rate has decreased from 73.4 to 66.7. In 65% of the induced abortions the women were under 26 years of age, and in 74% they were unmarried; the number of out-of-state abortions decreased from 43.8% to 10.8%. The mortality rate related to induced abortion has clearly been improved by the legalization of abortion; the best method seems to be the suction and D & C procedures, which are associated with a 1.6 per 100,000 death risk, while childbirth is associated with an 8.2 per 100,000 mortality rate. The long-term effect of legal abortion on the subsequent reproductive function is unknown, but at present there is no evidence of any detrimental effect.


Prevention of irrigant absorption during TURP: continuous low-pressure irrigation. Comparative studies have been carried out on bladder pressure. The pressure gradient between bladder and abdominal cavity during TURP proved to be significantly lower with continuous low-pressure irrigation than with conventional high-pressure irrigation. Absorption is reduced to a clinically insignificant rate, as shown by blood sugar determinations during TURP in 100 cases.


Experiences with Meadox-Dardik umbilical vein biograft as a lower extremity bypass graft. The umbilical veins are valveless, approximately 50 mm long in the umbilical cord, and their diameter is about 4 mm. To prepare the vascular prosthesis the vein is first stripped, then submitted to tanning process, and finally is surrounded by the supporting Dacron mesh. The prosthesis is available in various sizes, from 3 to 6 mm in diameter. Seventy-two patients were operated on to revascularize the peripheric leg vessels using this prosthesis. In ten cases the early results were good and in seven cases a good late result (six months) was observed. The umbilical Meadox-Dardik biograft seems to be an excellent substitute for the saphenous vein in operative procedures in those patients who need a shorter operation or who are afflicted by the absence of the saphena.


Value of transurethral biopsy in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. Needle biopsy, as a simple and reliable method, has been in use for the microscopic diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. On the evidence of published observations and of the present study, transurethral biopsy is regarded as a useful supplementary procedure, 10 per cent of the malignant tumours of the prostate being inaccessible to the other current biopsy techniques. The cases in which it has been found to be of particular diagnostic value include 1. carcinoma of the prostate arising from the anterior lobe or from the periurethral area; 2. occult carcinoma: 3. negativity of successive needle biopsies in spite of clinical suspicion of prostatic carcinoma; 4. malignant growth involving the neck of the bladder when cystoscopy fails to identify its primary site.


A comparative study between direct testicular and pedal lymphography in dogs. (A preliminary report). In 20 dogs, 12 bilateral and 8 unilateral pedal and direct testicular lymphographies were performed. Comparison between the two methods showed that pedal lymphography failed to visualize some of the regional lymph nodes of the testicle. Histological examinations of the excised testicles two months after the injection of the contrast material failed to show any significant abnormalities. The potential applications of direct testicular lymphography are discussed.


Factors influencing the prognosis of acute renal failure. (Analysis of 228 cases). Two hundred and twenty-eight patients were treated for acute renal failure between October, 1964, and December 31, 1976. Complex antiuraemic therapy has been applied in 96, and haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in 132 cases. The overall mortality rate was 40.7%. The part played by age, primary process and possible complications of acute renal failure in the mortality figures is examined. From the analysis of clinical features, infections and septicaemia emerge as primary factors responsible for the high mortality. In conclusion the therapeutic measures which may minimize the hazard of inflammatory complications are summed up.


[Social psychiatric basis for drug non-compliance and recurrence in psychotic patients]. In a follow-up investigation on 104 mostly schizophrenic psychotic patients, of both sexes, a statistical correlation was sought using factors to determine whether the patient returns regularly for check-up or takes the prescribed drugs. Failure to take medication frequently leads to deterioration and readmission to hospital. The investigation showed that women are more amenable to follow-up than men and that regular follow-up depends largely on the degree of integration within the family: well-integrated patients attend more regularly. Social work measures improve follow-up and the taking of medication only when they are carried out on a regular basis. An interesting observation was that patients affected before their 25th year attend check-ups less regularly than those who first fall ill when they are older. It was also found that the regularity of attendance for check-ups tended to diminish with the increasing number of hospital admissions in the patient's history. No significant difference was found in respect of level of education although patients with a moderate education were most regular in coming for follow-up, whereas those with above-average and below-average education were less regular.


Carboxymethyl-selenopyruvic acid as the product of the oxidative deamination of carboxymethyl-selenocysteine. CMSeC labeled with 14C in the carboxymethyl moiety was incubated with snake venom L-aminoacid oxidase. As the product of the reaction only one ketoacid was detected, which retained all the radioactivity of the oxidized substrate. This clearly shows that no breakdown of the C-Se bond of CMSeC occurs during its oxidation, and confirms previously reported data indicating that the ketoacid arising from CMSeC is CMSeP.


Spinach threonine dehydratase. Inhibition by L-cysteine and D-cysteine. L-threonine deaminase from spinach is inhibited by D- and L-cysteine. The inhibition patterns by D-cysteine and by L-cysteine are non-competitive. The value of Ki for D-cysteine and L-cysteine is of the same order of magnitude. Inhibitions by L-isoleucine and L-cysteine are additional. These results indicate that inhibition by L-cysteine occurs on a site of enzyme which is different from the binding site for L-isoleucine and L-valine. Probably L-cysteine and D-cysteine form the thiazolidinic ring with a PLP mole. Which is not costituent of the active site, but located in a different region.


Cysteic and cysteine sulphinic acid decarboxylase activity in rat tissues during postnatal growth. 1) Cysteic and cysteine sulphinate decarboxylase activities have been determined in rat retina, brain, liver, kidney, lung and spleen during postnatal growth. 2) The two enzymic activities increase as function of age in retina, brain and liver. 3) In contrast the cysteic and cysteine sulphinate decarboxylase activities decrease with age in kidney, lung and spleen. 4) The rate of decarboxylation of cysteine sulphinate is higher than cysteic acid and the ratio of the two decarboxylating activities for each tissue is constant; this uniformity may exclude the existence of two separate enzymes.


Altered sialic acid contents of red blood cell membrane preparations in homozygous beta-thalassemia. In the present work the sialic acid content of the red blood cell ghost membranes was measured in blood specimens obtained from 18 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 10 controls. The sialic acid-protein weight ratio was reduced in comparison with normal mean value only in four patients who had undergone splenectomy several years ago. The remaining 14 unsplenectomized patients showed a sialic acid/protein ratio that was 50% higher than normal (P less than 0.001). The titratable sulphydryl groups were also measured in red blood cell membrane preparations. SH groups content was reduced in patients with beta-thalassemia major, and a dramatic decrease (-60%) was observed in patients after splenectomy.


The ethics of health education as public health policy. The concept of voluntariness is central to an understanding of ethical considerations in two aspects of public health education practice: (1) the selection of appropriate interventions, and (2) the selection of appropriate targets for such interventions. The position is taken that most mass communications programs in public health education are persuasive as well as informative in intent. It is argued that the impact of such programs on voluntariness can be analyzed with regard to the rationality and resistibility of the persuasive appeals involved. Considerations of justice, as well as voluntariness and liberty, are reviewed in the discussion of appropriate targets for intervention. The issue of victim-blaming in public health education is explored, and conditions under which behavioral public health programs may be morally justifiable are suggested.


Ethical issues in community organization. The health educator's role as a community organizer raises a number of ethical dilemmas for the practitioner. Such basic prescriptions given the health educator as "start where the people are" and "change by choice, not by coercion" must be carefully examined in light of the realities which sometimes make strict adherence to these theoretical goals difficult in practice and problematic from an ethical perspective. The importance of avoiding unintentional "victim-blaming" in the selection of targets for community organization and the necessity of acquainting communities with possible negative or unanticipated outcomes of organizing efforts are underscored as critical ethical issues for the health educator engaged in community organization activities.


Disease prevention and health promotion initiatives: some legal considerations. Public health programs to prevent disease and promote health are constrained by legal doctrines that protect individuals from intrusive regulation of their health-influencing behaviors. This paper outlines the parameters of acceptable interventions in the context of antismoking legislation and motorcycle helmet safety laws. The authors discuss recent court decisions challenging the constitutionality of these laws and identify criteria the courts apply in reviewing governmental attempts to protect the public from disease or trauma.


Coercive measures in health promotion: can they be justified? Though environmental hazards and lack of medical care continue to threaten the public's health, much recent attention has turned to the role of destructive health-related behavior. If, as Fuchs suggests, changing behavior patterns is the most powerful alternative open to advanced countries in the pursuit of health, the role of the health educator is likely to grow more prominent relative to other health-care professionals. At the same time, that role may change. A campaign to solve the nation's health problems by altering habits of living may require methods which are stronger than the traditional health educator's efforts to facilitate and inform. This paper examines the coercive aspects of some of these possible measures and surveys the moral justifications for a policy of using coercion to bring about the desired changes in health-related behavior. Three such arguments are most plausible: that the coercion is justified by the social benefit; by the benefit to the coerced; and by a right of others in society to prevent the self-destructive individual from placing unfair burdens upon them.


A quantitative histochemical study of three oxidative enzymes in solar keratoses and Bowen's disease. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities have been studied using quantitative enzyme histochemical techniques in the epidermis of five patients with solar keratoses and Bowen's disease. 'Non sun-exposed' buttock skin was compared with the skin from the actual lesion and adjacent, clinically normal paralesional skin. SDH activity was significantly increased in the basal layer and decreased in the granular layer in the epidermis of both lesion and paralesional skin, although the total epidermal activities were unchanged when compared to 'non-exposed' buttock skin. G6PDH activity was increased in the granular layer of paralesional epidermis and of lesions. No change in LDH activity was detected. Inclusion of phenazine methosulphate in the reaction mixtures resulted in a three-fold increase in formazan deposition without altering the localization. It is concluded that the quantitative changes and alteration in localization of SDH and G6PDH reported in solar keratoses are accompanied by similar changes in adjacent, clinically normal 'sun-exposed' skin and differ from normal 'non-exposed' skin. It is suggested that these changes may precede the development of the solar keratoses and that these findings may indicate a significant metabolic alteration in the events that lead to neoplasia.


Phosphorylase activity as a histochemical marker of specialized tissue of heart. Phosphorylase activity has been investigated histochemically under controlled conditions in the specialized tissue and the general myocardium of goat heart using glucose-1-phosphate as the substrate. It has been observed that the phosphorylase content of the nodal and conducting tissue is very high as compared to the general myocardium. The phosphorylase content of the cardiac neural elements is also high. Since the connective tissue which surrounds the nodal and conducting tissue has almost no phosphorylase activity, the nodal and conducting tissue is sharply demarcated by the histochemical reaction for phosphorylase. This reaction can, therefore, be used as a specific and expedient method for the localization of specialized tissue as an exploratory and confirmatory test.


beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in human and kitten odontoclasts and kitten osteoclasts. beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was studied in whole cell preparations of human and kitten odontoclasts and kitten osteoclasts. Strong histochemical reactions occurred within 2--10 min in all three giant cell types. The possible significance of the high levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in the metabolism of odontoclasts and osteoclasts is discussed.


[Testing pararosanilines and fuchsins histophotometrically for their usefulness in the quantitative PAS-reaction (author's transl]. Seven pararosanilines and nine fuchsins of different sources have been compared histophotometrically to "Pararosanilin acridinfrei" (Bayer). With respect to the quantitative evaluation of the PAS-reaction three problems are investigated: 1) Wavelength of extinction maxima of the reaction products; 2) Influence of the disulfite concentration; 3) Possibility to differentiate between long time and short time oxidized liver sections. The reaction products of the tested reagents are not comparable with the control substance. Partly there are many reaction products with different maxima. In all reaction products, except Pararosaniline Chloride (Gurr), the extinction maxima are shifting with variations in the disulfite concentration. The difference of the oxidation time is reproduced by five substances half as good as by the control substance, some substances reproduce the difference worse, and some substances do not differentiate in any way between different oxidation times. It is impossible to compare the results of PAS-reactions quantitatively using different colouring substances.


Quantitative histochemical and stereological study of alkaline phosphatase in the rat thyroid gland. The histochemical alkaline phosphatase reaction in thyroid vascular endothelium was estimated spectrophotometrically and stereologically. Thus two main characteristics of the reaction were obtained: 1. the average enzyme activity, reflecting the level of transport processes in the capillary-thyrocyte system; 2. the relative volume of functioning vessels. An index of thyroid vascularity is proposed that is equal to the product of these two characteristics. The changes of the primary characteristics as well as of the vascularity index, caused by experimental hypo- and hyperplasia of the gland, are discussed.


Iodination of cell membranes results in cytologic fixation. Cells grown as adhering monolayers have been iodinated using the lactoperoxidase technique with glucose and glucose oxidase instead of H2O2. A high degree of cytologic fixation, as evidenced by electron microscopy, resulted from this treatment even in the absence of lactoperoxidase.


Concanavalin A binding sites on the luminal surface of ependymal cells of third ventricle. Detection of the Concanavalin A binding sites within the luminal surface of ependymal cells of the third ventricle has been accomplished using perfusion techniques as a way of exposing the cells to reaction solutions. Parameters for this procedure were established. It was found that electron dense reaction products form a layer ranging from 25--40 nm in thickness on the luminal surface of investigated cells. The microvilli exhibited a slightly thiner layer, the reaction products formed small patches on cilia.


Cytochemical localization of complex carbohydrates in the thyroid gland of normal and TSH-treated mice. The silver methenamine method for the ultrastructural localization of carbohydrates and glycoproteins was applied to the thyroid glands of normal and TSH-treated mice. The majority of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum showed a weak, but apparently positive reaction. These findings support the opinion that glycosylation of thyroglobulin occurs initially in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. By this method the Golgi apparatus was observed to display a staining gradient. The intermediate to inner saccules were intensely stained, whereas the outer saccules were not so heavily stained. This phenomenon indicates that the Golgi apparatus has a functional polarity for the addition of carbohydrates to thyroglobulin and other proteins. In the inner and/or the peripheral regions of the Golgi apparatus and in the apical cytoplasm, a large number of globules of various sizes, considered to be colloid droplets, lysosomes and apical secreting vesicles, showed a positive reaction. The luminal colloid was also positive with silver methenamine staining, with almost the same intensity as the globules and vesicles.


The effects of horseradish peroxidase on the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine and platelet counts in blood of rabbits and guinea pigs. When HRP was injected i.v. in rabbits and guinea pigs, a rapid fall in the number of circulating platelets and the concentration of 5 HT occurred. Platelet aggregates were trapped in lung capillaries. The aggregation was reversible and the return of platelets to the circulation concomitant with a rise in blood 5 HT concentration.


Diaminobenzidine reactions in control and treated Amoeba proteus. Cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated in Amoeba proteus by diaminobenzidine (DAB) cytochemistry. Deposition of the reaction product occurred on the inner mitochondrial membranes and the cristae. The reaction was abolished by cyanide incubations. Positive reactions were produced with both unfixed and fixed cells: although staining potential was destroyed by any prefixatives which included glutaraldehyde. Cells prefixed with 4% formaldehyde, to raise structural preservation, retained staining ability. Amoebae subjected to prolonged anaerobiosis or to treatment with the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourethane (MNU) displayed a reduction in DAB reactivity. A positive reaction was only produced in incubations of unfixed cells and even in these the intensity of cristal staining was depleted. The possible use of DAB reactions where lesions in mitochondrial functioning have occurred is considered.


The effects of pre- and perinatal undernutrition on the succinic dehydrogenase content of muscle fibres from fast and slow rat muscles. Male rats were subjected to early undernutrition by limiting the mothers' food supply by 50% during pregnancy and lactation. At age 36 weeks, quantitative cytochemical determinations of succinic dehydrogenase activity were made in muscle fibres from the anterior tibialis and soleus muscles. Marked decreases were found in the former muscle but relatively little decrease was seen in the latter. This response of the muscles to early undernutrition was discussed with reference to other studies on pre and post-natal starvation.


Semiquantitative estimations of quinacrine fluorescence in intestinal nerve fibres. Quinacrine has been shown to bind selectively to a population of nerves and ganglion cells in the mouse, rat and guinea-pig gut. In the present report a method for semiquantitation of nervous quinacrine contents using semiquantitative estimations of fluorescence intensity and nerve fibre density is presented and evaluated. Estimation of fluorescence intensity and nerve fibre density is based on a scale with eleven steps from 0 to 5. Preparations were incubated in 14C-labelled quinacrine hydrochloride. Reliability of the scale was expressed as the correlation coefficient between two consecutive blind estimations of the same preparations with recoding and remixing specimens in between. This correlation was found to be 0.95 or higher. Validity was expressed as the correlation between the semiquantitative estimations and 14C-quinacrine uptake measurements into the same specimens. Also this correlation was found to be strongly positive. It was concluded that nervous quinacrine content and amount of quinacrine binding nerves can be reliably estimated by fluorescence microscopy.


Demonstration of amyloid with Mesitol WLS-Congo Red: application of a textile auxiliary to histochemistry. Previous histochemical investigations demonstrated similarities in the binding of Congo Red and other direct cotton dyes by amyloid and cellulose. It seemed therefore of interest to determine whether or not the cellulose-like reactivity of amyloid extends also to dye solutions containing an anionic reserving agent. These reagents are used in the dyeing of wool-cellulose (Halbwolle) fabrics to prevent binding of direct cotton dyes by proteins. Mesitol WLS-Congo Red solutions stained amyloid selectively; other tissue structures, except some hyaline deposits in arterioles, remained unstained. The cause of this non-specific reaction could not be determined with certainty. Therefore, the alkaline Congo Red method is recommended for histochemical identification of amyloid. However, the Mesitol WLS-Congo Red technic was very useful for demonstration of amyloid after prolonged storage of tissues in formalin; amyloid in such material showed little or no reactivity with the alkaline Congo Red or the Sirius dye methods. This pilot study indicates that anionic reserving agents can be effectively employed under conditions of histochemical technics.


Modeling the effect of axial bronchial tension on expiratory flow. Previous modeling of the expiratory flow-limiting mechanism is extended by including axial tension in the airway walls as one of the forces that affect airway mechanics. The analysis supports the Dawson-Elliott explanation of the plateaus in isovolume pressure-flow (IVPF) curves and shows that axial tension has the effect of increasing maximum flow and introducing a negative-effort-dependent region. Solutions for boundary conditions representing a cannula in the airways are qualitatively different with flow approaching zero as the pressure drop across the system becomes large.


Responses of isolated canine airways to electric stimulation and acetylcholine. Contractility of tracheal smooth muscle strips and spiral strips of intrapulmonary airways 5 mm and 1.5 mm in diameter was studied in organ baths. Acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of canine airways closely resembled that of other species, and concentration-response curves for this drug were similar for all three preparations. Electric field stimulation (ES) elicited sustained contractions and, in contrast to guinea pig and human airways, never produced relaxations below the base line. Atropine antagonized the responses to both ES and exogenous ACh whereas tetrodotoxin abolished the response to supramaximal ES without altering ACh concentration-response curves. Thus, ES contracts airway smooth muscle via release of neurotransmitter from autonomic nerve endings whereas exogenous ACh acts directly on smooth muscle cells. The ratio of maximal force produced by ES to that produced by ACh decreased significantly from the trachea to the 1.5-mm airways. The latter result suggested that either the innervation of airway smooth muscle or the type of smooth muscle intercellular contacts, or both, vary depending on location within the tracheobronchial tree.


Oxygen toxicity in neonatal and adult animals of various species. Neonatal and adult animals of five species were exposed to 95+% O2. Survival time and changes in lung antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GP)) in response to hyperoxia were determined. Adult animals succumbed to O2 lung toxicity in 3--5 days. Neonatal rats, mice and rabbits showed minimal lung changes after 7 days of hyperoxic exposure and these same neonatal animals showed rapid and significant increases in lung antioxidant enzyme activities. In contrast, neonatal guinea pigs and hamsters had no lung antioxidant enzyme response to hyperoxia and these neonates died in 95+% O2 as readily as their respective parent animals. Results from an in vitro hyperoxic exposure system suggest that the lack of enzymic response of the guinea pig (and hamster) neonates to O2 challenge is due to an inherent pulmonary biochemical unresponsiveness rather than to a deficiency of a necessary "serum factor." The results of this species and age study support the important role of the lung antioxidant enzyme defense system in protection of the lung from O2-induced injury.


Elevated temperature effects on catecholamines and serotonin in brains of male Japanese quail. Endogenous level and turnover of brain norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) in male Japanese quail were determined after acute (6 h) and chronic (5 wk) exposure to thermal (34 degrees C) and cyclic temperature (10--34 degrees C) stress. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT) and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were used to study the turnover of the monoamine levels. The differences between the monoamine levels of drug-treated birds and control (22 degrees C) birds were regarded as changes in turnover. High ambient temperature (34 degrees C) stress for 6 h increased brain NE turnover. However, chronic exposure (5 wk) to 34 degrees C, and to cyclic temperatures (10--34 degrees C), did not increase turnover of brain NE. Also, acute and chronic heat exposures did not significantly change E turnover. High acute temperature stress had no effect on brain DA turnover, although chronic exposure of birds to 34 and 10--34 degrees C resulted in a retarded turnover. The central 5-HT turnovers increased when birds were subjected to acute 34 degrees C stress. Five weeks of exposure to 34 and 10--34 degrees C caused declines in 5-HT turnovers. Thus, the results indicate that NE and 5-HT turnovers increase during acute thermal exposure, but acclimation to thermal stress for 5 wk reduces the turnover of brain NE, 5-HT, and DA.


Influence of age and physical activity on central hemodynamics and lung function in active adults. Five female and seven male physically active adults were studied twice within a 13-yr interval. The individual state of physical activity was mainly unchanged. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was reduced in all subjects except one female, in whom it remained unchanged. During maximal exercise, cardiac output (Q) in males was unchanged. In females, Q was significantly increased due to increased stroke volume (SV). In both sexes, the reduced VO2 max was explained by a smaller arteriovenous O2 difference (mixed venous O2 content (C-VO2) significantly increased). For a given submaximal VO2, Q was increased in both sexes and heart rate was unchanged. Thus, SV was increased and arteriovenous O2 difference was reduced due to increased C-VO2. Another four males were studied several times in various states of physical fitness during an 11-yr period. The reduced VO2 max from peak value was due to a reduced Qmax (SV smaller), whereas the arteriovenous O2 difference and C-VO2 were unchanged. Our results indicate that the observed changes in circulatory response to submaximal and maximal exercise in physically active adults may to a large extent be due to an effect of "detraining."


Pulmonary circulation of the harbor seal. Cardiac output (Q) and pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) were measured under various conditions in four harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) weighing 35--52 kg. In seals anesthetized with halothane, Q averaged 3.47 l/min; in awake resting seals, Q averaged 11.5 l/min; and during surface dives (i.e., at atmospheric pressure) Q averaged 1.99 l/min. Stroke volume was one-third and two-thirds of the awake resting value during anesthesia and diving, respectively. Systolic Ppa was usually 40--50 Torr in anesthetized and awake resting seals, but was about 10 Torr lower during both surface and compression (i.e., elevated ambient pressure) dives. Diastolic Ppa was constant and high during anesthesia and quite variable in awake resting seals. During both surface and compression dives the diastolic Ppa often fell to the same level as right atrial pressure. We conclude that Q and Ppa are high in awake resting seals and that pulmonary blood flow may cease between beats during diving.


Exercise performance and hemodynamics during dietary potassium depletion in dogs. Dietary potassium depletion plus high sodium intake has been reported to elevate resting heart rate and cardiac output and to cause heart failure during exercise. We implanted aortic root electromagnetic flowmeters and aortic and pulmonary artery catheters in five splenectomized dogs condition-trained to run at 9 km/h on an 11% grade for 20 min. Postoperatively, the dogs ate a potassium-enriched diet until completion of control studies; then potassium was withdrawn. During 4 wk of depletion, skeletal muscle potassium fell from 380 +/- 22 to 311 +/- 8 meq/kg, and muscle sodium rose from 142 +/- 14 to 207 +/- 27 meq/kg (mean +/- SE). Cardiac output, aortic blood pressure, heart rate, acceleration of aortic blood flow at rest or during exercise, and the oxygen cost of exercise remained at control levels. Serum creatine phosphokinase at rest, an indicator of rhabdomyolysis, was never elevated. A 24% dietary depletion of muscle potassium in the dog did not change resting and exercise hemodynamics and exercise performance from control.


Pressure, temperature, and repetitive impulse generation in crustacean axons. Increases in nerve axon excitability, including repetitive activity, have from time to time been reported in nerves subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. With the description of the high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in human divers and experimental animals, this phenomenon is of interest as a possible basis for the hyperexcitability associated with HPNS. The present study was designed to define the relationships between temperature, pressure, and repetitive activity in isolated crayfish axons. Crayfish claw nerves were exposed to helium pressures between 1 and 200 atmospheres absolute (ATA) in a temperature-controlled recording chamber. Repetitive and spontaneous impulses were reliably evoked on compression. The probability of repetitive response was increased by low temperature and high pressure; the frequency of the repetitive activity was increased by high temperature and pressure. Repetitive activity appeared spontaneously in the unstimulated preparation but could be entrained by the stimulus. The results are consistent with a mechanism involving changes in nerve membrane lipid fluidity and in the time course of membrane ionic channel state changes, including those involved in repolarization and accommodation.


Anesthetics inhibit pressure-induced repetitive impulse generation. Repetitive and spontaneous impulse generation appears in nerve axons exposed to high pressure. This phenomenon is a possible basis for high-pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) or pressure reversal of anesthesia, two examples of an antagonistic interaction between anesthetic drugs and high pressure. In the present study, the interactions between three classes of anesthetic drug (ethyl alcohol, the volatile inhalation agent halothane, and phenobarbital) and repetitive activity were explored. Ethyl alcohol (5% in solution) and halothane (1.3 and 3.4% in oxygen) inhibited pressure-induced repetitive activity. Phenobarbital at 0.25 mM in solution, the maximum concentration obtainable at low temperature, was partially effective. The three drugs produce an unconscious state that is "reversed" at hyperbaric pressure. Halothane and phenobarbital inhibit HPNS, but ethyl alcohol has not been tested for this property. The results thus support a relevance of repetitive activity to HPNS, to pressure reversal of anesthesia, or to both.


Dissociated ventilatory and central respiratory responses to CO2 at raised N2 pressure. The effects of hyberbaric nitrogen on the responses of ventilation and central inspiratory activity (CIA) to progressive hypercapnia were studied in eight subjects rebreathing a) O2 at an ambient pressure of 1.3 bar (control), and b) air at 6.1 bar (PO2 = 1.3 bar, PN2 = 4.8 bar). Inspiratory occlusion pressure (P0.1), pulmonary ventilation, and end-tidal PCO2 were used for the computation of individual CIA and ventilatory CO2 response curves. Increasing the inspired PN2 to 4.8 bar caused, on the average, a 40% increase of P0.1 at PCO2 = 50 Torr, whereas the slope of the ventilatory CO2 response curve was reduced by 39%. It was concluded that, at raised air and nitrogen pressures, CIA is increased, although not sufficiently to prevent a reduction of ventilation brought about by the increased gas density and consequent increase in airway resistance. The increased airway resistance is thought to be responsible for the increase in CIA by causing a reflex stimulation of the respiratory centers.


Cardiovascular responses to muscle ischemia in man--dependency on muscle mass. We sought to determine whether the pressor response to exercise-induced muscle ischemia is related to the mass of tissue rendered ischemic. Six men repeatedly exercised for 5 min at a fixed load between 75 and 150 W (bicycle ergometer). Thirty seconds before the end of exercise, circulation to one calf, two calves, one leg, and two legs was arrested with pneumatic cuffs in successive tests with 15-min recovery periods interspersed. Each occlusion was maintained until the 3rd min of exercise recovery. During postexercise occlusion we observed 1) mean arterial pressure (MAP) was elevated in proportion to the mass of ischemic muscle, 2) forearm blood flow (FBF) was elevated during the overlap of occlusion with exercise but did not show a uniform response during the following 3 min of occlusion--either vasoconstriction or vasodilation occurred, 3) heart rate (HR) was elevated only when two legs were occluded, and 4) occlusion did not affect ventilation or endtidal CO2. We conclude that the ischemic pressor response is muscle mass-dependent. Our findings suggest that the baroreflex alters peripheral vascular resistance so as to aid in the maintenance of elevated MAP.


Distribution of bronchodilatation in normal subjects: beta agonist versus atropine. Bronchodilatation was produced in normal subjects by the inhalation of a parasympatholytic agent (atropine) and the response was compared to that occurring after the inhalation of a beta-adrenergic agent (isoetharine). Doses were chosen that resulted in equivalent increases in specific airway conductance (78 +/- 9% for atropine; 88 +/- 21% for isoetharine). Anatomic dead space and volume at the onset of the terminal nitrogen rise (closing volume) were measured before and after each agent. Although there was no difference in the degree of overall bronchodilatation after the two drugs, anatomical dead space increased significantly more after atropine than isoetharine (+17% vs. +6%, P less than 0.01), and closing volume increased significantly after isoetharine (P less than 0.005) but did not change with atropine. We interpret these differences to indicate a greater effect of cholinergic antagonists on the more central airways and a greater effect of beta-adrenergic stimulants on peripheral airways.


Effect of lung volume on the diving response in man. In an attempt to clarify the influence of lung volume on the cardiac component of the diving response in man, 10 subjects were studied while holding their breath for 20 s after inspiration or expiration, with or without immersion of the face in water. The electrocardiogram was recorded before and during each maneuver. After expiration, an increase in pulse interval was seen only on face immersion. After inspiration, an equal change in pulse interval was seen whether or not the face was immersed. Therefore the early bradycardia of face immersion is not apparent after inspiration.


Contribution of peripheral pooling to the renal response to immersion in the dog. The present investigation evaluated the renal and hemodynamic responses to head-out water immersion in dogs. Dogs were immersed in the vertical (seated) position in a 34 degrees C bath. Urine flow (V), osmolar clearance (Cosm), free water clearance (CH2O), sodium excretion (UNa+V), potassium excretion (UK+V), GFR, effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), central venous pressure (CVP), and cardiac output (CO) all increased significantly during immersion. This response was unchanged by bilateral cervical vagotomy or by deoxycorticosterone acetate and antidiuretic hormone administration. The control values of these dogs were low and indicated a state of peripheral vascular pooling which was readjusted to normal by the immersion maneuver. The renal and hemodynamic values during the period of immersion were similar to values of a group of dogs which were recumbent in air. Furthermore, when the latter group of dogs were tilted head down 19 degrees, there was no further increase in any of the measured parameters. These data are consistent with the view that water immersion in the upright dog simply redistributes blood volume back to that level seen in the recumbent dog, a position which is more natural for this species.


Myocardial metabolism and performance in hypoxia: effect of epinephrine. Effects of epinephrine (10(-5) M) on mechanical performance, glycolysis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and metabolism of adenine nucleotides were studied in isolated hypoxic rabbit hearts. The exposure of hearts to hypoxia decreased their mechanical performance and heart rate, but increased their utilization of glucose by 50% and the release of lactate by 139%. Myocardial stores of glycogen and ATP declined by 53 and 84%, respectively, but their breakdown products such as lactate, pyruvate, AMP, and inosine accumulated in these hearts. Myocardial content of free fatty acids decreased, and the amount of glycerol increased in hypoxic hearts. Epinephrine stimulated mechanical performance and heart rate of hypoxic hearts, but decreased myocardial glycogen and ATP even more by 62 and 33%, respectively. Though glucose utilization remained unchanged, the release of lactate increased by 66% from hypoxic hearts treated with epinephrine. However, epinephrine failed to stimulate myocardial lipolysis in hypoxic hearts. These metabolic changes due to epinephrine would lead to accelerated depletion of energetic reserves in hypoxic heart and its earlier deterioration.


Growth of pulmonary circulation in normal pig--structural analysis and cardiopulmonary function. Morphometric analysis of the postnatal development of the pig lung, with emphasis on alveoli and vessels, shows features of growth similar to man, but occurring at a much faster rate in the pig, which telescopes in the first 3 mo the changes seen in human childhood and adolescence. During the first weeks, arteries (birth to 2 wk) and alveoli (1--12 wk) increase in number, whereas increase in size continues until adulthood. Wall thickness decreases soon after birth in arteries 15--200 micrometer, and by 8 wk in those 200-1,000 micrometer. At this age the adult left ventricular predominance in weight is already present. Throughout growth the venous wall thickness does not change. Cardiopulmonary function studies in pigs, from 2 to 16 wk, show that, during the period of rapid postnatal lung growth, there is no change in tidal volume, dynamic compliance, and thoracic gas volume as related to body weight; right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures also remain unchanged, whereas pulmonary vascular resistance decreases during the 1st mo.


Estimation of response slopes in respiratory control using directional statistics. The ventilatory sensitivity to alveolar PCO2 and slope of the straight line relating VE to VT are two examples of response slopes of interest in respiratory control. Statistical techniques have not been available to analyze repeated direct estimations of these slopes by paired consideration of initial and final responses to a stimulus. Rather, existing statistical techniques sacrifice much information by describing the response slope as that of the line which, in some sense, best fits the unpaired responses. We have adapted techniques established for the statistical analysis of directional data to analyze direct measurements of these physiological response slopes and have found that the application of these directional techniques can result in better estimation of the ventilatory sensitivity to CO2, for example, than is provided using unpaired analysis techniques.


"Paradoxical" reduction in postexercise ejection time and increased transthoracic impedance. Despite decreasing heart rate, left ventricular ejection time (LVET) transiently falls immediately following bicycle exercise. In seven normal, untrained subjects LVET decreases at 15 s postexercise corresponded (r = 0.78) with an increase in transthoracic electrical impedance (Z) consistent with decreased venous return to the thorax. Because the determinants of LVET are stroke volume (SV) and ejection rate, the deltaZ implies that decreased SV contributed to the "paradoxical" fall in LVET.


Recirculation times in exercising children. Recirculation times were measured with indicator-dilution methods in 19 subjects, aged 5--14 yr, during near-maximal supine bicycle exercise. Recirculation times were as short as 4.5 s and peak recirculation occurred within 10 s. When rebreathing methods are used to measure exercise cardiac output in children, their very rapid recirculation needs to be considered.


A radiotelemetry transmitter for transmitting temperatures from small animals. A small, reliable temperature-telemetry transmitter was designed and tested for use in small laboratory animals. It transmits a continuous signal that makes it very reliable. It can be constructed of standard small parts and contains and electric watch battery as a source of power. Two models were developed. One transmits at 100 MHz and its signal can be received on a standard FM tuner. The other model transmits at 40 MHz and provides a longer battery life.


Lactate uptake by inactive forearm during progressive leg exercise. Eleven male subjects were studied during graded leg exercise from 60 to 270 W. Arterial and venous lactate concentrations were measured from the resting forearm during the exercise and recovery periods. Lactate concentration rose regularly during the work and declined slowly to basal levels after the exercise. The arteriovenous difference rapidly became positive during the exercise, indicating a net uptake of lactate by the nonexercising muscles. The uptake of lactate by the muscle correlated directly with the arterial concentration. After the 5th min of recovery, there was no longer any significant difference between arterial and venous lactate concentrations. It is concluded that 1) nonexercising muscles play a small role in the removal of lactate during exercise and 2) significant removal of lactate from the blood by nonexercising muscles stops soon after the cessation of exercise.


Maximum expiratory flow and transpulmonary pressure in the hamster. Maximum expiratory flow was measured in 19 normal, anesthetized, tracheostomized, supine hamsters from records of forced deflation produced by the application of varying degrees of negative pressure to the tracheostomies of animals whose lungs had been previously inflated to a transpulmonary pressure (PL) of 25 cmH2O. Flow was measured with a pneumotachograph, volume with a constant-volume pressure plethysmograph and pleural surface pressure (Ppl) with a water-filled esophageal catheter. The esophageal pressure measurement overestimated Ppl and a simple technique was based on an estimate of the resting volume of the chest wall. This volume, at which the Ppl is zero, was calculated for anesthetized supine hamsters from the measurement of respiratory-system pressure and PL made independently of esophageal pressure and was found to be about 30% of vital capacity (VC). Flow limitation was present below 70% of VC with a tracheal deflation pressure of -30cmH2O. Negative effort dependence of flow was seen in small segments of the flow-volume curves. Mean +/- SD maximum expiratory flow at 50% VC was 52 +/- 9.5 ml/s or 9.1 VC/s. Upstream resistance was 0.09 +/- 0.03 cmH2O/ml per s.


Phosphorylase a in human skeletal muscle during exercise and electrical stimulation. Experiments were conducted to examine the conversions of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a in human skeletal muscle during bicycle exercise or isometric contractions. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis with the needle technique at rest and either during or immediately after activity and frozen in liquid nitrogen within 2--4 s. Total phosphorylase and phosphorylase a activities were differentiated by measurement in the presence and absence of AMP, respectively. At rest 8.5% of the total phosphorylase activity existed in the a form. Little or no change in the percent of phosphorylase in the a form occurred during voluntary dynamic or static muscular activity that produced muscle lactate concentrations in excess of 18 mmol.kg-1 wet muscle. Electrical stimulation of the vastus lateralis muscle also failed to produce an increase in the percentage of phosphorylase a. These data suggest that during exercise the conversion of phosphorylase to the a form is of minor importance. An increased activity of phosphorylase b due to changes in muscle concentrations of ATP, AMP, and inorganic phosphate may regulate glycogenolysis during voluntary exercise in man.


Peribronchial pressure in excised dog lungs. To characterize the stresses which determine bronchial diameter in the lung, we estimated peribronchial pressure (Px) relative to intrabronchial pressure (Pbr) and to alveolar pressure (PA) for the main lobar bronchus of excised dog lobes using the technique of Takishima et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 38: 875--881, 1975). The recoil of the bronchial wall, Pbr---Px, when smooth muscle was relaxed varied primarily with bronchial diameter. The recoil of the parenchyma around the bronchus, Px---Pa, varied with lung volume but was also diameter-dependent and served to double approximately the effective elastance of the bronchus in situ. We estimated recoils during slow deflations from TLC with the bronchus untreated, or pharmacologically contracted or relaxed. In untreated and relaxed states, local parenchymal and bronchial recoils were of similar magnitude to overall lung recoil (i.e., Px congruent to Ppl) except at high inflating pressure (PA -- Ppl = 30 cmH2O) where they were about half as great. With contraction, bronchial and local parenchymal recoils increased to as much as twice overall lung recoil. Contracted smooth muscle exerted a radial stress of 36+/-14 cmH2O at full lung inflation but much less during stepwise deflation.


Sodium intake and the effects of isoproterenol and exercise on plasma renin in man. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma renin activity (PRA) were assessed during infusion of increasing doses of isoproterenol and during increasing work loads of dynamic exercise in five normal young men. Studies were performed at three levels of dietary sodium restriction: normal, moderately, and more severely restricted. Isoproterenol induced the expected dose-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and PRA and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Changes in dietary sodium intake affected these changes only to a minor degree. Dynamic exercise also induced the expected work-load-related increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and PRA and decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Also these changes were not significantly affected by changes in dietary sodium intake. Apparently dietary sodium restriction does not sensitize the renin-releasing mechanisms to sympathetic stimulation.


Effect of hypercapnia on hypoxic ventilatory drive in carotid body-resected man. Steplike end-tidal hypoxic drives (PETCO2 = 53 Torr) lasting for 5 min were generated in a group of normal subjects and a group of carotid body-resected subjects when end-tidal CO2 was maintained constant under eucapnic (PETCO2 = 39 Torr) and hypercapnic (PETCO2 = 49 Torr) conditions. The hypoxic ventilatory response of the normal subjects was prompt and significant in eucapnia and was enhanced in the hypercapnic state, evidencing CO2-O2 interaction. In contrast, the carotid body-resected subjects did not respond to eucapnic hypoxia but did demonstrate a small but significant ventilatory response to hypoxia against the hypercapnic background. This suggests that the aortic bodies in man may contribute a small component of the hypoxic ventilatory drive under hypercapnic conditions, although the possibility of neuromalike ending regeneration cannot be excluded.


Effect of lung volume history on rate of edema formation in isolated canine lobe. The effect of lung volume history and prior accumulation of interstitial fluid on rate of edema formation in isolated canine lobes was investigated. Mean pulmonary artery pressure and mean pulmonary venous pressure were kept constant at 40 and 30 cmH2O, respectively. Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) was varied among 5, 15, and 25 cmH2O by progressive stepwise inflation and deflation. Rate of fluid accumulation was estimated by changes in slow weight gain after a change in Ptp. Although there is continuous interstitial fluid accumulation over the course of the experiment the results indicate that interstitial hydrostatic pressure around leaky vessels at Ptp of 15 cmH2O is reduced by prior lung inflation to Ptp of 25 cmH2O and increased by prior deflation to Ptp of 5 cmH2O. These results suggest that the distribution of interstitial fluid may vary as a function of lung volume history.


Ventilatory muscle training and the oxygen cost of sustained hyperpnea. We measured the oxygen cost of breathing during sustained voluntary normocarbic hyperpnea in 12 subjects (4 endurance trainers, 4 strength trainers, and 4 controls) before and after a 5-wk training program limited to the ventilatory muscles (Leith, D. E., and M. E. Bradley. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 508-516, 1976). "Steady-state" measurements of oxygen consumption were made at pulmonary ventilations ranging from 103 to 250 l/min. There were marked differences in the relationship between the metabolic cost of breathing and pulmonary ventilations between subjects. Spontaneously chosen respiratory frequencies ranged from 80 to 120 breaths/min and varied widely, even in a given subject, suggesting that the optima for frequency are broad or that optimization was imperfect. The subject group who performed endurance training increased by 19% the level of hyperpnea that they could sustain for 7--15 min, and increased their oxygen consumptions during this hyperpnea by an average of 67%. Following a 15-wk period of detraining, endurance trainers had lost 50% of their gains in the ventilations that they could sustain and in the accompanying oxygen consumptions. We conclude that ventilatory muscle endurance training can appreciably increase the aerobic endurance of the respiratory muscles.


Response of the rat erythrocyte to ozone exposure. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high (6--8 ppm) and moderate (1.5 ppm) amounts of ozone (O3) for various time periods. Response of the rat erythrocyte to ozone was monitored with red blood cell potassium (rubidium) influx studies, with storage stress combined with ultrastructural studies and with levels of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Erythrocytes of rats exposed to O3 showed no significant changes either in their potassium influx or in their glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities compared to controls. Erythrocyte differential counts on O3-exposed animals showed significant changes initially as well as following storage stress compared to controls. Rats exposed to 8 ppm O3 for 4 h showed a marked increase in echinocytes. These consistent transformations from discocytes to echinocytes following O3 exposure suggest latent erythrocyte damage has occurred.


Is inert gas washout from the tissues limited by diffusion? To determine the extent to which diffusion may limit the exchange of gases stored in the tissues, nine dogs were allowed to breathe an O2-N2-Ar mixture until saturation was achieved; the inspired gas was then changed to one containing neither N2 nor Ar, and the level of these two species in the arterial and in the mixed venous blood was monitored during the washout. A theoretical analysis shows that in a situation where peripheral gas transport is limited entirely by perfusion, the washout curves should be identical, provided concentrations are expressed as a fraction of the initial value. When the process is restricted by diffusion through the tissues, Ar is expected to lag because of its higher molecular weight. In all animals, the rate of elimination of the two tracers was the same, indicating that the time course of storage or release of inert gas from body stores is governed (mainly or entirely) by perfusion.


Comparative thermoregulatory responses of resting men and women. Three men and three women were exposed to transients of air temperature (range, 16--48 degrees C). Whole-body sweating rate, local tissue heat flows, and O2 consumption in the cold were linearly related to a weighted sum of tympanic and mean skin temperatures, called "central drive," During changes in air temperature, changes in subjects' scaled estimates of thermal sensation and discomfort led changes in the physiological responses and central drive. Women's thermoregulatory responses were similar to the men's, but were shifted toward higher (warmer) values of central drive. This shift was about 0.3 degrees C for responses to heat and about 0.6 degrees C for responses to cold. With respect to the women, the mean thus showed delayed responses to the cold, and approached steady state in the cold more slowly.


Effect of decompression per se on nitrogen elimination. The elimination of nitrogen from each of 10 unanesthetized guinea pigs has been monitored after switching to a nitrogen-free breathing mix (normoxic He:O2), either without decompression or on decompression to 2.21 or 1 ATA, following an exposure of 2 h at 4 ATA on normoxic N2;O2. Normoxic conditions were maintained throughout to avoid vasomotor effects of oxygen that could have complicated interpretations derived from previous studies. Results confirmed that inert gas washout rates decrease with decompression per se. This can be explained simply on the basis of the decrease in driving force for nitrogen elimination caused by depositing gas into bubbles where they form in tissue in a somewhat random manner. A very rough estimate shows that about 83% of all body tissue retained its gas in supersaturated solution on decompression to 2.21 ATA but only 79% did so at 1 ATA.


Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. Expired pentane, an index of lipid peroxidation, and pulmonary function were measured as a function of exercise for 1 h with and without exposure to 0.3 ppm ozone. In experiment 1, 10 subjects who exercised on a bicycle ergometer at 50% of maximal oxygen consumption while being exposed to 0.3 ppm ozone had increased lung residual volume and decreased vital capacity, maximal midexpiratory flow rate, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. In experiment 2, breath collected into a spirometer filled with hydrocarbon-scrubbed air showed increased pentane from the stress of exercise but no effect of ozone. During rest and exercise in experiment 3, two of six subjects had higher pentane levels than the other subjects. Following daily supplementation with 1,200 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol for 2 wk, the mean production of pentane during rest and exercise was significantly lowered, and there was no difference in pentane production among the subjects. It was concluded that lipid peroxidation occurs during exercise and that it is attenuated by vitamin E.


Lung volumes after antigen infusion in the guinea pig in vivo: effects of vagal section. The effects of intravenous antigen infusion on lung volumes and quasi-static deflationary pulmonary compliance in guinea pigs previously sensitized to ovalbumin were studied in vivo. Ovalbumin infusion significantly increased minimal gas volume to a similar extent in animals with intact or cut vagi. Total lung capacity fell only in animals with intact vagi. Quasi-static compliance fell in both groups of animals, but the fall was significantly greater in animals with intact vagi. These data demonstrate that immediate hypersensitivity reactions alter lung volumes and the elastic properties of the lung by both vagal dependent and vagal independent mechanisms.


Monocrotaline model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs. Monocrotaline, a plant alkaloid shown histologically to produce pulmonary endothelial damage and edema, was used in dogs to produce an acute model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Following intravenous injection there was no change in pulmonary vascular pressures or heart rate; cardiac output fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. After 2 h measurement of lung water demonstrated modest pulmonary edema in all animals. The degree of edema produced was more consistent and reproducible than that following alloxan or alpha-naphthylthiourea.


O2 extraction by hind limb versus whole dog during anemic hypoxia. The ability of the hind limb to obtain oxygen and maintain its O2 uptake in relation to the whole body during isovolemic hemodilution with dextran was measured in eight anesthetized, paralyzed dogs kept at constant ventilation. Hind limb venous outflow (ankle to upper thigh) was restricted by tourniquets to femoral vein. Hind limb blood flow, O2 uptake (VO2), cardiac output, and total VO2 were measured at normal hematocrit, at hematocrits just above (16%, stage 2) and just below (10%, stage II) that at which total VO2 could be maintained at the control level, and following isovolemic reinfusion of recovered red blood cells (Hct = 23%). VO2 was maintained at the control level in whole body and hind limb during stage I. Total VO2 decreased significantly in stage II (P less than 0.05), whereas limb VO2 did not. Hind limb had a consistently greater extraction ratio for O2 (P less than 0.01) and lower venous oxygen partial pressure than the body as a whole (P less than 0.01). In spite of limitations of O2 delivery by anemia to the point that total O2 demand was not met, there was no redistribution of blood flow away from or decreased demand for O2 by the hind limb, which was mostly skeletal muscle.


Distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion during short periods of weightlessness. Information on the distributions of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion was obtained from four subjects on board a Learjet during 112 weightless periods lasting up to 27 s each. Zero gravity (G) was obtained during all or part of each test by varying the aircraft flight profile. Single-breath N2 washouts were performed with the test inspiration containing an initial bolus of argon at residual volume (RV). When the test inspiration was at 0 G, and the washout at 0 G or greater, the terminal rises and the cardiogenic oscillations in both N2 and argon were small and often absent. If instead the test inspiration was at 1 G with the washout at 0 G, the terminal rises were again small or absent but the cardiogenic oscillations remained. The terminal rise and the cardiogenic oscillations for N2, but not argon, were also nearly eliminated by performing just the preliminary exhalation to RV at 0 G with the test inspiration and washout following at 1 G. Aleveolar plateaus for N2 sloped upward at 0 G apparently due to nontopographical inequalities of ventilation. In further tests during air breathing, recordings were made of expired partial pressure of oxygen PO2) and carbon dioxide (POO2) following a brief hyperventilation and a 15-s breath hold. These recordings revealed marked cardiogenic oscillations in PO2 and PCO2 at 1 G that were enhanced at 2 G but almost eliminated at 0 G. The results suggest that virtually all the topographical inequality of ventilation, blood flow, and lung volume seen under 1-G conditions are abolished during short periods of 0 G.


Effect on body water of running 10 miles. Despite a 2.3% weight loss in 10 men who ran 10 miles, extracellular water (ECW) increased by 3.5%. Total body water (TBW) measured as tritium space increased by 2.4%, and intracellular water (ICW), inferred as the difference between TBW and ECW, increased by 1.8%. The increase in tritium space probably represents increased nonaqueous hydrogen exchange in the postexercise period ond casts doubt on the validity of TBW and ICW when measured immediately after exercise.


Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in two dogs. In 2 cases of traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in the dog, neurologic signs were associated with cranial cervical pain. Treatment consisted of manual reduction, with the dog under general anesthesia, followed by application of a plaster cast to hold the head and neck in flexion. Recovery was complete in both cases.


Rod-cone dysplasia in the collie.

Rod-cone dysplasia in the collie. Rod-cone dysplasia in the Collie was studied. Night blindness developed early (6 wk) and progressed to nearly total blindness by 1 year of age. Tapetal hyper-reflectivity, vessel attenuation, and optic nerve pallor were clinically evident by 6 months of age. Electroretinography demonstrated markedly reduced retinal response as early as 16 days of age. The results of selective breedings conformed to a single recessive pattern of inheritance.


Semen collection by electroejaculation in the domestic cat. A procedure for electroejaculation of domestic cats was developed. The method involved anesthetization of adult male cats with ketamine HC1 (33 mg/kg) or CI 744 (5.5 mg/kg). Optimal results were obtained with a 120-V ac electric stimulator capable of a continuous range of 0 to 60 V and 0 to 1 A. Using a 1- by 12-cm rectal probe constructed of teflon and stainless steel electrodes, ejaculation was obtained with an electrical stimulus over a range of 2 to 8 V and 5 to 220 mA. Voltage and amperage were increased at specific intervals in order to compensate for refractory ejaculatory response due to continued nerve and muscle stimulation. The procedure provided a means of obtaining ejaculates from domestic cats for purposes of semen evaluation and artificial insemination.


Double outlet right ventricle in a cat.

Double outlet right ventricle in a cat. In a case of double outlet right ventricle in a cat, initial examination revealed a holosystolic murmur and right-sided heart enlargement, as deduced from electrocardiography and thoracic radiography. On cardiac catheterization, it was determined that pressure in the right ventricle equaled that of the left ventricle. Angiography revealed a large ventricular septal defect, with prodominant left-to-right shunt and some right-to-left component. The cat lived for 3 1/2 years. During this period, the cat would become cyanotic only under stressful situations. At necropsy, the diagnosis was further refined to that of a double outlet right ventricle, as both the aorta and pulmonary artery originated from the right ventricle.


Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in a mare with renal insufficiency. An 11-year-old mare with polyuria, polydipsia, and azotemia was found to be hypercalcemic and hypophosphatemic. The concentration of calcium in a single collection of urine was within normal limits, although urinary inorganic phosphate concentration was lower than normal. After a brief period of supportive treatment, the mare died. At necropsy, the kidneys were found to be shrunken and fibrous. Histologically, the lesions were those of glomerulonephritis.


Elimination of echolalic responding to questions through the training of a generalized verbal response. Echolalia, the parroting of the speech of others, is a severe communication disorder frequently associated with childhood schizophrenia and mental retardation. Two echolalic children, one schizophrenic and one retarded, were treated in a multiple-baseline design across subjects. Each child was taught to make an appropriate, non-echolalic verbal response (i.e., "I don't know") to a small set of previously echoed questions. After such training, this response generalized across a broad set of untrained questions that had formerly been echoed. The results obtained were the same irrespective of the specific experimenter who presented the questions. Further, each child discriminated appropriately between those questions that had previously been echoed and those that had not. Followup probes showed that treatment gains were maintained one month later. The procedure is economical, in that it produces a rapid and widespread cessation of echolalic responding.


Teaching retarded women a clothing selection skill using community norms. Five institutionalized retarded women were taught a clothing selection skill to coincide with popular fashion. Normative data concerning popular styles of color-coordinated clothing were collected through observations of women's apparel in a local community. Using a puzzle simulation of a woman with alternative pieces of colored clothing, color coordination training was conducted using modelling, instructions, practice, praise, and feedback to teach popular selections of color combinations. A generalization training component with actual clothing was also included. Training was accompanied by large increases in percentage of popular color selections with the puzzle and actual clothing. The increases maintained over a seven- to 14-week followup period. Time efficiency measures supported the use of the simulation procedure as opposed to total reliance on actual clothing. The results underscore the utility of local norms in community preparation programs and the efficacy of instructional procedures for severely and profoundly retarded persons as part of their participation in the deinstitutionalization movement.


Acquisition of sign language by autistic children. I: Expressive labelling. There has been growing interest in teaching sign language to autistic children who have failed to develop speech. However, controlled experimentation in this area is nonexistent. In the present study, four nonverbal autistic children were taught expressive sign labels for common objects, using a training procedure that consisted of prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of the procedure was demonstrated in a multiple-baseline design across objects. The results were reliable, replicable across children, and generalizable across therapists. A stimulus control analysis demonstrated that, for three of the children, correct signing was controlled solely by the visual cues associated with the presentation of a given object and was independent of respect to the known perceptual and linguistic deficits of autistic children.


A self-evaluation token system versus an external evaluation token system alone in a residential setting with predelinquent youth. This study compared the effects of self-evaluation and adult-dispensed tokens on room-cleaning behavior of six predelinquent youths in a residential token-economy setting. The self-evaluation token system proved to be as effective as the external adult-administered system in increasing room-cleaning behavior and was more effective in maintaining performance after contingencies were withdrawn. The self-evaluation token system increased resistance to extinction, compared to the external token system, and appeared to be a useful component for a traditional token-economy system.


Improved automated optical somatic cell counting method for raw milk: collaborative study. A collaborative study was conducted to compare the improved automated optical somatic cell counting procedure (OSCC II) with the direct microscopic somatic cell counting method (DMSCC) in raw milk. Samples were prefixed with formaldehyde and introduced into an Auto-Analyzer system. Dilution, clarification, and cell counting were performed automatically. Five collaborators participated in the study; they analyzed 48 samples in duplicate, using 2 different sampling rates. The results were compared with DMSCC counts reported by 3 different analysts. Statistical results show that the standard deviation for the DMSCC method is 0.0825 and for the OSCC II, at a sampling rate of 80/hr, 0.0434. When results are compared, the OSCC II procedure is as accurate as, and is significantly more precise than, the DMSCC method. The faster sampling rate of the OSCC II at 120/hr has some effect on precision but little effect on accuracy. The method has been adopted as official first action.


Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in foods. A method for determining aflatoxins by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after CB extraction and cleanup has been applied to various foods. Recoveries at 1--15 ppb levels from green coffee and peanut butter was 72--85 and 74--104%, respectively. Precision of the method has been tested for peanut butter. Other products to which the method has been successfully applied include tree nuts, seeds, grains, chocolate-covered peanut butter candy, and roasted, salted-in-shell peanuts. High levels of aflatoxins found in several samples of nuts by this method have been verified by the official thin layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The advantages of this HPLC method are speed, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, and immediate chemical confirmation of aflatoxins B1 and G1. None of the products analyzed required special cleanup procedures. Preparative-scale HPLC was used to isolate purified B1 for toxicity testing.


Determination of citrinin in corn and barley. A method is described for determining citrinin in corn and barley. The initial extraction uses an aqueous acidified acetonitrile solution, and the resulting solution is partially purified by several partition steps. Citrinin is determined by using either high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layer chromatography (TLC). For HPLC, the extract is injected on a reverse phase column, eluted with either 0.25N H3PO4-methanol (45 + 55) or 0.25N H3PO4-acetonitrile (50 + 50), and detected by fluorescence (excitation 325--385 nm, emission above 451 nm). Recovery of added citrinin from corn by this method is 60--87% at levels of 50--4000 microgram/kg. For TLC, the chromatographic plates are impregnated with oxalic acid by dipping them in an oxalic acid-methanol solution before spotting and development. Recovery of added citrinin from corn, using TLC, is 40--100% at levels of 50--40000 microgram-kg.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of patulin in apple juice. Patulin was extracted from apple juice with ethyl acetate and the extract was purified by elution from a silica gel column with ethyl acetate-toluene. The eluate was concentrated, and patulin was determined by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography using a 25 cm Partisil-10 ODS column. The lower detection limit was 1 microgram/L and the mean recovery of patulin added to apple juice was 82.6 +/- 2.8 %. The patulin content ranged from less than 1 to 220 microgram/L for the 140 samples analyzed.


This layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn silage. A procedure is described for the purification and quantitation of aflatoxin B1 in corn silage. The toxin is extracted and partially purified using parts of the AOAC minicolumn detection method. The extract is further cleaned up on a 2-step minicolumn and is then analyzed by using thin layer chromatography. Essentially all interferences are removed when the procedure is applied to moldy and non-moldy corn silage. The estimated limit of detection is 5 microgram aflatoxin B1/kg corn silage, and 73 +/- 8% of the added aflatoxin B1 (20 and 85 microgram/kg) was recovered. No aflatoxin B1 was detected in 270 samples collected from 19 silage piles in late fall 1976 and early spring 1977. This procedure also removes interferences associated with moldy corn and mixed feeds.


Survey of cured meat products for volatile N-nitrosamines: comparison of two analytical methods. A survey has been completed of 106 cured meat samples for 14 volatile N-nitrosamines. N-Nitrosopyrrolidine has been confirmed in fried bacon at levels ranging from 5 to 75 ppb. Unconfirmed trace levels of N-nitrosodimethylamine have been observed in a variety of cured meat products. The comparison of the multidetection gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC)-mass spectrometric method with the mineral oil distillation-thermal energy analyzer (TEA) method for the determination of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods shows good agreement between the analytical methods, especially at the 10 ppb level, and excellent agreement between the GLC and TEA analyses of an identical sample extracts.


Trend in levels of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in fried bacon. Commercially purchased bacon has been periodically analyzed since 1971 for N-nitrosopyrrolidine in the fried product. The downward trend in the concentration of N-nitrosopyrrolidine that has been observed is partially explained by the use of reduced levels of nitrite and increased levels of ascorbate in bacon curing mixtures.


Gas-solid chromatographic procedures for determining acrylonitrile monomer in acrylonitrile-containing polymers and food simulating solvents. A gas chromatographic method is described for acrylonitrile monometer (AN), using a nitrogen/phosphorus detector. Procedure for the analysis of AN in 5 food simulants (water, 3% acetic acid, heptane, 50% ethanol, and 8% ethanol) as well as in the polymer matrix are included. The quantitation limit for direct injection of AN/food simulant solution is 0.04 ng AN/microliter. AN-based polymers are dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide and injected directly. Residual AN in the polymer can be quantitated at the 0.5 ng/microliter level. Results of migration studies are also presented.


Improved colorimetric method for determining nitrate and nitrate in foods. A method is described for determining nitrate and nitrite in cured meat products, cheeses, and vegetables. The nitrite is determined colorimetrically by diazotization of sulfanilic acid and subsequent coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The concentration of nitrate plus nitrite is determined similarly but after reduction of the nitrate to nitrite on a cadmium column. The difference of the 2 values is a measure of the nitrate concentration. The main improvements are replacing the Griess reagent, which contains a carcinogen, with a mixture of sulfanile acid and N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine, providing for adjustment of pH of the sample suspension during extraction and digestion by heating, and maintaining constant pH by controlled addition of buffers and acids during color development. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 15 samples of meat products, 23 cheeses, and 6 different vegetables. The average recovery of sodium nitrite added at levels ranging from 10 to 30 ppm was 95% and recovery of sodium nitrate added at levels from 30 to 400 ppm was 94% (corrected for cadmium column efficiency).


Spectrodensitometric determination of chloramine-T in ice cream. A spectrodensitometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of chloramine-T (N-chloro-N-sodium-p-toluenesulfonamide) in ice cream. Chloramine-T is extracted and converted into p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TSA) followed by thin layer chromatographic separation of concentrated extracts on silica gel and quantitation of the p-TSA spots from standards and samples by direct scanning with a reflectance densitometer at 228 nm. A linear relationship was obtained between recorded peak area and concentration for 0.5--7.0 microgram p-TSA/spot. The reproducibility of the complete method was 2.87% (n = 9 determinations). The detection limit of the scanning procedure was 0.5 microgram p-TSA/spot, corresponding to a concentration of 4 mg chloramine-T/kg sample. The average recovery was 88 +/- 3% (P = 95%) for 10 ice cream samples spiked with chloramine-T at levels ranging from 10 to 55 mg/kg. The described method was used to assay 146 commercial ice cream and whipped cream samples for chloramine-T.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of theobromine and caffeine in cocoa and chocolate products. A method was developed for determining theobromine and caeffine in cocoa and chocolate products by high pressure liquid chromatography. After a simple hot water extraction, both theobromine and caffeine were separated by using a reverse phase C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol-water-acetic acid (20 + 79 + 1). Theobromine and caffeine were quantitated at 280 nm; average recoveries were 98.7 and 95.0%; and coefficients of variation were 2.31 and 3.91%, respectively.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide in tablets. A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system utilizing ion-pairing, similar to that previously reported for methscopolamine bromide, was developed for the quantitation of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide in tablets. This HPLC system is capable of differentiating the major tropane alkaloids, with the exception of the atropine-hyoscyamine optical isomer pair, by their k' values and separating a significant degradation product, tropic acid. Optimum sensitivity is obtained by using a variable wavelength ultraviolet detector at 230 nm resulting in a detection limit of less than 0.5 microgram alkaloid/injection. The response is linear in the range of 3--19 microgram atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide. The coefficient of variation for injection reproducibility in less than 1%. The method has been applied to composite and individual tablet assays of scopolamine hydrobromide and atropine sulfate. The HPLC results are comparable (within 1%) to those obtained using the USP procedure; the HPLC method requires less sample preparation.


Fluoremetric determination of methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate in tablets and injections. A column cleanup, followed by a shakeout and fluorometric determination, has been developed to determine methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate in tablets and injections. The ether eluate is extracted with tartaric acid solution. An aliquot is diluted with sodium tartrate solution, and this solution is excited at 325 nm. The resulting fluorescence is measured at 432 nm. Results obtained using this method compare favorably with those from the official NF XIV procedure and a semiautomated procedure. Recoveries of 100 and 99% were obtained from one sample each of spiked excipient tablets of methylergonovine maleate and ergonovine maleate, respectively.


Microcrystalline identification test of some amphetamines and hydrochlorothiazide: collaborative study. A previously described procedure for the identification of methamphetamine, dl-deoxyephedrine, dextroamphetamine, and amphetamine and a new procedure for hydrochlorothiazide identification have been subjected to collaborative study. The method for the amphetamines depends upon their volatilization from a strongly basic solution into a hanging drop containing gold chloride and the formation of characteristic crystals. The hydrochlorothiazide method is direct: the I2-KI solution is added to an alkaline solution of hydrochlorothiazide to cause the deposition of characteristic crystals. Of the 40 unknown drug dosage form powders supplied to 10 collaborators, 39 were correctly identified. The results indicate that the amphetamine procedure is capable of distinguishing between methampetamine and dl-deoxyephedrine. The age of the gold chloride reagent is important in these tests. The official final action tests for dl-deoxyephedrine and methampetamine were modified and Table 36:04 has been revised to reflect these changes. The hydrochlorothiazide test has been adopted as official first action and added to Table 36:05.


Effects of brine treatment on pesticide residues during recycling of pickling brine. The effects of 2 pickle brine recycling treatments on residues of selected insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are presented. Residues were determined in raw and brined cucumbers, in untreated brine, and in brine following pasteurization or chemical (NaOH) treatment. The samples were extracted with acetone, partitioned into methylene chloride, cleaned up by gel permeation chromatography, and quantitatted by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen/phosphorus, electron capture, and flame photometric detectors.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of rotenone and degradation products in animal chow and tissues. An analytical procedure is described for determining residues of rotenone, rotenolone, dehydrotenone, and rotenone in admixture in animal chow and tissues. The methanol or ethyl ether extracts from samples of chow and tissues, respectively, are subjected to a liquid-liquid partitioning cleanup with hexane-acetonitrile, further cleanup on a column of silica gel, and subsequent analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography using an ultraviolet absorption detector set at 295 nm. Animal chow, mouse fetuses, and gastrointestinal tracts spiked with 0.5 ppm of each compound in admixture yielded average recoveries of 92, 51, and 79%, respectively; minimum quantities of the 4 compounds detectable in the 3 substrates averaged 0.12, 0.04, ajd 0.14 ppm, respectively. Stability studies indicate that rotenone reacts with animal chow with a half-life of 7--8 days and is photodegraded in incandescent light with a half-life of 0.65 day. No transplacental transfer of rotenone or its products was observed in fetuses from mice receiving 7 consecutive daily doses of rotenone at levels up to 25 mg/kg.


Evaluation of amperometric detector for liquid chromatographic determination of 2-phenylphenol residues in orange rind. A modular component liquid chromatograph has been assembled which has on-stream ultraviolet (UV) and amperometric detectors connected to a dual pen recorder. In this method, the commonly used UV detection technique provides a reference for direct comparisons of results from the amperometric detector. The system has been evaluated and applied to the determination of 2-phenylphenol (2PP) fortified in orange rind. The method is not tedious; before liquid chromatographic analysis, the sample is extracted with methylene chloride and cleaned up on a Florisil column. The method is sensitive to less than 1 ppm 2PP fortified in orange rind; there are no electrically oxidizable interference, from control samples, in the chromatographic region of 2PP. Some background interference does appear from the same samples on the UV chromatogram. Thus, amperometric detection is more specific than UV detection for this application.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of imazalil residues in citrus fruit. A high pressure reverse phase liquid chromatographic method is described for determining the fungicide imazalil (1-[2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl]-1H-imidazole) residues in whole citrus fruit, peel, and pulp. Imazalil is extracted from the fruit with ethyl acetate, partitioned into acid and back into ethyl acetate for cleanup, and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 202 nm. Recovery from whole ground fruit of known amounts of imazalil applied to the surface of intact fruit averaged 84% 24 hr after application and 80% after the fruit had been stored 4 weeks at 15 degrees C.


High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of major organic acids in cranberry juice. A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the simultaneous separation and determination of quinic, malic, and citric acids in single strength, undiluted cranberry juice. After a 1 : 10 dilution and cleanup through a disposable column, major organic acids in cranberry juice are separated on a Bondapak/C18 column and quantitated by using a differential refractometer. Twenty-seven samples of different single strength cranberry juice were analyzed using this method; the mean content of quinic, malic, and citric acids were 1.32 (std dev. 0.150), 0.92 (std dev. 0.079), and 1.08% (std dev. 0.111), respectively. Mean percent recoveries of each acid were quinic 95.4 (std dev. 6.8), malic 96.6 (std dev. 5.8), and citric 94.0% (std dev. 4.8).


Ion selective electrode for determination of chloride ion in biological materials, food products, soils and waste water. The chloride ion selective electrode is used for a rapid, simple, and reliable determination of chloride ion in biological materials (blood serum, urine, fish, and plant tissues), food products (milk, beef extract, nutrient broth and orange, tomato, and grapefruit juices), soils, and waste water (industrial and municipal). The method consists of treating the samples with perchloric acid (pH 1) and potassium peroxydisulfate and determining the chloride content either by a calibration curve or by known addition or analyte addition, using the chloride ion selective electrode. Such sample treatment eliminates most of the interferences occurring in the samples, including iodide, complexing and reducing compounds, and macromolecular and surface-active species. The method is suitable for a wide range of chloride concentration, e.g., 5010 ppm Cl- in nutrient broth and 4890 ppm in beef extract and as low as 12 and 80 ppm in soil extracts.


Electrolytic determination of surface lead in empty metal containers. The lead content of an empty metal container (tin can) can be determined by an electrolytic process using a constant voltage power supply and dilute acid electrolyte. The ionic lead in the solution after electrolysis is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry.


Substitution of n-heptane for ethyl ether in USP assay for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in tablets, injections, and sirups. Peroxide levels above 0.0001% in the ethyl ether used in the USP XIX assay for chlorpromazine hydrochloride in tablets, sirups, and injections produce a distorted spectrophotometric curve in the 350--220 nm region. The use of peroxide-free ethyl ether or n-heptane avoids this problem. Recoveries of 91-100% are obtained with either of these reagents.


Semiautomated analyses of some ergot alkaloid formulations. The following pharmaceutical preparations were assayed using a modification of a semi-automated procedure for methylergonovine and ergonovine maleate: ergotamine tartrate tablets and injections, ergotamine tartrate tablets and suppositories with caffeine, methysergide maleate tablets, and dihydroergocornine-dihydroergocristine - dihydroergokryptine mesylate sublingual tablets. These formulations could be assayed by either the fluorometric or by the colorimetric procedure. Good results were obtained using the fluorometric and colorimetric methods for these compounds. The standard deviation for an ergotamine tartrate injection solution was 1.76, using the colorimetric system, with a mean of 98.7% of declared potency. The method compares favorably with the NF XIV procedure for ergotamine tartrate and caffeine tablets. In addition, low level dissolution rates can easily be determined on ergotamine tartrate and caffeine tablets using the fluorometric system.


Further studies on the colorimetric determination of ronidazole in feeds. A previously published colorimetric method for determining ronidazole, (1-methyl-5-nitro-imidazol-2-yl)methyl carbamate, can be used as an analytical technique for measuring the stability of this drug in medicated feeds. Although the color reaction per se is not selective, elution profiles of ronidazole and its demonstrated hydrolytic degradation product, 1-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole, show that the chromatographic separation used in the sample preparation efficiently isolates the drug from the degradation product. No interference was found in feeds containing 0.010% ronidazole and up to 0.010% degradation product.


Determination of o-toluenesulfonamide in artificial sweeteners containing saccharin. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) procedure with p-toluenesulfonamide (p-TS) as an internal standard is used to determine o-toluenesulfonamide (o-TS), a major impurity in artificial sweetening substances containing saccharin. Although p-TS can itself occur as an impurity in samples, it is usually absent or present in very small amounts; the highest quantity found in 13 samples analyzed was about 1 ppm. The presence of appreciable amounts, however, would not pose a problem with the GLC procedure. Recoveries of standard o-TS added at various levels were approximately 90%.


The effect of environmental stimulation upon the stereotyped behavior of autistic children. Two groups of three autistic children, equated for chronological age but differing in IQ and performance MA, were observed for 20-minute sessions. Total duration of time subjects engaged in stereotyped behavior was recorded for each minute. During minutes 6--15, subjects were provided with either minimal or high environmental stimulation. High environmental stimulation was found to increase the mean duration of time the low-IQ group engaged in stereotyped behavior but to decrease the duration for the high-IQ group. The theoretical implications are discussed.


Condon's multiple-response phenomenon in severely dysfunctional children: an attempt at replication. The present study was conducted in an attempt to replicate the findings of William Condon on multiple entrainment and dyssynchronous behavioral organization in autistic children. Three autistic and two normal children were filmed while being presented with five discrete auditory stimuli. Microkinesic analyses of the children's motor responses were performed in relation to three hypotheses designed to support the double-response and dyssynchrony effects. No firm evidence of multiple-responding to single sound was found for the autistic or normal children. There was some indication of dyssynchronous, or awkward, response organization for the autistic children, in comparison to the smooth-flowing body movements of the normal children.


Gender identity in a group of retarded children. The Michigan Gender Identity Test (MGIT) was administered to 52 retarded and 36 normal children to assess the acquisition of gender identity. This instrument required the ability to sort and categorize photographs of boys and girls wearing conventional clothing and with conventional hair-styles. As part of the test, each child was expected to recognize a self-photo and to be able to categorize it as a boy or a girl. In general, a significant correlation was found between MGIT performance and mental age for the retarded children. The performance of the normal children correlated significantly with both chronological age and mental age.


The development of pronoun usage in the psychotic child. Twenty-three psychotic children ranging in age from 5 to 16 were interviewed in half-hour play sessions. The play session comprised three activities designed to elicit statements using the pronouns I, you, and he to express the concepts of possession, action, and description. It was hypothesized that psychotic children would use the third-person pronoun he more readily than the first-person pronoun I (Hypothesis I), and that possession, action, and description statements would develop in an orderly sequence as predicted by Bosch (1962/1970) (Hypothesis II). Hypothesis I was not confirmed: Some of the least advanced psychotic children used the pronoun I, and only the most advanced children used you and he. Hypothesis II was confirmed: the least advanced children used pronouns correctly in statements expressing the concept of possession, whereas the most advanced children had mastered all three contexts of pronoun use. These results have implications for language therapy, and they are concordant with the language theories of Piaget and Werner and Kaplan.


Newborn minor physical anomalies and prediction of infant behavior. The relationship between a newborn score of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and behavior at ages 1 and 2 was examined. From an initial screening population of 933, 63 high anomaly and 78 low anomaly infants were followed until age 2 by examiners blind for the newborn anomaly score. High anomaly infants were more likely to be temperamentally difficult as rated by parent interview and direct observation. A subgroup of six infants who were considered irritable at both ages 1 and 2 were all from the high anomaly group. However, there was little agreement between behavioral ratings across situations and over time, and there were no significant predictors of behavior problems at age 2 based on any newborn or 1-year measure. These results indicate that the newborn anomaly score by itself is unlikely to prove clinically useful in predicting preschool behavior problems for an unselected population. The usefulness of this measure for other, "high-risk," populations remains to be explored.


Hormonal and cardiac response of autistic children to changes in environmental stimulation. A study was made of physiological responses of autistic children to variations in environmental load in order to examine the under- versus over-arousal dichotomy. More specifically, measures of urinary mucoprotein excretion and mean heart rate and three measures of heart rate variability were compared with matched controls in conditions of normal, high, and low total environmental load. The results suggest that, although behaviorally unresponsive, the autistic children responded physiologically, were generally in a lower state of arousal than the control group, and were labile in response to changes in stimulation.


Preparation and characterization of an active fragment of colicin E3. The conditions of digestion of colicin E3 with trypsin were examined to obtain an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3, and a method suitable for large-scale preparation of T2A was developed. The T2A preparation thus obtained was homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the molecular weight was estimated to be about 11,000. T2A was composed of 97 amino acid residues and was rich in basic amino acids; methionine, valine, cysteine, and cystine were absent. The N-terminal residue was lysine and the structure near the C-terminus was -Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu. Since T2A had no lysine or arginine residue at the C-terminus and since the C-terminal structure was identical to that of protein A, it was concluded that T2A was derived from the C-terminal region of protein A. No clear differences were detected among T2A preparations obtained from 3 different fractions of colicin E3, suggesting that the apparent homogeneity of colicin E3 does not involve the T2A region.


Amino acid sequence of an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3. The amino acid sequence of an active fragment (T2A) of colicin E3 composed of 97 amino acid residues was determined. The structures of 6 tryptic peptides obtained from citraconylated T2A were analyzed, mainly by Edman degradation. These tryptic peptides were aligned by examining overlapping peptides obtained from T2A with a Staphylococcal protease. These results, together with sequence analyses of whole T2A from both termini, established the complete amino acid sequence of T2A. The structure and function of colicin E3 are discussed based on the determined primary structure.