Neuroradiologic study of hamartomas of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus. Five cases, four histologically proven, of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum and hypothalamus in children are reported. The ages of the patients range from 2 to 12 years. Three cases had pubertas praecox, and in all of these the hamartoma was located in the basal cistern between the chiasm and pons and had a collar button shape and size typical of hamartoma of the tuber cinereum. In the third case, a huge calcified mass in the suprasellar region was initially thought to be craniopharyngioma. The fourth case had a hamartoma within the substance of the hypothalamus and presented with hyponatremia and temporal lobe seizures.


Dynamic radioisotope study of the internal carotid region of the neck in cerebrovascular disease. The results of radionuclide angioscintigraphy were evaluated in patients with stricture or occlusion of the extracranial part of the internal carotid artery. Time-activity curves for the first 13 s were generated from left and right internal carotid regions of interest of the neck. The differences between the counts from symmetric regions of interest were measured. We observed decreased activity in regions of interest in cases with stricture of the internal carotid. The first 13 s were significant for evaluation of the extracranial part of the internal carotid.


Comparative results of 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy and computerized tomography after contrast injection in cerebral pathology. Fifty-six patients presenting acute cerebral ischemia were investigated by means of 160 CT and 90 RN scans. CT was positive before contrast injection in 90% of cases. A total of 120 CTs were done before and after contrast injection. Only 31% of the ischemic areas were enhanced. Out of 90 RN scans, 50 showed localized uptake. The peak of scintigraphic detection was found on the 15th day of evolution, while enhancement at CT was more frequent between the 15th and 21st days. For the hematomas (13 cases) detection by RN scan depends on the size of the lesion. Among the 47 patients presenting cerebral tumor, the RN uptake depends above all on the intensity of the BBB lesion. RN uptake and CT enhancement both show the same blood-brain barrier disturbance.


Calculation of cerebral tissue and cerebrospinal fluid space volumes from computer tomograms. The volumes of the cerebral tissue, and internal and external cerebrospinal fluid spaces were calculated from the computer tomograms of 28 patients. On the basis of their different absorption coefficients, cerebral tissue and CSF space were outlines and their volumes calculated by computer. The ratio of cerebral tissue volume to CSF space volume was expressed as an index. This correlated well with an objective grading of severity of hydrocephalus. The index in patients without pathology was between 10.5 and 18.4. In cerebral atrophy the index was between 2.1 and 6.7 depending upon the severity. In occlusive hydrocephalus it was between 1.0 and 5.6. The changes in the volume of the CSF space after treatment can easily by demonstrated by appropriate changes in the index.


Cerebellar atrophy: pneumoencephalography and computerized tomography correlation. Ten consecutive patients with clinical diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy were studied by both CT and PEG. CT and PEG findings on the fourth ventricle, cerebellar cortical sulci and cisterns around the brain stem were evaluated independently and compared according to the criteria based on actual measurements. In the diagnosis of cerebellar atrophy, CT and PEG were complementary, but PEG provided better diagnostic information in detecting minimal changes than CT at this stage of development.


[Lesions in senile brain: an anatomic study (author's transl)]. The authors study the alterations of the senile brain: cerebral atrophy due to neuronal loss, degenerative alterations of neurons, and vascular and ischemic alterations, including atherosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy, and lacunae.


[Contribution to the diagnosis of cortical atrophy: evaluation of computer tomograms and angiograms of patients over 70 years old (author's transl)]. To find evidence of cortical atrophy, 112 computer tomograms and 40 angiograms of patients above the age of 70 were evaluated. In the CT the width of the interhemispheric and of the sylvian fissure, in the angiograms the distance between the vessels extending into the interhemispheric fissure (anteroposterior view) and the distance between the cortical branches and the inner table (lateral view) were measured. The same measurements were performed in 100 normal computer tomograms and in 100 normal angiograms of patients between 20 and 40 years old. Statistically significant differences could be ascertained between the mean values for the patients over 70 and those for the younger ones, indicating that age-induced cerebral atrophy can be neuroradiologically demonstrated. The radiologic findings, however, do not necessarily correspond to the grade of intellectual impairment in the elderly. Neuropathologic and molecular biological research could bring us closer to the solution of this correlative problem.


Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics studied by computed tomography (CT) and radioisotope (RI) cisternography. CT and RI cisternography were done on 55 cases with normal and abnormal CSF circulation. Of 19 cases in which both studies were done, 14 case disclosed a good correspondence. The remaining five cases showed no correspondence because of technical failure. Analyzing the results, CT cisternography demonstrates pathology of the CSF dynamics in a more precise and quantitative manner than RI cisternography does. Metrizamide CT cisternography will soon be the most reliable method of investigation for the evaluation of the CSF kinetics.


Comparison of metrizamide CT cisternography with radionuclide cisternography in abnormal cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Metrizamide CT cisternograms were performed on 39 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CSF abnormalities; 20 of these patients underwent radionuclide cisternography as well. Comparison of metrizamide CT and RN cisternography revealed good correlation in the degree, extent, and time sequence of ventricular reflux as well as the extent of cortical staining and cisternal filling. Metrizamide cisternography had the advantage of excellent anatomic detail and lower exposure dose, although minor complications were more frequent with this technique. Metrizamide CT cisternography has a potential to become the preferred method of evaluating patients with abnormal CSF dynamics.


Significance of pathognomonic features of normal-pressure hydrocephalus on computerized tomography. In some patients with congenital or acquired hydrocephalus, a low-density area is seen around the lateral ventricle on computerized tomography. Above all, in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage, there appears a specific low-density area which is fan-shaped and irregular and which extends from the bilateral anterior horns to the frontal pole. This disappears or decreases with a VP shunt. Improvement of clinical symptoms is proportional to the degree of disappearance of the low-density area. The essential part of the occurrence of symptoms in patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus depends upon a low-density area on CT.


Diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus using CT with CSF enhancement. Cisternography with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide provides substantial advantages for CT demonstration: the discrimination and sharpness of definition of the basal cisterns can be considerably improved by the positive demonstration of the subarachnoid spaces. Studies of CSF dynamics make it possible to differentiate between a communicating hydrocephalus aresorptivus and a hydrocephalus within the scope of a brain atrophy. Brain substance defects and subarachnoid cysts can be clarified with respect to communication with the CSF space. Apart from providing static insights, the cisternographic use of metrizamide through repeated CT examinations also makes it possible to make conclusive statements about CSF dynamics.


The follow-up CT scan in childhood meningitis. CT in childhood bacterial meningitis has indicated that bacterial meningitis is more than an inflammation of the subarachnoid space; it is a disease process which often exerts a profound effect on the brain parenchyma. In some cases ventricular widening may be a reflection of loss of brain substance rather than increased intracranial pressure. A vasculitis may occur in cerebral vessels with consequent ischemic infarct. The abnormalities found on CT during the acute illness are frequently persistent.


Xenon enhancement in tumours and infarcts. Computed topography (CT) before and during xenon enhancement and computer subtraction has been performed in 11 patients with intracerebral tumours and 7 with ischaemic lesions. The amount of xenon uptake was expressed where possible as a percentage of that in the corresponding region of the contralateral apparently normal hemisphere. The amount of xenon uptake did not appear to be specific for any particular tumour histology. The margins of tumours were better defined during enhancement, but not to a degree which affected management; large cysts did not enhance and were well demonstrated. Cavities due to mature infarcts did not enhance and the central parts of most large recent infarcts showed markedly diminished enhancement. In recent infarcts delayed xenon uptake at the periphery and sometimes throughout the lesion reflects diminished perfusion of potentially viable tissue. One patient with an ischaemic parietal lesion in which xenon uptake was normal made a complete clinical recovery.


Sequential changes of regional circulation in cerebral infarction. Sequential changes of regional cerebral circulation and effects of spontaneous recanalization of occluded artery on cerebral circulation were observed in 50 patients with cerebral infarction. 1) Luxury perfusion was predominantly recognized in the recanalized patients within 16 days after onset. 2) Impairment of vasomotor responses was almost the same in the recanalized patients and the occluded patients. 3) CO2 response tended to recover about 3-4 weeks after onset, but disautoregulation to induced hypertension persisted up to 2 months after onset. Some clinical problems are discussed.


Comparative studies of computed tomography and measurements of regional cerebral blood flow in stroke patients. Comparative studies of computed tomography and of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by means of the intracarotid xenon-133-clearance method were performed in 25 stroke patients. The relationships between an infarction in CT and disturbances of rCBF, between a normal CT in stroke cases and focal changes of CBF, and between the luxury perfusion syndrome in the rCBF study and contrast enhancement of an infarct in CT are demonstrated and discussed.


Prognostic value of rCBF measurements and CT in focal cerebral ischemia. CT is the most effective examination technique for studying the evolution of ischemic attacks, but if performed within the first 3 weeks it does not allow prognosis of possible evolution towards necrosis. CBF measurement and vasoreactivity tests under Althesin do allow this prognosis. Thirty patients whose evolution was checked clinically and by repeated CT examinations (89 in all) underwent CBF measurements (intra-arterial xenon 133) and vasoreactivity tests. In all cases (17 patients) where vasoreactivity had completely disappeared (inverse steal), the infarct evolved towards necrosis.


Investigations of nontumoral hydrocephalus in children. An analysis was made of 175 cases of pediatric nontumoral hydrocephalus. CT scan by itself permits a precise diagnosis in only one-third of the cases. However, when the clinical context suggests that hydrocephalus is secondary to certain conditions such as infection, bleeding, or trauma, CT scan may suffice, unless more advanced investigation permits more efficient treatment. When hydrocephalus is associated with brain malformations, however, more complete investigation is needed for a better understanding of the condition. Conventional contrast studies are quite safe, especially ventriculography which is easy to perform in this type of patient, who is usually investigated during the first 12 months of life.


Neurocirculatory analysis of potential EIAB patients. Twelve patients with gross vascular occlusions and with infarcts demonstrated in CT were examined with regard to their hemodynamic situation. Angiography and rCBF with intra-arterial and inhalation techniques were performed. Response to increased arterial hypertension and to CO2 inhalation was tested. It is concluded that one technique alone does not provide enough information for the selection of patients suitable for EIAB operation.


Estimation of the dynamic carotid flow in patients with normal radionuclide cerebral perfusion. Radioisotope angioscintigraphy following intravenous injection bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate was performed in 49 patients with cerebrovascular disturbances. The region of interest placement on the sequential analog images of both middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries and time-activity curves were displayed on the video monitor. In 35 cases of this group we have noticed symmetrical cerebral perfusion and a significant difference between right and left internal carotid flow, and in 33 cases of which dynamic studies were made stenosis or occlusion of the extracranial part of the carotid internal artery was revealed by the X-ray angiography.


[Arteriographic exploration of the intrapetrous facial nerve: embryology and normal radiologic anatomy (author's transl)]. The normal development of the hyoidostapedial system and its branches and anastomosis are outlined. The intrapetrous facial nerve receives its arterial suplly from the network. The arterial arch of the facial nerve is seen more frequently in angiograms of infants than in those of adults. The fact that the same vessel supplies the VIIth and the Vth nerves suggests that an ischemic mechanism may frequently be involved in Bell's palsy. The facial nerve from the point of view of its arterial supply must be considered as a nerve of the middle fossa and represent the major risk of embolization in the propinal middle meningeal artery.


Complement system activation by contrast media in neuroradiology. Complement system activation was studied in six series of 12 patients undergoing routine contrast study following IV injection of five recently developed contrast media. The decreasing order of effectiveness on the complement system was as follows: ioxaglic acid, metrizamide, iodamidol. Metrizoic and ioxithalamic acids did not provoke any complement depletion at the doses used in this study. Both pathways of activating the complement system were involved. We could not find any definite correlation with osmolarity, ionic or nonionic formulation, protein binding, or hydrophobicity.


CT, angiography, and RN scans in intracranial cavernous hemangiomas. Nine cases of surgically verified intracranial cavernous hemangiomas are reported. A comparison is made between radionuclide brain scans, angiography, and CT studies: RN scans are sometimes superior to angiography in indicating the presence of the lesion; CT is the most informative investigation, although it does not present a specific pattern. A preoperative specific diagnosis can only be suggested on the basis of the whole complex of the information available, including the clinical history.


Structures and development of the venous system in congenital malformations of the brain. Cerebral venograms of 21 clinical cases of midline anomalies of the brain and of 80 human fetuses between 3 and 8 months old were examined. The diagnostic value of the venogram was fully proven, particularly for the midline cerebral anomalies, where deep cerebral structures and configuration of the tentorium cerebelli were not well visualized by other neuroradiologic maneuvers. Abnormal structures of the deep cerebral veins as well as the dural sinuses in these malformations were proved to retain the venous structures in the early fetal period. The time of formation of these malformations was also inferred from the viewpoint of the venous development. Study of the fetal venous system was found quite useful for embryologic analysis and classification of congenital malformations of the brain.


Post-traumatic hydrocephalus in patients with severe head injury. Computerized tomography was performed on 100 consecutive patients suffering from severe head injury, on admission, after 3, 5, 14, and 90 days and 1 year. Ventricular enlargement was evaluated in the surviving patients based upon serial CT examinations. The presence or absence of ventricular enlargement was correlated with the clinical outcome. The study indicates that a significant correlation does exist between the outcome and ventricular size. Hydrocephalus was seen in only four out of the 29 patients who developed ventriculomegaly.


Postoperative CT changes.

Postoperative CT changes. An analysis is made of 36 cases of severe postoperative changes, some of which are undoubtedly of iatrogenic origin. CT has considerably improved the possibilities of postoperative control. By this means it is easy to check the result of the operation. Moreover the neuroradiologist can verify the quality (indication and technique) of the work of his surgical colleagues in the same way that the neurosurgeon can verify the neuroradiologist's work in the operating theater. This will result in a better knowledge of each other and, even more important, in better care of the patient.


[CT scan in Wilson's disease (author's transl)]. We studied nine cases of Wilson's disease on CT scan. In all patients we found cerebral atrophy. In five patients without neurological symptoms we found no specific signs. In the four patients with neurological symptoms we found lenticular caudate nucleus or thalamic areas of hypodensity.


Computerized tomography of the spine and its contents. The authors present their experience with computerized tomography of the spine both with and without contrast material. Our early experience indicated the substantial potential of this new technique. Further experience confirms this earlier impression. Representative cases of computer tomography of the spine and computer-assisted myelography are presented.


Cervical and lumbar routes for metrizamide cervical examination. The C1-C2 lateral spinal puncture for metrizamide injection is compared to decubitus lumbar puncture for cervical myelography. By lumbar route, the contrast medium was taken into the cervical region with the patient prone. The instances when the lumbar route could not be used include cervical spinal trauma, spinal deformity, and lumbar epidural infection. Routine metrizamide cervical myelography by the C1-C2 route has better film quality and probably fewer short-term adverse reactions than use of the lumbar route of injection.


Cervical myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque). A comparison between conventional and computer-assisted myelography with special reference to the upper cervical and foramen magnum region. Cervical myelography with metrizamide was performed in a series of 30 patients. Minor modifications to the conventional technique made it possible to carry out measurements of the sagittal diameter of the cord and to improve the opacification of the upper cervical--foramen magnum region. Computer tomography was performed with a head scanner within 1 h after the conventional examination, and the spinal cord surrounded by contrast  medium was shown from C-3 to the foramen magnum region. Measurements of the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and the cord at corresponding levels using the two methods showed good correlation.


The vasculature of the diaphragma sellae. A postmortem injection study. The postmortem injection study demonstrated that the main blood supply to each quadrant of the competent diaphragma sellae appears to come from the following vessels: posterior quadrant, inferior hypophyseal arteries; right and left marginal quadrant, tributaries of the intracavernous portion of the carotid artery; anterior marginal quadrant, anterior capsular arteries. When the diaphragm is incomplete or absent the inferior hypophyseal arteries are the main source of blood supply. Microscopic analysis of the vascular bed in the diaphragma sellae reveals that there are fine arterial filaments mostly in the superior layer, while venules are situated in the inferior part of the diaphragm.


Giant aneurysms in CT and angiography.

Giant aneurysms in CT and angiography. Giant intracranial aneurysms are frequently observed as incidental findings on CT and angiograms obtained for purposes other than subarachnoid hemorrhage, such as slowly evolving nerve palsy or hemiparesis. Since giant aneurysms often thrombose, the CT scan may demonstrate a larger aneurysmal volume than the angiogram. This paper presents CT and angiogram findings in cerebral aneurysms with a diameter of 25 mm-60 mm. The discussion covers: sort of aneurysm (congenital, arteriosclerotic); type and degree of thrombosis; long-term results after spontaneous thrombosis; and CT examination after using epsilon-aminocaproic acid.


The moyamoya phenomenon with accompanying intracranial aneurysm. Three cases illustrating the moyamoya phenomenon and an aneurysm in the periphery of the lateral ventricle in angiograms are reported. The mechanism of occurrence of an aneurysm in the moyamoya phenomenon is discussed.


Angiographic measurement of posterior fossa in the Japanese. Measurement employing the concept of the centroid is the most accurate way to study the radiographic anatomy of the posterior fossa. The normal measurements in Japanese subjects and as reported by Ross and du Boulay correlated well. We have developed a new radiographic centroid based on the morbid anatomy of the posterior fossa. The normal measurement in the Japanese by this method is also presented.


Perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The reports of perangiographic rupture of intracranial aneurysm are very few, but the actual incidence is doubtless higher than reported. We could find only 49 cases in the literature, all of which were recognized by extravasation of contrast media. Three of our own cases are documented; in all of them cerebral angiography was carried out soon after subarachnoid hemorrhages. The danger of cerebral angiography in patients with a recently hemorrhaged intracranial aneurysm is stressed.


Cerebral venous angioma: computerized tomography and angiographic diagnosis. Four cases of cerebral venous angioma were studied by both CT and angiography. All cases showed similar angiographic findings: a normal arterial phase and a local network of small veins that converged centrally into a single large draining vein. However, CT showed nodular areas of high density in three cases, and a curvilinear enhanced lesion representing the draining vein in the other. CT findings are nonspecific but very useful for detecting the lesion and demonstrating the associated hematoma. Angiographic findings are not so obvious as in AVM, but are necessary for the final diagnosis of the venous angioma.


CT in homonymous hemianopia.

CT in homonymous hemianopia. Computed tomography (CT) is useful for demonstrating a lesion of the optic pathway, because a slice of the brain almost parallel to the optic pathway can be viewed and the relationship between the optic pathway and the extent of the lesion can be demonstrated. We studied 53 cases of homonymous hemianopia by CT. In 85% of our cases, positive CT findings were obtained. When the lesion was in the occipital lobe, correlation between the size of the lesion and the type of visual field defect was observed.


[C5 collaterals of the internal carotid siphon: embryology, angiographic anatomical correlations, pathological radio-anatomy (author's transl)]. Since Parkinson's original description, the C5 collaterals are always presented as originating from a common trunk (meningo-hypophyseal). This is the least frequent anatomical variation. In fact, the posterior (C5) group of collaterals corresponds to the remnant of two transient embryonic vessels (primitive maxillary and trigeminal arteries), branches of which will give rise to the two main groups of collaterals originating from this area: medially, the inferior hypophyseal and the medial clival arteries; laterally, the basal tentorial and lateral clival arteries, which are constantly anastomosed with the ascending pharyngeal artery. Only in some cases (10%) do these two groups arise in common from the C5 carotid siphon. Apart from these branches the so-called Bernasconi's artery may originate from eight different pedicles, the C5 siphon representing only one of them.


[The middle meningeal blood supply to the posterior fossa (author's transl)]. The middle meningeal artery can sometimes supply the complete vascularisation of the posterior fossa, i.e., the dura mater of the cerebellar fossa and the tentorium cerebelli. The authors present an anatomic and radiologic correlative study based upon an unusual case where the middle meningeal artery arose from the ascending pharyngeal artery and vascularised the entire posterior cerebellar fossa.


[Angiographic study of facial paralyses (author's transl)]. Many arguments lead us to think that a possible etiologic factor in idiopathic Bell's palsy is the ischemia of the facial nerve and that angiography could help in diagnosis: (1) the rapid progress of the paralysis; (2) the correlation between Bell's palsy occurring after embolization of the internal maxillary artery, the middle meningeal artery, the occipital or posterior auricular artery, and their participation in the blood supply of the facial nerve; (3) the already known ischemic third nerve paralysis reported in diabetes and extending further to the facial nerve. Even if it is technically impossible to study Bell's palsy by angiography, it is interesting to understand and consider some complications of embolization and perhaps to envisage a new kind of treatment.


Neuroradiologic evaluation of the subdural pathogenesis in infants with small heads. A marginal low density area is often revealed by CT scan in infants with microcephalia. However, it is difficult to assess precisely the main pathologic state of the marginal low density area and also whether such a lesion exists in the subdural-epiarachnoid space or in the subarachnoid space. A carotid angiographic evaluation of cortical vessels in the marginal avascular area was made and suggestive results were obtained. When there is acute subdural effusion or subdural hematoma, cortical arteries in the marginal avascular area will have a straightened and attenuated figure. But when such a pathologic state persists for a long period, it induces secondary cortical atrophy and the subarachnoid space becomes enlarged. The cortical artery appears as if it is flying in the enlarged subarachnoid space because it is detached from the gyrus and the sulcus following the cortical atrophy. This is why we named it the 'flying artery.' Angiographic findings allow more precise interpretation of the marginal low density area in the CT scan.


Interhemispheric acute subdural hematoma: a computed tomographic manifestation of child abuse by shaking. Parieto-occipital interhemispheric acute subdural hematomas (IASH) were found in 17 (61%) of 28 abused children examined by computed tomography, presenting with neurologic symptoms. CT demonstration of IASH correlated with injury due to severe shaking, the presence of retinal hemorrhages, and the absence of the stigmata of battering. Subsequent computed tomographic examination in these patients demonstrated infarction in 50%, and cerebral atrophy in 100%.


Leukoencephalopathy following high-dose intravenous methotrexate chemotherapy: quantitative assessment of white matter attenuation using computed tomography. A clinical or subclinical leukoencephalopathy occurs in some children after treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia with prophylactic cranial radiation therapy and parenteral or intrathecal methotrexate. We have observed a similar clinical leukoencephalopathy in patients with bone tumors treated with intravenous high-dose methotrexate and citrovorum factor without cranial irradiation. CT scans of such patients may indicate decreased white matter attenuation, but visual appraisal of this phenomenon is occasionally misleading. A computerized method for analyzing white matter hypodensity by determining the mean attenuation coefficient for one or several contiguous CT slices has therefore been developed. Serial comparisons of this mean attenuation coefficient appear to be more reliable than simple visual appraisal.


CT scan appearances in Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). Four cases of Leigh's disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy), two confirmed at postmortem examination, have been investigated recently by CT scanning. All four showed the same symmetrical areas of low attenuation in the basal ganglia, especially the putamina. These areas corresponded with the typical areas of necrosis seen in this disease. There was also some evidence of atrophic change in the posterior fossa in some cases. This CT scan appearance may be diagnostic in the appropriate clinical context.


Transfrontal perforation of the lamina terminalis. Perforation of the lamina terminalis through a frontal burrhole in occlusive hydrocephalus is discussed, with details of technique, indications, and results. The follow-up of some patients who were treated between 1945 and 1955 is described in case reports.


Vascular changes in cerebellar developmental defects. A study of arterial vascular changes in different types of cerebellar defects is presented. PICA was found to be hypoplastic or aplastic in a large number of cases. In cases of cerebellar defects involving mostly the vermis, the hypoplastic PICA was frequently associated with a compensatory hyperdevelopment of HCA or MCA. Anomalies at the origin of the vertebral arteries associated with hypoplastic PICA were common.


Infantile and juvenile cerebral aneurysms. Primary cerebral aneurysms (i.e., of noninflammatory or nontraumatic etiology) are rare in the pediatric age group. Twelve cases of intracranial aneurysms occurring in infancy, childhood, and adolescence are presented and discussed. These aneurysms are different from the classic so-called berry aneurysms seen in adults. This group can be said to constitute a separate and novel entity.


Congenital spinal and cord lesions in children and computed tomographic metrizamide myelography. Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography (CTMM) has developed into a highly sophisticated and accurate neuroradiologic technique in the diagnosis of childhood spinal dysrhaptic states. Of the 84 patients studied by this technique, 31 with the dysrhaphic spine also had lesions such as a tethered and low conus, diastematomyelia, or neuroenteric cysts. We believe that the exquisite pathologic anatomy obtained by CTMM obviates all neuroradiologic techniques other than a preliminary anteroposterior and lateral spinal roentgenograph.


Analysis of cerebral defective states acquired in early life. The clinical and radiographic data provided by CT of 34 patients with cerebral defects acquired in early life were analyzed. Seventeen patients showed porus-like defects due to vascular thrombosis. Volume measurements were made in 26 patients to determine tissue loss and volume shifting by ROI. CT is the most effective means of detecting the cause of the lesion.


Cerebrospinal fluid scintigraphy and computer assisted tomography in the evaluation of special kinds of hydrocephalus in children. CT cisternography and CSF scintigraphy are indispensable in the detailed morphologic and etiologic evaluation of special types of childhood hydrocephalus. In addition these investigations afford interesting insights into CSF dynamics in apparently complete membranous or tumorous obstruction of the fourth ventricle and into the genesis of internal hydrocephalus in cerebellopontine angle tumors.


Computerized tomography in chronic subdural hematomas (effusions) of infancy. During the past 2 years six infants were seen at University of Wisconsin Hospitals (UWH) with subdural hematomas (effusions). This communication describes the abnormalities found on computerized tomographic (CT) evaluation of the six infants.


Vascular and nonvascular intracranial malformation associated with external capillary hemangiomas. Seven patients with facial and scalp capillary hemangiomas with associated and nonvascular intracranial malformations are presented. All patients were female. The most important anomalies include: Dandy-Walker disease, cerebellar hypoplasia, arterial angiomas, and abnormal origin and intracranial distribution of some of the principal cerebral arteries.


Diastematomyelia--rare and unusual features. Diastematomyelia is an uncommon congenital anomaly of the spine. Four unusual variations of diastematomyelia are presented. These include (1) double diastematomyelia, (2) adult presentation, (3) diastermatomyelia without a septum and unusual termination of two halves of the spinal cord, and (4) recurrence of a fibrous band following removal of an osseous septum.


[Myelography with metrizamide in children (author's transl)]. The non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) allows the examination of all regions of the spinal canal. Excellent visualization, the low toxicity for nervous tissue, and small side effects make metrizamide the best contrast medium for myelography, even in infants and children. The technique used is described and results are demonstrated.


[Relations between hypercalcemia and peptic ulcer]. Calcaemia and phosphoraemia have been evaluated in a group of patients suffering from gastroduodenal ulcer and in a control group suffering from various pathologies of surgical interest. A significant correlation was found to exist between these values and the presence of gastroduodenal ulcer and this is considered worthy of further clinical and experimental study.


[Peripheral lymphatico-venous anastomosis. New surgical technic]. A new surgical technique for peripheral lymphatic-venous anastomosis is presented. It is designed especially for cases of node block, e.g. lymphoedema after mastectomy. The distal ends of the collectors are sectioned downstream from the block and passed through a patch, which also serves to close a phlebotomy on an adjacent vein. An experimental study and preliminary clinical results are discussed.


[Case studies of bacterial species responsible for urinary tract infections and their sensitivity to antibiotic treatment]. A microbiological assessment was made of 829 urine specimens to determine the percentage incidence of different bacterial species and their susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. It was found that E. coli was most common, followed by Pseudomonas, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Candida, faecal Streptococcus, and Shigella. The results suggest that the aetiological agent should be systematically ascertained and an antibiogram run before a treatment programme is laid down.


[Intraoperative choledochoscopy].

[Intraoperative choledochoscopy]. Intraoperative choledochoscopy is examined and the instruments mostly employed for this purpose are described, with particular reference to the Olympus CHF B2, and personal modifications to the same, as used in the present study. The indications for the examination and the technique required are explained. It is especially useful in diseases of the bile ducts, and superior to cholangiography, which often fails to diagnose intrahepatic calculosis and small, multicentered tumours. A series of images relating to calculosis of the bile ducts, biliary neoplasia, the choledochus in lesions of the head of the pancreas, and the normal appearance of the bile ducts is presented.


[Traumatic arterial spasm. Reflections on several personal cases]. Four personal cases and the treatment adopted are described. The incidence of this event is discussed. Attention is drawn to what is felt to be the most suitable treatment of traumatic ischaemia with a possibility of underlying spasm at in the light of the existing knowledge.


[Arterial chemotherapy of tumors. Considerations on 159 cases]. The results obtained in 153 patients suffering from advanced primary, residual, recurrent and metastatic cancers localized mainly in the cervico-cephalic district and in other sites (skin, extremities and pelvis, liver, thoracic wall, breast) in whom locoregional intraarterial chemotherapy was employed from 1967, are reported. In order of frequency, the commonest antiblastics used were Methotrexate, 5 FU, Vincristin and DITC. Long-term results show an average remission of 52% and mean survival of 11.4 months; these values are liable to wild fluctuations in relation to various factors such as site, development, state of regional lymph nodes, and any previous surgical, radiation or antiblastic therapy. Intraarterial treatment is found to have the best effect in cases of cancer which have not previously been subjected to any therapy at all, and which involve the cervico-cephalic districts, the liver and melanomas.


[Bone scans in the diagnosis of renal osteopathy]. Biochemical tests (serum calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase), as well as clinical, radiological, scanning and histological investigations were undertaken in 24 patients in chronic renal failure. The frequency with which the diagnosis of renal osteopathy could be made depended in the method of investigation, the biochemical findings proving to be completely unreliable. There were positive radiological signs in ten patients and clinical signs in 12, predominantly in the progressive stages of osteopathy. A positive scan was obtained in 23 patients, typical histological bone changes in an equal number. Since it correlates so well with the histological findings, bone scan is suitable particularly in the early diagnosis of osteopathy. Since this test is easily performed and hardly stresses the patient, it should routinely be the initial one for the diagnosis of renal osteopathy.


[Immunodiagnostic aspects of breast cancer. The phenomenon of leukocyte adherence inhibition]. In 39 patients with breast cancer and in 38 female controls the leucocyte adherence was tested in glass tubes in the presence of a series of extracts of breast cancer and control tissues. It was shown that the adherence of leucocytes of patients with operable carcinoma of the breast (stage I/II) is selectively inhibited by extracts from breast cancer tissues. Leucocyte adherence inhibition tests could thus become important for immunodiagnostics.


[The effects of oxyfedrine on the hemodynamics of patients with acute myocardial infarction]. In 16 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction the effect of 8 mg of intravenous oxyfedrine followed by an infusion of 0.3 mg/kg body weight per hour on haemodynamics of the pulmonary and systemic circulation and dynamic cardiac indices was investigated. Cardiac rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, minute volume, cardiac output, and tension-time index remained unchanged on the whole. On the other hand oxyfedrine produced a persistant significant decrease of the mean and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure, and of the contraction and pressure-increase time. These effects were also demonstrable in patients previously treated with digitalis. No cardiac arrhythmias were observed. The positive inotropic effect of oxyfedrine is suggested as reason for these changes.


[Colonorectal adenoma: relationships among histological structure, dimensions of the polyps, and age distribution]. Among 1258 polyps from the lower gastro-intestinal tract removed by rectoscopy or coloscopy and examined histologically there were 744 adenomas, 72% tubular, 27% papillary and 1% villous. 96.5% of all adenomas were extracted from patients aged over 40 years. Four fifths of the tumours were found in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Only 6% of the tubular adenomas were more than 15 mm in diameter, compared with 32% of papillary and 57% of villous adenomas. The special significance of the adenomas lies in their potential malignancy (adenoma-to-cancer sequence).


[Value and limitations of scintigraphy in hematology]. The most important methods for carrying out scintigraphic investigation of the lympho-haemo-poietic system are described and their advantages and limitations reviewed with respect to pure methodology and to that of results interpretation. This field of radioisotopic symptomatology can still be considered a developing one; the techniques described have an indisputable diagnostic value, in spite of the advent of more sophisticated radiological techniques such as echography and computerized axial tomography.


[The aberrant pancreas in gastro-duodenal disease. A clinical, endoscopic-bioptic study]. 30 instances of aberrant pancreas were noted in 13,620 routine gastroduodenoscopies (0.22%), usually in the antrum or duodenum (antrum 83.5%, cap 6.6%, D2 6.6%). Symptoms, where present, took many forms and were aspecific, since they were related to size and site. The difficulties surrounding conventional methods of diagnosis are explained. Radiology reveals local alteration in 80% of cases, though its offers formally useful data in only 10%. Endoscopy and oriented biopsy partly make up for this inadequancy, because an aberrant pancreas may present as an atypical, nonumbelicated form that cannot be endoscopically distinguished from other benign growths. In addition, biopsy of the pancreas may be difficult in a submucosal site. Given the relative inefficacy of even the most recent techniques, perendoscopic polypectomy is proposed as a means of combining optimum diagnosis and radical treatment.


[The pathogenesis of inadequate cerebral circulation in the aged]. A physiopathologically oriented classification is proposed for cerebral circulatory insufficiency to cover forms caused by intra- and extracranial vascular disease, and those of cardiac and non-cardiac extravascular origin. The aetiopathogenetic aspects of the matter are discussed, and some clinical pictures of particular geriatric interest are described. Lastly, attention is given to the dysmetabolically induced instances of cerebral distress that are often observed in the aged.


[The therapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in stage III and stage IV]. The features that distinguish non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin forms of lymphoma are briefly described, together with the method employed in classifying 45 non-Hodgkin cases treated with polychemotherapy and cobalt. The results were satisfactory. Remission (complete or incomplete) was obtained in 75% and 73% of lymphocytic and histocytic forms respectively. Survival after 5 yr was 50% for cases in the 3rd stage and 11% for those in the 4th. It is felt that the 3rd stage should be regarded as a generalised form, requiring the intensive systematic management offered by combining polychemotherapy and radiotherapy.


[Therapy of pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency. Preliminary physiopathology]. A physiopathological approach to the treatment of chronic pneumogenous respiratory insufficiency is proposed. To this end, disturbances of the ventilatory and alveolocapillary stages of the pulmonary respiratory function are discussed. Particular attention to distribution and diffusion disturbances and the main diseases to which they give rise. A treatment program based on these premises is put forward.


[Effects of the length of radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism on the distribution of blood levels of calcium and phosphorus as a function of sex and age]. An evaluation was made of the incidence of hypoparathyroidism after 131I management of hyperthyroidism and of the effect of irradiation on the relation between blood calcium, phosphorus and proteins and age in normal subjects. 356 treated patients and 216 controls were examined. Serum calcium was determined from 2 to 6 yr after treatment. It was found that calcium values decrease with age in males, wherease in women this phenomenon is less marked and, indeed, is no longer apparent over the age of 30. In the normal male, phosphrous also decreases with age, while in females there is a fall until the age of 30-40 yr, followed by a rise. Only 1 subject with a value of 8.45 mg calcium/100 ml was noted in the treated group and there was no significant difference between the means for the two groups, suggesting that parathyroid insufficiency is a virtually non-existent complication of the 131I treatment of hyperthyroidism. The relation between blood calcium and phosphorus and age in the treated group was examined with reference to subjects with normal thyroid function only. In the case of calcium, values were no longer related to age after treatment in males, while phosphorus values fell to below those observed in females, coupled with an increase in function of age as in women, though this itself was not statistically significant. Treatment also suppressed the relation between total blood proteins and age noted in the normal male. None of the parameters considered displayed any significant changes in the treated females. It would thus seem that 131I abolishes the differences in blood calcium and phosphorus mean values and age-linked patterns normally found between males and females.


[The current status of endemic goiter in Upper Adige and the necessity for iodine prophylaxis]. That the province of Bolzano is still endemic for goiter is shown by its low drinking water (0.75 microgram/1) and food iodine values, and the observation of goiter in 48% of its school-children, coupled with a mean urinary iodine level of 35.95 microgram/g creatinine. Prophylaxis with iodinated salt (2 g/100 Kg) is being undertaken. Legislative provisions designed to render this more effective by encouraging its diffusion are proposed.


[Vegetative gastric carcinoma with endoesophageal development]. The reported case calls attention to the possibility that an ectasia of the preterminal segment of the oesophagus with concomitant filling defects may be the expression of ascending intraluminal development of cancer of the bottom of the stomach.


Vertical retraction syndrome.

Vertical retraction syndrome. A 14-year-old white boy, the second of 5 brothers, showed a congenital deficit of ocular motility in his left eye, characterized by limited elevation, marked retraction of the globe and narrowing of the palpebral fissure during upward gaze. The ocular movements in the other directions of gaze were normal with normal binocular vision and stereopsis. The characteristics of the motility defect and the results of the forced duction test suggest the possibility of an anomaly of superior rectus scleral insertion rather than of an innervational defect or of a muscular fibrosis.


Senile macular degeneration and alteration of the metabolism of the lipids. An accurate study on the alterations of lipid metabolism was made on a sample of 30 patients affected by senile macular degeneration and 13 patients affected by senile macular degeneration complicated by retinopathy due to hyperlipidemia. The authors came to the conclusion that hyperlipidemia can complicate simple macular degeneration, even if a close correlation between the two phenomena can be excluded.


[Does the intraretinal contusive syndrome exist?]. An ocular trauma may be followed only by a decrease in visual acuity without any tissular alteration. The measurement of the flicker sensitivity permits to hypothesize that the origin of the disturbance is in the retina itself. We postulate, therefore, the existence of a trauma of the lateral inhibition and we propose the term contusive intraretinal syndrome.


Fluoroangiographic picture of the acute stage of the retinal lesion in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The fluoroangiographic examination of the acute stage of retinal lesion in a 16-year-old girl suffering from SSPE showed an exclusively localized retinal vascular involvement 4 days after the onset of her visual complaints. A week later this occlusive vascular lesion progressed to a large area of capillary bed obstruction and it was followed up angiographically. The choroid was involved even during the late stages of evolution of retinal lesion at a low degree. Our angiographic findings enable us to consider a neuroretinal location of primary pathological process in the retina.


[Iris angiography in the persistent pupillary membrane]. With fluorescence angiography of the iris vessels, in a 52-year-old female patient, blood-containing vessels with thread-like remnants of a persistent pupillary membrane could be demonstrated. From these vessels, a diffuse dye leakage was seen from free-floating remnants in the anterior chamber as well as from those which were inserted at the anterior lens capsule. At the pupillary margin, a diffuse fluorescence from the capillary network of the sphincter pupillae was visible, whereas the rest of the iris showed a normal angiographical pattern.


Objective detection of reversible deficiencies in glaucoma by means of BECP. The dynamic properties of the VECP trigger mechanism are used as a functional test for the glaucomatous eye. A light-emitting diode is used as stimulator. The test was performed under the condition of the functional isolation of the red colour mechanism (by means of selective colour adaptation technique). In any case, a delayed rise of stimulus luminance causes a delay of the VECP. This delay increases in patients with glaucoma. After a successful glaucoma operation the VECP delay diminishes again.


Spontaneous recovery in microstrabismus. We recently discovered the first patients who demonstrated a total recovery from their microstrabismus. The prism 4-diopter test became negative and steroscopic vision achieved 40 sec. Also, the amblyopia was completely cured. All this happened spontaneously! The age of these children varied from 8 to 16 years. Being convinced that the cause of microstrabismus is the same as for any other type of convergent squint, we believe that what maintains the amblyopia in microstrabismus and the microstrabismus itself, seems to be the dynamic impediment of the uncontrolled accommodation in the amblyopic eye. In turn, the poor accommodation is maintained by the amblyopia.


Lanthony's new color test. Part I.

Lanthony's new color test. Part I. In general the statements in the manual of the New Color Test are confirmed, but there is no exact correlationship between the AOH-R-R classification and the NCT classification. There is a gradual increase in sensitivity from the AOH-R-R, via the panel D-15 and the NCT 6/2 to the desaturated panel 8/2. Thus, if the panel 8/2 result is normal the NCT 6/2 yields no further information.


Ocular and biochemical abnormalities in gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Patients with gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina have myopia, constricted visual fields, elevated dark adaptation thresholds, small or nondetectable ERGs, and chorioretinal atrophy. Biochemical abnormalities include hyperornithinemia, hypolysinemia, hyperornithinuria, an unknown amino compound in the urine, and virtual absence of OKT activity in extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts. Extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts from one patient studied in our laboratory showed an increase in OKT activity with increasing concentrations of vitamin B6 in the assay medium; this patient also showed some biochemical responsiveness within three weeks to 300 mg/day or orally administered vitamin B6. Three patients whose fibroblasts did not show increased OKT activity in vitro with increasing vitamin B6 did not respond in vivo to 300 mg/day of vitamin B6 over the same period. All four patients continue to be evaluated with larger doses of this vitamin. It remains to be established if long-term treatment with vitamin B6 will stabilize the course of the chorioretinal degeneration for at least some patients with this disease.


Rubeosis iridis and glaucoma associated with sickle cell retinopathy: a light and electron microscopic study. The ultrastructure of rubeosis iridis in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease is described for the first time. Findings included open interendothelial cell junctions, intraendothelial cytoplasmic attenuations (fenestrations), and pericyte formation. The ultrastructural appearance of rubeosis iridis gives no clue to the underlying etiology and is similar to that reported in rubeosis associated with diabetes mellitus, central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The electron microscopic findings explain the functional incompetence of rubeotic vessels that are manifested by transmural leakage of fluorescein.


Late wound separation after cataract extraction. Many years after cataract extraction, blunt trauma ruptured limbal wounds in five eyes. Filtrations followed minor trauma in three patients, and occurred spontaneously in two others. Limbal wounds do not regain the tensile strength of adjacent normal stroma and may be further weakened by tissue incarcerations, vascularization, and other defects. Histologic studies after cataract extraction also reveal minimal collagen bridging of the stromal wound in some human eyes. Diagnosis and clinical significance are discussed.


High cervical spine and craniocervical junction injuries in fatal traffic accidents: a radiological study. Postmortem radiographic examinations in 312 victims of fatal traffic accidents were analyzed with respect to injuries to the cervical spine. Most fractures and dislocations in this group were found to involve the craniocervical junction and the upper two cervical segments. Over half were flexion injuries, one-fifth caused predominantly by extension. Flexion and extension views were found to be helpful in demonstrating the instability of many injuries.


Vascular complications of upper cervical spine injuries. Upper cervical spine injuries can be complicated by occlusion of the vertebral and carotid arteries. Injury to the former is more common. The arteries may be kinked or temporarily occluded, in which case the symptoms are transient. With more forceful trauma, damage to the intima and subsequent thrombosis or prolonged spasm may ensue. Early recognition of ischemic symptoms hastens the diagnosis. In most instances it is not possible to alter advanced neurologic deficits once they are established.


New concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of infections of the cervical spine. Of the three major areas of the spinal column, the cervical spine is least commonly infected; approximately 3 to 5 per cent of all spinal infections involve the cervical spine. Tuberculous, pyogenic, fungal, and parasitic infections may involve the cervical spine and occur in this order of decreasing frequency. Difficulty in differential diagnosis most commonly involves tumor. Fungal and parasitic infections of the cervical spine are extremely rare, but fungal infections have been increasing over the past three decades. Clinical suspicion, radiologic examination, and definitive diagnosis via tissue biopsy are necessary so that definitive procedures can be instituted. Specific antibiotic coverage, surgery to facilitate the body's defenses and antibiotic penetration, and stabilization of the spine are the most important therapeutic measures to be instituted.


Congenital anomalies of the odontoid process. Anomalous development of the odontoid is uncommon, and its clinical significance lies in its potential for producing serious neurologic sequelae due to atlantoaxial instability. Although there are several recognized variations (aplasia, hypoplasia, and os odontoideum), clinically they share the same signs and symptoms, and the treatment is identical. Symptoms are usually due to instability of the atlantoaxial joint, with compression of the spinal cord and anteriorly against the axis or posteriorly from the ring of the atlas. Patients may present with no symptoms, with persistent neck complaints, with transient or permanent neurologic deficits, or with sudden death. Symptoms from cranial nerve irritation seldom occur, but occasionally symptoms of cerebral and brain stem ischemia are noted as a result of compression of the vertebral arteries in the area of the atlas. If the condition is suspected, the diagnosis usually can be confirmed on lateral flexion-extension roentgenograms. Special techniques are often required, particularly lateral laminagrams, and flexion-extension stress roentgenograms are necessary to determine the presence and degree of atlantoaxial instability. The role of prophylactic surgical stabilization is not yet established. If instability greater than 5 mm. is demonstrated or the patient has clinical findings of neurologic compromise, surgical fusion should be performed.


Fusion for instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. Instability and potential instability of the cervical spine in the child and adolescent not presenting as emergencies may be due to many causes. We have reviewed 30 patients treated surgically over a seven year period and have grouped them under four general headings: isolated congenital anomalies of the cervical spine, postlaminectomy instability, traumatic instability with delayed presentation, and bony or ligamentous inadequacy secondary to miscellaneous conditions. The variety of conditions permits few generalizations. However, an overview of the entire group supports the concept that abnormal motion in an immature spine or the potential for such motion should be viewed cautiously by the orthopedist, for it may herald severe neurologic compromise. When compromise has occurred, the decision to intervene is made easier. Should only increased motion or the potential for such be present, the natural history of the lesion, if available, should be the guide to treatment. If the natural history of a cervical spine lesion is not available and structural integrity is compromised with abnormal motion present, fusion is advised. Appropriate patient counseling as to the lack of an alternative, with the exception of prolonged bracing to avoid the hazards of life, is essential in this group of individuals.


Atlantoaxial rotary deformities.

Atlantoaxial rotary deformities. Persistent torticollis in younger patients, particularly after trivial trauma or an upper respiratory tract infection, suggests a diagnosis of atlantoaxial rotary fixation. The diagnosis can be confirmed by cineroentgenography. Anterior displacement of the atlas, indicating a deficient transverse ligament, should be ruled out by flexion-extension lateral roentgenograms. If conservative management fails to achieve reduction or is followed by a recurrence of the deformity, arthrodesis is indicated.


Atlanto-occipital hypermobility.

Atlanto-occipital hypermobility. Hypermobility of the atlanto-occipital joint can be seen following trauma or in a patient with congenital fusion of C1-C2 as a progressive problem. The lateral roentgenogram is the key to the diagnosis, and familiarity with the normal anatomy is necessary. In the trauma setting care should be taken not to increase the dislocation with traction. Treatment by a posterior craniocervical fusion has proved successful in both groups of patients.


Fractures of the odontoid: a laboratory and clinical study of mechanisms. Previous reports and a study of the mechanism of injury in 25 cases of fracture of the odontoid suggest that the fracture usually results from a high velocity force directed to the head, producing flexion, extension, or rotation of the upper cervical spine. In a laboratory biomechanical study using cadaver preparations, fractures of the odontoid were produced in 20 specimens from the upper cervical spine, which were loaded in failure in forward and lateral modes.


Pain in gynecologic practice.

Pain in gynecologic practice. This paper has given a general discussion of the spectrum of pain complaints presented to the gynecologist. Specific information about pain sensation and localization has been reviewed together with the gynecologic causes of acute abdominal pain. Chronic pain has been classified as episodic or continuous, and the causes, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of episodic and chronic pelvic pain have been presented. The concluding remarks have outlined some diagnostic considerations for the patient with chronic pain. (The interested reader will find more extensive information on these subjects in the articles listed in the bibliography.).


Pain perception and endorphin levels in cerebrospinal fluid. In 45 consecutive patients with chronic pain syndromes endorphins, fraction I of the cerebrospinal fluid and pain measures by means of electric stimulation via saline electrodes were investigated. In patients with high levels of fraction I (above median) pain threshold, PT and tolerance level, TL, in condition C (continuous stimulation increase) were found to be significantly higher than in patients with low levels of fraction I (below median). The results indicate that the endorphins are one of the physiological factors that contribute to the pain threshold and the tolerance level.


Phantom limb pain treated by electrical stimulation. Twenty patients suffering from phantom limb pain were assessed for suitability for treatment by electrical stimulator implant to the peripheral nerve or the spinal cord. Twelve were so treated and seven obtained excellent and three partial relief of pain. One patient maintains excellent relief of pain by trancutaneous electrical stimulation. Factors that might influence the responsiveness of pain to electrical stimulation and the qualitative results from such treatment are discussed.


Radioimmunoassay for serum tobramycin levels using 125I-labeled tobramycin. A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of tobramycin in serum or plasma. The technique has advantages over other assay techniques with regard to precision, specificity, sensitivity and rapidity. The radioimmunoassay uses a tracer labelled with 125Iodine. The iodination technique is simple and gives tracer in high yield, at high specific activity and with complete immunological identity to unlabelled tobramycin. There is a significant correlation between the results obtained by this radioimmunoassay and by the disc-plate assay. Such knowledge of serum levels of tobramycin assists the clinician in regulating drug dosage to obtain an optimum therapeutic effect, and yet avoids toxic serum levels.


Hb I alpha16 Lys leads to Glu and Hb Broussais alpha90 Lys leads to Asn in Australian families. This paper describes the finding of Hb 1 alpha16 Lys leads to Glu and Hb Broussais alpha90 Lys leads to Asn in Australian families. Neither of these variants has been previously described in the Australian population. The variants were detected in an electrophoretic screening of 2500 blood samples. Both variants were clinically silent. The haematological parameters were within normal limits and the peripheral blood morphology was normal.


Acquired haemoglobin H disease, complicating a myeloproliferative syndrome: a case report. A case of acquired haemoglobin H disease in association with a myeloproliferative disorder is described. Severe haemolysis with hypochromic microcytic anaemia was present. Haemoglobin H formed 18% of the circulating haemoglobin and 60% of the red cells showed multiple inclusions on incubation with brilliant cresyl blue. Blood film and absolute red cell values from a previous unrelated illness were normal, proving the acquired nature of the haemoglobin abnormality. Alpha/beta chain synthesis was measured in vitro and the degree of imbalance (alpha/beta ratio 0.39) was similar to that seen in the inborn thalassaemic disorder. A small proportion of red cells showed i-antigen reactivity but their haemoglobin H content was no different from the majority of cells which were l-antigen positive.


The distribution of albumin and immunoglobulin G in the glomerular capillary wall in aminonucleoside nephrosis. Using an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase technique, the distribution of endogenous albumin and immunoglobulin G was examined in superficial glomeruli of Munich-Wistar rats with aminonucleoside nephrosis. In glomerular capillaries in which the external surface of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was completely covered with spread expanses of epithelial cytoplasm, albumin and IgG were distributed normally, with no detectable penetration beyond the endothelial fenestrae. However, at sites of focal loss of the epithelial covering of the GBM, both albumin and IgG were found to penetrate the GBM. These results suggest that, in this experimental model, plasma proteins leak into the urine at sites of glomerular epithelial denudation.


Cerebellar calcification--ultrastructure and histochemistry. The histochemistry and ultrastructure of calcified cerebellar deposits described by Tonge et al. (1977) are reported. The deposits were located by electron microscopy in the walls of blood vessels outside the basement membrane and, in most lesions, consisted of short fibrillar material arranged in multiple lamellae. A number of nonlaminated small bodies were present also. The material coated the vessel walls discontinuously with major and minor protrusions into adjacent nervous tissue. Histochemical analysis detected the presence of sialopolysaccharides in the lesions in adults and in a case of plumbism in a child, with minor differences in the type of sialic acid. X-ray fluorescence analysis supported by histochemical data indicated that, initially, the calcium was bound to the sialic acid and that calcium phosphate appeared in the lesions at a later date. The authors conclude that the lesion is formed by elaboration of sialopolysaccharides at the site but the possibility was not excluded that the polysaccharide may have been derived from a transudate across the vessel wall.


Pathophysiology of failure to thrive in gastrointestinal disorders. What will be our GI approach to a child with FTT syndrome? Detailed history and physical examination will give us the clue and often the probable diagnosis. Several laboratory tests are helpful in establishing the fact that there is malabsorption. Among them are a complete blood count with smear, quantitative stool fat excretion, serum protein and chemistry screen panel, prothrombin time, and oral tolerance and absorption--i.e., of glucose, iron, vitamin A, and xylose. Specialized procedures may be used to nail down the diagnosis: radiology, biopsy, duodenal intubation, etc. These should never be employed as routine screening tests, however. In outlining a comprehensive and successful therapy, the attending physician will find it helpful to consider the particular pathophysiologic mechanisms of a specific disease. Exact diagnosis makes the therapy both rational and effective.


Anticipated reward and time estimation in young Navajo children. Time estimations of 1-min. intervals using the method of reproduction by 112 Navajo children were measured under neutral and reward conditions in a repeated-measures design. Anticipated reward (a piece of candy) significantly reduced the accuracy of time estimations. In contrast to previous research the girls were more accurate than the boys; however, the effect of reward was more pronounced for girls than for boys. These data suggest that motivating factors play an important role in the reproduction of time by Navajo children.


Decision-sharing in elementary school children: effects on body-concept and anxiety. To determine the effects of teacher-directed and decision-sharing models of instruction on the development of body-concept and reduction of anxiety 99 Greensboro public school children in Grades 3 and 4 participated in either a movement program in which the teacher made all the decisions or in a program where they shared in the decision-making. The Cheffers adaptation of Flanders' Interaction Analysis System was used to verify the two treatments. The dependent variables were measured by Osgood's semantic differential for body-concept measures, and Sarason's General Anxiety Scale for Children. There was no significant difference between the groups for improvement in body-concept. Also, girls have more positive concepts about their bodies than do boys. Anxiety scores indicated that levels in fourth-grade children appear to be reduced when exposed to a teacher-directed model. However, a decision-sharing approach had a significant effect on reducing anxiety levels in third-grade children.


Possible role of transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments. Two studies examined the role played by transient and sustained visual mechanisms in the determination of similarity judgments produced in response to pairs of geometrical stimuli. In two experiments, subjects were trained to attend to two dimensions of a set of stimuli and to assign similarity ratings with respect to those two dimensions only. An INDSCAL multidimensional scaling analysis of the subsequent similarity ratings showed that subjects emphasized global blob, or low spatial frequency-dependent, dimensions of the stimuli when they were presented for brief durations (20 msec.), irrespective of the dimensions to which the subjects and had been trained to attend. This finding suggested that low spatial frequency selective transient mechanisms dominated the perceptual processes which underlie the similarity judgments. When the stimulus duration was raised to 50 msec. so that sustained mechanisms could also make a signficicant contribution to the perceptual processes underlying the similarity judgments, subjects emphasized only those dimensions on which they had been trained. The implications of the present findings for the concepts of selective attention and automatic activation were discussed.


Dyslexia, an imbalance in cerebral information-processing strategies. Reading ability seems to involve analytic-sequential processing of selected letters and a holistic-simultaneous perception of the salient features of the entire word. The dyslexic child, being normal in intelligence, is most likely deficient in either one of the two processes while being normal in the other. To test this hypothesis, 28 reading disabled children, on the basis of the nature of errors made in a writing from dictation task, were divided into groups: analytic-sequential deficient and holistic-simultaneous deficient. Further testing showed that the first group was poor in processing a sequence of digits but normal on holistic-simultaneous memory tasks. The opposite pattern of performance was shown by the second group. A control group of 14 normal readers did not show such an imbalance.


Perception of the visual horizontal during lateral body tilt: right-left asymmetries. Subjects, 55 males and 45 females, indicated by means of a luminescent rod the visual horizontal under conditions of lateral body tilt ranging from 10 degrees to 90 degrees to the right and to the left. There was a non-linear effect of the angle of tilt on the degree of deviation of apparent from objective horizontal. With small angles of tilt the apparent horizontal tended to deviate opposite to the direction of body tilt, with larger angles, in the direction of tilt. Uncertainty of judgment increased with increasing angles of tilt.


Minimal brain dysfunction and otitis media. The frequency of otitis media among 22 hyperactive children with learning disorders was compared with the frequency of otitis media in a sample of 772 normal children, using the same criteria for the diagnosis of otitis media in both groups. The groups were matched for social class and age when studied (7 to 13 yr. of age). A significantly higher percentage of hyperactive children (54%) had more than 6 episodes of otitis media than was found in the normal group (15%). Thirty-six % of hyperactive children had more than 10 episodes compared to 5% in the normal sample. There was no difference in the percentage of children with no episodes of otitis media (18%). Several alternative hypotheses are offered as possible mechanisms to account for these data.


Asymmetry in perception of the sides of the human face. The objective of this research was to determine if systematic differences occur in the way people ascribe meaning to right and left sides of the human face. Twenty-two faces, bilaterally symmetrical, were constructed from 11 photographs. These left- and right-constructed faces were rated 1 wk. apart by 26 raters on nine bipolar adjective scales selected for the evaluative, potency, and activity dimensions of the semantic differential (Osgood, 1961). Multivariate F tests indicated that on seven of the nine bipolar scales the left- and right-sided faces received significantly different ratings. Left facial constructions were rated as healthier, stronger, harder, more active, more excitable, and in the direction of bad on the good-bad scale. Right facial constructions were rated more sickly, weaker, more feminine, softer, more passive, calmer, and in the good direction on the good-bad scale.


Comparative assessment of visual perceptual abilities in the trainable mentally retarded. Visual perceptual abilities of 47 institutionalized trainable retarded subjects were compared on selected measures of visual perception. Significant relationships were found between the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Matching and Copying subtests of the Metropolitan Readiness Test. Only moderate correlations were found between these two subtests and Motor-free Visual Perception Test.


An arousal interval scale: a psychophysical scale for GSR analysis. An interval scale method of measuring GSR is presented, which measures only deflections without correction for base level. The scale is derived from psychophysics. A distinction is made between the psychological meaning a GSR is given and its physical measurement. This paper asserts, on the basis of empirical studies, that GSR measures the hypothetical construct arousal. Therefore, scales of physical units are unjustified. A review of the literature finds that GSR does not conform to Wilder's (1962) Law of Initial Values. Therefore, an interval scale assuming base level as a "zero" of convenience is justified. Extensions of the use of such an interval scale are discussed.


Duration of task: an indicator of differentiation between motoneuron pools. Sustaining an isometric contraction at a percentage of maximum contraction value prior to fatigue is significantly longer for the dominant arm than the non-dominant arm as reanalysis of data shows. This peripheral motor parameter which differentiates handedness as reflected in motoneuron pools may clarify the relationship between contralateral motor function and functional cerebral lateralizations.


Effects of experience and short-term practice on drivers' eye movements and errors in simulated dangerous situations. Two groups of 10 subjects tracked a segment of the Aetna training film, Traffic Strategy, six times by manipulating the controls of the Aetna Drivo-Trainer station. One group was composed of licensed drivers, the other, nonlicensed. No significant differences were found with respect to (1) use of the accelerator, (2) frequency of eye movements, (3) length of eye movements, (4) fixation errors, (5) driving errors, or (6) the relationshiop of control actions to driving errors. Differences were noted with respect to: (1) steering and braking, (2) the effects of practice on control actions and driving errors, and (3) the relationship of amplitude of eye movement to control actions and driving errors. The results are discussed in terms of possible differences in search strategy between experienced and inexperienced drivers.


Harmful effects of clinical training upon students' personalities. Subjects were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory both before and after they participated in 40-hr. workshops. Those (n = 28) who attended workshops in applied clinical psychology became significantly more introverted relative to those (n = 28) who attended nonpsychological workshops. Gender exerted no effects and both Neuroticism and Lie were unaffected by any variables. It was concluded that such training in applied clinical psychology causes students to become much more preoccupied with their own thoughts, feelings, and problems.


Pupillary size as an indicator of preference in humor. The effects of simple cartoons on pupil size were examined. Each of the 11 subjects was presented three cartoons for 10-sec. with a 5-sec. control period between the presentations. All subjects received the same task condition. When the presentation was complete, each subject ranked the three cartoons to show their preference on the dimension of humor. The data produced significant correlation between the rank order and the pupillary dilatation. Means of pupils size for the cartoons were also significantly different from control means.


Spatial perception in normal and psychotic people. 17 normal and 17 psychotic subjects, including schizophrenic, depressive, and delusional patients, were given a modified Arc-Circle Matching Test of spatial perception. There was no significant difference between the performance of the psychotic group and that of the control group in left-hand, right-hand, and total scores in this tactile test of spatial ability. Differences between males and females and between dextrals and non-dextrals were nonsignificant. Nevertheless, for all subjects, the left-hand scores were significantly superior to right-hand scores.


Use of constant target sets in visual search tasks. 54 subjects participated in a visual scanning study in which each subject was provided with only a single target set (of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 letters in length). Eight sessions of 30 trials each were completed for each subject. Although there were slight differences in the rate at which performance improved over trials, this was not systematically related to size of target set. Moreover, even in the last session, there were large differences in performance in the different target sets. These findings suggest that Neisser's evidence for parallel preattentive processing in such tasks may have been confounded by his use of nested target sets and a within-subject design.


Maternal age and children's ability.

Maternal age and children's ability. Associations of maternal age at birth and subsequent intelligence test scores of children were examined in a series of over 1500 young men from the Netherlands. All subjects were members of 2-child families and were resident in Amsterdam at age 19 yr. Possible confounding by birth order, spacing interval, social class and sex of sibling were considered. Significant correlations between maternal age and child's ability remained in three of the four possible birth order/social class combinations.


University professors' self-descriptions of left-right confusability: sex and handedness differences. In a group of 364 university faculty members, frequency of self-reported confusion in left-right orientation was related to sex and handedness: among women, reports were statistically more common among left-handers than right-handers; among men, no relationship to handedness was evident. Over-all, women reported experiencing confusion more often than men did.


Left-handers' sensitivity to hand usage: theoretical note on saliency in the self-concept. Etaugh and Brausam (1978) reported that left-handers were more sensitive than right-handers to hand usage by figures in a picture. Their interpretation emphasizes particular social experiences of left-handers. We propose a theoretically broader explanation--that there are general tendencies to characterize the self in terms of characteristics that are distinctive relative to others and to note in others those qualities salient in the self-concept.


Relationship of role identification, self-esteem, and intelligence to sex differences in field independence. The relationships among perceptual field independence, biological sex, sex-role identity, self-esteem, and intelligence were explored. Tests measuring these variables were administered to 50 male and 50 female volunteers. The results, obtained by standard multiple regression and analysis of covariance procedures, indicate that (a) males are significantly more field-independent than females, (b) regardless of biological sex, subjects with relatively masculine role-identities are more field-independent than subjects with relatively feminine role-identities, (c) self-esteem is not significantly related to perceptual style, and (d) although intelligence has a significant positive relationship to perceptual field independence, intelligence does not account for the sex differential or for the role sex-identification plays in perceptual style.


Latency to respond and conjugate lateral eye movements: a methodological and theoretical note. The relationship between latency to first response and lateral eye movements was investigated for 52 preschool and primary grade children. Latency to respond correlated significantly with number of eye movements observed for each child. Significantly greater latency occurred for spatial questions than for verbal reasoning questions. Methodological and theoretical implications of latency to first response in relation to the study of conjugate lateral eye movements are briefly described.


On-line measurement of aphasic speech.

On-line measurement of aphasic speech. Seven response categories, devised for the concurrent evaluation of aphasic speech, were investigated for their reliability. The spontaneous speech of 5 aphasic subjects was rated on-line by 4 clinicians using 7 response categories. Agreement among the 4 judges, for both inter-judge and intra-judge reliability, varied for each subject and was not high enough to support the concurrent use of the seven response categories for the on-line investigation of aphasic speech in all subjects. Ways in which the reliability of the categories might be increased are discussed.


Eyes as the center of focus in the visual examination of human faces. An experiment was conducted to determine the degree to which individuals focus upon the eye region of others while visually inspecting their faces. Using an eye-tracking camera, 16 male subjects spent approximately 40% of their looking time focused upon the eye region of facial photographs, with each of the remaining parts of the face being looked at less.


Speech disfluencies and delayed auditory feedback reactions of stuttering and non-stuttering children. 25 male stutterers and 25 male non-stutterers matched by age and speaking task, read or recited under conditions of normal and 113-, 226-, 306-, 413-, and 520-msec. delayed auditory feedback. Disfluency counts were correlated with delayed auditory feedback reactions which were changes in disfluencies under delay conditions. Pearson product-moment correlations were negative and significant for the combined group of stutterers and non-stutterers under all delays used. Correlations for stutterers were negative and significant for 113, 226, 306, and 413 msec. delay. For the total group of non-stutterers, all correlations were negative and significant. Correlations for age groups within the stuttering and non-stuttering groups were also presented.


Reaction time of the fingers with responses measured on a typewriter keyboard. Reaction times on each of the eight fingers were obtained for 24 skilled typists using an electric typewriter and a mechanical timer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the mean reaction times of the eight fingers. Scheffé's multiple-comparison procedure indicated that the mean reaction time of each finger differed from that of every other finger and that the mean reaction time of the finers on the left hand was significantly slower than the mean reaction time of fingers on the right hand. The average inter-class correlation coefficient among the fingers was .92 which indicated rank-order of reaction times to be similar across fingers.


Laterality preference patterns of learning disabled children. This study concerned the prediction of group membership of 40 learning disabled and 40 normal children on the basis of preference for laterality of the children and of their parents. A stepwise discriminant analysis showed maternal and paternal lateral preferences could correctly identify approximately 85% of the cases. Orthogonal contrasts showed that, although children themselves did not differ in the degree of laterality, parents of learning disabled children were significantly more bilateral in their preference patterns than normals.


Reaction time, bilateral differences, and the Poggendorff and Ponzo illusions. 12 subjects responded with either hand to tachistoscopically presented Poggendorff and Ponzo figures in both their right and left visual fields. Reaction time decreased as illusory magnitude increased for both figures. Reaction time was faster for both figures when presented in the right visual field and showed a pattern characteristics of a dichotomous encoding strategy, while the reaction time for the figures presented in the left visual field followed a pattern characeristic of magnitude estimation.


Electromyographic biofeedback for tension control during gross motor skill acquisition. This study investigated the effects of tension-control training by electromyographic biofeedback on learning and performance of a stabliometer balancing task. 30 young adult males were pretested for stabilometer balancing skill, ranked by performance scores, and divided into identical triplicates to form two experimental groups and a control group. All subjects were reevaluated on the stabilometer test following feedback training of the experimental subjects. Analysis of variance of difference means, scores representing performance and tension, indicated that the biofeedback training significantly reduced tension induced by the novel motor skill and significantly improved performance of the motor skill.


Young children's preferences for listening rates. A paired-comparison paradigm was utilized to determine the preferences of 20 young children for listening rate for prose speech. An electronic expansion/compression technique yielded nine rates of speech ranging from 100 wpm to 200 wpm, with intervals of 25 wpm. The results indicated that the children most preferred a listening rate of 200 wpm and least preferred a rate of 100 wpm. Comparisons of the present findings with preference rates of older, post-adolescent children and adults are discussed. Direction for further research with temporal alteration and linguistic constraints on the message are considered.


Dimensions of visual perceptions of clothing. The relation of two descriptive properties of clothing, "complexity" and "fashionability," with evaluative preference responses of "like" and "would-like-to-own" was explored for two selected groups of untrained females who differed in age. The students agreed more than the older women on the judged "fashionability" of 10 photographs of clothing and also were influenced more by "fashionability" in their responses of "like" and "would-like-to-own." For both groups "complexity" was judged consistently but was not highly related to preferences.


Spatial deficit in familial left-handed children. This study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that familial left-handed children who presumably have bilateral representation of language ability should show an impairment in spatial ability. Children, whose average age was 8 yr. and of whom 22 were right-handed, 11 familial left-handed, and 11 non-familial left-handed, were tested on verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised, i.e., Vocabulary and Similarities and on spatial subtests, i.e., Block Design and Object Assembly. The results did not support the hypothesis that the spatial ability of familial left-handed children would be worse than their verbal ability. However, there was modest support for the hypothesis that familial left-handers were worse in spatial ability than right-handers.


Smoking artifacts: factors of source evaluation. Responses from 323 students in communication indicated that credibility factors associated with nonverbal smoking artifacts are not the same as those associated with verbal stimuli; a character factor was absent for nonverbal stimuli. Verbosity, however, may permit inferences regarding potential verbal behavior.


Psychological differentiation and performance on conditional reasoning tasks. The relationship between psychological differentiation and performance on three content types (concrete-plausible, concrete-implausible, symbolic) of conditional reasoning tasks was investigated. Using intelligence as a covariate, field-independent subjects (n = 94) in Grade 8 performed significantly better than field-dependent subjects (n = 121) on each type of content. A significant interaction was found. Greater differences between field independent and field-dependent subjects were observed for concrete-implausible and symbolic contents than for concrete-plausible content.


Effects of persuasion and autotelic inquiry methods on attitude change. Attitude change of nursing students following two group-therapy treatments, involving persuasive communication (n = 6) and autotelic inquiry (n = 7), was measured by the Attitude Toward Old People and Opinions About Mental Illness scales. Rotter's Locus of Control scale was used to measure internal vs external orientation. A significant difference from controls (n = 14) for Interpersonal Etiology on the Opinions About Mental Illness scale was found for the Autotelic Inquiry group (n = 7) which provided role-induced simulations, but no difference was found for Atttitudes Toward Old People or Locus of Control.


"Application for voluntary hospitalization" form: possible aid to diagnosis of mania. "Application for Voluntary Hospitalization" signed by 13 manics (33 forms) and 13 paranoid schizophrenics (37 forms) at the time of their admissions were examined to test the validity of the hypothesis that one who writes anything more than his first name, middle name, or initial, and last name is likely to be manic. A physician and a nurse who were blind to the diagnosis were able to differentiate, at a significant level, mania from paranoid schizophrenia, using this criterion.


Adults' perceptions of children's independence and other sex-role characteristics as a function of child's gender label. Male and female college students were presented with a photograph labeled as a 5-yr.-old boy or girl and heard statements attributed to the child. They then rated the child on sex-role traits and responded to open-ended questions about the child. The primary findings involved sex of child by sex of adult interactions on ratings of independence and leadership: in both cases, same-sex children were rated higher than opposite-sex children. There was also some evidence that women having high contact with children rated the child more extremely on opposite-sex traits than did those with little contact.


Facilitative effects of haptic training on children's visual problem solving. 39 fourth grade children exposed to a haptic (active touch) match-to-sample task made significantly fewer posttest errors, relative to control subjects, on a visual problem-solving task. Further, this reduction in errors was comparable to that shown by children who had received specific training in reflective problem-solving. The results were discussed in terms of the possible facilitative effects exposure to a haptic task can have on children's visual problem-solving.


Memory for pictures and words, and the negative recency effect. This experiment investigated performance in a final, cumulative test of a subject's ability to recall a series of lists. No negative recency effect was found with either pictures of objects or their names. This supports the suggestion of earlier research that the negative recency effect stems from failure to employ mental imagery as a mnemonic code on terminal serial positions and that visual presentation promotes the use of imagery throughout a list.


Left-right sequencing in unschooled children: a function of learning or maturation. The relative influence of experience and maturation on the development of left-right directionality was investigated. The subjects were 15 3- and 9 4-yr.-old black and Puerto Rican children who had failed to use a left-right sequence in counting arrays of checkers. Within each age level approximately equal numbers of girls and boys were assigned to experimental and control groups (ns = 12). Experimental children were trained to count using the left entry and the rightwards directional movement. Trained girls and boys used significantly more left-right and alternative linear counting strategies on a posttest given three days following training than did untrained children. Trained girls, but not boys, retained the left-right strategy in the second posttest 2 wk. later. The findings suggest that both learning and maturation may influence directionality in perceptual exploration.


Mental rotation by deaf and hearing children. An experiment is described in which 26 profoundly deaf children are shown to be superior to 33 hearing children in their ability to rotate mental images of random dots in matrices. This suggests that their poor linguistic skills may be augmented by the use of visual imagery in certain situations.


Eye-movements of six-year-old children in two memorization tasks. Eye movements, during the viewing phase of two memorization tasks, of 12 boys and 12 girls in a transitional period of memory development are described. The findings suggest that the development of ocular strategies parallels closely the emergence of other strategic behaviors and that information on eye movements would provide a necessary complement to the data on emerging ability to plan.


Overt motor preparation in choice-reaction time task. In a serial pointing task to three unequidistant, unequiprobable targets, the moving picture record of the subject's hand movements shows, before each pointing movement, a repositioning of the hand near the median plane of the working panel when the subject sees the targets and near the more frequently used target when only proprioceptive information is available.


Coding A and coding B of the WISC are not equivalent tasks. WISC Coding A and Coding B were administered to 50 subjects with minimal brain dysfunction and 75 controls whose ages ranged from 7 yr., 8 mo. and 0 days to 8 yr., 3 mo. and 30 days, with half of each group above 8 and half below. Standard scores showed significant differences between Coding A and Coding B suggesting that the two tasks are not equivalent forms. These differences suggested that separate information-processing modes related to hemispheric dominance may be present. Coding probably should not be used in calculating IQs but Coding B should be retained and separately utilized because it is directly related to symbol learning.


Effect of aging on acquisition and short-term retention of a motor skill. 26 elderly (M = 74.2 yr.) and 26 younger subjects (M = 23.4 yr.) were compared for their ability to learn and retain a novel motor skill (limb repositioning). Both age groups demonstrated significant improvement in performance, but elders gained statistically significantly better than younger subjects. The young group, however, was significantly superior to elders in terms of performance across trials. No significant differences between the age groups were noted on motor short-term retention trials. Elderly subjects did not retain more or less than younger participants.


Auditory and visual cognitive styles and adult reading performance. College students performed match-to-sample tasks in the visual and auditory modalities. These tasks assessed reflective and impulsive cognitive styles. Cognitive style performance was related to achievement on a standardized test that measured Comprehension, Rate, Vocabulary, and Total reading achievement. Differential performance on several of these reading measures was a function of classification by auditory cognitive style, but not for visual style. Auditory assessment of cognitive style may have important implications for adults' as well as children's reading.


Effect of density and environmental noise on perception of time, the situation, oneself and others. The effects of density, intrusion of one's personal space, sex of subject, group composition, and environmental noise on the perception of time, the situation, oneself and others were investigated in this study. Generally, the results indicated that (1) both density and the intrusion of personal space concurrently affect the perception of crowding, (2) the physical factors interacted with the social and personal factors to affect the perception of several aspects of the situation, and (3) the environmental noise did not, for the most part, affect the perception of the situation.


A distinctive characteristic of pictorial perception: the zoom effect. To investigate the role of flat surface information for the plane of projection in pictorial perception, three studies were designed in which varying amounts of such information were made available to adult subjects. The first study tested preferences for true or modified linear perspective under conditions of presence or absence of surface texture cues for the plane of projection. In the second and third studies, the absence of texture cues for the plane was coupled with the addition of motion parallax and binocular information respectively. It was found that adults showed a consistent preference for parallel perspective in pictures when the flat-surface information was provided either by visible texture or by motion parallax; but no consistent preference for either true or modified perspective in the absence of all three sources of flatness information or when the flat surface information was given only by binocular cues in the absence of visible surface texture of visible surface texture or head motion.