[Course of cellular immunity in urologic neoplasms]. Apart from a purely qualitative evidence concerning the presence of a specific sensibilisation it is possible to estimate also its strength or the blocking factors appearing in the serum of tumour carriers by means of the electrophoresis mobility test. By this it seems to be possible to make an evidence concerning the immunological reaction position of the tumour patient with the possibility to make conclusions as to the prognosis of the patient.


[Significance of immunosuppression for tumor growth and tumor propagation in an allogeneic study]. Summarizing we can establish that by an adequate intensive immunosuppression the successful performance of a tumour transplantation, even of a heterologous one, is possible. However, the tolerance of the heterologous tumour remains only for as long as there exists an immunosuppression. The following rejection is unequivical at the typical morphological picture. These finding should remind of the possible effects of the immunosuppression in the syngenic system, particularly in the tumour patients, and also of the fact that all immunosupressively acting measures in this group of patients must undergo a strong criticizm.


[Design and construction of a kidney preservation unit (Laboratory Models LM 1 and LM 2) and its components]. By combination of the adequate construction elements (cryostate, warmth exchanger, roll pump) the laboratory model of unit for the preservation of kidneys for animal experimental investigations was established. For this purpose a special organ container made of piacryl was constructed in two models, which with double walls does not need a particular isolation and, therefore, is freely accessible for manipulations during the experiment. Measurings of the horizontal and vertical distribution of the temperature in the organ container resulted in a decrease of temperature of 5--6 degrees (single bottom of the container) or 1--2 degrees (double chilled bottom of the container). The report of the courses of temperature during an organ perfusion resulted in a constancy of the average temperature of 6--8 degrees. The kidney preservation unit has proved in a long-term experiment during 24 hours.


[Complications from reconstructive surgery in childhood]. When urogenital malformations were corrected standard operations have made their way which achieve good results in the hand of specialists. The most favourable form of the supravesical discharge of urine in children are different and, when judged, undergo a temporary change. Combinations of malformations, bad tendency of healing in inferior tissue, intervention in recidivations and complicated courses force to modified operation methods according to the situation. The courses of 4 problematical cases are described.


[Congenital solitary cystic renal dysplasia in an adult]. Casuistics of a congenital solitary cystical renal dysplasia at adult age. Comparison and correspondence with the present literature. For adults the exstirpation is recommended, when there is no increased operative risk.


[Parapyelitic cysts--case contribution]. It is reported on 4 patients with intrahilary renal cysts. After references to etiology and difficulties in the diagnosis the case reports are given. In 3 out of 4 observations the cases in question were histologically dilations of the lymphatic vessels.


[Frequency of diabetes mellitus and nature of treatment in urologic diseases]. In a comparative period of 20 years is reported on the frequency of diabetes mellitus in urological diseases. It was found that 0.87% of the patients suffer from a concomitant diabetes. The peak of the disease is between the 60th and 70th year. As to the distribution of sex was established that the concomitant diabetes is to be found more frequently in males (ratio 2.4: 1). The lethality in diabetics with a urological disease is with 9.4% more than twice as high as in the other urological patients (4.3%). At the top of the immediate causes of death is the cardiovascular failure (30.7%), followed by the pulmonary blood clot embolism and the uraemic coma with 15.4% each. A diabetic coma never appeared. In the analysis of the urological diseases with concomitant diabetes the lithiasis (34.4%) is in the first place; then follow the adenoma of the vesical cervix (32.4%), the chronic relapsing pyelonephritis (12.9%), and the malignant tumours (7.1%). Many urological forms of diseases appeared combined. In the investigation of the complications without lethal exitus which appeared in 25.1% of all cases with concomitant diabetes the cardiovascular failure is again in the first place, then follow thrombotic diseases, urea-nitrogen disturbances. Peculiarities in conduction and treatment of the diabetes mellitus are shown and a close collaboration between several specialities is considered necessary.


[Modification of the Aue 302 artificial kidney for use with the capillary kidney]. By installation of a warm water rotating pump type USp 20-KMR and the forming of a by-pass in the recirculation we could produce the underpressure necessary for the capillary dialysis. This underpressure can be regulated by opening and shutting of a valve. The consequence is the aimed ultrafiltration according to the weights of the dialysis patients. The construction is described in detail and demonstrated by photos.


[Clinical picture, treatment and prognosis of kidney pelvis and ureteral neoplasms]. It is reported on clinical and therapeutic measures in tumours of the upper urinary tracts. Diagnosis is often made too late, which, as we know, conditions a bad prognosis. Since we found malignant recidivations in papillomas and a stump recidivation in the carcinoma of the renal pelvis also in exclusive nephrectomy, we recommend the nephro-ureterectomy as a therapeutic measure.


[Contribution to the atypical macroglia in nonhepatic diseases (author's transl)]. Frequency and appearance of atypical macroglia in the frontal cortex and striatum in 400 human brains of cases with non-hepatogenic diseases were investigated and compared with results in 150 human brains of cases with severe liver diseases. Quantitative and qualitative differences between the non-hepatogenic (I---III) and hepatogenic (IV) groups were statistically significant. Evidence for the so-called Alzheimer-II-cells could only be obtained in metobolic disturbances of hepatogenic origin and in a few cases of cerebral coma.


[Increased kidney cell proliferation caused by folic acid treatment after dichromate induced renal failure (author's transl)]. Folic acid is given intravenously to rats 5 to 10 days after a dichromate induced damage of the kidneys. These injection cause an additional damage in the function and structure of the kidneys, but on the other hand, they induce a cell proliferation detected by the increased uptake of thymidine. This cell proliferation in the kidney-tissue seems to be a part of specific reactions to the folic acid.


[Electron microscopic studies on phagocytosis of iron particles by smooth muscle cells in experimental vascular injury induced by intravascular application of direct current (author's transl)]. In experimentally induced arterial thrombosis of minipigs caused by intravascular application of direct current iron deposits deriving from the steel wire electrode are found. Intimal proliferation can be observed 6 weeks after induction of thrombosis. Iron deposits are phagocytized by modified smooth muscle cells participating in intimal proliferation. These findings indicate that smooth muscle cells under certain conditions can realize functions of macrophages.


[Role of inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the pathogenesis of human coronary arteriosclerosis (author's transl)]. The ramus interventricularis anterior of the arteria coronaria cordis sinistra and the initial part of the arteria coronaria cordis dextra of 125 human patients aged between 20 and 90 years were studied for the occurrence and localisation of inflammatory cellular infiltrates in the vessel walls. A correlation between a pronounced inflammatory cellular infiltration and the presence and degree of severity of coronary arteriosclerosis was established. An inflammatory or immunpathologic cause of coronary arteriosclerosis is rejected. The highest incidence of inflammatory infiltrates was observed in the adventitia within the plaque area. Isolated macrophages were found to be present in all vessel wall layers and age groups.


Effect of moisture level on nitrogen immobilization as affected by wheat straw decomposition in soil. Samples of a slightly degraded chernozem soil were amended with 2 per cent of wheat straw at three moisture levels (10, 20, and 30 per cent) and were provided with 160, 240, and 400 ppm of ammoniacal nitrogen. Amounts of total, ammonia, and nitrate were determined at different periods of incubation at 28 degrees C and immobilization of the total available nitrogen in the soil was calculated. Substantial amounts of the added nitrogen were immobilized in the soil as a result of the straw decomposition during the first month of incubation. The amount of inorganic nitrogen (NH4 + -N + NO3 - -N), bound within 75 days of incubation, was almost three times less than that immobilized within 30 days. Maximum quantity of nitrogen was immobilized at 30 and 20 per cent moisture levels at 30 and 75 days of incubation, respectively. Minimum immobilization was observed at 10 per cent moisture at almost all levels of nitrogen. The absolute amount of nitrogen immobilized increased in proportion to the quantity of nitrogen added, but the relative immobilization tended to decrease with the increased inorganic nitrogen the soil.


Effect of moisture and nitrogen levels on the decomposition of wheat straw in soil. Two per cent of wheat straw was mixed with samples of a slightly degraded chernozem soil, and its decomposition was studied at 10, 20, and 30 per cent moisture content of the soil with the addition of 160, 240, and 400 ppm of NH4 + -N. The overall decomposition, measured as CO2 production, and total carbon loss from the soil at 28 degrees C was enhanced by the added nitrogen at all levels of moisture in proportion to the quantity added. Maximum mineralization of the straw carbon was observed at 30 per cent moisture content but there was no significant difference between the amount of carbon mineralized at 20 and 30 per cent moisture levels. No stabilization of the substrate took place in the soil except at 240 and 400 ppm of applied nitrogen at 30 per cent moisture level towards the end of the incubation period. More straw carbon was mineralized when the soil samples were subjected to daily measurements of CO2 evolved than when CO2 measurements were made at intervals over the same period of incubation.


Urease activity in different soils of Egypt. Samples from two depths (0--15 and 15--30 cm) of five Egyptian soils: sandy, calcareous, fertile alluvial, saline alluvial, and alkali alluvial were tested for urease activity. Samples were treated with farmyard manure at rates of 0 and 0.5% C, and moisture at levels of 50, 65, and 80% of the water holding capacity. The studied Egyptian soils showed different activities of urease. Decreases in the values were shown by depth of sampling and varied in their intensities according to soil type, except for saline soil which revealed an opposite trend by the higher activity of its sub-surface layer. Order of activity was the following: fertile, saline, alkali, calcareous, and sandy soil. Farmyard manure slightly increased the activity of the enzyme. Incubation of moistened samples revealed that the optimum moisture content was 50% of W.H.C. for the tested soils, except for saline which showed best results at 65% of W.H.C.


Isolation of Streptomyces finlayi from the rhizoplane of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum). A representative strain (531) of green streptomycetes occurring in the root surface region of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) was identified as a typical strain of Streptomyces finlayi, a species which seems capable of living, in loose protocooperative or commensalistic association, also with soil invertebrates (Szabó 1974). In the aerial mycelium of strain 531, spore-chains both with a typical hairy sheath and without a sheath (smooth spores) were observed. According to our present and previous observations the release of spores after the disruption of the hairy sheath seems to be a frequently occurring phenomenon in the aerial mycelium of many strains of S. finlayi.


Proteins and acids from petroleum.

Proteins and acids from petroleum. The wax distillate fraction (boiling range 300 up to 400 degrees C) from the crude oil "El-Alameen" was found to be a good substrate for the biosynthesis of proteins and/or amino acids by bacteria under special culture conditions. The fermentation processes were accompanied by a refining effect to the oil fraction, elevating its refraction index and lowering its melting point, giving dewaxing effect to the oil fraction.


[Structurally dependent effects of substituted thioureas on rna phage m 12 (author's transl)]. Using the agar diffusion method, thiourea as well as N-aryl-, N, N'-diaryl-, N-aryl-N'-alkyl-, N,N'-dialkyl-, and N-alkyl-substituted thiourea derivatives were examined for their effects on the system of Escherichia coli W 1665 F+/M 12. The compounds tested were found to produce more or less strongly inhibitive or promotive effects on the RNA phages and/or host bacteria. N-phenyl-N'-dibutyl thiourea, N-phenyl-N'-acetyl thiuorea, and N1,N1'-p-phenylene-bis-(N3-n-propyl thiourea) showed an intense inhibitory effect on M12. Quite obviously, the decisive intervention by these substances in the multiplication of viruses was by a replicative step subsequent to the adsorption of phages.


Effect of antibiotics, non-ionic detergents, and vitamins on the osmotic barriers of Micrococcus glutamicus. The production of amino acids by the mutant strain, homoserine methionine deficient, of Micrococcus glutamicus, was studied through the elucidation of the role of chemical agent affecting the osmotic barriers. Penicillin was found to affect the cell wall integrity and to increase greatly the total amino acid content, especially in presence of high biotin content. Non-ionic detergents were found to affect the integrity of cytoplasmic membrane. The effect was not similar with the different types of detergents and not proportional to the increase of its concentration.


Induced chromosomal aberrations in somatic cells of Nigella sativa L. by mitomycin C. A cytological study was carried out on root tips of Nigella sativa L. by treatment with Mitomycin C at 0.001% for six time intervals (10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min). The chromosomal abnormalities were increasingly proportionate to the increase in time of treatment. The seedlings treated with a 0.001% concentration of Mitomycin C for 10 min. did not show any significant effect. At other time intervals, the effect was observed to be quite significant. Beyond 40 min. treatment almost all the cells would become sticky. Thirty minutes' treatment showed significant effect, inducing various types of chromosomal aberrations in the anaphase, such as bridges and fragments of 34.13% and 48.07%, respectively.


Variability of requirements to fermentation media in Claviceps purpurea strains. The alkaloid-synthesizing activity of the saprophytic Claviceps purpurea strains was variable. This fact was partly due to different requirements of the cultures to nutritional conditions. Not only single strains, but also formation of intra- and extracellular alkaloids differed in this respect. In case of extracellular alkaloids, the influence of medium was more expressive. A positive correlation between accumulation of cell polysaccharides and the level of intracellular alkaloids was evident. Constant or decreasing cell proteins were favourable for alkaloid formation.


[Endooesophageal prostheses and their complications (author's transl)]. After inserting an oesophageal prosthesis complications could be demonstrated in 53 cases (65%) from a total of 81 autopsies. Age distribution, tumour localisation and its relation to the development of local complications are analysed. Notwithstanding the high incidence of complications endoprostheses should be given preference to gastric fistulae.


[Polyposis coli et recti familiaris (author's transl)]. From 1970 to 1977 we observed 35 patients with polypi of the colon and rectum, in 18 cases on the basis of heredity. We recommend total proctocolectomy and ileostomy making use of the reservoir technique after Kock. The operation should be performed not until the beginning of the third decade of life.


[Gastroscopy after gastric operations (author's transl)]. Gastroscopy after surgery of the stomach gives exact information about functional and morphological alterations. The aim of gastroscopy is to detect complications of the early postoperative period as well as of the later phase. Early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma after partial gastrectomy for benign lesions is only possible by routine gastroscopy.


[Annular pancreas (author's transl].

[Annular pancreas (author's transl]. Eight cases of annular pancreas treated at the University Hospital of Hamburg between 1964 to 1977 are presented. In adults, the disease follows the pattern of chronic duodenal obstruction being often asymptomatic unless complications such as peptic ulceration, acute pancreatitis or bile duct obstruction occur. Preoperative diagnosis is only possible by using endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. Attention is drawn to the frequent co-existence of other malformations of the gastro-intestinal tract. Treatment should consist of relief of any obstruction to the duodenum by a bypass gastrojejunostomy is recommeded in those cases having associated peptic ulcer. The division or resection of the annulus bears the risk of fistula formation. A brief review of the theories of the development of annular pancreas is given.


[Continuous internal splinting of the small intestine for prevention of postoperative ileus (author's transl)]. This procedure was mostly performed in cases of recurrent ileus. The high mortality rate is due to the severe underlying diseases or postoperative complications.


[Fatal postoperative myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Between 1965 and 1975 43384 operations were performed (including general surgical, vascular and traumatological operations). 79 patients (0,18%) died postoperatively due to myocardial infraction (all confirmed by autopsy). 67 cases (27 women, 40 men) between 51 and 90 years of age were analysed. 63% of these patients died during the first postoperative week. Due to the difficult clinical diagnosis clinical and pathological cause of death was only identical in 35%. The immediate postoperative ECG-monitoring of risk patients and cooperation with experienced cardiologists are emphasized.


[Surgery in haemophilic patients (author's transl)]. This paper deals with a total of 108 major surgical procedures in haemophilic patients of type A or type B, performed during the last 20 years. The principles of adequate substitution therapy are described, as well as the indications for surgery and the surgical technique. The importance of prolonged postoperative substitution therapy to avoid late haemorrhage and haematoma formation, is stressed. By combining substitution therapy with immuno-suppresive measures, it is also possible to operate on patients with inhibitors against factor VIII or IX. It is concluded that major surgery can be carried out even in severe haemophilia without significantly increased risk.


[Perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers; results of treatment by probit analysis (author's transl)]. The results of treatment of perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers given in death rates are checked critically. Analagous to burn injuries probit analysis gives more evidence in this field.


[Operative therapy of the pilonidal sinus; 115 controlled patients (author's transl)]. The operative results of 115 patients with pilonidal sinus are described. The patients were controlled in 1977, 2 to 11 years after surgery. Only small, non-infected pilonidal sinuses should be radically excised followed by primary suture and Redon-drainage. For extended sinuses and for recurrences the best results are obtained when the wound is left open or marsupialisation is applied. Pilonidal sinus-abscesses should be incised. This simple procedure resulted in primary healing in 23% of our patients.


[Anaesthesiologic problems in outpatient surgery (author's transl)]. Patients undergoing surgery in outpatient departments expect modern anaesthesia. However many surgeons doing outpatient surgery have not only to perform operations but also anaesthesia. 19376 outpatient operations were analysed in regard to the anaesthesia used.


[Cryosurgery in carcinomas of the rectum and anus (author's transl)]. 3 years of clinical experience in cryosurgical treatment of carcinomas of the rectum and anus and of malignant polypi is reported. Nearly all patients were in so a poor condition not to underwent conventional operations. In these cases cryosurgery offers an alternative to the usual local procedure of tumour resection.


[Present views of limb replantation (author's transl)]. Based on a review of current medical literature, the author presents observations concerning experimental replantation of limbs in animals and especially the pathophysiological processes after this operation. In the clinical part the indications, contraindications and favourable circumstances for performing this procedure are described. Conditions and technical difficulties that may appear during replantation procedures are represented.


[Hemobilia and bilhemia complicating liver trauma (author's transl)]. Hemobilia and bilhemia are typical complications of liver trauma which have been found more often during the last years. Today gastroduodenoscopy, retrograde cholangiography, selective angiography and scintillation scanning of the liver make an exact diagnosis possible. In the case of hemobilia a ligature of the corresponding artery might be successful, whereas in the case of bilhemia only partial resection of the liver leads to success.


[Perforating wounds of the abdomen (author's transl)]. From 1972 to 1976 160 cases of perforating wounds of the abdomen were treated: 115 stab wounds, 45 gunshot wounds. Mortality rate in stab wounds came up to 4,34% and in gunshot wounds to 20%. Total mortality of all cases 8,75%.


[Acute ischaemia after osteosynthesis of the proximal thigh (author's transl)]. In consequence of the increasing osteosynthetic treatment of bone fractures we draw the attention to iatrogenic blood vessel injuries. Primary location is the proximal thigh. Most important is the clinical diagnosis of an acute ischaemia of the operated limb. An arteriographic diagnosis is not necessary, but the operation site should be explored immediately. Prevention of intraoperative lesions of great vessels consists of exact anatomic reposition of the bone fragments, a subtile osteosynthesis whereas the osteosynthesis material should not extend the bone cortex. Exact haemostasis should be performed, avoiding extending ligations. Intraoperative as well as postoperative control of peripheral pulses should never be omitted.


[General surgery following heart valve replacement (author's transl)]. Patients with heart valve replacement regarding further surgical treatment are sub-divided into 3 groups. 1) Patients after open or closed reconstruction of valves with sinus rhythm and no anticoagulation.--2) Arrhythmic patient of the same kind but under anticoagulation.--3) Patients with valve replacement, who are under anticoagulation if there is no vital contraindication.--Group 1 and 2 may be operated on at every general hospital, provided cardiological supervision can be practiced. Until now patients of group 3 should always be treated in a cardiosurgical centre.


[Ten-years analysis of cancer of the female breast (author's transl)]. Today cancer of the breast is the most frequent fatal carcinoma of women. To detect breast carcinoma at an early stage, it is necessary to do mass screening and not to wait until women detect a nodule by chance in their breasts. In the last 2 years 530 women with diagnostically uncertain breast tumours were seen in the outpatient department, 79 of them turned out to be carcinomatous. From 1966 to 1975 246 women underwent a Halsted-Rotter procedure for breast carcinoma. The average age, histological findings and rate of survival are analysed.


[Uterine prostaglandins and dysmenorrhea]. In 44 patients a total of 83 determinations in the menstrual blood was performed under standardized conditions. -- The primary PGE 1 and PGF 2 alpha were determined by RIA. Significant differences were found in the PGF 2 alpha concentration in menstrual blood between a group of healthy women and one of patients with dysmenorrhoea. -- In dysmenorrhoea the ration of the PGs investigated is shifted in favour of PGF 2 alpha. Indomethacin can decrease the PGF 2 alpha levels in dysmenorrhoea up to 15 per cent. -- All treated patients reported that their conditions had improved. -- Five out of seven women were completely without any complaints.


[Formation of primary prostaglandins E1 and F2 alpha in the uterus and ovary. Studies on plasma concentrations in local blood vessels]. The blood vessels of uterus and ovary were prepared of 20 patients during abdominal hysteroophorectomy and blood samples were taken for determination of prostaglandins. -- Blood samples from vena cubitalis were taken as comparison example. -- The determination of prostaglandins was carried out radioimmunologically. -- The content of prostaglandins in the plasma of uterine vein for PGE 1 and PGF 2 alpha with 315 and 324 pg/ml is higher than the comparison concentration in the uterine artery and cubital vein. Venous concentration in the ovary for PGE 1 with 408 pg/ml and PGF 2 alpha with 677 pg/ml are increased in opposition to the control value.


[Climacterium in the woman professionally employed in agriculture]. Social-gynecological investigations of 1500 women working in different groups of Agricultural Cooperative Production of German Democratic Republic make it possible, to give a review on the occurrence and the treatment of climacterical diseases. Possible relations between working-groups, working-form, professional qualification and frequenzy of climacterical diseases are demonstrated. Finally fitness of working woman in climacteric is pointing out.


[Sex behavior and partnership problems of the woman in climacterium with reference to her occupation]. On consideration of familiar and professional changes sexual psychologic aspects of the woman during the climacteric are being discussed. -- Changes and disturbances in sexuality, lack of libido and failure of orgasm and changed positions to sexuality expecially under the influence of the professional activity of 92 climacteric woman are stated. -- Examinations of the climacteric women were performed by the interview-method.


[Experimental studies on the castration osteoporosis in the rat. II. Behavior of bone minerals]. In Wistar rats the bone mineral content of calcium magnesium, phosphor, sodium and potassium was investigated 10 months after complete ovarectomy. 20 of ovarectomized animals obtained in this time 0,65 mg ethinyloestradiolsulfonate/kg/month orally. The ovarectomy decreased significantly the content of calcium and magnesium of femur, humerus, vertebra thoracis and lumbalis. After therapy with the oestrogen these minerals were increased, but not significantly. These results did not correlate with the degree of histomorphometrically established osteoporosis. Phosphor, sodium and potassium were not changed significantly. The role of oestrogen dosis was discussed.


[Pseudomyxoma peritonei. Effect of radiogold therapy]. Five female patients with pseudomyxoma peritonaei in various stages of disease received one or more applications of 198Au intraperitoneally. In all cases the origin of the disease was the ovary. In these patients radioactive gold was given four weeks after the diagnosis was made at laparotomy. Results with this group of patients in gratifying since no recurrence has occured in two patients who were treated one year ago and in a third patient treated five years ago. -- In two other cases 198Au was administered after a recurrence after one year, the other patient had no response at all.


[Adenomatoid tumor of the ovary and vagina (author's transl)]. This paper deals with an extraordinary case of an adenomatoid tumor in the ovary of a 61-year-old woman. Furthermore a description is given of such a tumor in the vagina of a 47-year-old female patient, this being in our opinion the first known case with this localization.


[Therapeutic results achieved in 1366 patients with corpus uteri carcinomas treated between 1946 and 1972]. A report is given on 1366 patients with tumour of the uterine body. A computer was used for evaluation purposes. The 5-year survival rate relating to all stages of the disease was 62.37%. The best results were obtained when surgery was combined with irradiation therapy.


Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS-vaccine. The comparative studies undertaken by 7 laboratories in 6 countries show that the calculation I.U.s did not as anticipated minimize but actually enhanced the variability of results of Rabies antibody estaminations in the sera of HDCS vaccines. The high biological variance in the method(s) may not have been considered by individual laboratories and any neglect of fundamental biostatistical laws, unfortunately, diminishes the theoretical advantage of using the "International Standard (I.S.)" as a "tertium comparationis". Perhaps the intrinsic variability of the I.S. should be re-evaluated and it is conceivable that  a pure IgG fraction of Rabies antiserum would show less variability. Intralaboratory variation might be reduced by agreeing that only a geometric mean of the I.S., and not a single value obtained in an individual test, should be used for calculation of I.U.s. Application of the principles of biochemical and pharmacological methods, such as test-to-test control of the I.S. and its analytical variances might well enhance the reproducibility of the results. MNT, RFFIT, PRT and CFT were unable to detect antibodies in HDCS vaccinees until 7 days after the first vaccination. The establishment of methods for detecting early antibody requires further investigation.


Intestinal parasites of school children in urban and rural areas of Eastern Nigeria. From October 1975 to March 1976 an epidemiological survey was carried out in Anambra and Imo states of Nigeria to determine the rate of intestinal worm and protozoan infections in school children. A total of 1742 children, out of which 813 from the urban and 929 from the rural school were screened of intestinal helminths and 1699 were also examined for intestinal protozoan infections. Concentration methods HCL-Ether centrifugation technique and Heidenhain's iron-hematoxylin staining method respectively were adopted for the identification of helminth eggs and protozoal cysts. 1405, i.e. 81% of the total number examined, eggs of one or more helminth species were detected. Carriage-rates of helminth infections were highest (87%) in children from the rural schools, in whom hookworm (90% of carriers) predominated. Besides high rates of hookworm, ascaris and trichuris infections, other parasites of public health importance (Schistosoma mansoni, Paragonimus uterobilateralis and Diphylobothrium latum) were detected. Significantly an increase in the rate of helminthic infections with age was noted in the survey. 55% of the 1699 children examined were carriers of cysts of one or more protozoa species. Higher carriage-rate (56%) of protozoan infections was noted in urban children. Comparatively lambliasis predominated in the urban children, while infection with E. histolytica was recorded slightly higher in rural children.


Relative importance of enterotoxigenic and invasive enteropathogenic bacteria in infantile diarrhoea. Swedish children and adults (648 patients) with acute diarrhoea were investigated for enterotoxigenic strains in stool cultures. A total number 74 strains were isolated from 28 patients and assayed in the rabbit intestinal loop test and the adrenal cell test. Only three of the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates belonged to classical enteropathogenic serotypes of E. coli (EPEC). Two enterotoxigenic strains of Proteus morganii, two of Enterobacter hafniae and one of Citrobacter freundii were isolated. None of 67 EPEC strains were found to produce a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in either of the two test systems. A number of Yersinia enterocolitica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from stool cultures often produced toxic effects in the cell test but no enterotoxin activity was detected for any of the strains investigated either in the adrenal cell test for heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or the suckling mouse test for heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). All EPEC isolates were also tested for ST and for invasive properties in the Sereny test; each isolate was negative in both test systems. It is concluded that production of LT and ST enterotoxin were common in stool isolates from Ethiopian children but a rare phenomenon among Swedish children with acute infantile diarrhoea. Isolation of aerobic stool bacteria with invasive properties seems to be uncommon both in Ethiopian and Swedish children. However, since both LT and ST as well as invasive properties seem to be very unstable genetic properties in many of these stool isolates improved sensitive methods for the last two properties will probably change this picture in the future.


Histoautoradiographic studies on the fate of 3H-thymidine labelled L-forms of E. rhusiopathiae in albino mice. L-forms of Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae labelled with 3H-thymidine were intravenously administered to albino mice. Autoradiographic studies of the liver, kidney and spleen were undertaken at periods ranging from 2 minutes to 15 days. On the second minute following the administration of the radioactive material whole labelled microorganisms and chains of silver grains were recovered in the examined organs. Up to the 15th minute labels were observed also in the cells of the RES. Following the 30th minute the silver grains were positioned at a characteristic site in the Golgi region of the hepatocytes. At the same time in the kidney they were localized in the glomerular space and in the lumen of the renal tubules, whereas in the spleen - mainly around the megakaryocytes. By the 15th day labelling gradually diminished, single silver grains being found over some nuclei of megakaryocytes, liver and kidney parenchymal cells. The present study throws light over some aspects of the interrelationship between the micro- and macroorganism concerning the mechanisms of desintegration, elimination and the uptaking of labelled microbial DNA.


Activity of sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim against Bacteroides fragilis. The author tested parallely 35 Bacteroides fragilis strains by the agar diffusion method and disk technique. A notable discrepancy appears between these two procedures. No regression line can be constructe and the inhibition diameter measurement is unable to class the strain in "susceptible" or "resistant". A literature review on this theme shows that the dissociation between these two techniques were more frequent with anaerobic strains than aerobic for SMX + TMP as others antibiotics. The MIC determination by an agar dilution is the only able to these studies.


Reaction of the host to the tick bite III. The bite of viruliferous Ixodes ricinus female. No distinct internal cement formation was observed at the penetration site of the mouth parts of Ixodes ricinus females during their feeding on golden hamsters. At 2 h, the chelicera were already deeply inserted into the dermal tissue. Beginning after 4 hours, the proliferation of collagen and conus formation became evident. The internal cell-free area was structureless and showed PAS positivity, while the outer collagen layer was rich in fibrocytes and negative for PAS staining. Both layers showed positivity when stained for collagen. The conus extending into the subdermal connective tissue was surrounded by an infiltrate of mononuclear and polynuclear leukocytes. The half-engorged females showed specific fluorescence of the TBE antigen in columnar epidermal cells. The penetration of the TBE virus into host tissue lasted probably only for a few hours, as virus was succesfully transmitted to golden hamsters during 2 h feeding of the viruliferous I. ricinus females.


The isolation of Central European encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis) virus from Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks in southern-Germany. During the years 1972--1976 a total of 14.692 ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus (L.), (2.738 adults and 11.954 nymphs) was collected. They were taken from five areas where human Central European encephalitis virus (CEE) infections had occurred. By means of, intracerebral (IC) and subcutaneous (SC) isolation experiments with suckling mice 19 agents, exhibiting the pathogenic characteristics of CEE virus, were isolated from these ticks. In neutralization tests with suckling mice these isolates could be identified as CEE virus strains. From the 14.692 ticks at least 1.29% were virus carriers as evidenced by the number of isolated virus strains. By the same reasoning at least 3.6% of the adults and 0.76% of the nymphs must have contained virus. We were successful in each of the five areas, rather distant from each other, to isolate the virus. The favorable ecological conditions for the main vector Ixodes ricinus in the Federal Republic of Germany give rise to the assumption that this medically important tick-borne disease might be permanently present in many areas.


Immunochemistry of S. kentucky (8.20); its relations with S. emek (8.20), S. virginia (8) and S. newport (6.8). Immunochemical studies of S. kentucky showed that the strain has an identical polysaccharide with S. emek with which it shares the same "O" factors 8.20, and a common proteinic carrier of the polysaccharide. Absorptions of anti-S. kentucky sera with proteins from S. virginia ("O" factor 8) did not influence the homologous precipitations or agglutinations, nor the cross-reactions with S. emek. In contrast, the absorptions of the anti-S. Kentucky sera with proteins from S. newport (6.8) caused a conspicuous modification in the precipitations of S. emek proteins against the absorbed serum; this coincided with a drastic fall in the agglutinating titer for the heterologous S. emek strain while the homologous agglutination was unchanged. The results underlined the role of the specific proteins as agglutinogens and, in addition, sustain Kauffmann's recommendation for the preparation of the, empirically established, monofactor serum 20.


Observations on morphological, cultural and biochemical changes concomitant with chloramphenicol resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B. It is possible to induce chloramphenicol-resistance in Salmonella paratyphi B in vitro and to isolate mutants with different levels of resistance by different techniques. The resistance is invariably accompanied by definite changes in the morphological, cultural and biochemical properties. The degree of resistance and the conditions of isolation seem to influence the biological properties of the mutants. The higher the level of resistance, the greater will be the diversion from the normal.


R plasmids coding for supra-levels of gentamicin, tobramycin and sisomicin resistance in Proteus morganii and P. mirabilis: high-level resistant strains from two hospitals. Transfer of high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin resistance could be easily demonstrated in strains of P. morganii and P. mirabilis which emerged, in two hospitals, at the end of 1976. First such strains were demonstrated in a patient of a urological ward who died, in September 1976, from generalised sepsis caused by a high-level gentamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin-resistant P. morganii. Since that event, at least nine such strains were isolated in 1976, and the presence of transferable resistant to the antibiotics listed plus other antibacterial substances including carbenicillin and more classical antibiotics could be demonstrated either by a high-frequence direct transfer to suitable recipient strains of Gentamycin or Tobramycin resistance, or by indirect selection, i.e. by analysis of exconjugants selected with kanamycin, streptomycin or carbenicillin. Further numerous strains of P. morganii highly resistant to gentamycin, tobramycin and sisomycin (M.I.C. over 128 mcg/ml) still emerge from wards in the two hospitals monitored and their transferability is under experimental study. It is stressed that, in order to demonstrate a transfer of gentamycin or tobramycin resistance in strains resistant to these substances, it is inevitable to examine properly also exconjugnants showing direct transfer to other, more classical antibiotics. We could not demonstrate, in our strains, any prodromal signs of resistance to netilmycin or amikacin.


Adenovirus type 29--etiologic agent of human respiratory disease? Isolation of adenovirus type 29 from nasopharyngeal swab and from stool sample of a 4-year-old boy with bronchopneumonia and the significant rise of type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies suggest the possible etiologica role of this adenovirus type in human respiratory disease.


[Methods for the appraisal of the safety of antiseptics (author's transl)]. A procedure is described, topical applications for testing dermal toxicity of antiseptics. The tests for irritancy are made on Guinea pigs: a closed patch test giving us a primary irritation index, and prolonged applications over periods of 90 days giving a superficial aggressivity index. The standard method of testing animals for irritation of the skin is that given in the J.O. April 21, 1971 for cosmetics, changed in order to apply it to antiseptics.


[On the usability of N-iodo compounds as disinfectants (author's transl)]. The usability of N-iodo compounds for disinfecting purposes has been investigated with the help of the equilibrium concentrations in aqueous solution, which have been calculated both with and without regard of the iodate formation, and the rate of iodate formation, which has been deduced from the latter. The following conclusions can be drawn: Fresh and diluted aqueous solutions of N-iodo compounds exhibit HOJ-concentrations corresponding with the sum HOJ + J2 ( = "free halogene") in pure iodine solutions, which let expect a similar bactericidal behaviour of this class of compounds. Compared with iodine solutions, however, a higher rate of iodate formation and therefore a less stability of these solutions can be established, which is caused by the throughout higher HOJ-concentration. Observing certain conditions (pH less than 7; C less than 10(-5) M/l) and unless a not to long interacting time is required the stability should be sufficient for disinfecting purposes. Of particular interest is the possibility to investigate, virtually in absence of molecular iodine, the bactericidal action of the HOJ. A common use in practice will depend on the costs, which, as far as the purchasable N-iodo-succinimide is concerned, are very high, hence it should not come at present into consideration as an alternative of the much more inexpensive elemental iodine.


[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehydecondensates. 4. Communication: azomethins of aliphatic aldehydes (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of azomethins was synthesized by the condensation of primary aliphatic and aromatic amins with aliphatic aldehydes. Structures and physical constants are listed in table 1 and 2. - The antimicrobial activity of these azomethins is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4), and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM. - The different water-solubility of the azomethins was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier. - It may be shown that the azomethins have both bacterio- and fungistatic activity which resembles that of the corresponding aldehydes (table 4). The fungistatic activity against Trichophyton mentragrophytes shown by the results of the disk-test is remarkable. - The bactericidal power of the azomethins versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is quiet stronger than that of the corresponding aldehydes.


[Investigations on the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates. 5. Communication: azomethins of benzaldehyde (author's transl)]. In the scope of our research about the antimicrobial activity of amin-aldehyde-condensates a number of benzylidene-amines (azomethins of benzyldehyde) was synthesized by condensation of primary amines with benzaldehyde. Structures and physical constants are shown in table 1 and 2. The antimicrobial activity of these benzylidene-amines is demonstrated by the results of the disk-test (table 3), of the minimal inhibition concentration test (MIC, table 4) and the suspension test (table 5) following the method of the DGHM. The different hydrophilic behaviour was equalized by using the standard solution described earlier with 3% dioxane. The results show, that the germistatic activity of the benzylideneamines resembles or exceeds in some cases that of benzaldehyde (table 4). Some compounds show good fungistatic activity versus Trichophyton mentagrophytes (table 3). The bactericidal power versus Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris is remarkable and quiet stronger than that of the benzaldehyde.


Epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition studies on low-income population groups from a geographical area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning. An epidemiological, dietary, toxicological and clinical nutrition study, in an area with endemic chronic arsenic poisoning, was made. In a pilot study on 100 subjects from Antofagasta Commune, water dietary intake was associated with age (r = 0.678; P less than 0.000005). In a dietary survey (N = 220), performed to measure the mean and median arsenic doses, by age groups, there was a significant correlation amongst males (r = 0.800; P = 0.00956) and females (r = -0.791; P = 0.01121). A nutritional assessment of a male population sample (N = 100), of labourers and their children, showed a negative per cent change for food energy in 9 of the 10 age groups, with a maximum negative value of -47.4 (11--12 year-old group), when compared with U.S. recommended daily dietary allowances. For total protein intake, all age groups exhibited a negative per cent change, reaching a maximum value of -27.8 (7--10 year-old group). Since two boys with chronic arsenical dermatosis and prekwashiorkor were drinking water with a mean arsenic concentration of 0.08 and 0.06 ppm, respectively, a maximum permissible concentration of arsenic in drinking water of 0.01 ppm has been recommended as an international safety standard.


[The identification of mineral oil pollutions by the combination of IR-and fluorescence spectroscopy (author's transl)]. By evaluation of the quotient Q = intensity of fluorescence: intensity of C-H-vibration a relative number  has been obtained, which, independend of concentration and largely substance specific, enables to make more exact statements on identifying oil spills than those derived only from IR-spectroscopic measurement. The Q-values of 33 different mineral oil products have been calculated and are compared with the intensity ratio V of the asymetric CH2- and CH2-stretching bands and the absorbtivity of these bands, which commonly are used. Q, exhibiting values from 0,0015 to greater than 5000 has proved to be a very sensitive number while the maximum ratio of the V resp. absorptivity values was only 1:13. The scope of Q is discussed on the basic of three examples.


[Numerical taxonomic studies on enterobacteria of surface-water (author's transl)]. 435 enterobacterial strains of surface-water were tested in 35 physiological characters and classified numerically by a single-linkage procedure. The relations of similarity are shown in a "Vernetzungsdiagramm" (connected graph, Fig. 1). Tab. 1 specifies the characters of the taxa, which were formed graphically. The following facts are the result of this taxonomic classification: 1. 32% of the Escherichia group are KCN-positive. In addition it was found that 60% of the E. coli isolated from the faeces of wild ducks were KCN-positive. 2. The type strains of the species Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella aerogenes show a far reaching conformity in their physiological character. The splitting into two genera does not seem to be of significance any longer. 3. By reason of the "Vernetzungsdiagramm" and the table of characters (Tab. 1) we propose to regroup the genera Enterobacter and Erwinia. The genus Erwinia represented here by bacteria of the Herbicola-Lathyri-group is clearly divided into two groups. In the discussion we propose for Erwinia I the name of Enterobacter agglomerans and for Erwinia II the name of Enterobacter herbicola. 4. The taxa Kluyvera and Levinea are placed in the vicinity of Enterobacter cloacae and Erwinia II (Enterobacter herbicola), respectively.


[Preventive medical measures in the federal republic of germany. Present status and problems (author's transl)]. Following brief introductory remarks on the term "preventive medicine", an outline is presented of its evolvement during the last 20 years in the Health Services of the Federal Republic of Germany. Thereby, it becomes apparent that the development of single screening efforts, e.g. to detect unknown cases of diabetes and to make special model studies, especially in Baden-Württemberg, has led to comprehensive legal motherhood care, health care for young children, early detection of cancer, and detection of diabetes cases. Problems have arisen due to the generally very low utilization of preventive medical examinations and because of the question as to whether premorbid health conditions should be included in the preventive medical program additionally. Finally, indications are given for the necessity to examine possibilities of curtailing expenditures in the present preventive medical care program, or in some of its branches, without forfeiting the efficiency of the preventive measures. Thereby, it must be considered that these measures are benefiting only that part of the population which is socially insured. The claim to measures for health protection, however, should be available to the entire population as a basic human right.


[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 1. Information: long time observation of a bitumen paint in a drinking-water-reservoir (author's transl)]. In a drinking water reservoir with a freshly applied bituminous coating a microbial settlement was found on the walls. Its development was observed over a period of 23 months. The slime on the walls consisted of bacteria and fungi and was secondarily colonized by protozoa and nematodes. The quantities of the microbial coating decreased during a 12 months time. In the beginning of the time of observation a high number of bacteria was found in the water. The carbon fixed by the microbes came from fossile sources to an amount of 90%.


[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 2. Information: experimental examination of bitumen paint under working conditions (author's transl)]. A bituminous coating material for drinking water reservoirs was applied on testing plates for a microbial examination. In function of the chlorine content of the water a microbial slime layer could be found on the testing plates. The amount of slime became less in course of the time or was not produced at all, when the plates were desiccated before the experiment for some months. A slime layer could never be observed on plates of asbestos cement and polyacryl as inert materials for comparison. Different microbial populations were observed.


[Microbial growth on bitumen and chlorcaoutchouc under laboratory conditions (author's transl)]. Formerly published examinations of coating materials for drinking water reservoirs under working conditions were extended to those under laboratory standard. The tests of bitumen, chlorcaoutchouc, asbestos cement and polyacryl delivered results comparable to those achieved under working conditions.


Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants with peroxy acids. Two peroxy acids, peracetic acid (PAA) and peroxy-monosulfuric acid or caro acid (CA) were tested as alternative bactericidal agents for the disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants and their action was compared with chlorine. PAA added in a concentration of 2000 and 400 ppm, commonly used in medicin, killed in a few minutes 99.9% or more of most bacteria of the effluents (Fig. 1, A, B, C, D, E) excepted staphylococci and micrococci (Fig 1, F) and endospores (Fig. 1, G). These effects were comparable with those obtained with 5 ppm chlorine. Although these results indicate a very good killing effect, such concentrations of PAA are not applicable in practice, as they lowered the pH and increased the BOD of the effluent. When PAA was added in smaller amounts (10 and 5 ppm) no change of the pH and only a negligible increase of the BOD (Table 1) occured. These concentrations with a contact time of 15 min, gave a very good reduction of most bacterial groups, varying between 96% (total count, Fig. 1 A) and 100% (group-D streptococci, Fig. 1 E). With 1 ppm PAA the bactericidal action was slower, but after 30 minutes contact time the effects were similar to these of 5 ppm. It was also demonstrated that the effect of PAA was not affected by the number of bacteria in the effluent before treatment (Table 2), but well by the BOD. The addition of the inorganic CA in high concentrations had only a disadvantageous effect on the pH of the effluent, but no effect was noted when it was added in concentrations of 10 ppm. In this concentration, contact times of 120 min were necessary to kill about 90% of most bacteria (Fig. 2), showing that CA was only a weak disinfectant with slow action. It may be concluded that 5 ppm PAA could be a good alternative disinfectant for secondary effluents with a high degree of purification.


[Spontaneous intracerebral hematomas. New aspects since the introduction of computer tomography]. Computed tomography has extended the diagnostic possibilities in intracerebral haemorrhages in a decisive manner. Owing to the more exact computer-tomographical diagnosis, especially with regard to the extension and localisation of the haemorrhage as well as the experience gained with simultaneous cerebral pressure measurement, surgical treatment of the haemorrhage can in most cases be carried out through a drilled hole in local anaesthesia. The prognosis of intracerebral haemorrhages is by no means unfavourable from the first, in case of haemorrhages of an unknown etiology in young adults it is even very good. That is why the operation should be carried out in good time. But even patients in a bad condition and cases with additional massive intraventricular bleeding are as such no contraindications.


[Acute isovolemic hemodilution during intracranial interventions with normo- and hypothermia]. In 50 neurosurgical patients (39 cerebral tumours and 11 aneurysms) isovloaemic haemodilution (HD) was carried out immediately before the operation. Of these, 37 were subsequently operated on with pharmacological-physical decrease in metabolism (30 to 32 degrees C) partly with arterial hypotension while 13 patients were operated on in normothermia without hypotension. A control group was formed of 50 patients with cerebral tumours who were operated on without HD in normothermia. 76 per cent of the operations could be carried out without transfusion of foreign blood. The mean values of the amounts of foreign blood were 120.0 ml in the HD-group as against 1344.0 ml in the control group. In the HD-group, dehydration measures could be completely renounced. Complications did not occur. Isovolaemic haemodilution, especially combined with pharmacological decrease in metabolism and controlled hypotension, can be recommended for all intracranial interventions involving greater risks.


[Justification of bitemporal decompressive trepanation with duroplasty in severe closed craniocerebral injury]. In serious craniocerebral traumata in which the cerebral oedema cannot be controlled by conservative methods, the authors again recommend the performance of a bitemporal relieving trepanation reaching far in basal direction (adults 5 cm ø, children 4 cm ø). In case of closed traumata, the operation is started on the more affected side, in case of open injuries trepanation is first carried out on the other side. Detailed indications about the accompanying oedema treatment. The wide opened dura is covered with the temporalis fascia or with a free transplant.


[Meningiomas from the clinical viewpoint of first symptoms, duration of anamnesis and neurologic-ophthalmologic deficiency symptoms]. First symptoms, period of case history, neurological findings and ophthalmological findings were evaluated in 123 patients operated on because of meningiomas. Typical first symptoms were headache (42%), fits (30%) and impaired vision (28%). 70 per cent of the patients showed a case history period of up to two years, 11 per cent one of more than five years. In 25 per cent this period was less than six months. In two cases the symptoms set in an acute form. Paresis was found in cases of meningiomas of the falx convexity region. A papilledema was found in 41 per cent, reflex differences in 30 per cent and hemiparesis in 13 per cent of the patients. parasagittal (28 patients), falx (10 patients), convexity (31 patients), tentorium (6 patients), posterior cranial fossa (4 patients). Neither a short period of the case history nor the absence of neurological and ophthalmological changes can exclude a meningioma.


[Anabiosis and the problem of the development of life]. In passing to anabiosis the organisms can be dried down to a very low residual water content without losing their viability. On the base of this fact a conclusion is drawn that life-capable structures in their construction either do not imply water or imply it in an insignificant quantity. This is in agreement with the concept of initial formation of waterless "termal proteinoids" which can be considered as precursors of primitive life capable structures which later pass to functioning in interaction with water.


[Microdissection study of the kidneys of reptiles living under different ecologic conditions]. Microdissectional studies on the kidneys of 24 reptilian species living in different habitats show that the relative length of the distal tubuli is higher in animals adapted to a limited water supply and to fresh-water basins, as compared to animals which have unlimited access to water. No regular changes in the length of proximal, intermediate and connective parts were observed. The increase in the length of the distal tubuli occurs simultaneously among different taxonomic groups of reptiles, indicating the existence of parallelism in evolution of their kidneys.


[Glycolysis in a pancreatic parasite of cattle, the trematode Eurytrema pancreaticum]. Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase activity in cytosol of E. pancreaticum is approximately 10 times higher than pyruvate kinase activity. Malate dehydrogenase converts oxaloacetate to malate 27 times more actively than malate to oxaloacetate. The main end product of the glycolysis is presented by succinate. Probably, the most important glycolytic pathway in the trematode investigated is the fixation of CO2 to phosphoenol pyruvate to produce oxaloacetate.


[External acetylcholinesterase in different brain regions of a number of vertebrates]. In different parts of the brain (forebrain, midbrain, mesencephalon, nucleus caudatus, cerebellum and medula oblongata) parallel studies have been made on the total activity of AChE in homogenates and the activity of external AChE in slices. It was shown that the share of the external AChE in all brain structures decreases from Cyclostomes to Mammals. The most significant decrease was found in the forebrain. Within the same species (albino rats), phylogentically young brain structures (forebrain) contain smaller amounts of the external AChE, as compared to phylogenetically more ancient ones.


[Formation of the ion-depositing function of rat tissues during ontogenesis]. In experiments on rats of two age groups (adult animals older 180 days and young ones ageing between 18 and 28 days), studies have been made of ion-accumulating function of various tissues. It was shown that after the administration to animals of salt load (10% solution of NaCl, 50 mg/kg of body weight) changes take place in the concentration of cations and in the content of dry material of the blood plasma. The pattern and the magnitude of these changes depend on the age of animals. Salt loading in adult animals resulted in the significant increase in tissue Na, insignificant increase in tissue K and the decrease in water content. Na-accumulating capacity is different in various tissues. In tissues of young rats, similar loading does not significantly affect the content of ions and water. It is suggested that ion-accumulating capacity of the tissues is absent in early postnatal ontogenesis of rats.


[Relationship between the spawning process and quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the neurosecretory elements of the neurohypophysis of female Acipenser güldenstädti sturgeon]. Quantitative studies have been made on functional condition of neurosecretory terminals in the neurohypophysis of sturgeon females during upstream migration, soon after spawning and 3 or more weeks after the latter. Electronmicroscopically, within each of the 3 types if neurosecretory terminals (A1, A2, B) certain forms were distinguished which correspond to separate phases of the secretory cycle; relative amounts of these forms were determined. Functional correlation in the activity of peptide- (A1, A2) and monoaminergic (B) terminals was observed which reveals itself in synchronous increase of the activity of peptidergic and the decrease in the activity of monoaminergic terminals immediately after spawning. At later stages, inactivation of all the 3 types of terminals takes place. Functional significance of this correlation is discussed in relation to double (peptide- and adrenergic) control of the activity of visceral organs during realization of protective and adaptive reactions of the organism under such natural stress conditions, as spawning.


[Comparative characteristics of depolarization (potassium) and acetylcholine contracture of Lampetra fluviatilis lamprey phasic muscle]. Acetylcholine (Ach) contractures of thin bundle from m. longitudinal linguae of the lamprey differs by several parameters from depolarization (potassium) contracture, although Ach similar to K ions totally depolarizes the surface membrane of muscle fibers. Maximum tension of Ach contracture is 30--100% higher than that of K contracture, maximum of both contractures being observed at the same membrane potential level (approximately -10mV). The rate of rise of Ach contracture is 10 times higher, whereas the latent period is 3 times shorter as compared with the same parameters of K contracture. At higher Ach concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) g/ml) the latent period of contracture is shorter than that of depolarization.


[Electrotonic excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of ventral roots in motoneurons and Muller axons of Lampetra fluviatilis lampreys]. In experiments on isolated spinal cord of the lamprey, during stimulation of the ventral roots, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in motonuerons and Muller axons were recorded which are stable to the abssence of Ca and the presence of Mg in the perfusion fluid. With the increase in stimulation the EPSP gradually increased, persisting after the subtraction of extracellular field from the recorded intracellular response. The results obtained demonstrate that in the lamprey excitation may be transmitted electrotonically from activated motoneurons to the adjacent ones and to Muller axons. It is suggested that neighbour motoneurons interact via electric synapses which are formed by the returning collaterals of motor axons and by motoneurons, as well as via dendro-dendritic contacts.


[Effect of photoperiodic conditions on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory and sexual system of the mink Mustela vison]. Cytomorphological analysis of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) and gonads has been made in minks under the following photoperiodic conditions: 1) control--natural light conditions; 2) natural light conditions in combination with artificial illumination to make total daylight up to 17 hours for 2 weeks in November; 3) Daylight reduced to 8 hours from July to October; 4) Combination of the 3rd and the 2nd regimes. Any change in photoperiodic conditions listed above results in activation of both the HHNS and gonads. Preliminary keeping the minks under the conditions of reduced daylight for 3 months significantly increases the reactivity of both systems to additional illumination in November. It is suggested that peptide neurohormones pass not only to total blood circulation in the region of the posterior pituitary, but also in the region of the median eminense, --i.e. in capillaries of the portal vessels of the adenohypophysis.


[Heterochronicity in the development of hearing in birds during ontogenesis]. Studies have been made on the development of hearing in the jackdaw Coloeus monedula and sea-gulls Larus canus and L. argenatus, by means of recording microphonic component of the cochlear potential under chronic experimental conditions. Special attention was paid to changes in the regions of maximum sensitivity of the microphonic component during avian growth. It was shown that the range of the perceived frequencies at the beginning of functioning of the auditory analyser coincides completely with the spectrum of parental feeding signals. Threshold parameters of the microphonic component in jackdaw nestlings differ from those of sea-gull embryos by more evident flatness. Narrow bands of the increased sensitivity which are typical of the threshold curves in sea-gull embryos essentially correlated with the chirps of embryos. These data suggest the influence of afferent stimulation on the development of the organ of hearing in birds.


[Effect of several cholinomimetic and anticholinesterase substances on the somatic musculature of the nematode Ascaris suum]. On the basis of discrete concentration--effect curves, quantitative evaluation of the effect of acetylcholine, propionylcholine, suberylcholine and carbacholine upon the strips of the spinal muscle of Ascaris was made. Anticholinesterase drugs, eserine and phosphacol, exhibit weak potentiation of the effect of acetycholine (by 2--6 times). The results obtained are discussed in relation to cholinoreceptive properties of muscles in higher animals.


[Effect of benzodiazepines on the fluorescence of tryptophan in human serum albumin, hemoglobin and erythrocyte ghosts]. The binding of chlorodiazepoxide, demethyl-chlorodiazepoxide, demoxepam, medazepam, diazepam and oxazepam was investigated on human serum albumin (HSA), ghosts and hemoglobin by quenching the fluorescence of tryptophan. The tryptophan fluorescence is quenched in a dose-dependent manner by these benzodiazepines with the exception of demoxepan, diazepam and oxazepam on hemoglobin. The calculated binding constants are in the range of 10(4)1 . M-1. It is concluded from the quenching of tryptophan-fluorescence that benzodiazepines are bound in a tryptophan containing area of the proteins.


[Ultrastructural analysis of ependymoastrocytoma histogenesis]. Electron-microscopy of tumours, diagnosed by light optics as ependymoastrocytomas, helped to ascertain the common features in the ultrastructural organization of their tumorous tissue: a complex of organ-specific signs of ependymomas is constantly manifested in all the scrutinized parts of the tumorous nodes. This makes it possible to regard ependymoastrocytomas as a variant of ependymomas and not tumours of a mixed origin.


[Change in inorganic pyrophosphatase during maturation and aging of red blood cells from newborns]. The activity of inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) of red blood cells (rbc) from newborns is about 40% higher than that of adults. To answer the question whether the higher activity was due to the enhanced reticulocyte count of the newborn's cell population, the rbc of both newborns and adults were separated into different density subpopulations by means of isopycnic density gradient centrifugation in dextran. To judge the quality of separation in the individual age populations of rbc, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and the reticulocyte count were determined. The activity fall of PPase during maturation and aging of rbc is stronger than that of G-6-PD. The density subpopulations of rbc from newborns and adults with equal reticulocyte counts show the same PPase activities yet different G-6-PD activities. Obviously, the higher PPase activity of a cell population of newborns is due to the higher proportion of reticulocytes. The inorganic PPase is well suited as a guiding criterion to judge the maturity and age of rbc of newborns.


[Hypoosmotic regulation in the marine cladoceran ratchet Penilia avirostris]. At average salinity of the environment 18.08% (-delta degrees C being equal to -0.99 degrees C) the depression of the hemolymph in P. avirostris is equal to -0.72 +/- 0.09 degrees C. Hypoosmotic regulation of marsupium fluid persists up to the formation of epipodites, after which the depression of this fluid becomes equal to that of the external medium. It is suggested that special epipodite cells are involved into osmoregulation. Similarity of hypoosmotic mechanisms in the marine cladoceran and Artemia salina is noted.


Organization of mammalian chromosomal DNA: supercoiled and folded circular DNA subunits from interphase cell nuclei. Chinese hamster cells (line V79/4) in the G2 phase of the mitotic cycle were lysed onto neutral sucrose gradients and the released chromosomal DNA was characterized according to its size and shape by sedimentation velocity studies. Using the intercalating agent, ethidium bromide, in the gradients and the induction of DNA single- and double-strand breaks by irradiation, the DNA was proved to be released into the gradient in supercoiled circular subunits whose homogenous size corresponds to 2.8 . 10(9) Dalton. Supercoiling of these DNA subunits was found to be confined to smaller regions sized on the average about 9 . 10(7) Dalton and maintained by folding the DNA into loops. The average superhelix density was determined to be--0.09 turns per 10 base pairs of DNA. The functional aspects of the experimental findings are discussed in terms of replicative and transcriptional units.


[Functional interactions between the rabbit hypothalamus and neocortex]. In acute experiments on rabbits under chloralose-nembutal anaesthesia, studies have been made on the distribution and the pattern of the evoked potentials (EP) in neocortical structures of the brain cortex during electrical stimulation of different hypothalamic nuclei. It was found that during stimulation of the supramammilar area of the hypothalamus, the focus of maximum activity of cortical responses of the negative-positive configuration is localised in the median parts of precentral agranular region. During stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area, the EP were of the positive-negative-positive type. Registration of the EP in different cortical layers during stimulation of the posterior hypothlamic nuclei showed that from 100 to 100 micrograms the amplitude of EP components decreases, whereas at the level of 600 mu the inversion of the EP takes place. At the depth of 1.800 mu the EP elicited by stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus had a form of a positive oscillation with a long latent period. It is concluded that the posterior hypothalamic nuclei have a vast representation in rabbit neocortex, this representation being realized by both polysynaptic and olygosynaptic systems of connections.


[Individual differences in heart and respiration rate of subjects exposed to various sensomotor loads]. Three groups were established according to the reactivity of the heart and respiration rates in sensomotor tasks: Group 1: especially reacting by changes in heart rate during performance of the tasks; group 2: especially reacting by changes of the respiration rate during the tasks; group 3: subjects without differences in the changes of the heart and respiration rates. The group 1 (heart-rate-type) shows a significantly higher level of the heart rate already during the "rest" in comparison with the other groups and presents a larger increase during the sensomotor tasks, too. The respiration rate corresponds to group 3. In contrast to group 1, group 2 (respiration-rate-type) shows no differences in the level of the respiration rate during "rest", however, the increase in respiration rate is significantly greater than in the other groups during sensomotor tasks. In this group the heart rate corresponds to group 3. No significant differences between the groups were noted in the heart rate variability, in the results of the sensomotor tasks and the filling in of the INR- and VELA-questionnaires.


[Pneumoencephalographic picture of changes in the cerebrospinal fluid containing spaces of patients who have suffered severe craniocerebral injuries]. Dynamic X-ray follow-ups were conducted after pneumo-encephalography (PEG) of 28 patients who had suffered a severe craniocerebral trauma (intracranial hematoma, crushing of the brain), and those suffering from a post-traumatic disease of the brain. PEG was carried out in periods from 3 months to 3 years after the trauma had occurred. X-ray control was established immediately after the endolumbar infusion of air into the intracranial cerebrospinal fluid spaces, and subsequently every 24 hours till the complete disappearance of air from the ventricles of the brain. Investigation showed that in most cases a more reliable picture of the size of the ventricles can be obtained not on the day that PEG is performed, but in remoter periods (24--48 hours). The internal hydrocephaly that occurs in most patients is evidently of aresorptive character. The expansion of subarachnoidal spaces, rather than their obliteration, is more characteristic of a traumatic disease of the brain, including post-traumatic epilepsy. These changes, however, are not pathognomonic for a complicated severe craniocerebral trauma.


[Intramedullary cholesteatomas].

[Intramedullary cholesteatomas]. Four cases are described of intramedullary cholesteatomas in the thoracic segment of the spine in patients from 14 to 42 years of age. Clinical observations noted the slow increase of symptoms of spinal compression in the form of asymmetric motor disorders and disturbances of sensibility. CSF blocks were found in all patients. Operations were performed on all female patients in whom a firm bulb-shaped thickening of the spine was determined. The spinal cord was dissected longitudinally and the tumour removed radically. The patients' movements were restored in periods ranging from 3 months to 2 years.


Investigations on changes of serum magnesium concentration after glucagon application in healthy humans. The effect of intravenous application of 1 mg glucagon on serum magnesium concentration, potassium, immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and blood glucose in healthy subjects has been studied. A significant decrease of the serum magnesium concentration was observed beginning 5 min after glucagon injection. There is a tendency of a slight but not statistically significant decrease of potassium level at 60 min. The beginning of the decrease of magnesium level was associated with the maximum of IRI-peak. In contrast to the discussed hypothesis that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia cause a shift for magnesium and potassium from the extracellular into the intracellular space we could demonstrate that hyperglycemia is not a necessary condition for the decreasing effect of glucagon on serum magnesium level.


[Plasma levels of 3,3', 5'-T3 (reverse-T3) under various functional thyroid conditions]. Reverse T3 (r-T3) was measured in unextracted human plasma under different clinical conditions. The mean normal concentration was 0.20 ng/ml. In thyreotoxic patients r-T3 was elevated in the majority of the cases, however, it was normal in three cases of T3-toxicoses. Thyrectomized patients during different hormon substitution showed r-T3 levels corresponding to the T4 concentrations measured. Patients with severe chronic illnesses and low T3 showed normal to considerably elevated r-T3 levels. According to these results r-T3 is not of additional value in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders.


[Pharmacological effect of pentacyanonitrosylferrate and similar complex compounds]. Comparative studies were performed on the spasmolytic and hypotensive effects of pentacyanoferrates with different ligands (NO, NO2, NOS, NH3, H2O) and of hexacyanoferrates and other nitrosyl compounds. Besides sodium nitroprusside, the nitro and thionitro complexes in equimolar doses were found to cause hypotension and relaxation of the aortic strip of rabbits contracted by adrenaline and spasmolytic effects on the contracted guinea pig ileum. The liberated nitrosyl cation or its secondary product, nitrous acid, is thought to be responsible for the pharmacodynamic effects of these complex compounds. This is in agreement with the fact that also other nitrosyl compounds (nitrosyl perchlorate, nitrosyl-bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobaltIII) and free undissociated nitrous acid produce transient spasmolytic effects. Pentacyanoaquoferrate and hexacyanoferrateIII exert, presumably because of the oxydation of sulfhydryl groups, spasmolytic effects in vitro. Accordingly, their effects are prevented in the presence of sulfhydryl compounds such as glutathion or dithioerythrit.


[Structural and immunochemical studies on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) immunoglobulins. IV. In vitro reassociation of carp immunoglobulin]. Mildly reduced high molecular immunoglobulin and antibody of carp with tetrameric structure, carbohydrate content of 6 to 7% and absence of J-chain can reassociate to native molecules. The disulphide bonds between subunits and polypeptide chains are sensitive and can be completly splitted by treatment with only 1 mM DTE. One half of the immunoglobulins retained their high molecular structure as expression of strong non-covalent bonds between subunits of the tetrameric molecule. The other half of immunoglobulins dissociate into HL-halfmolecules. We suppose that carps possess 2 "typs of immunoglobulins" which differ in the tendency to aggregate to high molecular immunoglobulins.


Studies on lectins. XXXIV. The effect of thermal treatment on the lectin of lentil seeds (Lens esuclenta Moench). The lectin of lentil seeds (Lens esculenta Moench) dissociates into subunits upon incubation of its solution at temperatures above 50 degrees C. The dissociation is accompanied by precipitation of the heavy subunit, release of Mn2+ from the protein molecule and an almost complete loss of erythroagglutinating activity. Addition of Mn2+ or D-glucose to the lectin solutions has a partially protective effect on the dissociation and inactivation.


Kinetics of elementary steps in the cytochrome P-450 reaction sequence. II. Temperature dependence and species differences in substrate binding reaction. Species dependencies and the temperature function of substrate binding reaction have been studied. The solubilized P-450 preparations from rat and rabbit, respectively, exhibit similar substrate binding characteristics with respect to rate constants and substrate specificity. The rabbit P-450 is more sensitive to preparational disintegration, this holds especially for aniline. In the Arrhenius plots a normal temperature dependence without breaks is observed. Iron ligands are bound with relatively low activation energies and negative entropies. The parameters increase for benzphetamine (type 1) and further for aniline (type 2), the latter substrate being entropically favoured too.


Aspartate carbamoyltransferase activity in rat liver at different stages of its development. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase) activity has been measured in rat livers at different stages of their development and in intact and regenerating livers. The level of enzyme activity was found to be the highest in the earliest fetal livers (about 7 times higher than in the adult rat liver). Deproteinized by heating, supernatants of sheep liver homogenates were purified on a Sephadex G-25 column. The influence of deproteinized supernatant on ACTase activity in rat liver was measured. This influence depended on the amount of activating factor added to fresh homogenates. A different scope of activation of enzyme activity in rat liver caused by deproteinized supernatant was noticed. The greatest increase of enzyme activity under the influence of activating factor was obtained in the liver of young animals, mothers and old female rats, the smallest in fetuses and very young animals. A relatively smaller increase of enzyme activity was observed in regenerating livers under the same experimental conditions. In this article the role of natural ACTase activator is discussed.


[Catalytic mechanism of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV]. Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV isolated from pig kidney microsomes catalyses hydrolysis in a number of dipeptidylaryl-amides of types L-AS-L-Ala-R and L-AS-L-Pro-R. Kinetic studies involving two competing substrates suggest the probable existence of a catalytic centre for both groups of substrates. The speed-determining steps in enzymatic hydrolysis differ in the order L-AS-L-Pro-R and L-AS-L-Ala-R. The secondary enzymatic deuterium-isotopic effects in the hydrolysis of L-Ala-L-Ala-2-d1-pNA are fixed at KHM/KDM = 1.24 and VHmax/VDmax = 1.27. The existence of an acyl-enzyme mechanism is considered likely.


[Ultrastructural and functional changes of rabbit myocardium after cholesterol feeding]. The myocardium was ultrastructurally investigated immediately after 12 weeks of feeding in one part of the animals and in the remaining animals 27--30 months after termination of the feeding period. At the same time, parameters of the myocardial contraction were measured immediately after the feeding at isolated trabeculae of the left ventricle and 27--30 months after the termination of the feeding at the left ventricle in situ. After the 12 weeks of feeding the morphometrically estimated intracellular lipid content rises from 0.23% (normal) to 5.26%. The mitochondria decline from 36.98% (normal) to 29.08%. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) changes in a vesicular or vacuolar manner respectively. The contractility index Vmax of isolated trabeculae decreases insignificantly. The resting potentiation and the diastolic stiffness are increased. 27--30 months after termination of feeding the lipid content and the mitochondria are normal in comparison to controls of the same age. The vacuolar changes of SR and its cellular portion are increased. The contractility index of the heart in situ max (dp/dt)/P is decreased insignificantly. The velocity of relaxation is enhanced in comparison with controls. By comparing ultrastructural and functional findings it can be seen that variations in the contraction performance are accompanied by stronger changes of the cellular structure immediately after the feeding than 27--30 months after the termination of the feeding. At this time continuing small alterations in the contraction performance of the heart in situ are observed in addition to the reversibility of various characteristics of damage together with an increase in the Ca++-transporting SR and its alterations.


[Muscle activity and heart rate during rhythmical work using a hand ergometer. II. Heart rate, mechanical and bioelectrical activity of muscles during work with different loads and in relation to endurance]. The study has been made to analyse changes in heart rate, in mechanical and bioelectrical muscle activity during thythmical handgrip contractions. Loads of 20% to 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were applied. The working frequency was 30 cpm. With loads of 40%--100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) the following characteristic changes were obtained: Both the plane of the mechanogram and the duration of the mechanogram increased permanently. The heart rate rose to the end of the experiment and so did the EMGs of the flexor, the extensor, the brachioradial muscle and the muscle of the thenar. The rate of the rise (%/s) of all physiological functions was greatest during maximal load test and decreased with decreasing contraction strength. The endurance as a function of the force showed a parabolic curve. The physical endurance capacity of this rhythmical hand work is between 20% and 40% MVC.


[Insulin binding to isolated cells].

[Insulin binding to isolated cells]. Using mono-125I-insulin the hormone receptor binding on cultivated rat hepatocytes cultivated rat fibroblasts and freshly isolated adipocytes of wistar rat and man were characterized. No specific insulin binding was obtained in the case of long time cultivated hepatocytes. The fibroblasts show a low specific insulin binding with an affinity constant of K = 0.75. 10(9)M-1 and a binding capacity of q = 4000 binding sites per cell, and also an insulin response measureable by the lactate production. In agreement with a strong stimulation effect of insulin on the conversion of glucose to CO2 und triglycerides the freshly isolated adipocytes bind insulin with high affinity and capacity in comparison with the fibroblasts. For the high affinity population of insulin receptors at the adipocytes of wistar rat we found K = 2.8 . 10(9) M-1 and q = 22000 binding sites per cell, whereas 20 per cent of saturation of the receptors cause 90 per cent of the maximal stimulation effect on the bio-conversion of glucose. This shift of the binding curve to higher concentrations may be important for the ability of insulin to regulate the carbohydrate metabolism.


Toxicities and the rates of penetration of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate into the blood following different routes of intoxication. Toxicities of O-ethyl-S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-methylphosphonothioate were determined by i. v. (17.0 microgram/kg), i.m. (23.6 microgram/kg), i. p. (54.5 microgram/kg) and p. o. (121.9 microgram/kg) administration to female rats. Following intoxication with this compound (42 microgram/kg) at these routes of administration, acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood was continuously monitored and half-times of inhibition in vivo were determined. It appears from a comparison of inhibitions in vivo and in vitro that only a part of the dose administered is effective to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in the blood vessel.


The influence of vasopressin on the regional uptake of [3H] orotic acid by rat brain. After intracarotid injection in the rat followed by decapitation 15 s later, the uptake of the RNA precursor [3H] orotic acid by 18 brain region and by the anterior pituitary was measured. Simultaneously injected lysine-8-vasopressin (1, 10, 100, 1000 and 10000 muU per ml injection solution, respectively) caused a dose-dependent enhancement of tracer uptake by 7 regions, e.g. by the hippocampus. There are indications that especially in this region the blood-brain barrier permeability to the precursor was influenced by the peptide hormone.


[Simultaneous comparison of periodograms and performance spectra to distinguish periodical from statistical curve portions of vegetative rhythms]. The differences between corresponding data of power spectral densities and quadrated periodograms were computed delimiting periodical and statistical parts of curves of mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and respiration rhythms. The statistical parts of the curves show similar density distributions in the investigated frequency range as the periodical parts (power spectra). In patients with autonomic disorders these statistical parts of the curves are higher than in healthy volunteers.


[A new dynamic test with optimal multifrequent binary work-load patterns on the bicycle ergometer]. A new dynamic test with work-load changes on the bicycle ergometer is described using optimal multifrequent binary test signals, which are based on the theory of an active design of experiments. In comparison to step, impulse, ramp and sinusoidal work-load changes this new test includes the advantage that it provides good accuracy within a short time for measurement and evaluation. First results indicate the possibility of a good analysis of the dynamics of the heart rate response using linear models. Statements for approximation of the system in the frequency range lead to the estimation of time constant models, which allow a good estimation of the behaviour of the regulation of the heart rate.


[Photically released trains of potentials following local application of ethosuximide into the corpus geniculatum laterale]. The influence of ethosuximide injected into the lateral geniculate body (LGB) on photically evoked afterdischarges (PhAD) and recruiting responses (PhR) after 0,3/s or 7/s light flash series was compared with the effect of intraperitoneally administered ethosuximide in freely moving albino rats with chronic electrodes. Whereas i. p. application of ethosuximide reduces or abolishes photically evoked afterdischarges and recruiting, administration into the LGB does not change these potentials or the photic evoked potential. This points to an action not immediately in the LGB.


[Influence of duration and depth of ether of brevinarcon narcosis on the cerebral acetylcholine content of rat]. For decapitation of rats in order to determine brain acetylcholine (Ach) content the animals may be anaesthesized slightly by ether no longer than for 2 min, since forebrain Ach content increases quickly up to about 170% throughout the following 3 min. The progress of brain Ach content up to its maximum level is decided both by duration and degree of cns depression: In the moment of most distinctly marked Brevinarcon -narcosis -- evident 2,5 min after i. v. injection (40 mg/kg) -- the forebrain Ach content merely is increased by about 15%, but when anaesthesia is reduced considerably again -- 2,5 min later -- the Ach content only reaches its maximum level.


[Fluorescence-analytical studies of the reaction of several psychoactive drugs with membrane structures of the CNS]. The use of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) as an indicator of membrane conformational perturbations induced by psychoactive drugs was tested with regard to its specificity considering both chemical structure (phenothiazine, butyrophenone, phenylalkylhydrazine) and pharmacological activity (major transquilizers, antidepressants, antihistamines), on the one hand, and brain region (cortex, striatum, hippocampus) and subcellular structure of membranes (mitochondria, microsomes, synaptosomes), on the other. Not only a weak strengthening of ANS affinity to membrane constituents by chlorpromazine and promethazine (haloperidol and phenelzine were without effect), but also the alteration of membrane structure in such a way as to create additional ANS binding sites by chlorpromazine and to a smaller degree also by promethazine and haloperidol (phenelzine was without effect) resulting in a manifold increase in fluorescence indicated any relation to functional characteristics of biological material or properties of drugs. Apparent dissociation constants and membrane ANS binding sizes are reported.


Purification of acid proteinases from calf brain. The purification was begun with acetone precipitation of minced brain tissue with subsequent proteinase extraction with 0.2 M sodium formate buffer (pH 3.5), reprecipitation with acetone and dialysis. Chromatographic separation on Sephadex G-200, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and CM-cellulose was carried out in that order. Upon ion-exchange chromatography multiple forms of acid proteinases emerged; two of them were obviously identical with cathepsin D (EC 3.4.23.5), and two of them exhibited properties of cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1).


A sequential extraction method for RNA from rabbit liver. When naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate (NDS) and phenol-cresol were used for extraction of rRNA from rabbit liver approximately 80% of the extractable RNA was recovered. By subsequent treatment of the resulting insoluble interface with 4-aminosalicylate and triisopropylnaphthalenesulfonate (PAS-TIPNS) the remaining RNA was extracted. Subcellular fractionation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or sucrose density gradient analysis showed that this last fraction contrained 28s RNA from membrane-bound polysomes. Applying the sequential extraction method for isolation of poly(A)-containing mRNA showed that only a minor part of that RNA was extracted with NDS while the rest was recovered by PAS-TIPNS treatment of the interface. Thus, a purification of poly(A)-containing mRNA was possible when the sequential extraction method was used.


[Experimental model for the study of the vascular system of the bronchial artery]. An experimental model was worked out for the isolated study of the vasculal system of the bronchial artery. The model allowed to study 1) the role of bronchiar circulation in the pathomechanism of the shock lung; 2) the effect of charges in fusion of the isolated circulation of the microstructure of the lungs; 3) the effect of changes in pH, CO2 level and O2 tension on the greater and lesser circulation, on ventilation, CO2 loss, and O2 uptake were studied.


Ultrastructural investigation of the human hand after tendon and motor nerve injury. Specimens of the affected muscles obtained during reconstructive surgery 4 to 16 weeks after injury of the tendon or of the motor nerve of the human hand were studied. After tenotomy the most serious lesions were displayed by the contractile elements which were homogeneous brittle and atrophied, and disintegrated independently of the functional units. The number of mitochondria decreased, the sarcoplasmic reticulum accumulated and the red and white muscle fibres could not be distinguished. After motor nerve injury the motor end plates were completely destroyed and Wallerian degeneration appeared. The contractile elements atrophied and were brittle. The number of mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreased, the sarcoplasmic glycogen content was higher than normal, and often the cell nuclei occupied a central position.


[Vascular prostheses complications in autopsy material]. The early and late complications of vascular grafts in the Department of Vascular Surgery of Semmelweis University Medical School are discussed on the basis of a five year post mortem material. The mortality of the operations was 11.5%. Haemorrhage and infection are considered the most serious complications. The cause of the complications are discussed.


Stimulation of wound healing by means of laser rays. Part III--Investigation of the effect on immune competent cells. The immune-suppressive action of laser rays was studied in directly irradiated human lymphocytes. It was found that the argon ion gas laser is more effective in the range between 488 and 501 nm than at other wavelengths and than the He--Ne laser (632 nm) of the same performance. It is assumed that the suppression of some undesirable immune reaction (auto-aggressive process) contributes to the stimulating effect of laser rays on wound healing.


[Pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts].

[Pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts]. Experience gained in connection with the diagnosis and removal of 33 pleuropericardial mesothelial cysts is described and compared with the pertaining data in the literature. The incidence, pathology, symptomatology, diagnostics and differential diagnostics of these cysts and the chances of conservative and surgical therapy are discussed.


[Ketamine in the induction of neuroleptoanesthesia]. The technique of ketamine-introduced neuroleptanaesthesia has been modified by altering the order of application of the drugs, and the following changes in the circulatory parameters are analyzed. In contrast data in the literature claiming that the direction of circulatory changes is a function of age, the correlation with the circulating blood volume is pointed out. The method has the advantage of shorting the time needed for the introduction of anaesthesia and of facilitating the detection and timely replacement of any eventual volume deficiency.


[Testicular torsion in the 15-year records of our clinic]. Six cases of testicular torsion treated in the last 15 years are described and attention is drawn to the importance of thorough examination and early treatment.


Transient blood flow reduction induced by intra-arterial injection of degradable starch microspheres. Experiments on rats. Starch microspheres, degradable by endogenous blood amylase were selectively injected into the femoral and superior mesenteric arteries, respectively, to obtain temporary local ischemia in foot and gut of the rat. The experimental models are described. Studies with tracer microspheres demonstrated, that the blood flow in the foot and the small intestine immediately declined to near zero, but latter resumed control levels.


Incidence of gallstones development after selective hepatic vagotomy. The incidence of gallstone development after selective hepatic vagotomy was evaluated in a prospective study, comparing it with a control group. There were 26 subjects with normal gallbladder, who were studied 3 to 5 years later and compared with 22 patients with reflux esophagitis who were operated and followed in a similar way. In all patients a selective hepatic vagotomy was performed as part of the posterior gastropexy. All had oral cholecystograms before and after surgery. In normal subjects 2 of the 26 cases (7.7%) and in the operated patients 9 of the 22 (41%), showed gallstones during the second evaluation. This incidence is statistically different. The importance of this finding is discussed.