[Hallson and Rose enzymatic determination of urinary oxalate (author's transl)]. Urine oxalate was determined by the enzymatic method, quality criteria were established, and 24h oxalate excretion measured in healthy control subjects and in patients suffering from calcium urolithiasis. The technique is highly reliable and can be practiced in every conventional clinical laboratory. There is no increase in 24h urine oxalate in calcium urolithiasis when related to body weight or lean body mass.


[Percutaneous radiation therapy of peyronie's disease with 137cesium (author's transl)]. From 1966 to 1977, 49 patients suffering from Peyronie's disease received percutaneous radiation treatment with 137 Cesium (137Cs). Therapy results were followed up for a period of from 2 months to 11 years. The method of 137Cs radiation is described and the results compared with other forms of therapy. Percutaneous radiation therapy with 137Cs seems to be the preferred treatment of Peyronie's disease because of its few side effects, rapid effectiveness, and low cost.


[The male urethra: capacity determination and its significance for urology (author's transl)]. The capacity of the male urethra in patients and on anatomical preparations has been measured. Because measurement of capacity in the living proved to be strongly influenceable, the capacities determined from anatomic outlet preparations represent the real values in practice. The average value from a group of 33 corpses was 10.58 ml. In urologic practice, the capacity of the urethra assumes particular importance with catheterization. Optimal filling of the urethra appears to be important in order achieve maximum performance for the sliding catheter. Additionally, the filling material should have the corresponding viscosity and an anesthetizing effect.


[Recurrence of variococeles (author's transl)]. By means of five patients who in the last 3 years had to be reoperated because of recurrence or lack of regression of varicocele, we came upon various causes of the disease and possibilities of therapy. Two possibilities for failure of therapy are shown: 1. Not all branches of vena testicularis have been ligatured. Examinations of 60 corpses showed that in 30% of the cases the vena testicularis-even at its influx into vena renalis-consisted of two branches. 2. In a number of those men with varicocele, the disease is caused not by a retrograde blood-flow into vena spermatica externa. The various causes of failure of therapy require different operative procedures. Therefore, in advance of each reoperation, the conditions drainage should be examined by phlebography.


[A simple apparatus to facilitate epididymectomy (author's transl)]. A simple apparatus is introduced which facilitates the preparation of testicular vessels in epididymectomy using diaphania. The applicability of this apparatus is being tested in other fields of surgery.


[Sonographic examination in diseases of the scrotal area (author's transl)]. Sixty-two patients with diseases of the scrotal area were examined sonographically. In 11 out of 12 testicular tumors, a preoperative diagnosis could be confirmed by examination with ultrasonication, including one case with large accompanying hydrocele, which made an exact palpation of the testicles impossible. Despite the still small number of cases, we feel that ultrasonic examination of the testicles makes it possible to speed up the diagnosis of testicular tumors, which is often drawn out over weeks or months, and to provide the patients with early operative therapy.


[Tuberculosis of seminal vesicle. A contribution to differential diagnosis of fructose deficiency in spermatic fluid (author's transl)]. The functional condition of seminal vesicles can be judged on the basis of spermatic fructose. In dealing with the causes of fructose deficiency, one must distinguish between androgen-dependent and androgen-refractory deficiencies. The main causes of androgenic-refractory fructose deficiency are specific and unspecific inflammations of the masculine adnexa. The example of spermatocystic tuberculosis demonstrates the importance which must be given to specific inflammation of the masculine adnexa, during fertility-consultation hours.


[Influence of oxianthraquinones on the crystallization of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate: dissolution of calciumcontaining urinary calculi (author's transl)]. Ruberythric acid and alizarin glucuronide, the biologic secretion product obtained from the alizarin derivative, stop the crystallization of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the physiologic milieu of the urine. This effect is thought to be due to a soluble alizarin glucuronide: calcium chelate (2:1 mol). From this finding, we deduce that the solubility of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate in the urine of humans can be increased through the oral administration of oxianthraquinone.


[The role of urinary excretion of magnesium in patients with urolithiasis with special respect to recurrence rate of stone formation (author's transl)]. 154 patients with urolithiasis and 24 normal controls were investigated for serum levels and urinary excretion of magnesium. No significant difference in urinary magnesium excretion could be found neither between stone forming patients and normal controls nor between patients with different types of stones. There was also no difference in serum concentrations of magnesium. A disturbance in excretion of magnesium in urine could not be related to increased recurrence rate of stone formation. According to these findings it is doubtful whether a disturbance in urinary excretion of magnesium plays an important role in stone formation. Therefore the determination of magnesium excretion can be neglected in the course of routine investigation of patients with urinary calculi.


[Indirect lymphography of the urinary bladder in animal experiments (author's transl)]. Of three contrast media injected interdigitally and submucosally as well as instilled into the bladder, Lipiodol UF (particle size of over 15 micron) and the experimental compound AG 52-315 were not resorbed. Another experimental compound (AG 60-99) with an iodine content of 20% and a particle size of ca. 3,5 micron produced, when injected interdigitally, good contrast of the popliteal lymph nodes in all cases (n = 5). Instillation of the same contrast medium into the bladders of five dogs yielded subdued contrast of the paravesicular lymph nodes in one case. Of still another five animals, two showed contrast of the inner iliac lymph nodes after submucosal infiltration of the bladder mucosa with AG 60-99. In all cases (n = 15) inflammatory reaction with necrotic formations were observed. Resorption of the contrast medium was accomplished by heating at 39 degrees C, and was not improved by addition of Hyaluronidase. Because of the low local tolerance of the contrast medium preparation, this successful experiment in indirect lymphography of the urinary bladder of animals cannot be applied clinically.


Ultrasonic diagnosis of tumor thrombosis of right renal vein. Ultrasonography was employeed to diagnose tumor thrombosis of the renal vein and inferior vena cava in a patient with an infiltrating renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney.


Significance and evaluation of calcifications associated with renal masses. Although there are numerous references in the medical literature suggesting that calification associated with renal masses is indicative of malignant disease, our recent experience with four cases emphasizes that it is not possible to predict the nature of these lesions. The significance and etiology of renal calcification are discussed as well as the indications for clinical evaluation.


Idiopathic segmental ureteritis.

Idiopathic segmental ureteritis. A new case of nonspecific segmental ureteritis is added to the 18 cases previously reported. This case presented similar diagnostic problems to the previously reported cases. Its unique features are the multiplicity of the lesions and their insidious nonsimultaneous development over a number of years.


Crossed fused renal ectopia presenting with blunt trauma. A case is presented of crossed fused renal ectopia in a fifteen-year-old black male which was diagnosed because of blunt trauma. Workup and management are discussed and pertinent x-ray films shown. The literature is reviewed with respect to renal trauma associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney.


Complication with mechanical stapling device in creation of ileoconduit. Of 296 patients with pelvic malignancy and ileal urinary conduits, urinary tract calculi developed in 14. Calculi which ordinarily require surgical intervention because of their size may pass spontaneously in patients with ileoconduits because of the presence of a chronically dilated colllecting system and the surgical elimination of three of the four sites of stone impaction (pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction, and ureteral orifice). In 1 patient multiple calculi developed around the surgical staples used to create the proximal end of the ileal conduit. We recommend that autosuture with stapling devices not be used to create the proximal end of an ileal urinary conduit.


Schistosomiasis presenting with testicular enlargement in elderly male. An eighty-eight-year-old Puerto Rican presented with painless enlargment of one testicle which proved histologically to be due to Schistosoma mansoni. Intratesticular ovum deposits were not associated with inflammation, granulomas, or infarction, but marked sclerosing periorchitis was present. The case illustrates a very rare form of presentation of schistosomiasis which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral testicular enlargement in patients from an endemic area, despite the fact that orchiectomy will usually be necessary to establish a definitive histopathologic diagnosis.


Computerized tomographic diagnosis of massive hydronephrosis of duplicated system in an adult. A case of massive hydronephrosis of the upper portion of a duplicated collecting system in a middle-aged male is presented. Computerized tomographic examination of the abdomen provided the most precise information and led to a correct preoperative diagnosis, whereas both urography and ultrasound did not.


Computed tomography in genitourinary pathology. Computed tomography (CT) provides accurate localization of pathologic processes within the abdomen and also frequently contributes information regarding the nature of the process. A review of 50 patients with suspected genitourinary pathology studied with CT suggests that this new noninvasive diagnostic modality can provide increased diagnostic accuracy but that it will not replace conventional abdominal radiography and intravenous urography as the primary screening examination for such patients. Situations in which CT has proved valuable include: (1) evaluation of areas which are relatively "blind" on conventional radiography: anterior and posterior margins of kidneys, paravertebral and midline portions of retroperitoneum, and base of bladder; (2) evaluation of patients with severely compromised function of one or both kidneys, including assessment of amount of functioning renal parenchyma and possible demonstration of cause of obstructive hydronephrosis; (3) evaluation of patients in whom intravenous urography is contraindicated; (4) differentiation of solid from cystic masses of kidney; (5) evaluation of spread of tumor outside boundaries of kidney; and (6) staging of bladder tumors.


Prophylactic use of antibiotics in surgery. "Sound and careful surgery is the sine qua non of wound management; antimicrobials are adjunctive." The key to successful use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery is careful selection of cases and medication. There are no final rule or formulas that will always give optimal results. Listed below are some guidelines that may assis the clinician in determining the need and form of antimicrobial use. 1. The operation must carry a significant risk of bacterial contamination. Refined-clean and clean procedures should not be given prophylactic antibiotics. 2. Bacterial cultures should be taken when possible, and the medication used for prophylaxis should be effective against the organisms expected to be encountered. 3. Narrow spectrum antibiotics should be used to conserve the body's normal flora. Broad spectrum antibiotics needed to combat resistant infections should not be used for prophylaxis. 4. The antibiotic should be present in the wound in effective concentrations at the time of the incision and be maintained only as long as the risk of new bacterial contamination exists.


Perspectives of clinical osmometry.

Perspectives of clinical osmometry. Several clinical applications of osmometry have been reviewed. Questions remain concerning the clinical acceptance that osmometry will achieve in veterinary medicine. Many practices may not be able to justify the purchase of an osmometer; however, osmometers are available at most medical centers and clinical laboratories. In an era when serum chemistry profiles are being used more frequently, it may prove that serum osmolatity will be requested more frequently. Determination of osmolality is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive test that has potential in screening for disorders of body fluids. Several research laboratories utilize osmometry routinely in screening for potential fluid or electrolyte inbalances. When coupled with glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and electrolyte values, a comparison of calculated and measured osmolality allows further clinical interpretations. Differences may exist between calculated and measured osmolality. In some instances, determination of calculated osmolality alone may lead to erroneous conclusions concerning the true status of body fluids. Specialized intensive care practices should certainly consider the value of osmometry in monitoring patients undergoing extensive fluid therapy. Last, but not least, osmometry does provide the best measure of renal concentrating ability and is of particular value in evaluation of polyuric and proteinuric patients.


A light microscopic study of bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 66 cattle were classified as schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue probably represents a dysplasia whilst bovine schwannomas are true neoplastic growths. Bovine schwannomas probably develop from neurofibromatous nerve and the two entities may represent parts of a single pathological condition.


The ultrastructure of bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Bovine peripheral nerve sheath tumours from 30 cattle were similar ultrastructurally to human schwannomas and neurofibromas. Bovine neurofibromatous tissue had large amounts of extracellular material, primarily collagen and electron lucent granular material. The principal cells had basal laminae and a disorganized proliferation of the plasmalemma. Axons were consistently seen and were surrounded by the plasmalemma of principal cells. The principal cells seemed to be Schwann cells or variants of them. Bovine schwannomas had areas similar to Antoni type A tissue with sparse extracellular material, few, if any, axons, and an apparent organized layering of cytoplasmic processes clad in a basal lamina. Cell nuclei often formed palisades. The principal cells in bovine schwannomas might be derived either from Schwann cells or perinuerial cells. Bovine schwannomas appeared together with bovine neurofibromatous tissue in affected nerves.


The pathology of spontaneously occurring malignant lymphoma in sheep. The most common locations of tumours in 22 sheep with malignant lymphoma were the lymph nodes (19 sheep), spleen (14), liver (13), kidney (10), small intestine (9) and heart (9). The distribution of the lesions could be classified as multicentric (14 sheep, alimentary (6), skin (1) and thymic (1). Histological examination of malignant lymphomas from 40 sheep showed there were three reticulum cell sarcomas, and 37 lymphosarcomas. The lymphosarcomas were further classified on the basis of cytological features as lymphoblastoid, lymphocytic/prolymphocytic, prolymphocytic and lymphocytic in 14, 6, 11 and six cases, respectively. Viruses were not detected by electron microscopy in tumourous tissue from 10 sheep with malignant lymphoma.


Correlation of microbiological and histological findings in bovine fibrinous pneumonia. In a retrospective morphological and microbiological study, 39 of 55 cases of bovine fibrinous pneumonia were diagnosed as fibrinous pleuropneumonia. Twenty-nine of these 39 (74%) were associated with Pasteurella hemolytica, but only two cases (5%) with P. multocida. In contrast, of the 16 cases classified as fibrinous bronchopneumonia, one (6%) was associated with P. hemolytica, and nine (56%) with P. multocida. In eight cases Mycoplasma and Hemophilus somnus were found in association with either P. hemolytica or P. multocida but were never isolated alone. We concluded that the use of the term pasteurellosis, implying Pasteurella as the cause, is imprecise because lesions associated with P. hemolytica fulfill the criteria of a fibrinous pleuropneumonia, whereas P. multocida is more likely to cause a bronchopneumonia with moderate amounts of fibrin.


Visceral lesions in wild carnivores naturally infected with Spirocerca lupi. Aortic lesions pathognomonic for Spirocerca lupi were found in 123 of 150 (82%) coyotes, Canis latrans, 23 of 66 (35%) bobcats, Felis rufus, one of five gray foxes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus and one of two red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, examined in West Texas. Adult nematodes in the esophagus were recovered from 11 of 150 (7%) coyotes. In the aorta there was initially an acute inflammatory response followed by an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding larval nematodes. The principal lesions was scarring of the aorta with replacement of elastic tissue with collagen. There was blockage of the intervertebral arteries, pitting and formation of granulomatous nodules on the intimal surface and scarring with diverticula and anuerysms in affected animals. The response to adult nematodes in the esophagus was usually a small eosinophilic granuloma surrounding the worms. There was no evidence of esophageal sarcoma or spondylosis deformans of thoracic vertebrae as reported in the dog.


Systemic cartilage defect in a calf.

Systemic cartilage defect in a calf. A 6-month-old Ayrshire calf had a systemic growth defect of cartilage. The most severe changes occurred in articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates of long bones where disturbance of ossification, necrosis, erosion, vascular invasion, proliferation of cartilaginous and fibrous tissue were seen. The lesions probably were the result of a failure in the initial phases of ossification and mechanical pressure was responsible for their severity in the cartilage of the limbs.


Amyloid in the corpora amylacea of the rat mammary gland. Histochemical and electron microscope studies indicated there was amyloid in corpora amylacea in tumors, duct ectasias and lobular hyperplasias of rat mammary glands. Electron microscopy showed fibrils that closely resembled amyloid fibrils in human and bovine amyloid and in bovine corpora amylacea. Amyloid deposition may be more common in rats than is generally thought.


Esophagogastric ulcers associated with Ascaris suum infestation in swine. When a group of 3-month-old pigs was moved to another location, several died from internal bleeding. Two pigs that were necropsied had large esophagogastric ulcers, hepatic fibrosis with "milk spots" and swollen edematous lungs. The ulcers involved the full thickness of the gastric mucosa with pronounced eosinophilic infiltration and perivascular cuffing of the submucosal vessels. There was an acute interstitial and granulomatous pneumonia with an inflammatory exudate composed mainly of eosinophils. Ascarid larvae were recovered from the lungs. Gastric ulceration could have resulted from a second exposure to Ascaris suum infestation because pigs not removed from their original location did not develop ulcers.


Effects of 4-ipomeanol, a product from mold-damaged sweet potatoes, on the bovine lung. Cattle given intraruminal administration of 4-ipomeanol, a furanoterpenoid originally obtained from sweet potatoes infected with Fusarium solani (F. javanicum), developed a respiratory syndrome clinically and histologically indistinguishable from atypical interstitial pneumonia. There were edema and emphysema in the lungs and mediastinum. The maximum nonlethal oral dose of 4-ipomeanol was estimated to be between 7.5 and 9 mg/kg of body weight.


Feline panleukopenia. III. Development of lesions in the lymphoid tissues. Germfree and specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated with feline panleukopenia virus. Cats were necropsied 2 to 6 days after inoculation and tissues from the thymus, lymph nodes and spleen taken for histological and immunofluorescence studies. Necrosis of lymphoid cells in the thymic cortex began 3 days after inoculation and continued for 5 to 6 days after inoculation when the thymus was nearly depleted of lymphocytes. Immunofluorescence studies showed the lesions to be caused by virus. There was gross and histological involution of the thymus in both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. The lymph nodes and spleen of uninoculated germfree cats looked "inactive" and lacked well developed lymphoid follicles and paracortical areas. In both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats there was necrosis in both follicular and paracortical areas of the lymph nodes and follicular and periarteriolar areas of the spleen 3 to 4 days after inoculation. Immunofluorescence showed these areas had virus infection. By 5 to 6 days after inoculation, these areas were populated by many lymphoblastoic cells. Even though significant destruction of lymphoid cells occurred, subsequently, in cats that develop mild clinical illness, these lymphoid tissues seemed stimulated rather than depleted of lymphocytes.


Lethal encephalitis in 14-day-old mice given avirulent Semliki forest virus. Avirulent Semliki Forest Virus when inoculated intracerebrally and intraperitoneally into 14-day-old Swiss A2G mice induced a lethal encephalitis. There was destruction of neurones, especially pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, despite a rising serum antibody titer.


An ultrastructural study of avian synovium infected with an arthrotropic Mycoplasma, Mycoplasma synoviae. Live Mycoplasma synoviae cells in agar base medium were inoculated intravenously into 10 2-week-old chickens. Joint tissues were collected over a 3-week period for light and transmission electron microscopy. In infected chickens, membrane-bound vacuoles of intact M. synoviae cells were seen in the cytoplasms of adipose cells. Cytoplasmic lipid-containing inclusions had accumulated in enlarged fibroblasts in tendon sheaths and loose connective tissue. Synovial cells had proliferated and contained increased amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and lipid inclusions. No abnormalities were seen in control chickens. Infected chickens were positive and control chickens were negative for rheumatoid factor activity by two serological tests: tanned cell hemagglutination and latex agglutination tests.


Changes in milk production, fertility and calf mortality associated with retained placentae or the birth of twins. The milk yield and fertility records of cows which at any time either gave birth to twin calves or retained their placenta have been examined. Milk yield was higher in the lactation preceding the birth of twins than in any other lactation and the lactation following the birth of twins tended to be longer. Milk yields of cows which retained their placenta were not significantly different from those of cows which cleansed normally. Many cows which gave birth to twins or which retained their placenta were subsequently barren. There was significantly greater mortality among twin calves and after the birth of twins placentae were more often retained.


Vaccination against canine bordetellosis: protection from contact challenge. Eight collie-cross pups, eight weeks old, were inoculated intramuscularly with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted preparation of killed Bordetella bronchiseptica; the inoculation was repeated after two weeks. Two weeks after the second inoculation, the vaccinated dogs and a control group of four unvaccinated animals were placed in contact with a group of five pups of similar age which had been experimentally infected with a pathogenic strain of B bronchiseptica by an aerosol method. All four unvaccinated control dogs as well as all five experimentally infected dogs developed a respiratory disease characterised by persistent coughing. Six of the vaccinated dogs remained free from clinical respiratory disease while disease was less severe and of shorter duration in the remaining two than in controls. Only slight changes were found in the lungs of vaccinated animals at necropsy while in the controls there was a severe tracheobronchitis. There was a marked reduction in the numbers of B bronchiseptica isolated from the respiratory tract of vaccinated animals when compared with controls. An aluminium hydroxide adjuvanted vaccine may be of value in controlling naturally occurring canine respiratory disease in which B bronchiseptica is involved.


Nutritional myodegeneration in dairy cows. A syndrome is described in which parturient dairy cows showed clinical signs consistent with milk fever but failed to respond to conventional therapy. The affected cows were reluctant to walk, moved stiffy and in severe cases became recumbent. The condition was apparently precipitated by low vitaimin E and selenium intake, stress of pregnancy and in one outbreak erratic feeding. Skeletal and cardiac myodegeneration were observed grossly and histologically but an almost full term fetus from an affected cow showed no muscle lesions. A high incidence of retained placentae was also recorded.


Performance, blood and carcase characteristics of finishing steers treated with trenbolone acetate and hexoestrol. Twenty British Friesian steers were divided into four uniform groups and either not treated or implanted with hexoestrol, trenbolone acetate, or hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate. Hexoestrol was given 90 days and trenbolone acetate 70 days, before slaughter. Animals in the treatment groups grew significantly faster, converted food to live-weight gain more effciently faster, converted food to live-weight gain more efficiently and had lower levels of plasma urea and to a lesser extent serum albumin than untreated controls for the final 70 days before slaughter. The combined treatment of hexoestrol plus trenbolone acetate produced more pronounced effects than either compound given alone. Steers treated with hexoestrol had significantly greater levels of serum growth hormone than steers implanted with trenbolone acetate alone or untreated controls, but the treatments had no significant effect on levels of plasma glucose, free fatty acids or serum insulin. Carcase conformation and fat cover assessed subjectively did not differ between treated and control animals but killing out percentage was generally higher in all treatment groups.


Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug. Field trials were conducted with the potent morphine-like analgesic, R33799 (Janssen Pharmaceutica; Beerse, Belgium) in South African national parks on 217 free-ranging wild animals, representing 20 different species. The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels. A suggested dosage regime for 19 species is given.  Recommended optimal dosage rates varies from about 1 microgram per kg for pachyderms to about 10 microgram per kg for most of the larger ungulates. Xylazine and azaperone were found valuable adjuncts to R33799 in dosage ratios of 10:1 and 30:1 respectively.


Factors affecting the survival of Treponema hyodysenteriae in dysenteric pig faeces. Treponema hyodysenteriae was found to survive for periods of up to 48 days in dysenteric pig faeces stored at temperatures between 0 degree C and 10 degree C inclusive. Survival was reduced to seven days at 25 degree C and did not exceed 24 hours at 37 degree C. Dilution 1:10 with tapwater appeared to enhance survival to a maximum of 61 days at 5 degree C but further dilution reduced it. Drying and exposure to disinfectants rapidly eliminated T hyodysenteriae from dysenteric faeces. Phenolic and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants were most effective. The use of these findings in the formulation of control programmes for swine dysentery is discussed.


Haemolytic disease of the newborn foal.

Haemolytic disease of the newborn foal. Clinical features of haemolytic disease of the newborn foal (HDNF) are reviewed. The state of knowledge concerning the serological factors associated with isoimmunisation of mares and as assessment of the methods available for screening potential "haemolytic mares" are presented. The treatment of severely affected foals has principally involved exchange transfusion but more recently a simple transfusion of mare's packed erythrocytes has proved more successful.


[Determination of the effect of clinoptilolit on the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the waste waters from pig farms]. The passage of sedimented refuse water from pig-breeding farms through a clinoptilolit filtre of a grain size of 1.0 up to 0.5 mm leads to a decrease in BNO5 (the biochemical need of water) of such water by about 21 per cent. This is of interest to the purification of wastage waters associated with the everyday life as well as of refuse waters linked with animal-breeding activity, with special reference to keeping waters clean.


[Production and titration of a vaccine against the infectious encephalomyelitis of poultry]. A vaccine was produced against infectious encephalomyelitis of day-old chicks infected cerebrally with strain Calnek 1143. It is a brain suspension from killed birds that have shown disease symptoms, treated with penicillin and streptomycin and stored at -20 degrees C. Experiments were carried out to titrate the vaccine through determining the minimum infective dose for day-old chicks treated with 0.1 cm3 each of it, orally, as obtained from tenfold dilutions. It was found that birds do not manifest clinically the disease, however, with birds killed 20--25 days following infection there have been characteristic histologic changes speaking of infectious encephalomyelitis. The minimum infective dose of the various batches of vaccine have been found to range from 10(-3) to 10(-5)/cm3. Applied under the conditions of the practice the vaccine has proved harmless, contributing to eradication of the disease on the infected farms.


[Losses from sterility in cows].

[Losses from sterility in cows]. Stated are the drop in milk productivity and the total losses in a value expression as determined by a definite formula. The observations were carried out on four large dairy farms. The cows on each farm were divided into groups according to the number of lactation and the length of the intercalving period. It was found that in 84 per cent of the cases of cows with a prolonged intercalving period the average daily milk yield for the same period was lower than in the case of cows with a normal duration of this period. Calculated were also the K coefficients, showing the milk loss, per lost service-period day. With a small group of cows there was an increase in the milk yield per each lost service-period day. The K coefficients were shown to vary with the individual groups of animals. At the same time most of the calculated values, indicating the loss of milk in sterility, were statistically insignificant. This was due to the expressed individual character of the response of sterile cows with regard to the drop in milk productivity. It was rather difficult to refer to a certain definite and general normativ as attempted by some authors. The guiding principle in the culling of sterile cows should be based on the individual approach. The data are given in two tablets.


[Development of subclinical mastitis in cows]. Montly investigations have been carried out on a farm for the presence of subclinical mastitis in a total of 59 cows. As many as six examinations have been made up to the drying of the cows and two after their calving. It has been found that subclinical mastitis assumes a protracted course, and in 23.7 per cent of the cows it is present during the whole period of investigation of 6-8 months. In 42.9 per cent of the animals the recovery of the affected udder sets in without therapeutic intervention. It has also been noted that in 33.8 per cent of the diseased cows subclinical mastitis develops into a clinical form of mastitis.


[Epizootic of S. heidelberg in poultry breeding flocks raised commercially]. It was noted that under the conditions of industrial raising of adult birds the epizootic of Salmonella heidelberg could assumme an acute course with a clinical manifestation. After its short-term acute manifestation the infection acquired a protracted course. Mortality correlated directly with the age of the birds. Isolated and identified were a total of 117 Salmonella heidelberg strains from carcasses, cloacal samples, eggs, and litter. Regardless of the short-term Salmonella harbouring the deep litter was shown to predispose to reinfections. The isolation of eight strains of S. heidelberg from the egg shell and the yolk of freshly laid eggs as well as the negative microbial findings in one- and two-fold fumigated eggs corroborate the idea of the additional entering of Salmonella organisms through the shell. These also point to the fact that fumigation carried out up to the third hour following laying may contribute to the raising of disease-free broilers. Treatment with furazolidon and chloramphenicol in combination or the application of salmocid at the rate of 250 milligram microgram of feed in the course of ten days suppresses the acute manifestation of the disease and restores the productivity of birds, having no effect on the harbouring of the infection in the flock.


[Epizootiological characteristics of trichophytosis in calves raised commercially]. Epizootiologic studies were carried out after a special programme in four calf-fattening combines harbouring trichophytosis-affected animals. Tested was the effectiveness of a Soviet vaccina, Tphi 130 under this country's conditions. It was found that 20 per cent of the examined contact calves and 23.3 per cent of the survivals were carriers of T. faviforme. It was demonstrated that the vaccine conferred solid immunity against the Bulgarian strains of T. faviforme.


[Microclimate and the mortality among turkey poult broilers]. Zoohygiene studies have been carried out in the course of two years, following up periodically at 20--25-day intervals the concentration of ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide, the relative humidity, and the temperature within the houses of an industrial animal-breeding complex for the production of broiler turkey-poults. Parallel investigations have aimed at following up the morbidity and mortality rates among the birds. Part of them divided into age groups, have likewise been studied in terms of total protein and protein fractions of the blood serum along with the establishing of the blood bactericidal titer. Dependable values have been found of the interrelationship between the age of the turkey-poults and their mortality rate. The same have proved to be the values expressing the correlation between the air concentration of ammonia gas in the farm houses and the mortality rate shown. It is concluded that the mortality rates established in the turkey combine might probably be due to the action of comlex factors, mainly to inappropriate microclimate and incomplete raising technology that contribute to the appearance and development of pathogenic and occasionally pathogenic agents as well as of some noninfectious diseases.


[Effect of drugs on the pyrogenic reactivity of sheep]. Investigated was the effect of coffeine, bromine, atropine, and pilocarpine on the course of experimentally induced (by means of an Alcaligenes falcalis lipopolysaccharide) pyrogenic response in sheep. It was noted that coffeine aggravated, and bromine and partly atropine made more feasible the manifestation of the pyrogenic response in these animals. Pilocarpine enhanced some of the functions of the body while this reaction tookplace. Some arguments are given to elucidate the mechanism of the pyrogenic response.


[Effect of eserine on DNA synthesis in rat liver]. Incorporation of labelled precursors into total and nuclear DNA of liver tissue was inhibited after administration into animals of eserine at a dose 0.1--0.2 mg/100 g of body weight. Simultaneously, DNAase activity was increased and cholinesterase activity was inhibited in liver tissue. The DNA synthesis was inhibited in liver slices, if they were incubated with 2.10(-6) M eserine. The DNAase activity was unaltered in vitro. A cholinolytic compound metacin, pre-administered into the animals, was ineffective at dose of 1 mg/kg; it slightly decreased the effect of eserine at dose of 0.25 mg/kg.


[Nuclease activity in leukemia altered lymphoid tissue]. Activities of DNAase I, DNAase II, RNAase I and RNAase II were altered in lymphoid tissue during development of lymphoid leukosis in mice of AKR strain, during survival of the leukemic cells as well as in leukemic spleen tissue of mice C57BI with transplantable leukosis La. The enzymatic activity correlated with the step of the process, the rate of leukemic cells proliferation, with dimensions of organs. Variations in the enzymatic activity, as compared with normal state were dissimilar in development of leukosis; activity of the enzymes was either increased or decreased apparently due to their multiple functions in metabolism of nucleic acids.


[Effect of turkesterone and nerobol on the activity of the protein synthesizing system of mouse liver]. Protein biosynthesis was stimulated in liver tissue in vivo and in vitro after administration into mice of either phytoecdizone of turkesterone (0.5 mg/100 g) or of anabolic steroid compound nerobole (1 mg/100 g). Stimulation of protein biosynthesis was due to an increase in functional activity of polyribosomes and to elevation in the synthesis of protein molecules. Actinomycin D, which inhibited the stimulation of protein biosynthesis in liver tissue of mice treated with nerobole, did not affect the phenomenon in mice treated with turkesterone.


[Interrelationship between the activity of cholinergic processes and catecholamine metabolism in botulin poisoning]. Reversible inhibition of cholinergic processes in cats after pancreatectomy was accompanied by decreased urinary excretion of adrenaline, increased excretion of vanilyl mandelic acid, exhaustion of catecholamine stores in adrenal glands and increased content of noradrenaline in some tissues. Similar alterations occurred in the paralytic step of botulinic intoxication. Metabolism of catecholamines was much more distinctly impaired in previously pancreatectomized animals after development of botulinic and tetanic neurointoxications, which were accompanied by irreversible inhibition of acetylcholine liberation in myoneural synapses. Impairments of catecholamine metabolism were manifested in a decrease in total content of the substances studied in various tissues.


[Isoenzyme spectrum and activity of several enzymes of bone marrow erythroid and myeloid cells in rabbits and changes in them under the influence of hydrocortisone]. Rabbit myeloid myelocaryocytes possessed higher activities of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as compared with those of erythroid cells. The lypolytic activity was twice as high in myeloid myelocaryocytes as in erythroid ones. Both strains of medullar cells did not differ in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). But the isoenzyme spectra of G6PD varied distinctly in these cells; HK and LDH isoenzyme spectra were the same both in myeloid and erythroid cells. The enzymatic activity was altered dissimilarly in myeloid and erythroid cells after administration of hydrocortisone. In myeloid cells the HK activity was decreased, in the erythroid cells--the HK activity tended to increase and the lipolytic activity was decreased. Alterations in the isoenzyme spectra of G6PD and LDH, caused by hydrocortisone administration, exhibited similar patterns in myeloid and erythroid cells.


[Age composition of the erythrocyte population, ATP and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate composition in erythrocytes in different forms of hemolytic anemia]. The total erythrocyte population was subdivided into three age groups using as criteria the stability of red blood cells to osmotic shock and the values of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. The "old" erythrocytes constituted about 8%, "mature"--87% and "young"--5% under normal conditions. In hereditary microspherocytosis 70% of erythrocytes possessed a decreased osmotic resistance and higher G6PD activity as compared with normal state. Two categories of erythrocytes was found among "young" cells in Marchiafava-Micheli disease; one of them possessed normal osmotic resistance, the other--decreased osmotic resistance. The age composition of the erythrocyte population was normal in functional hyperbilirubinemia. Content of ATP was decreased in erythrocytes of patients with hereditary microspherocytosis, it was increased in Marchiafava-Micheli disease and approached the normal level in patients with functional hyperbilirubinemia. Concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was similar to the normal level in erythrocytes of patients with functional hyperbilirubinemia; an inverse correlation was observed between contents of hemoglobin and of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in blood of patients with hereditary microspherocytosis and with Marchiafava-Michel disease.


[Extraction, separation and quantitative determination of prostaglandins in blood, thrombocytes and several tissues]. Modified methods, using selective organic extraction and absorption-distributional column chromatography, are described for isolation of prostglandines with high yield; the substances were differentiated by means of the methods used into series A, E, F. Use of radioimmunologic method enabled to obtain data on content of prostglandines in blood plasma and in thrombocytes of healthy people and of patients with ischemic heart impairments as well as on content of these substances in rabbit blood plasma, fatty and livery tissues.


[Monoamine oxidation in the mitochondrial fraction of bovine kidney catalyzed by monoamine oxidase type B]. Oxidative deamination of tyramine, serotonin and benzyl amine in bovine kidney mitochondria was inhibited by low concentrations of deprenil (but not clorgylline). These data and the patterns of the plots of residual enzymatic activity against concentration of the inhibitors as well as the "mixed substrates" experiments suggest occurrence in bovine kidney mitochondria of monoamine oxidase of the B type only, which has to be considered in studies on the nature of monoamine oxidases using bovine kidney mitochondria as a rich source of monoamine oxidase activity.


[Proteolytic enzymes of leukocytes in human blood]. Hydrolysis of various substrates by proteolytic enzymes from human blood leukocytes was studied. Among the protein substrates used protamine was hydrolyzed at the highest rate. Among the synthetic substrates--N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine ethyl ester was the one hydrolyzed most rapidly. Effect of native inhibitors of proteinases and of bivalent metal ions on the proteolytic activity in leukocytes was also studied. The highest proteolytic activity, estimated by hydrolysis of protamine, was found in lysosomal and microsomal fractions.


[Effect of the activity of adrenergic processes on tissue catecholamine concentrations]. Demedullation of adrenal glands caused a decrease in excretion of adrenaline and vanilyl mandelic acid with simultaneous increase of adrenaline content in various rat tissues. Predemedullation of adrenal glands prevented distinctly the alterations in catecholamine metabolism, which developed in botulinic and tetanic neurointoxications. The data obtained suggest that activation of adrenergic processes is of importance in genesis of the alterations observed in catecholamine metabolism under conditions of botulinic and tetanic intoxications.


[Effect of fatty acid triglycerides on lipogenesis and the makeup of plasma, fatty tissue and erythocyte membrane fatty acids in rats]. The fatty acids middle-chain triglycerides (FAMCT) may be considered as a possible component of alimentary mixtures intended to lower the energy-giving efficiency of the nutritional ration. They do not join the tissue lipids, whereas their reconstruction into long-chain fatty acids requires an additional expenditure of energy. These facts were confirmed by the results obtained in tests on rats. Feeding of growing rats for 5 weeks on a ration containing 12 per cent of the FAMCT on condition of a sufficient administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) through addition of sunflower seed oil led to a significant fall of the body mass gain by comparison with that in rats receiving a ration whose main source of fat was lard. An increased tryglycerides synthesis in the liver was not accompanied by their accumulation in the organ. The triglycerides level in the serum was up. An analysis of the fatty acids composition in the epididymitic fatty tissue, plasma and erythrocytes confirmed that the FAMCT C2-fragments developing during metabolization are used up chiefly in lipogenesis, one of the basic products of which is palmitic acid. The metabolization of FAMC with sufficient PUFA proportion in the ration does not derange the plastic function of fat in the organism, i.e, securing biosynthesis of lipid components of the membranes.


[Effect of tetracycline on rat liver mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in vivo and in vitro under a varying body allowance of protein]. An investigation of the tetracycline action in vivo and in vitro showed it to reduce the rate of oxidative phosphorylation in the rat liver mitochondria which, with an increased concentration or a longer introduction of the drug, gives place to inhibition of respiration. These changes occur following introduction of 100 mg/kg by the 10th day of the experiment and of 20 mg/kg--by the 20th day. The protein-low background is a factor contributing to a speedier effect of tetracycline. Heat-treated tetracycline produces greater changes than does the native drug.


[Characteristics of the enzymatic adaptation of rat liver lysosomes to protein deficiency]. The effects of age-specific peculiarities and the duration of maintaining rats on a ration with 4 per cent of protein (the initial mass of rats in the 1st group 100 g each; duration of the experiment--30 days. Initial mass rats in the 2d group--200 g each; duration of experiment--90 days on the activity of the lysosomal hydrolase was studied. The latter included beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, arylsulfatase A and B, acid phosphatase, phospholipase A1 and A2, cholinesterase, the total proteolytic activity and that of catepsines A, B, C and D. An ambiguity of changes in the enzymes activity in the animals of the 1st and 2d groups was revealed. Placing the growing animals on a ration containing 4 per cent of protein produces an activation of the most of the lysosomal enzymes, whereas in animals of the 2d test group the nature of changes in the activity of individual enzymes proved to differ quite appreciably. Thus, the summary activity of catepsines, beta-glucoronidase and cholinesterase was below the control level, while the activity of beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetyl-glucoseaminidase and phospholipase A1 and A2 went up. A prolonged maintenance of rats on a protein-poor ration led to upsetting the stability of the lysosomal membranes, which manifested itself in a higher solubilization of lysosomal enzymes in vitro.


[Effect of a sugar diet on the exhalation of 14CO2 by rats after the administration of citric acid-3-14C]. In rats of three age groups (one month-old rattlings, young 3-month old and adult rats not younger than 5 months) receiving the usual vivarium food the exhalation of C14O2 substantially decreased with the age and the maximum radioactivity of the air following intraperitoneal introduction of citric acid-3-C14 was greatly delayed. Upon putting for 2 months on a cariogenic diet with 54 per cent of saccharose of one month old and 3-month old animals there was noted a significantly accelerated appearance in the expired air of C14O2 and a quicker reaching the maximum radioactivity of the expired air than in controls. It seems that in an accelerated exhalation of C14O2 a definite role is played by the transormation of citric acid in the muscles and blood with the animals kept on a saccharose diet.


[14C-riboflavin metabolism in mice with Ehrlich's ascitic tumor]. The distribution of 14C-riboflavin in the tissues and elimination of radioactive metabolites with the urine during dynamic development (in 3--5--10 days) of the ascitic Ehrlich's tumour in mice after administration of 10 gamma g per mouse of tagged vitamin in 1--3--24 hr subcutaneously and intragastrically were studied. The development of the neoplastic process was accompanied by a reduced deposition of 14C-riboflavin in the tissues of the macroorganism, an increased elimination of tagged metabolites with the urine, a rising content of the tag in the ascitic fluid. The concentration of the tagged vitamin in the tumour cells remained continuously high in all periods of the test under investigation, its results bearing evidence to an impoverishment of the macroorganism in riboflavial under conditions of the malignant tumour growth.


[Energy metabolism and the requirement for food and energy in Baikal-Amur mainline workers engaged in clearing strips through the forest]. Indirect calorimetry and time studies showed the diurnal energy expenditure in wood fellers to be 5186.2, in their helpers--4476.9 and in branch choppers--5246.9 kcalories. In accordance with these energy expenditures requirements of the mentioned category of workers in energy, nutrients and other essential nutritional factors have been elaborated. Recommendations for organization of nutrition in the field are given.


[Content of antibiotic residues in food products]. By using the microbiological method of diffusion into agar it was noted that meat and dairy products contain residual amounts of tetracycline and penicillin from 0.01 up to 1.0 Un/g/ml, and of streptomycin--up to 2.4 Un/g. Tetracycline was more often found in the hog liver, cottage cheese and in sour cream.


[Study of the mutagenic and embryotoxic action of etidin]. Investigations of mutagenic and embryotoxic action of ethidine were conducted on animals. The possibility of the mutagenic action of ethidine (in doses of 2500 and 1000 mg/kg of the body mass) was verified on mongrel albino mice through investigation of chromosomal aberration in the bone marrow cells. The embryotoxicity was studied on mongrel albino rats with introduction of the compound (in doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg to pregnant female rats at the time of implantation or organogenesis. On the 20th day of development the mass, length, external and internal developmental anomalies were noted along with observations carried on over the progency in the post-natal period. Opening of the eyes and the appearance of the hair tegmentum were recorded and dynamic changes in the body mass observed for a period of 2 months. In tests 14 mice were used from which 1300 cells were obtained and examined at the stage of metaphase and 50 female rats from which 307 embryos and 183 rattlings were studied in the post-natal period. Investigations failed to reveal any mutagenic of embryotoxic action of ethidine, nor its influence on the progeny in the post-natal period.


[Interrelationship of calcium and magnesium in the case of a varying magnesium content in the diet of jaw fracture patients]. In 12 patients with jaw-bones fractures an investigation of calcium and magnesium metabolism was carried out with a view of elucidating its possible relation to the course of repair of the bone tissue. A reciprocal dependence in the calcium and magnesium ions exchange in lesions of the jaws and an intensified accumulation of these ions by the time of the initial formation of the secondary callus were revealed. Investigations have confirmed the important role of magnesium in the metabolism of the bone tissue and a study of two diets with different magnesium content justified recommending its daiy allowance of about 550 mg for the given patients' population.


[Experimental study of pathogenic staphylococcal multiplication and of enterotoxin formation times during the manufacture and maturing of "Rossiĭskiĭ"-type cheese]. In an experimentit the dynamics of propagation and dying out of the staphylococci throughout the technological process along with the time needed for development and continued presence of enterotoxin in cheeses of the "Rossiisky" are shown. These data are of importance for prophylaxis of food poisonings of staphycoloccal etiology.


[Harmlessness of plumbagine in a biological experiment]. Plumbagine (2-methyl-5-oxy-1,4-naphtoquinone) did not have any essential effect on the general condition and dynamic changes in the body mass of albino rats, their blood coagulation system and fibrinolysis, the liver and renal functions and morphological structure of the internal organs. An analysis of the available data justify recommending plumbagine as a preservative of soft, when used in doses not exceeding 0.8--1.0 mg/l, i.e. 0.00008--0.0001 per cent of the finished product mass.


[Effect of the nutritional regimen on work capacity level of students]. The influence was studied on 2-and 3-fold nutritional pattern on the performance capacity of 43 students, who continuing their ordinary work under routine conditions were receiving isocaloric rations identical in their qualatitative composition. The regularity of nutrition was found to have a favourable effect; it heightened the accuracy of work according to correction tables; increased the speed of the visual-motor reaction during working hours; reduced the number of erroneous reactions to a differentiated stimulator the positive influence of a 3-fold nutritional regimen being more pronounced.


Alcoholism. Earlier diagnosis and definition of the problem. There are important measurements of alcoholism that are poorly understood by physicians. Professional attitudes toward alcoholic patients are often counterproductive. Americans spend about $30 billion on alcohol a year and most adults drink alcohol. Even though traditional criteria allow for recognition of the disease, diagnosis is often made late in the natural course, when intervention fails. Alcoholism is a major health problem and accounts for 10 percent of total health care costs. Still, this country's 10 million adult alcoholics come from a pool of heavy drinkers with well defined demographic characteristics. These social, cultural and familial traits, along with subtle signs of addiction, allow for earlier diagnosis. Although these factors alone do not establish a diagnosis of alcoholism, they should alert a physician that significant disease may be imminent. Focus must be directed to these aspects of alcoholism if containment of the problem is expected.


A predictive study of congenital heart disease and need for care. For long-term planning in the delivery of health care, prevalence data are essential for budget estimates in terms both of distribution and training of manpower and fiscal responsibility. From incidence figures, from the knowledge of the natural history of congenital heart disease and from predicted population estimates it is possible to construct a model that reflects the prevalence of congenital heart disease. This has been done for the state of California; the methods used and the data gathered should prove useful nationally. It is estimated that there were in 1975 in California 17,531 children under 21 years of age with congenital heart disease; 24 percent of these had ventricular septal defects and 23 percent had pulmonary stenosis, 11 percent had atrial septal defects and 9 percent had aortic stenosis; the other forms of congenital heart disease constituted the remaining 33 percent. Based on these estimates it is then possible to plan the medical resources necessary for optimal care.


Aneurysm of the cardiac ventricle. Its management by medical and surgical intervention. Ventricular aneurysm is usually a complication of acute transmural myocardial infarction. The development of cardiac aneurysm represents a process of continued thinning and fibrosis of the necrotic tissue of the ventricular wall. Survival allows the development of a solid fibrous scar which of itself does not affect global ventricular function substantially. Hence, ventricular aneurysms can be present for up to 18 years without production of serious symptoms. The cases were reviewed of 45 patients in whom aneurysmectomy and myocardial revascularization were carried out. Surgical mortality was low (6.6 percent, 30 days); survival one year after operation was 76 percent, but at three years had fallen to 47 percent. Cause of late death was dominantly cardiac. In 19 patients post-operative study was done; although graft patency was observed in 98 percent, substantive improvement in ventricular performance was seen in a minority of patients. The outcome in patients with ventricular aneurysm is primarily related to the status of the residual myocardium and to the status of the vessels which supply it. The mechanism of clinical improvement after aneurysmectomy has not been clarified. However, the long-term results appear to be similar to those in patients with extensive myocardial infarction.


Cellular basis of anoxic-ischemic brain injury. Anoxic-ischemic cerebral disease is an important primary cause of morbidity and mortality, and also complicates a number of systemic diseases. Its clinical manifestations, such as hemiparesis and coma, represent cellular injury sustained by the complex, inhomogeneous brain. An understanding of the nature and pattern of anoxic-ischemic cerebral injury, and of the logical basis for avenues of therapy, is necessary to the management of patients with the various anoxic-ischemic disorders.


Responses of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in rat tissues to treatment with tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. 1. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was administered to rats to study its effects on the enzyme activities of the D-glucuronic acid pathway in the liver, small intestine and kidney. 2. The UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity of male albino rats given TCDD (80 mug/kg, one dose, i.p.) 6 days before killing was significantly increased in all tissues examined, and UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphatase activity was markedly decreased in the liver. D-Glucuronolactone and L-gulonate dehydrogenase activities in the liver and small intestine were slightly decreased after TCDD treatment. 3. The activities of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase were unchanged. 4. The 24 h urinary excretion of L-ascorbic acid was enhanced 8-fold, although no difference was detected in the excretion of D-glucaric acid between the control and experimental animals. 5. These results suggest an increased capacity for glucuronide conjugation after treatment with TCDD. 6. The lack of increase in the urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid further challenges its use as a reliable indicator of enhanced drug metabolism.


Liver and kidney damage induced by N-hydroxyparacetamol. 1. Liver and kidney glutathione are depleted in rats and mice following administration of N-hydroxyparacetamol. 2. Centrilobular hepatic necrosis and necrosis of renal proximal convoluted tubules were also  found, the liver lesion predominantly in mice and the renal lesion predominantly in rats. Glutathione depletion was not responsible for this species difference. 3. These results indicate that N-hydroxyparacetamol is the metabolic precursor of the reactive toxic intermediate of paracetamol. They are also relevant to the pathogenesis of the renal damage associated with long term abuse of phenacetin containing compound analgesics.


Identification of three sulphur-containing urinary metabolites of styrene in the rat. 1. After administration of styrene (1) to rat, three sulphur-containing urinary metabolites were isolated in the molar ratio of III : IV : V equal to 65 : 34 : 1. 2. These metabolites were identified as N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (III), N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine (IV) and N-acetyl-S-(phenacyl)cysteine (V). 3. After a single dose (250 mg/kg, 2.4 mmol/kg) styrene, the totally excreted mercapturic acids in the urine amounted to 10.7 +/- 1.0% (n = 5) of the dose.


The metabolism of talampicillin in rat, dog and man. 1. After administration of [phthalidyl-14C] talampicillin (Talpen) to rat, dog and man, radioactivity was excreted mainly in the urine (90%, 86% and 98% in rat, dog and man respectively). 2. After administration of [ampicillin-14C] talampicillin, radioactivity was excreted in the urine of rats and dogs to a lesser extent (35% in both species) and only a small proportion of the dose was excreted in the bile (6% in rats, less than 0.1% in dogs). 3. The pattern of radiometabolites was very similar in extracts of the urines of radiometabolites was very similar in extracts of the urines of rat, dog and man dosed orally with [phthalidyl-14C]talampicillin. The major metabolite was 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid. 4. Unchanged talampicillin was present in the hepatic portal vein blood of dog and thus reached the liver, whereas in rat, no parent compound could be detected in portal vein blood. This result may help to explain differences in toxicity of the compound in rat and dog. 5. Studies in vitro showed that the intestinal wall is an important site of hydrolysis of talampicillin in rat and dog.


Differential metabolism of geometrical isomers of N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in the hamster. 1. The cis and trans isomers of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine have been prepared separately, and their metabolism studied in the Syrian hamster. 2. Both isomers were metabolized by beta-oxidation and ring scission to N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine, the suggested proximate pancreatic carcinogen, and to N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine. 3. The initial rate of beta-oxidation and urinary excretion of the cis isomer was much greater than for the trans isomer, and this is explained in terms of relative ease of enzymic axial attack. The amounts of metabolites in the 24-h urine were, however, similar. 4. The results suggest that the two isomers would have no different carcinogenic potency with respect to the hamster pancreas.


Estimation of Michaelis--Menten constants in microsomal enzyme systems by the direct linear plot and least squares regression. 1. Data from in vitro liver microsomal metabolism of ethylmorphine aniline and benzpyrene in male rats and male and female quokkas (Setonix Brachyurus) were fitted to the Michaelis--Menten equation by Wilkinson's non-linear regression procedure and Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden's direct linear plot. 2. Ethylmorphine and aniline metabolism in the male quokka were non-ideal, but in all other instances there were no differences in the performance of the two methods.


Intellectual development in children whose mothers received propylthiouracil during pregnancy. Standard intelligence tests were administered to twenty-eight children who had been exposed to PTU in utero and thirty-two non-exposed siblings. There was no significant difference in results between the two groups. The present study suggests that with careful attention, pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis can be treated with propylthiouracil without interfering with subsequent intellectual development in the offspring.


Ordering social objectives: National Health Service and National Health Insurance as policy options in organizing the medical care system. For many years, a sharp distinction was made between NHS and NHI on the basis of payment and program focus. First, NHS was defined as a program essentially based on Congressional appropriations (general revenues); while NHI would be based on premiums largely derived from the insured. Second, NHS guaranteed service while NHI guaranteed only payment for services rendered.The distinctions were later extended from these definitions to include differences in response to resource needs, changing task descriptions and personnel assignments, more equitable redistribution of manpower, centralized administration and consumer participation.In general, if the goal were equity, NHS seemed more responsive than NHI.However, in recent years, the approach to NHI has been modified in response to criticism as well as increasing recognition of changed needs, and proposals for NHI like the Kennedy-Corman bill have become more like proposals for a NHS. In short, the difference today is largely one of immediate as against eventual transformation of the medical care system into a social instrument aiming to achieve equity. The major disagreement is whether the present medical care system lends itself to modification so as to achieve that end.


Systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus: analysis of pulmonary function. To determine the prevalence of pulmonary dysfunction in lupus erythematosus, 24 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 5 patients with discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) were studied. Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide was abnormal in 17 (71 percent) SLE patients. A restrictive ventilatory defect was present in 6 (25 percent) and arterial hypoxemia in 4 of 23 (17 percent). The mean ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FVC) was 83 percent. To test for the presence of small airways disease, maximum expiratory flow rate at 50 percent of FVC was measured on air and on an 80 percent helium-20 percent oxygen mixture. Ten patients (5 smokers and 5 nonsmokers) with SLE were nonresponders to helium suggesting small airways disease. Pulmonary dysfunction was present in 90 percent (9/10) of SLE patients with a previous history of pleuritis and/or pneumonitis, and in 71 percent (10/14) without respiratory symptoms or history of lung disease and with a normal chest radiograph. Pulmonary function tests were normal in DLE patients except for an abnormal response to helium and/or mild arterial hypoxemia in two patients, all of whom were smokers. These data indicate that there is a high prevalence of pulmonary function abnormalities in SLE including patients without clinically evident pleuropulmonary disease.


A model for ulnar dysmelia.

A model for ulnar dysmelia. The treatment of pregnant rats with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide, produced gross limb malformations primarily affecting the forepaw, but also producing variable ulnar dysmelia. Analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the ulnar dysmelic limbs showed the presence of cartilaginous and fibrocartilaginous connections between the ulnar and radial chondroepiphyses, with variable deformation of the radial chondroepiphysis by the tethering effect (although the growth plate, per se, did not appear affected at the stage of development studied). The extremely variable experimental appearances duplicated most of the variations seen in the human disease analogue, and suggest this drug-induced embryopathy may be useful as a model for the study of postaxial forelimb deformities in the postnatal phase in order to adequately assess the structural changes of disparate growth between radius and ulna due to the presence of the cellular continuity between the two distal chondroepiphyses.


[First experiences with a new electroaerosolgenarator produced by VEB TuR Dresden (author's transl)]. First clinical experiences with a new developed electroaerosolgenator connecting with an ultrasonicaerosolgenerator are described. Propositions of corrections concern the material of the inonizating tube, which be produced of non fragile plastics and the position of exhalationway. By ionometer measuring we found a directly relation between chargetransport and inhaled volume and the particleconcentration. The transportcapacity was measured by 110.10(-9) Coulomb (C) per ml. One aerosolparticle of 1 micrometer carried more than 100 elementary charges.


[Deposition of aerosols into the airways (author's transl)]. The rate of powder absorbed in the lung greatly depends on the particle diameter, and amounts to 40--50% for 1 micrometer particles and 15--20% for 5 micrometer particles. Of importance for therapy was the information that single breath will deposit in the lung 15% of a powder aerosol of 2 micrometer diameter. The liquid aerosols as prevalently used in the therapy, were retained in the lung at a rate of 15% of the original amount when using ultrasonic apparatus. If calculated per minute of inhalation time, the amount absorbed by the lung amounted to 0.2 ml and that by the upper respiratory tract to 0.06 ml. Best deposition in the lung was obtained when inhaling in a closed system with valve-controlled aerosol stream, when using a mouthpiece, and when the test person inhaled with low respiratory rate, deep inspirations, short respiratory pause and complete exspiration. Mark inhalation with closed mouth gave only one tenth of the lung deposition reached with the breathing method described. The use of a mask showed good results, however, when the test person was breathing with open mouth. Only 0.07 ml/min were retained with jet nebulizer and mouth respiration. Combination with intermittent pressure respiration showed no convincing results.


[Possibilities of influencing experimental pneumoconiosis and experimental etching of respiratory organs by means of aerosol-inhalations (author's transl)]. The author presented the results of 7 experiments in which he followed with his co-workers the effect of preventively applied aerosol inhalations with rats and rabbits, dusted with quartz or coal dust. Aerosol inhalations of alkaline mineral water "Vincentka" and of salt mixtures, especially of calcium salts affected in some experiments favourably the development of lung dust changes, in other cases on the contrary they did not. The best effect was proved by polyvinylpyridin-N-oxide (PNO). The author described further his experience with aerosoltherapy in persons affected by inhalation of etching substances. Here the inhalation of 10% CaCl2 or Ca gluconicum and of 1% natrium bicarbonicum proved to be the best.


[Influence of atmospheric aerosol materials on microorganisms (author's transl)]. The concentration of microorganisms showed variations over a wide range. As factors influencing their viability meteorological parameters as relative humidity and temperature were recognized. Furthermore there are other antimicrobial compounds in the air. For their demonstration the aerosol was collected on air filters and then extracted in aqueous solutions. Their examinations showed that there are geographic and seasonal dependences of the antimicrobial activity of the aerosol.


[First experiences by use of peracetic acid aerosols in creches (author's transl)]. Peracetic acid is more and more used for the purpose of air desinfections in rooms. The examinations of DWORSCHAK and LINDE encouraged us to use peracetic acid  in the rooms of creches in presence of children systematically. The applied concentration of peracetic acid is 4.6 mg/m3. With these examinations it was intended to prove if it is possible to influence the morbidity of acute respiratory diseases. Under the choosed conditions no side effects are observed over a time of twenty weeks. Publications concerning cocarcinogetic activity of peroxy compounds induced us to make a preliminary stop in the application of peracetic acid in presence of children. The number of diseases specially of respiratory diseases in the time of the examinations was very small. That concerns the examination groups and those compared with these. But nevertheless it is to be seen that the morbidity in the groups with application of peracetic acid is 3.5% and in the others 11.20%. The differences are significant. If the results concerning cocarcinogetic activity of peroxy compounds will be shure it is to decide whether the room desinfections will be continued in presence of children or not.


[Behaviour of drugs under conditions of ultrasonic thermo aerosols (author's transl)]. The behaviour os histamine, acetylcholine, mucosolvine, panthenol, prednisolute and dexamethasone is investigated under conditions of thermoaerosol in the USI 50. The concentration of the drug is estimated in the original solution, in the aerosol and in the solution remaining in the nebulizer by means of specific chemical methods. The concentration in the aerosol is nearly unchanged in the case of acetylcholine, panthenol and dexamethasone. In the case of histamine there is only an insignificant decrease. Using prednisolute and dexamethasone the concentration amounts to 86%. Generally the concentration of the solution in the nebulizer increases. Decompositions or alterations of the drugs are not to be seen spectrophotometrically and by means of thin layer chromatography, nor is the pH-value changed. Signs for reactions or interferences with the nebulizer are to be observed in some cases. Therefore regular controls are necessary. In all cases of changing parts of the apparatus the needed material is to be tested concerning its indifference against the drugs used under conditions of thermoaerosol.


[Clinical and cytological examinations on industrial workers exposed to mineraloilaerosols (author's transl)]. Clinical, roentgenological and spirometric examinations were performed on 217 industrial workers exposed to mineraloilaerosols and 197 control persons. No pathological results were to be found which could be connected with the professional employment. In both groups only in a few sputa lipid in respiratory epithelium cells was seen. We also did not find any evidence according to connection with the employment. The oilaerosolconcentrations were normaly, but during the unloading soot for a short time concentrations of anthrazeneoilaerosols up to 30 milligram per cubic meter were measured. Sputa provoced on persons with an empty stomach using aerosols of hypertonic salt solution were more effective than unprovoced sputa and sputa after meal.


[Relationship between weather and incidence of pulmonary embolism. Longitudinal study of case histories occuring during a 50 year period (author's transl)]. 1. Various weather factors were examined which were operative during the occurence of lung embolism in 915 patients of the Surgical Clinic of the University of Jena for a period of 50 years (1917 to 1966). 2. No relationship could be found between the incidence of pulmonary embolism and temperature (maximal and minimal values, or temperature differences) or with atmospheric pressure. 3. The incidence of pulmonary embolism is significantly higher at days with high rainfall (above 10 mm/m2) and high average humidity (8-10 Torr) values. 4. Thromboembolic complications are less frequent at average values for air humidity (6-7 Torr), at days with a relative air humidity of 70% and with lower rainfall.


[The change of pulmonary function and working capacity of patients with healed pulmonary tuberculosis in the course of 15 years (author's transl)]. Pulmonary function (VC, FEV1, RV) and physical ability with the same methods and even apparature were assessed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis dismissed in 1958/59 as cured or markedly improved. The values of pulmonary function gained at dismission and 15 years later were compared with the trend of the data on physical ability and disablement in the course of the years. In patients invalidated from this disease a 3 times greater reduction of VC, a 9 times higher decrease of FEV1 and nearly a 2 times greater increase of RV was found than in patients with previous tuberculosis but still on the job.


[Harmlessness to human health of the mold cultures used in cheesemaking]. Mould cultures are used for the manufacture of soft and blue cheese. The report deals with the present stage of knowledge of the question of mycotoxin-producers in mould cultures used for cheesemaking. The PR-toxin was isolated repeatedly from Penicillium roqueforti strains which were incubated on special media, but also from P. roqueforti cultures used for cheese manufacture. However, cheese ripening conditions do not favor the production of this toxin. Other catabolites from P. roqueforti such als roquefortine and isofumigaclavine have been found in cheese, but there is not much known about their toxic effect. No cancerogenic mycotoxins have been discovered in these types of cheese, except alfatoxin M1, which might however originate from contaminated milk. It must be concluded that the occurrence of tumors after feeding of a pure P. camemberti var. candidum culture is due to the effect of mycotoxins. On the other hand, further animal experiments with various mould culture stains used for cheesemaking have not confirmed these findings. On the basis of the literature consulted it may be said that the use of mould cultures for cheesemaking does not involve any risk for human health, that means it is toxicologically harmless.


Blood-reduced glutathione, pyruvic acid, citric acid, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity and certain mineral changes in diabetes mellitus before and after treatment. In maturity onset diabetes the blood levels of total blood keto acids in terms of pyruvic, serum citric, calcium are significantly higher than in normal adults, while there is a decrease in reduced-blood glutathione, serum zinc, potassium and sodium levels. There were no significant differences between diabetes and normal adults in the serum levels of copper, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, iron and magnesium.


Blood-reduced glutathione, serum ceruloplasmin and mineral changes in juvenile diabetes. In cases of juvenile diabetes, there were lower than normal levels of reduced glutathione, ceruloplasmin oxidase activity, zinc, copper and sodium, while the other elements show no significant changes. The lower level of serum zinc, copper and sodium may be due to the osmotic diuresis and consequent polyurea of diabetes.


[The current clinical importance of corrected orthogonal derivations]. According to the theorectical basic conception corrected orthogonal derivations restrict themselves to the selective establishment of the dipol proportion of the cardio-electric field of the body surface. In contrast to this the 12 conventional derivations give a more comprehensive information which in the precordial region also includes non-dipolar field proportions. There is not infrequently the requirement of supplementing this conventional routine programme with the help of further derivations, since also by partly redundant informations the certainty of diagnostic decisions may be increased and circumscribed alterations of the field may become comprehensible. According to recent knowledge the offer of informations which smaller for the routine form of the ECG-evaluation may be extensively redeemed by the calculation of vectorial sizes, which presumes the machine evaluation of the ECG. Also the most trained imaginative faculty is not able to estimate more exactly the course of the vector loops from the 3 corrected derivations. As long as the economical and technical problems including the evaluation programmes for a machine processing of the ECG are not solved, the corrected derivations are of no clinical importance. Their use is restricted to only few centres interested in science.


[Comparison of the values of automatic ECG analysis according to the Smith and the Pipberger diagnostic programs by means of a serial study in a large industry]. It could be shown that an ECG-screening could be integrated into the routine work of a factory outpatient department. As a result of the automatical analysis of the ECG we got an exact knowledge of the efficiency of Smith's and Pipberger's diagnostic programmes. The suitability of the two programmes for screening examinations resulted from the 91% and 97% certain separation of normal and pathological findings and the small proportion of falsely negative results (Smith, Pipberger). Concerning the exact differentiation of pathological ECG the frequency of recognition of Pipberger's programme still surpassed that one of Smith's programme. However, the two programmes show a diagnostic security which lies above the visual diagnosing. The establishment of findings performed off line per week ascertained a rapid disposal of results. In comparison to former examinations newly detected cases could be established only in a small percentage. The importance for health polities of such examinations results from the necessity of the prophylaxis of cardio-vascular diseases, the numbers of morbidity and mortality of which are permanently increasing.


[Evaluation of the clinical severity in occlusion of the superficial femoral artery]. The judgment of the efficiency of the collateral circulation is of decisive importance for the estimation of the clinical degree of severity and thus also for the indication to angiosurgical measures. Since also angiographically only an indirect evidence concerning the collateral circulation can be given, the angiological findings of 18 patients with unilateral or bilateral occlusion of the superficial femoral artery (n = 25 lower extremities) were evaluated. On the basis of the measuring values received with the help of the phebembraxis plethysmography 3 degrees of severity may be differed which essentially correspond to clinical stage: 1. good collateral circulation (data in ml/100 ml tissue min: ff above 5 ml, pf above 15 ml, pf-time below 30 s 2. moderate collateral circulation: ff below 5 ml, pf below 15 ml, pf-time 30-60 s 3. bad collateral circulation: ff below 5 ml, pf below 10 ml, pf-time above 60 s. Of the measuring sizes (ff, pf, pf-time) the pf-time proved to be the most reliable parameter. On the basis of these results the phlebembraxis plethysmography is a valuble supplementation in the preoperative vascular diagnostics.


[Bioptic and autoptic findings in lymphogranulomatosis]. A reclassification of bioptical and autoptical findings in the lymphogranulomatosis according to the criteria of Lukes and co-workers resulted in an unambiguous prevailing of the mixed cellularity in bioptical preparations and of the form poor in lymphocytes in autoptical preparations. The comparison of bioptical and autoptical findings revealed the expected changing from the type rich in lymphocytes to the type poor in lymphocytes. The causes for this changing of the histological form might to be found in the deteriorating immunological defensive condition of the patient as well as in the influence on the histological picture by our modern therapy.


[Pathophysiology of acute non-inflammatory kidney failure]. Acute renal failure is a pathogenetically heterogenous syndrome. Only in a small number of patients with acute renal failure anuria or oliguria is caused by morphological alterations of the glomeruli, renal blood vessels or tubuli. In the majority of patients with acute renal failure the cause of oliguria or anuria are haemodynamic changes which are the expression of a physiological tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism. The participation anuria/oliguria is probable, but not proved with certainty. A scheme of the pathogenesis of anuria/oliguria of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of in the acute renal failure is presented based on recent renovasographic, haemodynamic and micropuncture technique.


[Metabolic changes in renal insufficiency]. In the chronic renal insufficiency is shown a decrease as well as an accumulation of some metabolites in the organism. There appear dietarily conditioned insufficiency states and also decreased rates of synthesis of 1,25-OH cholecalciferol , of the renal erythropoietic factor and of histidin. Apart from nitrogenous metabolic end products also the molecules with a middle molecular weight (300-1.500 Dalton) are accumulated. From this, among others, the trade-off hypothesis may be derived, which characterizes the biochemical distrubances in renal insufficiency as a sequel of the accumulation of metabolic regulators. In the analysis of the middle molecule fraction by means of combined chromatographic techniques we succeeded in isolating an inhibitor of glucose utilisation and in defining of some of its biochemical qualities. With the help of this survey the authors demonstrate a new way of thinking and a promising direction for the solution of still unclear probelms of renal insufficiency.


[Conservative therapy of chronic kidney failure]. The optimum performance of the conservative therapy of the chronic renal insufficiency demands a good cooperation between the patients, the dietician and the physician. The foundation of centres of the nephrological care for patients with renal insufficiency guarantees the possibility of a continuous control. In the conservative therapy the measures in question are symptomatic ones, excluding the medicamentous therapy of the basic disease in acute episodes. The dietetic measures are the basis of the conservative therapy. The diet moderately poor in protein should be given at creatinine values in the serum 4 mg/100ml and the diet strongly poor in protein from 8 mg/100 ml (prophylactically perhaps from 6 mg/100 ml). In the dietetic measures apart from the protein restriction the calorie intake (35 to 40 calories/kg body weight a day), the intake and output of fluids and the electrolyte metabolism as well as the vitamin intake should particularly be taken into consideration. Additional symptomatic medicamentous measures are necessary in order to improve the clinical symptomatology of the chronic renal insufficiency. By means of the conservative therapy the period to the necessary dialytic treatment can be delayed. Apart from this a lengthening of life and an improvement of the rehabilitation is possible in those patients, in whom an active therapy is not taken into consideration.


[Developing trends in the active therapy of kidney failure. Hemodialysis--hemofiltration--hemoperfusion]. A survey is given on the modern level and the developmental trend in the apparative therapy of renal insufficiency. Apart from the description of the actual medical, technical and organisational problems in the haemodialysis the methods of the haemofiltration and the haemoperfusion are investigated with regard to the modern experimental and clinical state of knowledge as well as to the theoretical possibilities of their clinical use alone or in combination together.


[Hemodialysis and metabolic disorders].

[Hemodialysis and metabolic disorders]. On the basis of investigations of the water and electrolyte balance, of the protein balance, the lipid metabolism and the hormone metabolism at the instance of aldosterone a concept of specific dialysis-conditioned pathophysiological disturbances is developed in patients undergoing a chronic programma of dialysis. The changes of metabolism induced by apparative therapy have a decisive influence on the pathophysiological mechanisms in the uraemic organism and condition a specific pathophysiology of the patient undergoing dialysis.


[The role of various methods of electrophoresis in the diagnosis of paraproteinemia]. For the estimation of different electrophoresis methods for indication and identification of paraproteins as routine methods are proposed the cellulose acetate electrophoresis and the fixation immunoelectrophoresis in cellulose acetate foils. Under adequate conditions the agar gel electrophoresis working with larger separability can be used together with immunochemical investigations. In examinations of uroproteins and also for the identification of rare and atypical cases of paraproteinaemia (narrower and several M-gradients, immunoglobulin fragments and complexes) in connection with the methods mentioned also the electrophoresis in the polyacrylamide gel (PAG and in the system PAG-SDS) can represent a valuable information.


[The behavior of albumin in acute and chronic liver diseases. I. The behavior of albumin during the development of rat thioacetamide cirrhosis]. The behaviour of albumin during the development of chronic progressing liver damages was investigated on the model of the thioacetamide cirrhosis in Wistar-rats. Simultaneous estimations of the albumin concentrations in extractable liver protein and in the serum as well as accompanying measurements of the total protein and of the transaminases SGOT and SGPT in the serum allow a complex judgment. The albumin concentration in the liver significantly decreased after 4 and 8 weeks and reached highly normal values in fully developed cirrhosis. In each case the serum level changed in the same sense, but less expressed. The total protein in liver and serum showed an analogous course of the curve, whereas the albumin-total protein-quotient in the liver remained unchangedly low. The relative proportion of albumin in the serum did not show a diminution in every phase. The simultaneous decrease of albumin and total protein are explained as an expression of an inhibition of the synthesis due to destruction of protein-synthesizing subcellular structures. The normalisation of the serum levels and of the highly normal albumin contents despite the developed cirrhosis become understandable by the loss of efficiency of the foreign substance thioacetamide in consequence of structural and biochemical adaptation. The thioacetamide cirrhosis of the rat in the investigated phase despite the microscopically provable so-called degenerative parenchymal damages is accompained by parameters of the increased protein metabolism. The relative serum albumin content apparantly in the first place undergoes the oncotic pressure regulation and is not suited as the measure of a hepatocellular lesion. From the diagnostic point of view the reduction of the albumin concentrations seems to be of importance in the developmental phase to cirrhosis.


[Automated information processing of systolic time intervals]. The revalorization of the systolic time intervals in clincial and experimental cardiology is described on the basis of informations from literature and own experiences. Concerning the method of work the systolic time intervals have reached a limit which can be overcome only be automatized information processing. It is reported on principles and problems of the automatized information processing of systolic time intervals and an own development is described (HTME 101).


[First results with an electrochemical rapid method for the detection of significant bacteriurias]. The measuring oft he pO2-decrease in the urine within 30 min by means of the micro-measuring-chamber MWK-W in connection with the oxygen measuring intensifier M 65 allows a quick orientation about a significant bacteruria. The concordance with the results of the simultaneously performed bacteriological investigation is 90% in 1,036 midstream urine specimens. This electro-chemical method allows: 1. the sufficiently certain orientation about a significant bacteruria, 2. from principle the establishment of all aerobic kinds of germs which play a role in the clinical practice in inflammations of the urinary tract, to investigate, 3. a large number of urine specimens in a short time with a relatively small expenditure: a bacteriological laboratory is not the condition, 4. the performance of larger screening investigations.


[The effectivity of long-term treatment of porphyria cutanea tarda from a hepatological viewpoint]. 34 Patients with an ascertained porphyria cutanea tarda who underwent a long-term therapy a comprehensive internal and hepatological diagnosis was made. In these cases for the first time the estimation of the intrahepatic distribution of enzymes and its comparison with the serum enzymes were also performed. The liver histology allowed a division of our patients into three groups, in which cases the reactive hepatitides prevailed and a conspicuously large proportion of normal histological findings were present. The comparison of all data got with the literature made the conclusion possible that the phlebotomy therapy as well as the care in a special dispensary for years lead to very favourable results on liver and skin.


[Veneral diseases today].

[Veneral diseases today]. The venereal diseases gonorrhoe and syphilis showed again in GDR an increasing tendency concerning their frequency by the year 1974, after having reached a low point about 1967. Now they occur relatively constantly. This increase observed throughout the world is caused by acceleration, changes in sexual behavior, homosexuality, increased promiscuity, tourism and other factors. Numerous false diagnoses of syphilitic symptoms such as herpes simplex, balanitis, carcinoma of the penis, angina, haemorrhoides, anal fissure, drug eruption and others cause the delay in the diagnostics and false treatments. Penicillin represents the drug of choice nowadays. Strict registration orders, intensification of the interdisciplinary cooperation, strict investigation of the infectious sources and endangered contact persons as well as enlarged health and sexual education are suitable weapons in the fight against the spreading of the venereal diseases.


[Are loss of glistening of normal colour and increased friability normal aspects of the oesophagus in old age? (author's transl)]. Friability of the esophageal mucosq increases with old age. Old patients without esophageal disease also show loss of glistening and of the normal pink color of the mucosa. These findings on their own are therefore no signs of esophagitis,


[The intestinal and diffuse type of the gastric carcinoma (author's transl)]. According to the Laurén classification 357 carcinomas of the stomach were reclassified into intestinal and diffuse types. 58.2% were assigned to the intestinal type, 37.5% to the diffuse and 4% to a "mixed" group. There is obvious correlation between the intestinal type, the patients' advancing age and the incidence of chronic, atrophising gastritis with intestinal metaplasia. The diffuse type on the other hand occurs irrespective of gastric changes - mostly in younger persons. The intestinal type of gastric carcinoma frequently is found in risk areas where incidence is "epidemic" in nature; morphology and genetic origin seem to be gastric mucosa changes and intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia. Classifying gastric carcinoma according to Laurén (two groups) is also an appropriate method in our regions as was confirmed by the results we obtained; it is superior to the much more differentiated macro- and microscopic classifications used so far. Because of its simplicity, it is better suited for epidemiological and pathogenetic studies of the gastric carcinoma.


[The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal tumors (author's transl)]. In 19 patients with gastrointestinal tumors the diagnosis was made by ultrasound. 7 patients were examined for further investigation of an abdominal mass; 12 patients, presented with symptoms suggesting malignants, e. g. weight loss, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain, and/or anaemia from bloodloss were first investigated by ultrasound. In 5 patients with colon tumors, diagnosed by ultrasound, a resection and anastomosis was possible. 13 cases were found to be inoperable during laparotomy, one patient had an ileocolitis Crohn with stenosis. Ultrasonic examination with real-time scanning technique proved to be a valuable method as a screening procedure for patients with suspected gastrointestinal tumors. During the same procedure local (mesenteric) or liver metastases can be detected. A normal abdominal ultrasonography does not exclude malignant intestinal lesions in any location during the early stage and in the region of cardia and rectum even in the more advanced stage.


[Arterial and venous blood-pressure in the mesenteric circulation of rabbits with combined infusion of secretin and norepinephrine (author's transl)]. Norepinephrine and secretin were infused into V. cava inf. and Art. mesent. sup. with a short intervall and after that immediately successive on rabbits, anesthetized by urethane-chloralose; simultaneously blood-pressure was measured in Aorta abdom., Art. mesent. sup. and V. mesent. sup. Secretin alone does not change blood-pressure; infusion of norepinephrine into V. cava inf. leads to a rise of blood-pressure of about 16% in Aorta abdom., of about 12% in Art. mesent. sup.; in V. mesent. sup. blood-pressure remained unchanged. Although secretin and norepinephrine have a contrary effect on the vascular tonus with cats, in rabbits combined infusion of secretin and norepinephrine caused an increase of blood-pressure not fewer than infusion of norepinephrine alone. Possible haemodynamic mechanisms were discussed.


[Examination of cardiovascular parameters and plasma free fatty acids during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (author's transl)]. 53 patients were examined for changes of blood pressure, heart rate, ECG and plasma free fatty acids during esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. In 23 cases there were premature contractions, occuring in small numbers only in most of the cases. Only in 5 cases there was an accumulation of premature contractions and in one case ventricular bigeminism occurred. The maximum of premature beats was observed when the primarily sitting patient was put into supine position. In 7 patients there was a lowering of the ST-segment in the ECG by at least 0.1 mV, mostly in patients who already had an abnormal ST-segment before endoscopy. The pulse rate went up by an average of 50.1 per cent, the systolic blood pressure by 14 and the diastolic blood pressure by 17 per cent. The increase of plasma free fatty acids in the total patient material was not statistically significant, but patients with a deterioration of ECG-findings endoscopy had a significantly higher increase of plasma free fatty acids. There was a tendency towards a positive correlation between the number of premature beats and the increase of plasma free fatty acids. It cannot be decided from our study whether the mobilization of free fatty acids is causing the above observed increase of premature beats or whether both phenomena are merely a result of sympathetic nervous stimulation. Gastric fiberoscopy may be applied to elderly patients with decreased cardiac function. The endoscopic procedure should not be started on the sitting patient but primarily in left supine position.