[Behavior of the trace elements copper, zinc and manganese in bovine rumen. 1. Trace element content of different fractions of rumen fluid and the effect of copper sulfate administration]. Two adult, rumen-fistulated steers were fed, over four consecutive 3-week periods, Cu-deficient and normal hays with and without copper sulphate supplementation. Their rumen liquor levels of copper, zinc and manganese were determined correspondingly. The rumen liquor samples were split into 3 fractions by way of centrifugation, sodium dodecyl sulphate treatment of the sediment and filtration. The fractionation of the rumen liquor showed copper to be contained mainly in the water-soluble supernatant (68%), whilst zinc and manganese are more strongly linked to the microbial fraction (57 and 46%, resp.). The plant residue did not average but 9, 24 and 22% of copper, zinc and manganese, respectively. Copper sulphate supplementation to normal hay resulted in a significantly increased copper content in the supernatant and in the microbial fraction. At the same time, the zinc and manganese content values in the microbial fraction were found increased. However, the same copper sulphate supplementation to Cu-deficient hay was found to reduce highly significantly the copper level in the microbial fraction. It is supposed that the excessively high molybdenum content of this hay (2.5 ng/kg) has prevented any effect of the copper sulphate supplementation. The positive effects of copper sulphate supplementation on the zinc and manganese levels in the bacterial fraction were maintained even when feeding Cu-deficient hay rich in Mo.


[Feed conversion and the energy requirement of pregnant heifers]. Eight Holstein heifers were subjected to experiments running over the entire pregnancy period to investigate the conversion of rations mainly made up of maize silage (85% of the ration's dry matter) by the experimental animals. Both digestible and metabolizable energy (ME) and the energy requirement were studied. The live weight (LW) of the heifers was found to rise linearly during the entire pregnancy period being 422 kg at service and reaching 565 kg at calving. Feed intake, referred to 1 kg live weight0.75, was almost constant until the 7th month of gestation and declined gradually until parturition. The degree of digestibility and metabolizability of the energy contained in the silage-bases rations prove equal over the whole gestation period. The energy required for maintenance and gravidity (y) was found to rise exponentially as pregnancy advance (t). This relationship is reflected  by the equation: ME, kcal/kg LW0.75y=135+0.2590.0206t range of significance=+/-0.07 During the last two months of gestation,  a negative energy balance was found. This negative energy balance corresponds with a negative fat balance and a reduction, of the respiratory quotient, a fact suggesting to the mobilisation of body fat reserves by the mother to cover the increased energy requirement during pregnancy. The protein balance was found continuously positive during the entire gestation period. The conversion of metabolizable energy for fetus development was found to be 8.13%.


[The influence of different straw-based ration type on fermentation and production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen of lactating cows. 3. Rumenal fermentation processes and milk yield criteria after using a low-fiber straw pellet batch as basal ration component and a fully pelleted straw-based ration]. Lactating Black-Pied (DSR) cows were used to study, over a period of 100 days, the influence of different basal ration types (I-treated wheat straw pellets, low-fibre; II- monodiet pellets containing 48% of wheat straw; III = conventional rations based on fresh forage and arable root crops) on the molar fermentation pattern and the daily rate of VFA production and some milk yield criteria. Ration types I and II results in almost equal fermentation patterns of the VFA; as against the conventional ration types (III) a significantly higher molar acetate propertion as well as a highly significantly decreased molar proportion of iso-acids were found. The daily rated of VFA production relativated to energy intake were as follows (in the order of the ration types mentioned): 4.9, 4.2 and 5.0, and 3.3, 2.5 and 3.3 moles per 1,000 anergetic feed equivalents (cattle) after 30 and 100 days of feeding, respectively. In both trials, only about 80% of the relative VFA production of the straw pellet-concentrate (I) and conventional (III) ration types were found when feeding fully pelleted diets (II). On account of the relatively wide variation of the experimental results no statistically secured findings were obtained as to the milk yield criteria, but ration type II produced some 200 and 300 kg milk less thant ration types I and III, respectively, during the 100-day experimental period.


[Energy metabolism and energy requirements of growing boars]. The nitrogen and energy metabolism and the energy consumption of growing boars were measured in 2 metabolic and feeding trials using 8 parallel animals each. The studies covered the 30 to 150 kg live weight range. The growth intensity of the boars was found strongly influenced by the protein level of the ration. At a crude protein level of 18% in the ration, the boars gained, on the average, 780 g per day during the fattening period under study. Energy conversion was found to decline as the protein amount went up. The energy expediture for protein deposition was estimated at 1.8 to 2.0 kcal metabolizable energy per kg deposited. The energy and feed expenditures were calculated to be 7.1 Mcal net energy--fat retention for the whole development period or 3.0 kg dry matter per kg live weight. Boars proved to have an energy requirement differing from that of barrows and gilts; equations are presented for derivation.


[Nutrient composition of some newly bred high protein and/or high lysine grains and their digestibility determined on growing pigs]. With the view to complementing the feedstuff data store and, consequently, to further improving the GDR Feed Evaluation System, some newly bred high-protein and/or high-lysine cereal varieties and strains (spring barley, winter wheat, maize) were studied for their nutrient composition and digestibility. Apart from from WEENDER's feed analysis technique, more recent methods were applied to determine total fat (after HCl treatment), carbohydrates (enzymatic method), lignin and amino acids. The digestibility of the nutrients was determined using growing pigs of different live weight, the test rations being made up of the cereals under and supplementations of limiting amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals. In comparison with the values from currently applied tables, the newly bred strains and varieties proved to have markedly higher contents of crude protein, digestible crude protein, lysine and energetic feed equivalents. Compared to crude fat, the total fat values proved markedly higher in the barley and wheat samples. The readily soluble and easily hydrolizable carbohydrates found with the new analysis procedure suggested, were 100% digestible in all cereal samples used. Lignin proved the constituent most difficult to digest and must be regarded as virtually undigestible in the case of pigs.


[Performance dependent lysine requirement of fattening pigs. 3. Effect of amino acid and energy intake on fat, protein and lysine deposition of swine]. The gain in structural matter had a linear course with a corresponding feeding intensity and depending on the period of fattening. However, the animals given high-energy diets deposited 130 g protein per day during the first fattening period, this deposition being compensated in the course of further growth by a considerably lower deposition in the sense of aequifinality. Up to a live weight of 70 kg, animals subjected first to restricted feeding and then to fully balanced feeding revealed the highest protein deposition during the last period of fattening, this fact emphasizing the leanmeat character of the animal material used. The daily fat deposition was found clearly determined by energy intake and independent of amino acid supply. Lysine conversion was influenced by the intake of lysine and energy. Under feeding to norm it reached some 40 and 30% during the first and second periods of fattening, respectively.


[Excessive iron administration to sheep. 2. The effect on the iron, copper, zinc and manganese level in different organs]. Lambs received 250, 1000 and 1750 mg Fe per kg concentrate dry matter. The Fe-supplementations caused the Fe-levels of spleen, liver, kidneys and ribs to rise significantly. Liver and spleen reflected most markedly the high Fe-supply. The Fe-supplementation reduced the Cu-content in the liver and the share of Zn in the kidneys. The Mn-content of all body parts analysed was not significantly influenced by Fe-supplementation.


Some biological and serological properties of large and small plaque variants of Getah virus. Two plaque types of Getah virus were isolated on BHK-21 cells from an emulsion of suckling mouse brain  infected with strain AMM-2021 and were designated as large plaque (LP) and small plaque (SP) strains. Some of the properties of LP and SP strains were studied with the following results. The difference in plaque size of the LP and SP strains was quite distinct on BHK-21 cells and there was little difference in size at the 3rd--8th serial passage level in suckling mouse brain. The LP strain showed high hemagglutinating activity but the SP strain produced no detectable HA activity. The LP strain was shown to be more virulent than the SP strain to suckling mice by intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation. The LP strain was not neutralized as effectively as the SP strain with antisera to original, LP and SP strains. An enhancement of infectivity was observed when the LP strain was senstized with either anti-LP or anti-SP hyerimmune mouse sera. This phenomenon was not pronounced withe the SP strain.


Isolation and serological characterization of influenza A viruses from birds that were dead on arrival at Tokyo airport. Twenty-two strains of influenza A virus isolated from caged birds which had been imported into Japan from India and Thailand and had died druing transportation to Tokyo. Serological tests divided these strains into two groups. Viruses in the first group contained Hav7 hemagglutinin and were related antigenically to A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 [Hav7 Neq2]; viruses in the second group contained Hav4 hemagglutining and were related to A/duck/Czech/56 [Hav 4 Nav 1]. All strains contained Neq2 neuraminidase that was closely related to that fo A/equine/Miami/1/63[Heq2 Neq2] and A/duck/Ukraine/1/63[Hav7 Neq2]. It was concluded that the strains in the first group were Hav7 Naq2 and those in the second group were Hav4 Neq2; both group of viruses showed antigenic drift from the prototype strains.


Assay of antibodies to caliciviruses by radioimmune precipitation using staphylococcal protein A as IgG adsorbent. A radioimmune assay method designated St-RIP using a staphylococcal IgG adsorbent, which potentially has broad applications to viral (and nonviral) antigen-antibody systems, was applied to detection of calicivirus antibodies. Purified 125I-labeled virions of San Miguel sea lion virus serotypes 4 (SMSV-4) and 5 (SMSV 5) were incubated with sera; the immune complexes were reacted with an immunoadsorbent, formaldehyde-fixed staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus protein A producer, strain Cowan I), and collected by centrifugation. Broad cross-reactivity was observed among serotypes of SMSV and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV), but there was no reaction with antisera to six noncaliciviruses. Antibody production in a rabbit inoculated with SMSV-5 polypeptide was monitored by St-RIP assay; reactivity with intact SMSV-4 virion antigen was slightly less than, but closely paralleled, reactivity with SMSV-5 virion antigen. Applicability of the St-RIP test to serologic survey was demonstrated with pinniped, swine, and human (laboratory personnel) sera; numerous positive St-RIP reactions suggested the occurrence of widespread contacts with caliciviruses.


[Variant of the axial position of the thumb]. In the frontal photo of the hand, the thumb is presented in semilateral projection. In the investigation represented, in about 0.8% of photos radial deflection of the first metacarpal bone and lateral position of the thumb are noted. This variant of the thumb condition is accompanied by brachymesophalangia of the fifth finger.


[Intracortical connections between fields 18 and 19 of the visual cortex of cat's brain]. To study electron microscopically intracortical connections between areas 18 and 19 in the visual cortex of the cat brain, the distribution of synaptic terminals in every lamina of these areas was investigated after dissection of their border as deep as the grey matter. Mainly axo-dendritic synapses in large, small dendrites and in spines degenerated according to "light" and "dark" types were subjected to degeneration. All the laminae of the cortex were stated to participate in the formation of overlapping intracortical connections of areas 18 and 19. The greatest nember of altered synaptic buds, however, were detected in the middle layers, that correlated the data of the light optic method (A. S. Iontov, 1961, 1962). To obtain more objective data on the number of intracortical fibrils connecting these areas, normal and altered synapses up to 100 units were counted in every layer. Uneven localization of intracortical connections in every layer and their different functional importance were demonstrated.


[Quantitative characteristics of tissue and ultrastructural organization of the rat myocardium]. By sterelogical technique with application of a test system, a quantitative investigation of the normal rat myocardium has been performed at light and electron microscopic levels. Comparative volume and superficial density of different structures have been determined, as well as secondary (calculated) indices of volumetric and superficial-volumetric relations have been obtained. Semi-thin sections demonstrate quantitative characteristics of parenchymatous-stromal-microcirculatory interrelations, while electronograms demonstrate quantitative indices and interrelations of cardiomyocytic ultrastructures. The ratio of superficial myocardial structures to their volume gives an objective information on functional morphology of the cardiac muscle.


[DNA biosynthesis in the muscular and connective tissue cells of the heart in experimental myocardial infarct]. In 60 rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction induces by ligation of the anterior branch of the left coronary artery, DNA synthesis was studied by means of H3-thymidine in muscular and connective tissue cells depending on the period of myocardial infarction. The development of myocardial infarction in the cardiac muscle was stated to be accompanied by activation of DNA synthesis in the connective tissue cells not only in the necrotic zone but in the adjacent, as well as in distant areas of the myocardium and in stromal cells of the auriculum. Indices of H3-thymidine labeled nuclei were of high value during the acute period of myocardial infarction and gradually decreased with the time elapsed since the operation. During the period of the myocardical infarction organization high activity in DNA synthesis was revealed in connective tissue elements of the epicardium and the subepicardial zone of the heart. Myocardial cells of the cardiac auriculi incorporated H3-thymidine but extremely seldom-single labels per thousands of nuclei. In the auriculi with application of prolonged sessions of the labeled precussor introduction, DNA synthesising nuclei were revealed, sometimes with paired nuclei of cardiomyocytes.


[Change in the adrenal cortex of rats in stress after hypophysectomy, thyroidectomy and castration]. To elucidate factors producing destructive changes in the adrenal cortex under severe stress, the following experiments were performed: 1) severe combined stress (KC) including unilateral adrenalectomy and fixation in supin position for 24 h (control group); 2)hypophysectomy KC; 3) thyroidectomy KC; 4) bilateral orchiectomy KC; 5) injection of vitamine "E" for 14 days + KC. The adrenals were studied by a complex of morphometrical and histochemical methods. Hypophysectomy prevented estructive changes in the adrenal cortex under KC. This effect was not connected with hypofunction of the thyroid gland and the testes, as their excision (in rats without hypophysectomy) did not prevent the development of necrobiotic changes in the adrenal cortex. A suggestion is made on a "corticolytic" effect of ACTH which reveals itself under severe stress. Destruction of adrenocorticocytes is supposed to result from activation of peroxide oxidation of lipids. This is indirectly supported by a large number of lipofuscin containing cells, by decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and ATPh-ase, by activation of acid phosphatase and also by decreasing alterative phenomena at the injection of vitamine "E".


[Effect of various non-radioactive and radioactive chemical compounds on the structure of the spleen]. Dynamical changes in the spleen of mice and rats were studied morphometrically and electron microscopically when the animals were given in drinking water radionucleotides in small concentrations (137Cs, 226Ra, 89Sr, 65Zn, Pb(NO3)2, BeCl2, hexamethyleniamine, methylmercurchloride) for 1-2 years. Total doses obtained for a year were 0.3-100 rad. Reactive reconstruction of the organ under radioactive and chemical effects was stated to proceed in three directions: a) hyperplasy of lymphoid tissue; b) enhanced plasmocytogenesis; c) hyperplasy of extramedullar hemopoiesis. Sequence in the appearance of these reactions and doses which produced them were different for every compound. In 1-2 years at large doses (160-200 rad) atrophy, amyloid degeneration of the spleen or signs of leukemia were observed. Disturbance of intercellular contacts and of intracellular regeneration was demonstrated electron microscopically.


[Structure and function of the external part of the articular cartilage]. The data on electron microscopic studies of the main structural elements of the superficial layer of the articular cartilage are represented. The articular cartilage of the femoral lead in young rabbits has been studied. The articular cartilage has no ideal smooth surface but three are some pressings of different sizes. The most superficial cartilage layer--cell-free zone--consists of collagene fibers and hyaluronic fibrils which are closely connected with the ground substance of the cartilage. Superficial chondrocytes are mature, differentiated but functionally weakly active cells. Under normal conditions, destruction (obliteration) of the cell-free zone and desquamation of superficial cells are impossible.


[Effect of simultaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on the proliferative pool of the uterine and vaginal epithelium in castrated rats]. By the method of autoradiography, the proliferative pool in the epithelia covering the vagina, uterine body and its glands was investigated in ovariectomized rats treated with oestradiol alone and in combination with progesterone, under repeated injections of 3H-thymedine for 24 h. None of the epithelia studied demonstrated the proliferative pool more than 80%. Oestradiol and oestradiol in combination with progesterone produced a considerable increase in the size of proliferating cell population in the vaginal and uterine epithlia in comparison with the control animals. In the vaginal epithelium, progesterone decreased the proliferative pool and inhibited migration of the labeled cells towards the superficial epithelial layer comparing with the injection of oestradiol alone. In the epithelium covering the uterus body, progesterone increased the size of proliferative cell population and delayed their rejection into the uterus cavity. In the epithelium of the uterus glands, there was no statistically significant differences in the amount of labeled cells by the end of the experiment both after oestradiol injection and after simultaneous injection of oestradiol and progesterone.


[Epithelial differentiation of rudimentary gonads of human embryos]. Changes in coelomic epihtelium of the germinal gonads in human embryos at the age of 28-35 days of intrauterine development were studied after fixation in Carnoy's fluid, in Shabadash's fluid, in 12% neutral formalin. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin, with ferric hematoxylin after Heidenhain. Fibrils of the basal membrane were detected by silver impregnation after Karupu. PAS-reaction after McManus with additional staining by hamatoxylin and light green and the reaction with bromfenol blue after Michel-Kalvoux to reveal total proteins were applied. Since gonad formation, its coelomic epithelium resembles false pseudostratified one: the nuclei are arranged at different levels, with apical position of mitoses. The cells of the "germinal" epithelium secrete protein-polysaccharide products. The process reaches its maximum by 31-33 day of embryogenesis and coincides with the appearance of the gonads of primary sex cells in the epithelium. This secretion is probably connected with production of an "attractive factor" for gonocytes. On apical surfaces of the epithelium of the gonads, silver impregnation, PAS-reaction and reaction for total proteins reveal an edge which is probably represented by microvilli. The basal membrane of the coelomic epithelium of the gonads loses its integrity when migrating gonads penetrate into the "germinal" epithelium. Later, the integrity of the basal membrane structure is restorted. All these make it possible to consider the epithelium of the embryonal gonads as a specific, different from the other coelomic epithelium layer.


[Change in the gonocytic nucleĭ at different stages of their differentiation in early human female embryos]. Fourteen human female embryos at the age of 18, 32, 33 days and 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 weeks fixed in Carnoy's fluid and in 12% neutral formalin have been studied. Paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin, methyl green - pyronine were examined under light microscope. Staining with fluorochrome Xexct 33258" was applied for luminescent microscopy. Gonocyte nuclei both localized in the wall of yolk sac and during their migration differ from somatic cells by "blasomere" type of their nucleus organization. During this stage of development, gonocyte nuclei have no sex chromatin, although it is distinctly detected in the nuclei of surrounding somatic cells in the same embryos. After the gonocytes had contacts with "germinal" epithelium, heterochromatization of one X-chromosome occurs. Sex chromatin is preserved in the nuclei of oogonia disappearing in the course of preleptotene. At differentiation in oogonia, the nucleus of sex chromatin and the structure of their chromatin undergo certain changes.


[Intracellular regeneration and structuro-functional analysis of biological processes in normal cases and in pathology]. The author elucidates some problems in the history and the modern state in the doctrine on intracellular regenerative processes. Electron microscopic radioautography is considered as the most adequate method for studying intracellular regeneration. Certain examples are given to illustrate principally new possibilities of the structural-functional analysis of intracellular processes, normal and pathologic, studied by means of this method in view of the conception of intracellular generation. At the same time, new perspectives for further elaborating the problem of structural and functional integrity are stressed.


[Changes in the lymph nodes of adrenalectomized rats with staphylococcal poisoning]. Histological changes in lymph nodes and dynamics of 11-oxycorticosteroid levels in blood were studied in intact and adrenalectomized rats under staphylococcal intoxication. At early stages (up to 24 h) after staphylotoxin or staphylococcal injection, stress reaction of the organism, which produces a rise of corticosteroid level in blood, was demonstrated to play the major role in aplasy of the lymphoid tissue. At later stages, when the level of corticosteroids decreases, the lymphoid tissue begins to restore. In adrenalectomized rats, aplasy of the lymphoid tissue begins at later stages (in 3--4 days) because of a decreased amount of corticosteroids in blood. From the data obtained a suggestion is made that under intoxication, devastation of the lymphoid tissue occurs via mediated and direct action of the toxin.


[Rhythmicity of structural components of the thyroid gland at different stages of postnatal ontogenesis (morphometric study)]. Age evolution of biological rhythms in the activity of the thyroid gland has been studied at organic, tissue and cellular levels. The thyroid glands have been studied in 144 male mice, A/He strain, of three age groups: 14--17-day-old (young premature), 55--60-day-old (mature) and 160--170-day-old (ageing animals). The mean height of follicular cells, stereological index of resorption, relative volumes of follicular and interfollicular epithelium, colloid and stroma have been considered, as well as relations of volumetric fractions in certain tissue components. The data obtained have been processed with a computer. Multicomponent character of the rhythms for all indices studied has been revealed, circadian, ultradiurnal and infradiurnal components including. Spectral analysis of the rhythms has revealed steady tendency towards decreasing relative power of ultradiurnal fluctuations with age while circadian rhythmics become more pronounced. Amplitude of the circadian component of all the rhythms studied increases with growth and development of the animal and decreases for a number of indices in ageing mice. Maximal activity of the organ, as stated the data of morphometric analysis, in all three groups corresponds to the night time.


[Effect of ethnic affiliation and the high altitude factor on the tubular bones of the hand in children from Dagestan (x-ray osteologic study)]. Dimentions of tubular bones were compared concerning ethnic and climatic-geographical peculiarities of populations (under the conditions of ethnic homogenity of the groups). The data obtained demonstrated that Avarian people living at the altitude of 2,000 m differ from Avarian people living at the altitude of 1,000--1,100 m and from Kumyk people living at the foothills (500--600 m) in faster growth of the tubular bones of the hand and in their larger dimentions. Activation in bone growth of the Avarian people living high in the mountains results in "discoordination" of increment values of separate dimentions and in decrease of the correlation level.


[X-ray anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery according to intravital angiographic findings]. Analysis of clinical angiograms made in 1,624 subjects has determined roentgenological differential signs in the upper mesenteric artery. They help to recognise the artery in roentgenograms of frontal and lateral projections regardless the method of contrasting. For the first time roentgenological data on this vessel are obtained concerning age, sex and habitus of the subjects examined. The data were calculated according to biometrical requirements. In women, the artery begins higher than in men. In the asthenics, the artery begins lower than in the normosthenics and still lower than in the hypersthenics. The diameter of the artery in man is wider than in women. At the age of 60 years, the arterial lumen is 10--15% wider than that in persons below 20 years of age.


[Ultrastructure of duodenal endocrine cells in children]. All ultrastructural varieties of endocrine cells, described in literature for adult persons, were revealed in the epithelium of the duodenal crypts of children at the age of 6--14 years. The cells form rather distinct groups in accordance with the International Classification, that speaks in favour of adequate application of the methods for processing the material and allows to compare the data obtained with those in literature. Endocrine cells in children, however, demonstrate greater polymorphism as their secretory granules differ in density even within a single cell. This phenomenon, along with detecting degenerative forms, demonstrates active functioning of this cell system in children.


[Effect of combined exposure to hypokinesia and gravitational stress on the structure of the wall of the renal vein]. Renal veins from 25 rabbits were investigated by means of imbedding in paraffin with subsequent hematoxylin--eosin staining, after Van Gieson and with fuchselin after Hart. Prolonged hypokinesia (over 3 weeks) with subsequent single application of gravitational overloading was stated to produce some structural changes in the wall of the renal vein. They are manifested as loosening of the middle vascular sheath with vacuolization of myocytes and outgrowth of its elastic elements. Hypokinesia of longer duration (8 weeks) with subsequent gravitational overloading produces atrophy of smooth muscle tissue in the middle sheath of the venous wall that brings about decreasing in tonus of the wall of the renal vein.


[Ultrastructural changes in the kidney in the erectile phase of burn shock]. Electron microscopical changes in the renal morphofunctional units were studied during the first minutes after termal trauma in the experiments performed with mongrel male dogs. The glomeruli were demonstrated to have some evidence of glomerulonephritis, particularly, in the capillaries of those glomeruli where local thickening of the basal membrane was most constant and where endothelium and podocytes, i. e. the structures directly participating in filtration were involved in the process. Proximal areas of nephrons had a peculiar compact mitochondrial matrix, disturbed basal-apical mitochondrial orientation, shortening of plasmolemma folds, increase in cytosomal number. Activation in the latter was accompanied not only with focal degeneration of cytoplasm but with some changes in the cell as a whole with its subsequent squamation into the lumen. In the epithelium of distal parts of the nephrons and collecting tubes, distrophic changes were registered, as well as a reduction in the folds of plasmolemma which was followed by a disturbance in the integrity of the basal labyrinth and mitochondrial swelling. A large amount of vesicular elements were noted in cytoplasm of the cells, the cells were swelled and underwent focal degeneration.


[Morphology of influenza in the prodromal period (experimental study)]. The prodromal period of influenza infection was studied in 14 random-bred mice using electron microscopy. The most marked reaction to the invasion of influenza virus virions in the first day was found to develop in large alveolar cells. The defence response of the body in this period was manifested morphologically by a release into the alveolar lumen of plate osmiophilic bodies containing a surfactant, and later by leucocytary infiltration of interalveolar septa. Early in influenza infection pulmonary macrophages took no part in the defence response of the body.


[Ultrastructural changes in the central nervous system of mice in tick-borne encephalitis]. Tick-borne encephalitis virus is localized in nerve cells and intracellular spaces. According to the nature of ultrastructural changes, the pathological process in nerve cells may be divided into three stages connected with the stages of virus reproduction. In the first stage, the protein-synthesizing systems of the cell are degraded. In the second stage specific virus inclusions form in the cell cytoplasm as aggregates of mature and immature virions alongside with destruction of ultrastructures and growth of smooth membranes. In the third stage degradation of neurons is accompanied by necrobiosis and discomplexation of the surrounding glial elements, processes, cells of the inflammatory infiltrate and capillary walls. A certain combination of nonspecific changes in organelles of various cells with viral inclusions makes the ultrastructural picture of the focus of lesions in tick-borne encephalitis sufficiently characteristic for differential pathological diagnosis.


[Diagnostic possibilities of gastric biopsy in stomach cancer]. The results of histological examinations of gastric biopsies are presented; over 20% of the biopsies are sent for examinations with the diagnosis of cancer of suspected cancer of the stomach. Histological examinations of gastrobiopsies confirm only 62% of definite endoscopic diagnoses of gastric cancer which is explained either by a wrong choice of the affection area for biopsy or wrong evaluation of the gastroscopic picture of early cancer. It was first discoverd in 15.5% of cases of histologically confirmed gastric cancer in first examinations of materials of gastric biopsies. Early carcinoma was found in over half of these cases. Erroneous diagnoses in examinations of materials from gastric biopsies were established in 3.5% of the cases. They include both false positive and false negative conclusions on gastric cancer.


[Clinico-morphological characteristics of bilateral breast cancer]. During 22 years (1955--1976) in the Department of Endocrinology of the Oncological Research Center of the USSR AMS 2953 patients were treated for primary mammary cancer, 87 (2.9%) of them developed bilateral mammary cancer. The differential diagnosis of primary and metastic cancer was based on the combination of clinical and morphological data: the extent and stage of the process in both mammary glands, localization of tumor nodes, duration of the interval between the development of cancer in the first and the second mammary gland, the absence of relapses and metastases after treatment of the first carcinoma and during a year after the second mastectomy, the degree of malignancy of the tumors, invasion of blood and lymph vessels of the gland and the background against which the tumor had developed.


[Carcinosarcoma of the uterus and ovaries]. It was established on the material of 15 observations that carcinosarcomas represented a distinct group of rarely occurring malignancies. Among malignant tumors of the body of the uterus, cervix and ovary they comprise 1.5%, 0.03% and 0.17%, respectively. The details of the structure of two tumor components, epithelial and mesenchymal, are described. A special group of carcinosarcomas of the body of the uterus and ovary consisting of three tumor germs, adenoacanthocarcinosarcoma, is distinguished.


[Inverted papilloma of the bladder].

[Inverted papilloma of the bladder]. No more than 40 cases of inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary bladder have been reported in literature. The author presents 2 observations of IP in both of which the epithelial transitional cellular structures showed submerged pseudoinvasive growth and a peculiar inversion of the villous strucure. The tumor is benign clinically and histologically, its benign nature is confirmed by the remote results of observations. Despite the fact that the histogenesis of IP is not quite clear yet, the author, as most other investigators, classify IP according to the International Histological Classification as benign tumor differing from common papillomas of the urinary bladded only in the direction of the growth and the arrangement of villous structures.


[Reactive changes and the phagocytic activity of the glial cells in pathological processes in the central nervous system]. This review deals with the current status of reactive changes and phagocytic activity in various types of glia in the CNS. Data from literature and partly our own findings on the reactive processes in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microgliocytes, and "multipotential glia" as well as their relationship with mesenchymal cells, particularly with those of hematogenous origin are given. Glial reactions both in pathological processes (Walter degeneration, trauma, etc) and in different functional states during the development of the central nervous system are considered.


Severe adolescent-onset proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the effect of pituitary ablation. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is uncommon in patients younger than the age of 20 and has been rarely reported. Since 1969, 14 adolescents with severe PDR have been seen, the youngest of whom was 16 years old and the oldest, 19 years old. The shortest duration of diabetes mellitus prior to diagnosis of PDR was eight years. Ten patients had a positive family history of diabetes. Thirteen patients had suboptimal metabolic control. Ten patients had some degree of azotemia, seven were hypertensive, and six had proteinuria. Ophthalmic findings included advanced neovascular and fibrous proliferation on initial classification, and rapid progression to blindness-which was most frequently secondary to traction retinal detachment. In a small retrospective study, pituitary ablation may have offered greater preservation of vision than that observed in untreated patients.


Retinal detachment due to ocular penetration. I. Clinical characteristics and surgical results. The records of 74 patients--young and almost exclusively males--with retinal detachment due to ocular penetration were reviewed to study the characteristics and surgical results of this type of traumatic retinal detachment. There was a high incidence of industrial and domestic accidents. The incidence and degree of myopia were significantly lower than in nontraumatic cases of retinal detachment. The time interval between the injury and the detection of the retinal detachment was variable. Many of the eyes with longer latent intervals had classic signs of traumatic retinal detachment. The most common type of retinal break was a dialysis in the oral zone at the posterior vitreous base border. The most common cause of these retinal breaks was severe traction from contracting vitreous bands and membranes that followed the loss of vitreous gel from the eye. Surgical results were relatively poor; recurrence was common because of progressive vitreous pathology. Postoperative traction on the vitreous base by the continued shrinkage of vitreous membranes was noted in 50% of the eyes that contained such membranes preoperatively.


Focal parafoveal retinal telangiectasis. We describe four patients, two of whom are sisters, with an unusual form of retinal telangiectasis. The vascular abnormality is localized to the temporal parafoveal retina and is virtually identical in appearance in every patient. Other characteristics include: both men and women are involved, both eyes are generally affected, and symptoms develop in middle life. Laser photocoagulation succeeds in improving the visual acuity in the treated eyes. The consistency of the appearance and location, and the familial tendency indicates these cases probably form a subgroup of retinal telangiectasis.


Solar retinitis after minimal exposure.

Solar retinitis after minimal exposure. Solar retinitis after prolonged or purposeful exposure to the sun has been reported many times. In this study, three patients were seen with the clinical diagnosis of solar retinitis but without an initial compatible history. Previously, such persons have frequently been categorized as having foveomacular retinitis. In this study, careful follow-up history was obtained in an attempt to find an origin for the condition of the patients. Evidence for very brief, high-intensity, and long-term low-intensity exposure to the sun's radiant energy was substantiated. Theoretical consideration was made of the mechanisms by which this type of exposure produced retinal damage.


Abnormal chloroidal circulation: association with arteriovenous fistula in the cavernous sinus area. Abnormalities in the choroidal circulation developed in two patients with arteriovenous fistulae in the area of the cavernous sinus. Fluorescein angiography in both patients revealed delayed filling of their choroidal circulation. In the first patient, this was associated with a central serous detachment of the retina secondary to a retinal pigment epithelial defect. In the second patient, a large choroidal detachment and serous retinal detachment, which resolved spontaneously developed. High venous pressure, low mean arterial pressure, and subsequent tissue hypoxia are postulated to be the cause of the altered choroidal circulation. The possibility of occult dural arteriovenous fistulae should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with a choroidal detachment, proptosis, and a red eye.


Serous detachment of the macular associated with presumed choroidal nevi. Twenty cases of small pigmented choroidal lesions, which were associated with subretinal fluid in the foveal area, were studied clinically and with fluorescein angiography. The ophthalmoscopic appearance as well as the clinical course of these lesions suggest that they are benign. One lesion, however, after remaining stable for four years, showed dramatic enlargement and was demonstrated to be a malignant melanoma following enucleation. The occurrence of subretinal fluid in such cases does not necessarily imply malignant change, although careful follow-up examinations are imperative.


A proposed pilocarpine therapeutic test. For the pilocarpine therapeutic test that we have devised, one drop (0.1 ml) of 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride (an arbitrarily chosen concentration) is instilled in the glaucomatous eye to be treated, and the intraocular pressure is measured hourly for four hours. If the IOP does not fall below 24 mm Hg, which is our chosen pressure limit, the response is considered to be inadequate therapeutically. Our study showed that if an inadequate therapeutic response is obtained, initiation of treatment with 2% pilocarpine is not indicated, since in patients with such a response, continued treatment with 2% pilocarpine will be ineffective in controlling IOPs on subsequent clinical visits. In only those cases of patients with an adequate response to the pilocarpine therapeutic test (with a fall in pressure below 24 mm Hg) was there the likelihood of having the glaucoma controlled with continued 2% pilocarpine treatment.


Fluorescein iris angiography. I. Normal pattern. Fluorescein iris angiography was performed in 42 normal blue or green human eyes to investigate the normal angiographic pattern and in vivo circulation of the iris. Brown irides were unsuitable for the angiography because the brown pigment masked fluorescence. The pattern in the iris was much more complex than in the retina when seen on fluorescein angiography, with interindividual variations in its filling, and these physiological variations may erroneously be considered pathological. Radial arteries of the iris filled rather sluggishly and the circulation in the pupillary and peripupillary region was often much slower than in the peripheral part of the iris. Various segments of the iris usually filled in an irregular order. There was no distinct venous phase, but it merged with the arteriovenous phase. The pupillary region of the iris between the collarette (which contained a fragmented and incomplete minor circle of vessels) and the pupillary margin contained a dense plexus of capillaries. The normal vessels usually showed no fluorescein leakage.


Fluorescein iris angiography. II. Disturbances in iris circulation following strabismus operation on the various recti. Iris circulation was investigated by fluorescein iris angiography in 33 human eyes before and after tenotomy of one or more recti for correction of strabismus. Tenotomy of one or both horizontal recti produced no appreciable circulatory disturbance in the iris, but tenotomy of superior or inferior rectus produced circulatory delay in superior temporal or inferior temporal sectors, respectively, of the iris. When tenotomies of a horizontal and one or two vertical recti were combined, the defect occurred in the region of the vertical rectus only. Blood supply of the nasal half of the iris was usually not disturbed by tenotomy of the vertical and/or medial rectus. The findings indicate that the blood supply of the iris is segmental and suggest that, in strabismus surgery, cutting the two vertical recti along with the lateral rectus may subject the eye to the risk of anterior segment ischemia. In the light of the present findings, physiological anatomy of the blood supply of the iris and role of the major arterial circle of the iris are discussed.


Corneal complications after closed vitrectomy through the pars plana. A retrospective study of 150 patients who underwent closed vitrectomy through the pars plana evaluated the incidence and character of postoperative corneal complications. Corneal changes developed in 43% of patients. Thirty patients had significant corneal complications, half of which resolved with treatment. Fourteen patients had complications that necessitated corneal surgery or resulted in loss of useful vision. Diabetic patients were at greatest risk for corneal problems, particularly postoperative epithelial defects. Intraoperative lensectomy was the only other factor that increased the corneal complication rate. The importance of early recognition and therapy for corneal changes after vitrectomy becomes apparent.


Conjunctival adnexal cysts and dermoids. Of 128 cysts diagnosed clinically and pathologically as epidermoids and dermoids, 12 lesions were discovered that were lined by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium with variable numbers of admixed goblet cells. Five lesions did not contain any adnexal structures in their walls and were designated as simple conjunctival cysts; seven lesions additionally displayed appendages in their walls and were diagnosed as conjunctival dermoids. Clinically, this group of 12 cysts differed from classic epidermoids and dermoids by their overwhelming superomedial location and absence of associated osseous defects. It is proposed that these nonkeratinizing cysts represent sequestrations of conjunctival-type epithelium, analogous to the displacements of keratinizing surface epidermis that are most commonly responsible for the production of classic epidermoids and dermoids. It is possible to confuse conjunctival cysts and dermoids with mucoceles.


Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. I. Clinical characteristics. The cases of 29 patients aged 20 years or less with orbital inflammatory pseudotumor were studied retrospectively. There was no sex predilection, although the left orbit was involved twice as often as the right. Patients typically had abrupt onset of periocular pain, early-morning swelling, chemosis, conjunctival and extraocular muscle injection, proptosis, a palpable mass, and extraocular motility disturbances. Visual acuity was usually only mildly affected at onset. Forty-five percent of patients had or subsequently developed bilateral orbital involvement in the absence of notable systemic diseases. Papilledema and iritis were seen in 35% of patients, respectively, particularly in bilateral cases. All cases responded to steroids, but bilateral disease was the most apt to become steroid dependent. Permanent functional impairments were seen most commonly in patients who had alternating recurrent bilateral disease or who underwent surgical exploration.


The blepharocardiac reflex.

The blepharocardiac reflex. The oculocardiac reflex is described as the triad of bradycardia, nausea, and faintness evoked by the stretching of ocular muscles, or by pressure on or within the eyeball. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent limb of this reflex; the efferent limb is the vagus nerve to the heart. This reflex was noted to occur from traction on the levator aponeurosis in five of 36 patients with ptosis, and from traction on the retractors of the lower eyelid in three of 11 patients with entropion. To our knowledge, this is the first documentation of eliciting this reflex by stretching the muscles of the eyelid. Electrocardiogram monitoring for early recognition of these cases, and the availability of an intravenous line with atropine for prompt treatment are strongly recommended. Careful manipulation of the upper and lower eyelid retractors and preoperative atropine therapy may help to reduce the incidence of this reflex.


Hypoplasia of the optic nerve.

Hypoplasia of the optic nerve. Premorbid ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic findings were correlated in a case of bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia in a 9-month-old infant with bilateral hydranencephaly. The double-ring sign was due to an extension of retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) over the outer portion of the lamina cribrosa. The outer ring was the junction between sclera and lamina cribrosa, and the inner ring was the termination of the RPE. The center of the inner ring was the hypoplastic nerve head, which appeared whitish because of fibroglial tissue surrounding the central retinal vessels where they entered the optic nerve head. We speculate that an in utero vascular insult, after the third month of development, led to cystic cavitation of the anterior cerebral hemispheres, with subsequent retrograde degeneration of developing retinal ganglion cells.


Definitive treatment of congenital larcrimal sac fistula. The procedure we describe is believed to be a rational and effective approach to the rare but preplexing problem of congenital lacrimal sac fistula. The procedure is based on the principles of: (1) definite location of the lacrimal sac for protection of canaliculi and sac through probe insertion; (2) fastidious dissection of the tract to its base; and (3) positive testing of the suture and sac site for leakage.


Anaerobic flora of the normal human conjunctival sac. Specimens from the conjunctival sacs of 92 healthy eyes were cultured on two separate occasions to determine the presence or absence of a persistent anaerobic flora. Aerobic bacteria and fungi were also studied for comparison. Of the 184 eye cultures, 112 (60.9%) contained at least one microorganism. Obligate anaerobes were recovered from 51.6% (95/184) of the cultures. Propionibacterium acnes, the predominant anaerobe encountered, was present in 49.5% (91/184) of the eyes. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, present in 32.6% of the total eye cultures, were less common than obligate anaerobes. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common of these. Fungi were rarely found. Our findings suggest that the conjunctival sac is either sterile or normally contains small numbers of anaerobic, aerobic, or facultatively anaerobic bacteria. As other workers have suggested, the origin of the bacteria in the eyes may be the skin of the eyelids.


Facial rehabilitation with temporal muscle. New concepts. Facial rehabilitation, utilizing the transposed temporalis muscle, was performed. Three new innovations of this technique include: (1) The whole muscle is transposed into the face to accomplish augmentation, support, protection for the eye, and movement. (2) Following transposition of the temporalis muscle, its nerve supply is lysed at the foramen ovale. Nerve substitution by a free, autogenous graft from the proximal segment of the ipsilateral facial nerve or crossfacial sural nerve is accomplished. This technique substitutes the facial nerve axons and nuclei for the trigeminal nerve in this muscle and thus eliminates movement on mastication and facilitates the possibility for expression. (3) This muscle may be transposed with a portion of the temporal and parietal bones to add bony architecture to the cheek and orbit.


An incus replacement prosthesis. The ossicle cup. To achieve better hearing after incus replacement surgery, the ossicle-cup prosthesis is introduced. This prosthesis incorporates part of a Teflon Robinson's stapes prosthesis into the body of an incus. The ossicle-cup prosthesis has a dynamic joint with the stapes capitulum, as well as a variable height above the stapes. Preliminary hearing results of 45 cases show air-bone gap closure of 67% within 10 dB and 98% within 20 dB.


Prosthetic functional therapy. A new method for rehabilitation of the orally handicapped patient. A new approach to the rehabilitation of individuals who are orally handicapped after surgery offers direct support to dysfunctioning oral musculature, as well as physiologic conditioning to redirect tongue posture. Prosthetic functional therapy can be used to improve problems of speech, swallowing, drooling, and mastication in cases where structural loss of neuromuscular impairment have affected the functional competence of oral tissues. Patients who experience this therapy become highly motivated to succeed in rehabilitation as a result of a positive feedback that is provided by improvement in functional competence. Patients express both satisfaction and comfort and tend to progress favorably in the course of therapy.


Hearing aid evaluations for persons with total postlingual hearing loss. To answer the question whether persons with total postlingual hearing loss can benefit from hearing aid use, hearing aid evaluations were carried out for 18 subjects. Nonstandardized listening tasks were necessitated because none of the subjects could discriminate speech. Subjective considerations played an integral role in the evaluation procedure. The results of the evaluations were as follows: (1) six subjects became new hearing aid users; (2) two retained the aids they were already wearing; (3) one improved when the hearing aid was changed to the opposite ear; (4) one obtained a satisfactory replacement for an inadequate instrument; and (5) eight were unable to use an aid to advantage. Thus, it is important that all persons with total postlingual hearing loss be afforded the opportunity of a careful hearing aid evaluation.


Lethal thyroid carcinoma.

Lethal thyroid carcinoma. Forty-three patients who died of thyroid carcinoma (29 well-differentiated and 14 poorly differentiated tumors) were evaluated to define the parameters that affect the lethal nature of this tumor. Differentiated, limited extent of tumor and a young age at diagnosis correlated favorably with length of survival. Sex showed a trend in favor of female patients, while specific histologic characteristics and extent of resection showed no positive correlation. Based on these findings and a review of the literature, we recommend a radical approach in the management of localized, poorly differentiated tumors. For well-differentiated cancer, resection of the thyroid gland and the paratracheal, jugular, and upper mediastinal lymph nodes is advised.


Prediction of sensorineural hearing level from the brain stem evoked response. Correlational analysis was carried out between the auditory brain stem evoked response (BER) threshold, BER latency, and various audiometric indices in 275 ears with varying degrees and configurations of sensorineural hearing loss. Results confirm the importance of sensitivity in the 1 to 4-kHZ region to the brain stem response. Sensitivity over this frequency region is best predicted as 0.6 of the BER threshold. Brain stem evoked response latency in the 70- to 90-dB hearing level range increases about 0.2 ms for each 30-dB increase in the steepness of the audiometric contour between 1 and 4 kHZ. Finally, audiometric shape appears to be more important than absolute high-frequency sensitivity in determining BER latency.


Cochlear reserve in otosclerosis. A long-term follow-up study of fenestration cases. In this long-term follow-up study of fenestration cases, a remarkable stability in sensorineural hearing levels is demonstrated. Since the focus of otosclerosis was not removed at the time of fenestration surgery, this bone conduction stability is an indication that the ear can withstand the presence of an otosclerotic lesion that produces stapes fixation for long periods of time without sensorineural deterioration. It would seem that the otosclerotic lesion in ears suitable for fenestration surgery has had little tendency to invade deeply into the cochlear capsule.


Bilateral choristomas of the external auditory canals. To our knowledge, we report the first case of external auditory canal choristomas in the American literature. The pathologic condition of each side was serous salivary tissue, and at surgery, there was no connection with the parotid gland.


Simultaneous bilateral parotid and submandibular gland calculi. A recent review of the medical literature revealed no recorded cases of simultaneous bilateral parotid and submandibular calculi. We present such a case with roentgenographic documentation.


Rupture of the carotid artery from a hypopharyngeal foreign body. A 16-year-old boy ruptured his common carotid artery after ingestion of an open safety pin. This unusual occurrence is presented, along with a review of the literature and recommendations for proximal and distal ligation of the involved artery.


Bilateral trigeminal nerve sensory deficits and nasal deformity. A nasal deformity developed in a woman with bilateral trigeminal sensory deficits. A comparison of the clinical and pathologic features of this case with those of several other cases that have been reported previously suggests a relationship between the bilateral fifth nerve lesions and the nasal damage. The aforementioned clinical combination does not appear to be pathognomonic of any specific nosologic entity. However, it probably should be accorded the status of a clinical syndrome since the nasal degeneration apparently occurs only if both fifth nerves are affected.


Teenagers in today's society.

Teenagers in today's society. The alienation of the adolescent and late-adolescent of western societies in the late 60s and into the 70s has created disturbances which show up as 'illness' in families and youth. This article discusses the aetiology of such illness, and suggests an approach to the problem by counselling rather than by the use of drugs.


A doctor at school.

A doctor at school. Whether we are parents, teachers, doctors or other health professionals, we share a major concern in the growing number of adolescents who can be called 'alienated'. These people feel 'out-of-touch' with themselves, with others and with society. The causes and consequences are complex, but a greater awareness of the difficulties involved in growing up today, and a greater willingness for harmonious interaction between us all will be of benefit, not only to the adolescents we may help more effectively, but also to ourselves in our professional development. To the doctor, the school represents an influential environment for the adolescent that may play an important role in the aetiology of maladaptation. The school also represents an underutilized potential for health education and intervention, and for individual as well as multidisciplinary health care.


Changes in plasma tryptophan and melatonin content in penned sheep. The present study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the plasma levels of melatonin and its precursor tryptophan. No circadian changes in plasma total tryptophan content were evident which could be related to the marked night-time rise in plasma melatonin. An automated programmable blood sampling device suited to studies of circadian rhythms in blood constituents is described.


Pyridoxine and atherosclerosis: role of pyridoxine in the metabolism of  lipids and glycosaminoglycans in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets containing 16% casein. The effect of administration of low and high doses of pyridoxine on the metabolism of lipids and glycosaminoglycans has been studied in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets. Low doses of pyridoxine (0.005 mg/100 g body weight) caused increased concentrations, of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum and aorta in animals fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets. Administration of high doses of pyridoxine (5.0 mg/100 g body weight) caused decrease in the concentration of these lipids in these tissues except in the case of the aorta in the animals fed a normal diet. Low doses of pyridoxine generally caused a decrease in the concentration of many glycosaminoglycan fractions in the aorta in rats fed normal and high fat, high cholesterol diets, whilst high doses caused an increase. The activity of glucosaminephosphate isomerase (glutamine-forming) and UDPglucose dehydrogenase, both key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of glycosaminoglycans, decreased in rats given low doses of pyridoxine and increased in rats given high doses. The activity of many enzymes concerned with degradation of glycosaminoglycans--hyaluronoglucosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, aryl sulphatase, and cathepsin D--generally increased in rats fed low doses of the pyridoxine and decreased in those given high doses. The concentration of hepatic 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate, and the activity of the sulphate-activating system and of aryl sulphotransferase decreased when the dose of pyridoxine was low and increased when the dose was high.


The effect of diet and of methionine loading on activity of enzymes in the transulfuration pathway in sheep. In three experiments, activity of hepatic enzymes associated with metabolism of methionine through the transulfuration pathway were studied with respect to possible effects of diet and methionine infusion per abomasum. In experiment 1 no differences in methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) or cystathionine lambda-lyase (CGL) were detected between lucerne and wheaten straw diets, or between effects of fasting for 48 h and 96 h after feeding lucrene chaff as opposed to fasting after feeding wheaten straw. Fasting for 96 h resulted in a trend toward increasing CGL and MAT specific activities on both diets. In experiment 2 MAT was depressed significantly by infusion of methionine at 1.4 g/day and to a greater extent by infusion at 4.2 g/day, whilst CGL was not significantly affected. In experiment 3 MAT specific activity decreased significantly in response to both levels of methionine supplementation. Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity was increased by methionine infusion. CGL decreased in all treatments but there was a larger decrease in those animals receiving methionine infusion. No significant changes were observed in relation to other enzymes examined which included cystathionine beta-synthase and threonine dehydratase. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that in sheep the increase in methionine in blood plasma which occurs when methionine is absorbed in increased amounts may be due to reduced entry into the transulfuration pathway because of a repression of MAT activity.


Comparative toxicities of mimosine and some chemically related compounds to mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture. Mimosine, a plant amino acid which is toxic in mammals, was shown to be a potent inhibitor of incorporation of [3H]thymidine in mouse bone marrow cells in liquid culture (is greater than 70% inhibition at a concentration of 2 x 10(-4) M). To determine the parts of the molecule responsible for the inhibitory mechanism the effects of 13 chemically related compounds were examined in this system. The structural features necessary for inhibitory activity of the 4(1H)-pyridones were (1) the 3-hydroxyl-4-oxo function of the pyridone ring together with (2) an alpha-alanine or a 2-aminoethyl side chain. Compounds based on several other hydroxy heterocyclic functions were either weakly active or inactive. 3-Hydroxy-4(1H)-pyridone, the goitrogen to which mimosine is converted in ruminants, was only slightly inhibitory. These results are compared with published information on the effects of some of these compounds on other types of mammalian cells in vitro. The mouse bone marrow system in which inhibition of incorporation of [3H]thymidine is used as an index of cytotoxicity was shown to be sensitive and reproducible, and could be useful for structure-activity investigations of other cytotoxic compounds.


Amino acid uptake by the mammary gland of the lactating ewe. (1) The arterio-venous difference technique, previously used to measure mammary substrate uptake with cows and goats, was used to measure amino acid uptake by the mammary gland of the lactating Merino ewe. Possession of a single large superficial epigastric vein by the Merino ewe makes the Merino breed the most suitable for this type of study. (2) A method was developed enabling hourly measurement of milk yield without causing undue stress. Milk yield was essentially constant over a 7-8 h period. (3) Mammary extraction of most non-essential amino acids was low relative to output in milk protein and showed a greater variability with time than that found for the essential amino acids. There was a significant mammary extraction of ornithine and citrulline, neither amino acid being found in ovine milk protein. (4) Of the essential amino acids valine, isoleucine, leucine and arginine were taken up in excess of their requirement for milk protein synthesis. (5) On the basis of the extent of mammary extraction, methionine, lysine and leucine were first-, second- and third-limiting to the rate of milk protein synthesis. (6) Despite fluctuations in arterial amino acid concentrations the arterio-venous differences of the essential amino acids were relatively constant over a 7-8 h period. (7) The pattern of mammary amino acid uptake in the ewe is contrasted with that found in similar studies carried out with the lactating cow and goat.


Mammary glucose uptake in the lactating ewe and the use of methionine arterio-venous difference for the calculation of mammary blood flow. (1) The validity of using the arterio-venous concentration difference of methionine to calculate mammary blood flow in the ewe, on the basis of the Fick principle, is discussed. (2) Calculation of mammary blood flow in the lactating Merino ewe indicated that blood flow per unit weight of tissue and the ratio of blood flow : milk yield were approximately twice that found in the lactating cow and goat. (3) Calculated mammary blood flow in Merino ewes was used in conjunction with glucose arterio-venous difference to determine mammary glucose uptake. Glucose uptake per unit weight of tissue in the ewe was almost double that found in the cow and goat. The ratio of mammary glucose uptake to lactose output was also higher in the ewe than that found in the cow and goat. The utilization of glucose by the mammary gland of the ewe is discussed in relation to the possible greater requirement for NADPH and glycerol for milk fat synthesis in this species.


Metabolism of [14C] amitraz in larvae of Boophilus microplus. Amitraz, 1, 5-di(2, 4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazapenta-1, 4-diene, labelled with 14C in the 2-methyl groups was applied to B. microplus larvae by an immersion technique. The chemical penetrated readily but never appeared in large amounts internally due to rapid cleavage to N-2, 4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine. The expected complementary cleavage product 2, 4-dimethylformanilide was not produced in equivalent quantity. However, large amounts of polar metabolite(s) were produced. Small quantities of 2, 4-dimethylaniline and an unidentified non-polar metabolite were also produced. Of the identified chemicals only amitraz and N-2, 4-dimethylphenyl-N'-methylformamidine were toxic to larvae. Piperonyl butoxide applied simultaneously with amitraz had only a slight effect on metabolism but had a three-fold synergistic effect. SKF 525-A similarly applied had a negligible effect on both metabolism and toxicity.


Effects of abomasal supplements of methionine on the wool follicles and skin of wheat-fed sheep. In wheat-fed sheep, supplemented abomasally with 1.5-6.0 g methionine per day, poor formation and improper keratinization of the wool fibres were evident 4 days after the start of the methionine supplementation. This led to kinking of the fibres. Subsequently severe distortion of the fibres, accompanied by gross thickening of the outer root sheaths, occurred in the distal (upper) halves of most follicles. Within this thickened region partial degradation of the distorted fibres occurred before emergence from the skin surface, causing a marked reduction in the tensile strength of the wool. It is postulated that kinking of the fibres stimulated the accumulation of outer root sheath cells, which led to hyperactivity of the process that normally degrades the inner root sheath, so that the poorly keratinized fibres were also partly degraded. Thickening of the epidermis and cellular infiltration of the upper dermis sometimes occurred during the infusions of methionine, whereas there were negligible effects on the sebaceous and sweat glands. Disappearance of the excess accumulation of outer root sheath cells after cessation of the methionine supplementation occurred gradually following improvement in keratinization and elimination of kinking of the fibres.


The importance of prolactin and the milking stimulus in the artificial induction of lactation in cows. Lactations were successfully induced in 15 out of 18 non-pregnant cows treated with oestradiol-17beta (0.1 mg/kg body weight) and progesterone (0.25 mg/kg body weight) on days 1-7 (where day 1 is the first day of treatment). A further 23 out of 26 cows were successfully treated with oestradiol-17beta and progesterone standardized at 40 and 100 mg/day respectively. No significant differences in milk yields were obtained by the additional treatments of twice daily milking from day 10, sustained elevation or suppression of plasma prolactin during the induction phase by reserpine and bromo-cryptine respectively, or by continuing oestradiol-17beta injections alone on days 8-11. Levels of plasma prolactin less than 20 ng/ml were adequate for the preparation of the mammary gland for lactation to occur. The induced lactation of 24 monozygotic twin cows ranged from 20 to 87% of their respective siblings which had normal parturient lactations. All 11 cows treated with the standard oestrogen-progesterone treatment plus reserpine had successfully induced lactations. In the absence of oestrogen and progesterone treatment, a short period of resperpine treatment followed by dexamethasone trimethylacetate failed to induce lactation in five cows. Ninety per cent of induced cows (n = 39) and 91% of parturient cows (n = 22) conceived and subsequently calved following natural mating.


Blood hyperviscosity in cryoglobulinaemia: temperature sensitivity and correlation with reduced skin blood flow. Cryoglobulins cause an increase in plasma viscosity and this has been attributed to increased protein-protein interaction. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the interaction between red cells and these proteins by measuring the viscosity of whold blood from 21 patients with cryoglobulinaemia not only at high (73 sec-1) and low (0.18 sec-1) shear rates, but also at different temperatures. At 35 degrees blood hyperviscosity was found in 62% of the patients at the high shear rate, and in 76% of patients at the low shear rate. Cooling of the blood to 25 degrees caused an increase in the blood viscosity which was particularly marked at the low shear rate. The plasma viscosity was significantly increased at both temperatures. The hand blood flow was measured at 32 degrees, 27 degrees and 20 degrees in 12 patients to assess the degree of impairment of the peripheral circulation. The flows were significantly reduced at each temperature and there was an increase in the sensitivity of the flow through this region to local cooling. These findings indicate that in the presence of a cryoglobulin there is an increased viscous resistance, particularly at low flow rates. The temperature and shear rate characteristics of the blood viscosity suggest that cryoglobulins markedly potentiate red cell aggregation. This explains, at lest in part, the high incidence of skin and vascular complications in patients with cryoglobulinaemia and the characteristic localization of these features to exposed peripheral tissues.


Rodent zoonoses in North Queensland: the occurrence and distribution of zoonotic infections in North Queensland rodents. A study of potentially zoonotic infections was carried out on 351 rodents trapped in north-eastern Queensland. Their ecosystems included towns, agricultural and livestock areas, wookland and rainforest. Nine serotypes of salmonellae were obtained from asymptomatic carries in predominantly settled locations. Two strains of Ps. pseudomallei occurred in rainforest near Innisfail and one on a cattle property adjacent to Townsville. Ps. aeruginosa caused bronchopneumonia in one animal from Townsville harbour. Ifection by leptospirae of six serogroups and seven serovars were identified by serological or cultural examinations. Enzootic foci occurred on the Mount Spec rainforest where celledoni and australis were being excreted by rats adjacent to the Paluma dam system. In addition to the scrub typhus locations at Rocky Creek, Atherton Tableland and Bullocky Creek, near Ingham, which were confirmed, a new focus of infection by R. tsutsugamushi was identified at El Arish near Tully. Water rat (H. chrysogaster) at Townsville harbour constituted a reservoir of toxoplasmosis. In addition to the known human pathogenic helminths H. nana and H. diminuta, localized foci of hookworms (Ancylostoma spp.) were found. Histological evidence of cytomegalic disease of the salivary glands or kidneys was a common finding.


A new large chylomicron remnant from cholesterol-fed rabbits. The lipoproteins of density less than 1.063 g/ml of cholesterol-fed rabbits were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. In many rabbits two peaks were found in the very low density (Sf greater than 20) portion of the lipoprotein spectrum. They were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation and analysed. The smaller particles (remnant chylomicrons) had a peak Sf of 37, mean diameter of 36 nm, mean density of 1.00 g/ml, and their chemical composition agreed closely with previous reports. The larger particles had a peak Sf of 270, mean diameter of 80 nm, mean density of 0.97 g/ml and a high (80%) cholesterol ester and low (4%) triglyceride content. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides was similar in both fractions. It is proposed that these large lipoprotein particles are also remnant chylomicrons. Possible reasons are presented to explain the presence of this second peak in the very low density lipoprotein spectrum.


Apparent antihaemophilic activity of basic amphoteric polyelectrolytes. Amphoteric polyelectrolytes with alkaline isoelectric points (for example Ampholine 9-11) intended for use in isoelectric focussing were found to shorten the prolonged partial thrombosplastin clotting time with kaolin (PTTK) of plasma deficient in factor VIII. The response of this PTTK to Ampholine 9-11 was linear when plotted on double log paper with a slope slightly greater than that of factor VIII itself. Ampholine 9-11 at 2% concentration had factor VIII and factor IX activity equal to that of normal plasma as well as somewhat less activity as factor XI. It had no significant correcting effect on the clotting of plasmas deficient in factors V, VII, X, II OR XII. Ampholine 9-11 inhibited low concentrations of contact activators and its effect in correcting factor VIII deficient plasma was found to be related to the degree of contact activation.


Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on rat intestinal alkaline phsophatase. The effect of pyridoxine deficiency was studied on the intestinal alkaline phosphatase of rat. Different segments of the intestine differed in their response to pyridoxine deficiency. In the duodenum alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased, whereas it was markedly increased in the ileum and the jejunal enzyme was least affected. The electrophoretic pattern of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase was altered in the ileum of B6 deficient rats.


Immunoglobulin metabolism in sheep infected with the small intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Radiotracer techniques were used to compare the kinetics of IgG1 and IgG2 metabolism in sheep (1) prior to parasite exposure, (2) during an initial patent infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (3) during continuous exposure to the parasite when the animals were exhibiting resistance. Plasma concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were also monitored throughout the experiment. Plasma IgG1 concentration increased significantly during the development of resistance and maintained this higher level on further exposure to the parasite. IgA concentration was also elevated during the development of resistance to a level approximately three times that observed prior to initial infection, but this increase was only transitory. No significant changes in either IgG2 or IgM concentration occurred. Analysis of the radiotracer data for IgG1 and Ig G2 was based on a two compartment model comprising intravascular and extravascular protein pools with reversible exchange between them and irreversible loss from the intravascular site. No significant changes in compartment sizes or rates of exchange between compartments were recorded during measurement periods (1), (2) and (3) for either IgG1 or IgG2. Rates of irreversible loss of IgG2 were similar during (1), (2), and (3); the irreversible loss of IgG) was unaltered following the initial infection but increases by approximately 50% during period (3). It is concluded that increased synthesis of IgG1 in resistant sheep continually exposed to T. colubriformis occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation rather than as a consequence of increased loss of plasma into the intestine.


Flow and protein composition of intestinal lymph in sheep infected with the enteric nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. A study of immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations and the flow of intestinal lymph was made in sheep during infection with the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Observations were made on uninfected worm-free sheep, on worm-free sheep undergoing primary infection and on immune sheep undergoing challenge infection. The flow of intestinal lymph and the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in intestinal lymph and IgG2  and IgM in blood plasma remained relatively constant during both primary and challenge infection. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood plasma increased as early as day 6 of primary infection and maximum values were observed at day 34. By day 34 of primary infection the concentration of IgG1 in blood plasma was significantly greater than that found in worm-free controls. Plasma IgG1 concentrations in resistant sheep were also significantly greater than those observed in worm-free controls. Challenge infection in immune sheep did not raise the concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood or IgG1 in blood. An indirect haemagglutination test was used to detect antibodies to T. colubriformis. Primary infection did not increase anti-worm antibody titres in either intestinal lymph or serum. Significant antibody titres were present in serum and lymph from immune sheep and were rapidly increased by challenge infection. Most antibody activity in serum was associated with IgM, whereas that in intestinal lymph was associated with IgA. These observations indicate the occurrence of a local antibody response to T. colubriformis in the intestine of immune sheep.


Immunity to Nematospiroides dubius: cell and immunoglobulin changes associated with the onset of immunity in mice. The effect of one or more immunising infections on the susceptibility of mice to a subsequent challenge dose of Nematospiroides dubius larvae has been investigated. Following a single infection, animals developed a partial resistance characterized by their capacity to kill no more than half of the challenge dose of larvae. This low degree of immunity prevailed for some weeks after initial infection. A second immunising infection was found to induce a sudden increase in resistance such that at least 95% of a subsequent challenge dose of larvae was killed. This increase occurred 6 to 8 days after the second immunisation. Similar results were observed for mice immunised orally or intravenously. During the course of immunisations, absolute and differential cell levels in the blood and peritoneum as well as serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulin classes were determined. The results are considered in terms of the possible involvement of two distinct mechanisms of immunity to N. dubius, one requiring the participation of macrophages and the other, eosinophils.


Histological development of lesions in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens with inclusion body hepatitis. Twenty chickens, 4 weeks old, from a flock with spontaneous inclusion body hepatitis were observed for five weeks following the outbreak of disease. Biopsies were made of the bursae of Fabricius on days 1, 3 or 7, and 14 after housing, and the chickens were killed on day 35. Histologically, severe lesions in bursal follicles developed within a few days. At the end of the observation period the bursal structures had completely recovered.


Preincubation dipping of turkey hatching eggs. II. Effect of shell treatment on hatachability. The effects of various egg-shell treatments on the hatchability of turkey eggs were investigated. Hatchability was not effected significantly by drilling a hole in the large end, or removing cuticle with dilute acid from the entire shell surface of from either end. Embryo deaths were increased significantly (P less than 0.005), however, by a pinhole pierced in the large end. Sealing the drill or pinhole with Duco cement did not significantly alter the hatchability. Hatchability of treated or untreated eggs was not effected adversely by dipping for 2.5 minutes after preheating to 36 C, or for 10 minutes without preheating.


Chicken lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens: a microassay with whole-blood cultures. A micromethod is described that uses whole blood for studying mitogen stimulation of chicken lymphocytes. Procedures critical for obtaining a stimulatory response up to 200 times that of unstimulated control cultures include: 1) use of no more than 10 microliter of whole blood per culture; 2) incubation at 41 C for 72 hours in 0.2 ml of medium RPMI 1640 containing 100 microgram of stock phytohemagglutinin-P and 3) pulse labeling for 8 hours with 5-[125I] iodo-2'-deoxyruidine. The method is easy, rapid, and suitable for sequential studies of pathogenesis of disease in poultry.


Emergency mental health services during and after a major aircraft accident. A major commercial aircraft accident mobilizes a sophisticated disaster response by the federal government and local disaster teams. However, there is no effort to deal with the significant mental health needs of survivors, airline crew, ground personnel, and rescuers. The time has come to deal with the human tragedy and its emotional consequences. The development of an emergency protocol for response to mental health crises at the time of an accident must be confronted. An appropriate response on the part of the mental health community must address all persons involved in the accident. Management would involve a relatively brief length of time. Team members can include psychiatrists, physicians, nurses, psychiatric aides, airline representatives, clergy, and other trained personnel. The establishment of such a mental health preparedness program in crisis intervention must be the responsibility of the airlines, federal agencies, and others if the program is to be a success.


Transmission of Chlamydiae from grackles to turkeys. Two female common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) were inoculated intratracheally with 1.6 X 10(8) chick embryo lethal doses50 of a chlamydial organism isolated from turkeys. Eight female grackles were kept as uninoculated contacts. Six days later, two 12-week-old Broad-Breasted White turkeys (1 male and 1 female) were placed in the pen with the grackles. Chlamydiae were isolated in mice from cloacal swabs taken 14 days postinoculation from the infected grackles. Swabs from the contact grackles did not yield chlamydiae, nor did swabs taken 7 days later from all birds. Twenty-one days after being placed with the grackles, the turkeys developed signs of chlamydiosis. Cloacal swabs taken at 24 days yielded chlamydiae from only the female. Visceral organ tissues collected at 28 days from the male yielded chlamydiae. The only lesions in the turkeys at necropsy were enlarged spleens. The turkeys were serologically negative for chlamydial antibody both when placed and 15 days later, but were positive at days 24 and 28. These results indicate contact transmission of chlamydiae from infected grackles to turkeys.


Medical evaluation of G-sensitive aircrewmen. Etiologies for loss of consciousness in an aerospace environment are diverse and may present as a perplexing problem in specific cases. The high, sustained G that current aircraft are capable of producing represent another etiology for inflight loss of consciousness. Protective measures give only partial protection, however, and pilots continue to remain susceptible to the excessively high G forces. Certain protective methods, including M-1 and L-1 straining maneuvers, may actually become a source of loss of consciousness if not performed correctly. The current methods utilized to evaluate loss of consciousness in flight, as demonstrated in the specific case of a student pilot performing an improper straining maneuver, are reviewed. Specific measures that might be instituted to prevent certain of these loss-of-consciousness episodes are recommended. The human centrifuge can be an integral part of aeromedical evaluation when G-related problems are involved and is an extremely valuable training device in determining individual G tolerance and enabling controlled G-stress training. Use of the centrifuge in high-G training could well lead to both human life and aircraft cost savings in addition to assuring full utilization of today's high-performance aircraft.


The influence of test conditions on Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titers. Replicate samples of serum from chickens immune to Newcastle disease were titrated to determine the influence of certain test conditions on hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titers. The test conditions studied were those most likely to vary in normal laboratory operations. The most marked effect on magnitude of HI titers was incubation time of twofold serum dilutions in antigen-saline; the average titer increase after incubation of the serum-antigen mixture for 1 hr at 37 C was log2 2.3 (fivefold). Twofold increases in virus concentration of the antigen-saline diluent caused an average titer reduction of log2 0.8. Shifts in HI titers were only minor with twofold changes in erythrocyte concentration (log2 0.3), with variations of test reading times from 0.5 to 2.0 hr (log2 0.1), and with variations in the period between preparation of the initial 1:10 serum dilution in antigen-saline and the subsequent serum dilutions (log2 0.3).


Use of an avirulent Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus as a vaccine. One-day-old chickens were transported from Australia to Malaysia and vaccinated orotracheally with an uninactivated vaccine prepared from avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The vaccination regimes were as follows: group A, once, at 2 weeks old; group B, once, at 3 weeks old; group C, twice, at 2 and at 3 weeks old; group D, direct contact with groups A, B, and C; and group E, indirect contact with groups A, B, C, and D. Group F was unvaccinated controls. Challenge was with NDV virulent Ipoh AF 2240-226 strain, administered at 4 weeks old intramuscularly to 10 chickens in each group and orotracheally to 10 chickens in each group. The remaining chickens were challenged by contact with the inoculated chickens. Group mortalities following challenge were: A, 1/77; B, 1/34; C, 0/39; D, 0/45; E, 6/43; and F, 60/60.


Effect of ozone variation on disease in Great Britain: II. Femoral neck fracture. During the period 1951-72 ozone variation had produced about a 20% decrease in UV radiation at the wavelengths necessary for the production of vitamin D3 in the human skin. Study of the mortality associated with femoral neck fracture, a symptom now linked to vitamin D deficiency disease, shows similar trends, but of opposite sign, to the trends of skin cancer incidence and mortality over the same period.


Isolation of Salmonella houtenae from a cockateel. Salmonella houtenae (43:Z4,Z23:-), a biochemically aberrant serotype, was isolated from the liver and air sac of a male cockateel. This serotype is a member of Salmonella subgenus IV, which is dulcitol-negative, salicin-positive, and KCN-positive. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation of this serotype from an avian species.


Effects of hypocapnia on psychomotor and intellectual performance. Nine subjects performed five psychomotor tasks (two motor, two intellectual, and one combined motor and short-term memory) at three levels of PACO2 (38.5, 25.0 and 15.0 torr) with voluntary hyperventilation at 20 l/min. There were no performance decrements at PACO2 levels of 38.5 and 25.0 torr. At a PACO2 of 15.0 torr, there were no decrements of intellectual performance but there were highly significant decrements in motor performance. It is suggested that a lack of regional cerebral hypoxia, arising from compensating changes in regional cerebral blood flow, could be responsible for the preservation of intellectual performance at a PACO2 of 15 torr.


Disorientation training in FAA-certificated flight and ground schools: a survey. A 10-item, voluntary questionnaire answered by 674 flight and ground schools provided information on 1) the conduct of formal instruction about disorientation, 2) the occurrence and content of lectures on disorientation, 3) use of on-the-ground demonstrations of disorientation, 4) use of in-the-air demonstrations of disorientation, 5) use of films on pilot vertigo, 6) amount of instrument flying training students receive, 7) amount of instrument flying training required of flight instructors to maintain their proficiency, 8) adequacy of the schools' programs on disorientation training, 9) other comments, and 10) numerical data regarding the number of students beginning and completing various flight and/or ground school courses. More than one-third of the respondents evaluated their disorientation training program as inadequate and defined the inadequacy most often as a lack of appropriate materials, aids, and information. Tabulations of responses to the separate items suggested areas for improvement in disorientation training. Recommendations were made.


A simple method for recording and analyzing serological data. Titration endpoints from any 2-fold dilution series represent either true or modified base-2 logarithms and can be recorded conveniently by tube or dilution number. The simple arithmetic mean of titers thus expressed can be easily converted to geometric mean titer (GMT) by use of a table of antilogarithms, which is presented. This approach not only facilitates the handling of large volumes of data but also simplifies GMT calculation.


Haematologic changes in rabbits during acclimatisation, deacclimatisation, and reinduction to hypoxia. Haematologic changes were studied in 16 albino rabbits during acclimatisation, deacclimatisation, and reinduction to hypobaric hypoxia. Of these, four animals died during reinduction. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, and red blood cell count attained maximum values by the 15th day during acclimatisation and by the 10th day during reinduction. Reticulocyte count reached maximum level by the fifth day, both during acclimatisation and reinduction. All these parameters returned to initial control levels by the 10th day of deacclimatisation. The erythrocytes became macrocytic during acclimatisation and remained so during deacclimatisation and reinduction. Blood volume increased on acclimatisation, returned to control values during deacclimatisation, and remained low at this level on reinduction. Red cell mass increased both during acclimatisation and reinduction and returned to control levels on deacclimatisation. Plasma volume did not change on acclimatisation and deacclimatisation, but was reduced on reinduction. The erythrocyte life span and erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (EGOT) decreased during acclimatisation and reinduction. There was no change in RBC osmotic fragility, indicating no change in the integrity of the red cell wall. The deaths during reinduction were possibly due to haemoconcentration and increased blood viscosity as a result of reduction in plasma volume. It has been concluded that reinduction to hypoxia after a phase of deacclimatisation imposes a more severe stress than experienced during acclimatisation.


Diving experience and emotional factors related to the psychomotor effects of nitrogen narcosis. Simple and complex psychomotor performance were tested among 21 Navy divers under normal conditions and during nitrogen narcosis in simulated dives to 170 ft of sea water. Complex psychomotor performance was impaired significantly during narcosis, while simple psychomotor performance remained essentially normal. Differences between baseline scores for complex psychomotor performance (pre- and post-dive combined) and scores obtained from the two combined testing sessions administered during narcosis were correlated with official Navy records of diving experience and self-reported moods. None of the diving experience measures was associated significantly with these difference scores. The moods of Fatigue and Happiness were, however, correlated significantly with impairment. These results indicate that, although previous experience with nitrogen narcosis and diving tasks do not mediate the performance effects of nitrogen narcosis, the complex psychomotor effects nitrogen narcosis are related to emotional traits.


Blood flow in rat brain during exposure to high oxygen pressure. Total cerebral blood flow and blood flow in 10 brain structures of unanesthetized rats were measured by the indicator fractionation technique under different oxygen pressures. The first electrical discharge seen under high oxygen pressure was considered as an early sign of brain oxygen toxicity. It was found that the effect of high oxygen pressure on cerebral blood flow was time- and pressure-dependent. Exposure to 2 and 3.5 ATA of O2 led to vasoconstriction. Exposure to 5 ATA of O2 produced an initial vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilatation to normal level. Cerebral blood flow was not reduced during exposure to 7 ATA of oxygen. Non-decreased blood flow preceded the appearance of the first electrical discharge in all investigated structures of the brain. There was no change in electrical activity of the brain as long as a decrease in cerebral blood flow was maintained. It is suggested that changes in electrical activity of the brain may be produced by toxic levels of brain tissue PO2. Vasoconstriction resulting in decreased cerebral blood flow was considered as a protective mechanism against the toxic effects of high tissue PO2.


Changes in EEG pattern during acclimatization to high altitude (3500 m) in man. This study was conducted on 30 healthy soldiers to observe EEG changes during acclimatization to high altitude. Of these subjects, 10 were lowlanders (LL), 10 were acclimatized low landers (AL), and 10 10 were high-altitude natives (HAN). The EEG was recorded by the 10-20 international system of electrode placement in LL at sea level (SL) during rest and hyperventilation (HV). Then they were air-lifted to an altitude of 3500 m where periodic recordings of EEG were made for 4 weeks. For comparison, the altitude recordings were also made in AL and HAN. The quantitative analysis of EEG (occipital) was done to determine alpha index (AI) and average amplitude. The mean AI was 25.5% at SL in LL, which changed to 45.7%, 15.8%, 28.0%, 30.3%, and 33.2% on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. The average amplitude was 17.3 microV at SL, which changed to 23.3 microV, 11.8 microV, 16.2 microV, 17.3 microV, and 19.8 microV on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28, respectively. In two subjects, spiking was seen along with the desynchronized pattern of EEG on days 7 and 14. The AI and average amplitude of AL and HAN were significantly more than those of LL. The magnitude of buildup during HV was greater at altitude. These results indicate that there is cerebral cortical depression in the initial phase of induction which changes to cortical desyncronization in the latter part of the first week of induction. During acclimatization, there is gradual buildup of EEG waves, as observed in AL and HAN.


Use of vectorcardiography for the detection of +Gz-related cardiac pathology in miniature swine. Vectorcardiograms were recorded from anesthetized, adult miniature swine 1-2 weeks before high sustained +Gz exposure and 2-6 h after exposure. Each +Gz run consisted of one 60-s exposure, respectively, to 3, 5, 7, and 9 +Gz, with 3 min rest between each +Gz plateau. The full range, from severe to minor, of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology was observed in this group of miniature swine. In spite of the large variation in the amount and degree of cardiac pathology, there were no post-exposure vectorcardiographic changes which might be diagnostic of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology. The results of this study indicate that vectorcardiography, performed after +Gz exposure, is not a reliable technique for detecting the presence of +Gz-induced cardiac pathology in miniature swine.


Effects of hyperbaric oxygen and glutathione on mammalian liver metabolism. The effects of hyperbaric oxygen tensions on oxygen consumption and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity of mouse liver were investigated. Liver homogenates exposed to a PO2 of 3837 mm Hg for 30 min showed a 50.6% reduction in oxygen consumption compared to controls exposed to nitrogen at ambient pressure. The SDH activity was significantly reduced during a 3-h exposure to a PO2 of 3796 mm Hg. The effects of glutathione as a protective agent against oxygen toxicity were also examined. Mouse liver pretreated with reduced glutathione and exposed to hyperbaric oxygen tensions showed higher rates of oxygen consumption than untreated controls. Oxidized and reduced glutathione protected SDH against hyperbaric oxygen inactivation. It is concluded that glutathione can stimulate oxygen consumption and maintain SDH activity after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen by increasing succinate formation through the glutathione-succinate shunt.