[More effective surgical care and its regional organisation (author's transl)]. The decrease of the number of surgical cases within the past few years was not essentially due to the decrease of the number of hospital surgeons or to the decrease of the number of beds in surgical units. Decrease in the length of stay and increase in bed occupancy rate might effectively respond to increasing demands. A community comprising about 60 000 inhabitants will occupy a fulltime outpatient surgeon. Smaller communities should be served by an integrate inpatient-outpatient service. There is no need for each surgical unit to run a separate emergency service of its own.


[Various prognostic aspects in squamous epithelial cervix carcinoma of clinical stage I-III]. On base of the 5-year healing a report is given about the relationship between prognosis and histological grade of differentiation by epithelial carcinoma of the cervix. For this purpose uniform cases were choses, by which both histological and clinical judgement took place. A near correlation between grade of differtiation and prognosis was found. The 5-year healing amounted by stage I 73.5%, by stage II 56.3%, by stage III 27.5% and by stage IV 0%. Taking all stages of the epithelial carcinoma of the cervix together, the 5-year healing was reached by the differentiated carcinoma in 94% of cases, whereas only 52.4% of the middleripe and 9.2% of the undifferentiated carcinoma were able to reach the same. A near relationship between the biological valence of the tumor and prognosis was found.


[Results of rapid intraoperative biopsies in breast neoplasms]. 200 intraoperative biopsies of mamma tumors are demonstrated. Carcinomas of mamma are divided due to frequency of histological type. Intraoperative diagnostic procedures are valuable to confirme malignant tumors, especially that patients are to be spared of second operation day.


[A Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor as an incidental finding in a 72 year old patient]. In a 72-year old patient a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed because of a proliferating serous cystadenofibroma of the right ovary. A small but typical Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor was incidentaly found in the left ovary. The clinical and histological features of this unusual case are briefly presented.


[Late results of surgical development of the artificial vagina from the Douglas's pouch (author's transl)]. Late results of surgical development of artificial vagina in 18 patients by the Glowiński method are discussed. The Rokitansky-Küster syndrome was found in 16 women, and pseudomale hermaphrodism in two. In 12 cases the results of operation were positive, satisfactory in 3, and negative in the remaining 3 cases. The surgical method is simple and safe, and from the functional point of view prognosis is favourable.


[Iso and autoantibodies to spermatozoa in sterile marriages]. Our clinical catamnestic studies on cases of sterility with a proven sensitization against spermatozoa revealed a statistically significant decrease of pregnancies only in patients with positive spermantibody tests over a period longer than 3 years. A direct spermimunological etiology of sterility can not yet be derived. In the investigated 759 cases a sensitization against spermatozoa was detected in 93 cases. In 11 patients the spermantibodies proved to be positive longer than 3 years. Washed spermatozoa were used as antigen in the applied test methods. It may very well be possible, that the results point in a different direction once we are applying a particular fertility diminishing spermatozoa antigen.


[Behavior of the C-reactive protein in short and long-term application of various hormonal contraceptives]. The behaviour of the C-reactive protein--an acute phase reactant=-in sera from pregnant women and women with different applications of hormonal contraceptives was analysed. A significant increase of the CRP as a consequence of the effect of the sexualsteroids in 627 single measurements could be shown.


[Tubal actinomycosis as a complication of intrauterine contraception]. A case of actinomycosis of the uterine tube occuring in a 29-year-old clerk is reported. The disease became manifest clinically a month after the introduction of IUD. In spite of intensive antiinflammatory therapy the disease was in progress and cachexia developed. The case was cured only after radical surgical intervention and antibiotic treatment.


[Large mucocele of the appendix imitating an ovarian cyst]. Mukokela appendix--described by Rokitansky in 1842 for the first time--appears in 0,2% of appendectomy at Bulovka-Hospital Prague. Great mukokela appendix (12,5 x 5,5 cm), which resembled ovarial cyst on the right hand side, had been found for the first time in 20 years. The patient was a 63 old woman; she was cured in 9 days after appendectomy. The authors describe etiology, clinic and the case itself.


[Experimental contribution on the biochemical and morphological study of lung maturation in Wistar rats]. This is a research on the pulmonary normal maturity of a Wistar's Rat from the biochemic and morphological point of view. To do that we have chosen 3 lots of 5 rats each. The animals were sacrificed by killing them up to 15, 18 and 21 days of pregnancy. Then we have removed the amniotic liquid of each rat to know or study the creatinin concentration and the lecithin/sphingomyelin relation or report. To every foetus that we have got from every rat we have removed or extirpated the lungs to do a study under the optic microscope by using the hematoxilin-eosin together with the Fontana-Masson techniques.


[Behavior of body weight during pregnancy]. Attitude of weight during 12. up to the 42. week of pregnancy was observed with 946 pregnant women which had an regular course of pregnancy. The normal range of the weekly grow of weight was given in an average for this period, and dissemination was found out. By this, compared with all the pregnants, a separation was made when representing women who brought forth compared with all the pregnants, a separation was made when representing women who bought forth the first time and such who had given birth to more children. Further on, the variety of weight attitude depending from parity, distribution of the age, and body tallness was taken into consideration. This substantially showed independence of the masium grow of weight from parity, age, and tallness of the pregnants between the 21. and 25. week of pregnancy. Altogether, those who give their first birth as well as younger and taller women show a stronger grow of weight during pregnancy than those who have already born more children, or older and smaller women.


[Suitability of mephentermine for the management of arterial hypotension in pregnancy]. 10 late pregnant women with hypotension were examined before and after the intravenous injection of 30 mg mephentermin with the method of quantitative sphygmometry, the bloodless graphic registration of the arterial blood pressure and direct electronic timing of pulse wave velocity. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase significantly. The cause of this rise in arterial blood pressure is the increase of stroke volume exclusively. Heart rate and total peripheral resistance remain constant. This hemodynamic mode of action is a favourable one in regard to protection of uteroplacental blood flow. Therefore mephentermin is suitable for treatment of hypotension in pregnancy.


[Effect of pathological liver values in late pregnancy on the course of pregnancy and on the status of the child]. In the years 1970 to 1975 90 out of 75213 women had the delivery in the infections delivery-room of the Municipal Clinics Berlin-Buch on account of suspected hepatitis infectiosa, i.e. 1,2 0/00. There was an increased prematurity in 15,6%, dysmaturity in 7,8% as well as necessity for operative delivery indicated by the child itself in 10%. That means a reduced function of placenta. In no case a specific damage to the child was to be found.


[Relationships between the macroscopic placentary condition and postnatal state of underweight neonates. A contribution to the correlational pathology of the placenta (author's transl)]. Results of macroscopic examinations of placentae, which were obtained under routine clinical conditions for a total of 615 underweight neonates, were checked for their capability of a respiratory distress syndrome, and perinatal mortality. Evidence was obtained for a (partially statistically significant) trend showing that, within individual gestatory age groups and for equal weights of babies, premature infants born in the period up to and including the thirty-fifth week of gestation and having relatively low placental weights premature babies born during the thirty-sixth week of pregnancy, and hypotrophic babies born at term and showing a relatively heigh weight of the placenta are particularly exposed to a number of dangers in the further postnatal course of life. The clinical importance of these results to attending neonatologists is pointed out. Other conditions. such as the form of attachment of the umbilical cord of the nature of allantochorial vasculature, were not found to be closely related to the parameters studied in this investigation.


[A cubical support pessary within the scope of complex therapy of threatening prematurity]. Report about experience with a cubic supperting pessary for the prophylaxis and therapy in cervixinsufficiency or inpending premature delivery. The indication, selection, evaluation of riscfactors and the application of a complex therapy are discussed.--Information on therapeutic results and a first conclusion concerning the longtime incorporation of pessaries during pregnancy and the questions related to this. For the period under review, in which intensive prophylactic measures were carried out, a considerable decrease in premature deliveries could be achieved in the territory of pregnancy care center attached to our hospital.


[Influence of different obstetric-manipulations on the continuous measured pO2-tension upon the fetus sub partu (author's transl)]. The influence of different obstetric-manipulations and medicamental applications was investigated in regard of the continuous measured fetal intrauterine pO2-tension sub partu. By demonstrating some original registrations it was intended to point out the efficiency of these obstetric-manipulations.


[Postcoital contraception in primates. I. Action mechanism of a potential postovulatory fertility-inhibiting substance STS 456 in the baboon (Papio hamadryas)]. With the substance STS 456, an estrogenic active steroid, a high fertility inhibition could be obtained in the pavian, when administered p. o. over a 5 day period postcoital. The effectiveness and also the side effects were dose dependent. The antifertility mechanism is based on an luteolytic effect, demonstrated by analytical hormonal investigations. The inhibition of the synthesis of steroids in the ovary affected not only progesterone but also the estrogens.


[Formation of epicrises using the ESER computer R 21 based on the data-marking technic in gynecology]. Report about an electronic data processing system for gynaecology. The developed data document design and data flowchart are shown. The accumulated data allowed a detailed interpretation record. For all clinical treated patients the computer printed out a final gynaecological epicrisis. The system is an improvement of the information and the typewriting work of medial staff has been reduced.


[Clinical significance of common anaerobes in pyogenic infections of the female genitalia]. From 1972-1977 one hundred and fouteen pyogenic infections of gynaecologic and obstetric patients at UFK Halle had retrospectively been examined. 168 isolations were analysed. By improving the methods of taking away, transporting and bacteriologic cultivation the specimens anaerobic organisms were recovered in 67.3% of all positive results. The pathogenic importance of them is being emphasized by 30,8% of anaerobic monoinfections. The difficult culture of these microogranisms requires a close cooperation between hospital and the place of research. In the treatment surgical operative measures often are preferred to use of chemotherapeutica because of the latter is characterized by a distinctive resistance against numerous antibiotica. This is especially characteristics of Genus Bacteroides besides E. coli the most isolated organism of all.


[Experience with the one-way aspiration curette (Keradenta)]. An aspiration-curette sucking endometrium from the uterine cavity for diagnostic purposes is described. The curette is available as sterilised embaled one-way set, consisting of metal probe, tissue collecting basin, label and transportation bag. By means of this curette in 100 cases of various gynecological diagnoses aspirations from the uterine cavity were performed. The tissue was investigated histologically and compared with that gained by traditional curettage. It was found that by means of suction-curettage an exact histological diagnosis is possible. The one-way curette offers several advantages, especially an intervention without anaesthesia and under ambulant conditions.  Complications are not to be expected.


[Chromosome analysis in baboons born following the use of potential, postovulatory, fertility-inhibiting steroids]. The chromosomal aberrations of the offsprings of four mothers of pavians which received the steroid substances STS 456 and J 628 postcoitally were investigated. The aberration rate was within the norm. Malformation of the offsprings did not occur.


[Voice disorders following the use of hormonal contraceptives]. Voice disorders due to hormonal contraceptives in twenty-six patients are reported. All patients are working in occupations with a strong use for their voices especially of the singing voice. The disorders are primarily caused by norsteroid containing preparations (Non-Ovlon). Therefore these preparations should not be applied for patients in voice professions. With regard to good prophylactic measures and an early diagnosis a regular joint gynaecological and phoniatric examination is recommended.


[Cytogenetic studies on women during and following the use of hormonal contraceptives]. The object of our investigations was the assessment of chromosomal changes in lymphocyte cultures of 33 women after long-term application of Ovosiston and Non-Ovlon (Group I), of 10 women with discontinued use of hormonal contraceptives at intervals of at least two month (Group II), cytogenetic investigations of 20 untreated healthy persons (Group III). We did not find an increase of numerical or structural aberrations in all cases. Our study of anomalies in the position of acrocentric chromosomes in the metaphase indicates a significantly increasing rate of associations after long-term use of hormonal contraceptives in lymphocyte culture. Origin connexion and importance of associations were discussed.


[Results of directed cytoctatic therapy for ovarian cancer]. The paper presents the comparison of the results of individualized postoperative chemotherapy and non-individualized treatment with Trenimon in ovarian cancer patients. Individual treated patients had a mean survival time of 9.7 months and the other group only 9.4 months, that means, there are no significant differences between the two treatment groups.


[Endometrial-smear cytology using an intrauterine pessary for the early recognition of corpus uteri carcinoma]. An additional way for screening of the carcinoma of the endometrium was described reporting about 340 patients with IUD. --The cytology of the endometrium taken from the IUD was compared with the histology of the endometrium. It is reported about conclusions for practical work.


[Behavior of serum immunoglobulin E in female genital cancer]. More seldom allergic patients suffer from cancer than healthy ones. The level of serum-IgE of these patients is higher whereas IgE of cancerous patients is often lower. 16 patients with gynaecologic cancer and without allergic anamnesis were examined and the results were compared with references in literature. A possible importance of IgE for the physical prevention against tumor is being discussed.


[Indication for surgical therapy of tubo-ovarian abscess]. It is reported about the indication to operative therapy, therapy-shape and the going of cure of 30 patients suffering from tuboovarian abscesses. At the beginning there is the conservative therapy with general measures immediately dose of antibiotica without waiting for the germ and resistence determinations. However the well timed operative therapy under conditions as well as possible is deciding. As a rule the abdominal exstirpation of the uterus with both adnexe is practiced in order to come to a complete removal of the infection hearth. --The postoperative cours war only febril in one third of the treated women. In 86,7% the laparotomy scare healed per primam intentionem. We didn't observe an extension of the infection post operationem and there were not any complications with letal exit.


Delayed type hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan in guinea pigs. Skin hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan in guinea pigs was studied. For distinct skin reaction injection of 50 microgram of the antigen was required. Nonsensitized guinea pigs and animals sensitized with emulsion of 1 mg or 100 microgram of peptidoglycan with complete or incomplete FREUND's adjuvant exhibited distinct immediate skin hypersensitivity. Nonsensitized animals did not show delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). For development of DTH sensitization with 100 microgram of the antigen with incomplete FREUND's adjuvant was sufficient. The application of complete FREUND's adjuvant resulted in intensification of DTH; however, also nonspecific sensitization to staphylococcal peptidoglycan with Mycobacterium butyricum cells, present in complete adjuvant, occurred.


Bacteriocine typing of Providencia isolates. A method of typing isolates of Providencia is described based on the sensitivities of the organisms to bacteriocines. Twelve standard bacteriocine producing strains were selected from a large number of isolates tested and from these liquid bacteriocine preparations were obtained. The activities of these preparations on over 300 isolates were determined and from this information a bacteriocine typing system has been developed.


[Studies on the viability of pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria in water of different sources (author's transl)]. Water specimens taken from the public water supply (A), a swimming-pool (B), and an inland lake (C) were infected with pathogenic amebae of the genus Naegleria (strain TY/Richmond). The specimens were stored at various temperatures for different periods. The water was then filtered and examined for naegleriae by animal inoculation. The results summarized in table 1 indicate that pathogenic naegleriae are viable at least for some weeks in warm tap and natural waters. Water from indoor swimming-pools however, may be a less suitable medium for the viability of pathogenic naegleriae.


[Investigations carried out to ascertain the dose-effect relationship of a BCG vaccine, strain 1331 Copenhagen, in neonates and young infants (author's transl)]. 1405 neonates and infants were vaccinated with BCG Vaccine (strain 1331 Copenhagen) at five clinics in the Federal Republic of Germany. Doses in logarithmic increments from 22000 to 250000 VU (viable units)/0.1 ml were given by strictly intradermal injection. Carrying out the post-vaccinal tuberculin test by the MENDEL-MANTOUX technique, the dose-effect relationship could be demonstrated (Fig. 3). Conversion rates raised from 43% to 76% (Tab. 1); they are furthermore depending from the tuberculin dose and the assessment of the skin reaction. Tests with up to 50 I.U. of purified tuberculin were resulting in conversion rates over 90% for vaccination doses of 100 000 VU and more, any palpable infiltration regarding as a positive result (Fig. 4). The vaccine showed good safety in all concentrations employed concerning reactions at the site of injection. Lympnode enlargement, palable even 12 weeks postvacc., was common. In the course of the trial there was one case of suppurative lymphadenitis among the 262 children who were given the vaccine in the highest concentration (250000 VU). Subsequent trials revealed a rate of this complication in the 1:1000 range. The approval for the vaccine with 100000-300000 VU/dose has subsequently been given by the Federal Bureau for Sera and Vaccines.


[Influence of population growth on national health care (author's transl)]. In the Federal Republic of Germany a decline of population is expected, because fertility is very low. This article deals with the implications of this trend for the health system. On the basis of population models and population forcasts the author comes to the conclusion that in the long run the burden of health costs will not become lower but higher, because of the growing proportion of old people. Nevertheless it is supposed that the influence of other factors than demographic ones may be greater.


[Hygienic requirements for the architectural-functional design of intensive care units (author's transl)]. Three standard variants of intensive care units are described. The hygienic-microbiological examinations of the patients' surrounding show in how fat architectural factors influence the propagation of germs responsible for nosocomial infections. The results are hygienic requirements concerning the architectural functional structure of intensive care units to facilitate the maintenance of anti- and asepsis for the nursing personal.


[Criteria for the hygienic appraisal of intensive care units (author's transl)]. 7 intensiv-care-units (I.U.C.) were compared by analysing the charts of 100 patients from each station. They showed remarkable differences concerning the diagnosis of admittance, age and other factors related to the risk of infection. Consequently, kind and number of intensive care related medical procedures, the use of antibiotics, the duration of the patients stay on the station and the death rate differed widely. Some criteria concerning the layout, personnel, organisation and therapy on I.C.U. are named, which are mainly related to the patients condition and to the thereby given risk of infection.


[Profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particles of different cities in the Western Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. The relative proportion of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in suspended particles from several sampling stations with different level of air pollution (cities and rural districts) was investigated. The PAH-profiles of most samples collected in three winters (1974/75, 1975/76, 1976/77) and in one summer (1975) were very similar. On the other hand the PAH-profiles differ distinctly from those of several exhausts, especially regarding automobiles, coke and oil stoves. It can be presumed, that the mixture of the emissions in the atmosphere leeds to a rather uniform relative proportion of the eight PAH in the immission as much as the difference in stability of the PAH.


[Microorganisms in the open air during the period of a winter-half-year (author's transl)]. During the winter-half-year 1976/77 the concentrations of airborne microorganisms in the open air were measured in Bonn and at a place in the Sauerland. Simultaneously the data of wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric rel. humidity, temperature, intensity of solar radiation were registered. It can be shown, that the denominated parameters are influencing the content of microorganisms of the air in different proportions.


[Analysis of the germ content of the air in university lecture rooms (author's transl)]. The microflora of the air in university lecture rooms was examined with the sedimentation method. For this purpose blood agar (20 degrees C and 37 degrees C), saline agar and Endo plates were used. The germ counts identified correlate to the size and utilization of the rooms. The lowest germ count was determined in the room used for practical work, which was followed by the lecture room. The newly built lecture room contained the highest colony count. The floor ventilation furnishes an explanation for this. Most of the colonies were Gram-positive cocci (micrococci, indifferent streptococci, sarcins). Aerobic spore-forming organisms were found to be present in smaller quantities than cocci. Fungi, mainly, moulds grew better at a temperature of 20 centigrade. The microbiological monitoring of air forms an important part of environmental protection. Great importance can be attached to a stardization of the air germ count in the prevention of airborne infections.


[Effect of zinc ions on the selected osmotic characteristics of human erythrocytes in vitro (author's transl)]. Effect of zinc on the osmotic fragility-stability of human erythrocytes in hypotonic NaCl solutions and on the reversion of hemolysis was studied in vitro. Erythrocytes washed in 0.9% NaCl were incubated in 1.5 X 10(-3) M ZnSO4 solution in 0.6% NaCl. The obtained results indicate an osmotic stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane by Zn2+ ions increase in osmotic fragility-stability in hypotonic NaCl solutions and increase in reversion of hemolysis due to the effect of Zn2+ ions. As the process of stabilization of the erythrocyte membrane by zinc ions was found to be independent of temperature, a non-enzymatic character of this phenomenon is postulated on this basis and on the basis of literature data.


[Does a 50-cycle alternating field cause central-nervous effects? (author's transl)]. This project was to provide a further indication for the triggering of central-nervous effects by a 50 - cycle alternating field with a field strength of 5.300 V/m. Previous studies already raised the suspicion of an effector mechanism of this kind: for instance, the nucleus temperature of rats sank under field influence. The same effect is triggered in mice and rats by prescribing centrally stimulating pharmaca. Furthermore, a rise in diastolic blood pressure with a simultaneous drop in heart rate was described for human subjects. We were able to demonstrate the latter effect in laboratory animals (rats). The experiments under consideration resulted in a significant rise in norepinephrine content of the rats' brains following brief exposure of 15 min length. The measured data after 10 d fell highly significantly below those of the untreated controls and remained approximately at this lowered level until the end of field exposure (21 d). Changes in "turn over" of the norepinephrine metabolism of the brain represent an important indicator for the demonstration of the stimulation of central-nervous structures. Our findings therefore substantiate the presented hypothesis of a central-nervous point of attack by electrical energies.


[Comparison of methods for the quantitative detection of moulds in foods. II. Communication: effect of homogenisation conditions on mould plate count (author's transl)]. The different effects of homogenisation of four commonly used homogenisating apparatus, such as Stomacher, Ultraturrax, Waring-Blender, Bühler-homogenisator) were compared with each other by applying 1 artificially and 6 naturally moulded, non-fluid food products. Furthermore the influence of sedimentation in the homogenisate as well as the time of homogenisation was examined. One part of the examination was the direct microscopic observation on stained Breed-smears, the other part the cultural methods (number of mould plate count on malt extract agar). The homogenisation effect of the Stomacher was as good as with all other mentioned apparatus with the food products applied, except for the home-made smoked sausage. With this home made smoked sausage, much better results were obtained by these homogenisating apparatus, especially by the Bühler Homogenisator. This is due to the fact that the sausage was minced to a much higher degree and thus the inner mould flora was set free.--A more tender effect of the Stomacher on hyphal elements could not be achieved.--Prolonging the time of homogenisation from 1 minute to 2 up to 4 minutes did not give any better results.--A short sedimentation of coarser food particles facilitates the pipetting of the homogenisates without influencing the mould counts.--The naturally moulded foods, which were kept at room temperature for several weeks, showed a significantly smaller number of plate count than of total mould count in contrary to those foods moulded just before experimental beginning.


[Natural borna virus infection in rabbits]. Two spontaneous cases of Bornea disease in rabbits are reported. With the help of fluorescence-serological methods it was possible to detect virus-specific antibodies in the brain and serum of both animals. Demonstration of viral antigen in the brain is a valuable supplement to cell culture from brains. The findings confirm earlier reports that the natural host spectrum of Borna virus includes the rabbit, in addition to the horse and sheep.


[Demonstration of afferent connections of the forebrain in Emys orbicularis turtles by the peroxidase method]. The transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) out of the injection site in the dorsal ventricular ridge was studied in turtles Emys orbicularis. Labeled cells in the forebrain were observed in the paleostriatum among fibers of the lateral forebrain bundle. In the thalamus most of cells containing the granular HRP reaction product were located in the n. rotundus, n. reuniens and perirotundal nuclei (n. dorso-medialis anterior, n. magnocellularis thalami, n (centralis) lateralis, n. dorso-medialis). Fewer labeled cells were revealed in the n. anterior and n. ventralis. The density of labeled cells in the majority of all thalamic nuclei increased if the HRP was extended from the dorsal ventricular ridge into the neostriatum and the pallial thickening with adjacent general cortex. HRP positive cells in the pretectal area, nuclei of the posterior commissura and mesencephalic ventro-lateral tegmentum were observed only in cases when the enzyme was diffused from the injection site into the neostriatum, while the HRP retrograde transport to n. geniculatus lateralis, pars dorsalis was revealed only when HRP was extended into the pallial thickening and adjacent general cortex. Ascending connections of the paleostriatum, thalamic nuclei and mesencephalic tegmentum with telencephalic structures, mainly with the dorsal ventricular ridge, were discussed.


[Study of the ancient tecto-thalamo-cortical pathway of the visual system in rats]. Recording the evoked potentials and neuronal activity, electrophysiological studies have been made on tecto-thalamo-cortical tract in rats. The existence of a system of efferent projections in the superficial, visual layers of the superior colliculi was shown which are diffusely present in the nucleus lateralis posterior (n. LP), indicating low level of morpho-functional organization of this region of the dorsal thalamus in rats. In response to electrical stimulation of the n. LP, in laterocaudal parts of the visual system (fields 17 and 18a of the cortex) the evoked potentials of primary-negative polarity were observed which are associated mainly with the superficial (I--IV) cortical layers. Predominant representation of tecto-thalamo-cortical system in the laterocaudal visual area of the cortex indicates the tendency to separate representation (with respect to cortical areas and cortical layers) of retino-geniculate and retino-tecal visual systems in rats.


[Activity of several erythrocyte enzymes in chick embryos and chicks after gamma-irradiation]. After irradiation of chick embryos and chicks (1,000 rad), the activity of some erythrocyte enzymes undergoes significant changes. During the 1st day after irradiation of chick embryos, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase leucine aminopeptidase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase decreases. At the 3rd day, the decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase is also observed. In irradiated chicks, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and aldolase decreases within the 1st and the 3rd days, the decrease being most significant for the former two enzymes. At later period (10 and 15 days after irradiation), most significant decrease was found in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of the same enzymes in the blood plasma of irradiated embryos and chicks increases, the increase being most evident for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.


[Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system and thyroid gland of Acipenser güldenstädti sturgeon fry during temperature changes]. In the parr of the sturgeon (body length varies from 6.1 to 14.0 cm) histometric studies have been made on the elements of hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system, tireotropic cells (TC) of the hypophysis and the thyroid gland (TG) during the decrease of water temperature from 24--27 degrees to 10--14 degrees. It was shown that in all size groups of the fish an increase in the number, growth and differentiation of neurosecretory cells in the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus are taking place. Correlation was found between the activity of neurosecretory cells of the dorsal part of the preoptic nucleus and hypophyseal TC. The response to the decrease in water temperature follows the pattern of stress reaction, being expressed to different extent in various size groups of the parr depending on the initial condition of the functional complex investigated.


[Protein-sensitive elements of the labellar sensillas of Musca domestica flies]. Using electrophysiological technique of registration of impulse activity in chemoreceptive cells of the labellar sensillae of the housefly, it has been demonstrated that taste hairs are not uniform in their properties. They differ from each other by the set of receptive elements which exhibit different sensitivity, range of selectivity and pattern of impulse activity. It was shown that albumen solution (10(-5) M) evokes the activity in 1--2 cells of a sensilla which are classified as water and sugar receptors. Among these receptors, protein-sensitive and protein-insensitive cells may be distinguished. Considering the inhomogeneity of sugar receptor sites, it was suggested that chemo receptive membranes in most sensitive to protein cells contain more numerous fructose receptive sites, that glucose ones.


[Myopathy (terminology, clinical picture, and diagnosis)]. The paper deals with a description of the clinical picture and diagnosis of the main types of myodystrophies taking into account formes of muscular damages and a trend of generalization of a pathological process at the early phase of the disease. The clinical picture of endocrine myopathies was also studied. The authors revealed almost the same formula of muscular damages. Muscles of the pelvic girdle and femurs mainly suffered and to a lesser degree--muscles of the shoulder girdle and shoulders. According to the data of the clinical picture, histopathology and electromyography endocrinic myopathies are phenocopies of hereditary myodystrophies.


[Catecholamine excretion in torsion dystonia]. The study concerns some results of the catecholamine metabolism in torsion dystonia. The author found certain changes of the excretion of catecholamines that were different in patients with various clinical manifestations of the disease. The most expressed changes were observed in patients with prevalent local regidity of the muscles in the clinical picture. They were seen in significant descrease of the excretion of all catecholamines and DOPA; the most expressed was a decrease of dopamine and adrenalin discharge. Along with this in prevalent torsion spastic hyperkinesis in the clinical picture there was a tendency towards an increase of dopamine excretion (in the absence of DOPA and noradrenalin changes), and a decreased adrenalin excretion. A conclusion is drawn concerning heterogeneity of torsion dystonia that deals with a clinical polymorphism of the disease. The author discusses the pathogenetical significance of the found biochemical disturbances.


[Proton acceptor properties of the blood plasma of a series of vertebrates]. Comparative studies have been made on the kinetics of thermal denaturation of the blood plasma of various vertebrates (lampreys, teleosts, frogs, tortoises, pigeons, mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, man) by measuring ionization equilibrium of protein solution at elevated temperature. It was demonstrated that during the initial stage of heat denaturation at 58 degrees the blood plasma of all the animals studied binds protons practically linearly. Among the animals studied, the highest protonoacceptor capacity exhibited the plasma of warm-blooded animals; it was lower in tortoises frogs and teleost fishes, being the lowest one in lampreys. Comparison of total electric charge of plasma proteins evaluated by potentiometric titration with data on thermal denturation of plasma revealed positive correlation between the charge and protonoacceptor properties of the plasma.


[Clinico-genealogic analysis of 2 families with an unusual syndrome combining dwarfism with dysostosis of the facial cranium and pyramido-extrapyramidal pathology]. The presentation is concerned with a clinico-genealogical analysis of 7 patients from 2 relative famalies with inbreeding marriages. In all patients the authors observed a peculiar syndrome of combination of proportional dwarfism with dysostosis of the facial cranium and pyramidal-extrapyramidal pathology of a different degree of expressiveness. The onset of the disease was at the end of the 1st year of life with a following steady progression. The given syndrome is of great interest as a rare autosomno-recessive form of hereditary diseases which has not been described in literature.


[Pathologic inclination to alcohol, its dynamics, variants and significance in the clinical picture of chronic alcoholism]. Pathological inclination to alcohol is a pivotal sign in the clinical picture of chronic alcoholism. Its concrete manifestations and clinical variants are determined by its intensity and dynamics. It points to high intensity, rapid increase and short duration, as a rule, it contains in its structure a significantly expressed emotionally-vegetative component. Along with cyclic and continuous variants of a pathological inclination to alcohol paroxysmal and hallucinatory variants which have not been described in the literature are encountered. They all may be combined with each other. Some correlations between peculiarities of pathological inclination to alcohol and remoteness of the disease, premorbid, etc. can be noted.


[Seasonal dynamics of adrenal 11-hydroxycorticosteroid secretion in Citellus erythrogenus susliks]. It has been demonstrated that during different periods of life cycle of the ground squirrels their adrenals produce various amounts of glucocorticoids. Maximum secretion of 11-oxycorticosteroids by the adrenals was noted in active period of animals (May), decreasing to the period of preparation to hibernation (August). During hibernation of the animals, 11-oxycorticosteroid secretion exhibits intrinsic endogenous rhythm. Whereas the first half of hibernation is characterized by a constant secretion (October, November, December), during the second one (from January till March) the secretion of 11-oxycorticosteroids by the adrenals increases.


[State of the tone and reactivity of the vascular wall in patients with chronic alcoholism during therapy]. With the aid of the rheoencephalographical and rheovazographical methods the authors revealed some objective criteria of a change of reactivity of brain vessels and peripheral vessels--the hypertonus of the vascular wall combined with a decreased pulse blood filling, a decrease of elasticity of the vascular wall. The pathogenetical validity of the inclusion of psychotropic drugs and insulin-sub-shock therapy into the scheme of antialcoholic treatment is proved.


[Treatment of reactive stuporous states with L-DOPA]. The paper presents the results of L-dopa use for the treatment of patients with reactive stuporous states. The assumption concerning curability of these patients is based on the similarity of a number of their clinical and biochemical manifestations with an akynetic-rigid form of parkinsonism where L-dopa is very effective. From 25 patients with reactive psychoses 7 demonstrated recovery, 3 patients--significant improvement, 5 patients--improvement and 10 patients--absence of the effect. The drug is the most effective in the stuporous depth of psychomotor inhibition in persons with a monomorphic structure of stuporous syndromes, rather "frequent" depressive disorders and a decrease of a background level of dopamine excreation with urine. Use of L-dopa in schizophrenic stuporous states (5 patients) was ineffective.


[Psychopathologic features of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome]. The authors studied the mental state of 83 patients at the age of 2--48 years with the Klinefelter syndrome: 23 patients had normal intellect, 38 patients--moderate debility and 22 patients--marked debility. The presented material is given in the age aspect. The most typical psychopathological manifestations, conditioned by genetic factors, are consistent for all age groups. The intellect decrease with emotionally-volitional disturbances in these patients can be a favourable background for development of neurologic and mental reactions, which require differential diagnosis with other diseases. The complex of medicopedagogical measures on the background of microsocial conditions permits to achieve the satisfactory social adaptation and to prevent personality psychopathization in patients.


[Electrophysiologic study of hippocampo-hypothalamic connections in rabbits]. Using the evoked potentials (EP) studies have been made on functional connections of different fields (CA1, CA3) of the dorsal hippocamp with phylogenetically different parts of the hypothalamus in rabbits. It was shown that during stimulation of both the field CA1 and the field CA3 of the hippocamp, the EP are widely present in nuclear structures of the posterior hypothalamus (supramammilary area, the posterior hypothalamic area, mammilary bodies). In the anterior hypothalamus (area preoptic medialis), the EP were recorded only during stimulation of the field CA1 in the dorsal hippocamp.


[Principle of the determinant and formation of complexes of epileptic activity]. Experiments on cats under nembutal anesthesia demonstrated that the focus in cerebral cortex with a high level of convulsive activity increases the activity in foci with a low level of convulsive activity, unites them into a functional complex of epileptic activity and determines the behaviour of this complex. Such a focus has been named a determinant. An abolishment of the determinant focus entails a breakage of this complex. The abolishment of any dependent foci fails to produce such effect. The dependent foci are suppressed first of all under ether or halothane anesthesia. Bemegrid injected intravenously revealed first of all the latent determinant foci. The results of such studies as well as some problems of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and terminology of focal epilepsia are discussed from the point of view of a general conception of the role of the determinant structures in the CNS activity and the theories of generator mechanisms of neuropathologic syndromes characterized by hyperactivity of the systems.


[Monosynaptic spinal reflex in epilepsy]. In 33 patients with generalized convulsive seizures a monosynaptic spinal reflex was studied. In an interattack period the author observed its clear asymmetry which was combined with a contralateral situation of epileptogenic focus on the EEG. In the majority of cases in patients with diffusive paroxysmal activity on the EEG asymmetry in the quantity of H-reflex was marked as well. The obtained data permit to recommend a study of H-reflex in an interattack period of epilepsy for specification of the topics of an epileptogenic focus.


[Perceptive behavior of epileptic patients with a predominant lesion in the right or left hemisphere]. A total of 50 epileptic patients (27 patients with the left and 23 patients with the right lesion) were studied clinically, electrophysiologically and with the aid of Rorschach's method. The patients with the left lesion were more characterized by psychastheniclike features, motor inhibition with marked rigidity and emotive poverty, torpidity of affects, hypochondriasis, readiness for overvalued formations. When interpreting Rorschach's tables the authors observed few responses, refuses, uncertainty, many replies on animals and few colour replies. The following features were characteristic of the patients with the right lesion: hysteroform manifestations with labile emotionality, impulsiveness and suggestibility. When interpreting Rorschach's tables more replies are obtained, but with poor forms, more colour replies and more responses to insignificant details and interfigured space.


[Effect of the incidence of allergies among relatives on the risk level for development of infantile convulsions and epilepsy in their progeny]. A clinico-genealogical study revealed an increased (in 2--3 times) frequency of allergies in epileptic patients and their close relatives (291 families) in comparison with a general population (118 families). Risk for appearance of epilepsy and children's convulsions among the sibs of the probands with parental allergic loading occurred to be 2 times higher than without it. It is established that parental allergic loading and its degree is one of a family-constitutional risk factors that significantly raises the frequency of a phenotypical manifestation of hereditary predisposition to epilepsy and children's convulsions.


[Personality changes and psychotherapy of epileptic patients (clinico-psychologic study)]. Personality peculiarities of epileptic patients were studied in 217 patients with different frequency and clinical forms of strokes with the aid of 10 psychological methods and clinical studies. The concrete changes in different spheres of mental activity are established. On the basis of the obtained data and the clinical picture of the disease the authors plan a programme of individual and group therapy.


[Change in the character of fatal outcomes in epilepsy under the influence of modern therapy]. The results of 151 autopsies are analysed depending on the methods of treatment of epileptic patients in separate periods from 1952 up to 1974. It is established that comprehensive therapeutical methods and prophylaxis of an epileptic status have led to a qualitative change of causes of lethal outcomes--a decrease of a number of lethal cases in an epileptic status and an increase of the number of deaths from intercurrent diseases on the background of an increase of duration of the patient's life. The assumption is made that in lethal cases in an epileptic seizure pathology of cardiac muscle plays a great role.


[Treatment of benign stricture of the throat using Thal's fundoplasty combined with fundoplication]. In seven years we have operated eleven patients with the benign stricture of the distal part of esophagus secondary to the gastroesophageal reflux. We have made Thal's fundoplastic operation in the combination with the fundoplication operation. We are contented with the late results of the operation in eight observed patients. In five cases results of the operation are very good and patients consume food without difficulties. In three cases we have observed stenosis after the operation, successfully treated by dilatation. All these patients were rentogenologically examined and thus patent anastomosis without gastroesophageal reflux was prooved. High mortality (two patients) and morbidity ater the operation are conditional with the age of patients, their bad physical condition due to the malnutrition and the extensive operation. Thus clear indication and the utilization of the conservative treatment of strictures is demanded.


[Late results of esophageal and cardial resection for cancer during the past 15 years]. Out of 196 patients--that we performed recestion on for cancerous esophagus and cardia, 30 are still alive by June 1977. 18,7% patients lived more than 5 years, and today 15 patients have been alive for more than 5 years. The majority of operated patients died due to advanced cancerous illness and metastasis, and less than half in number due to local recidive. By for largest percentage of them had soon after operation started to live normal lives, had no problems with taking in food, had improved physically and psychologically and started their jobs anew. All but one of alive patients are mobile, four of them partially. Two thirds do same or lighter jobs, eat normally and are in good condition. The most frequent problems are pain which are mostly temporary, and pyrosis due to reflux. We can conclude that the quality of life of operated patients is in major cases good, and cure by operation the only way for permanent recovery or fast and best method to palliate patients troubles.


[The Garloch-Sweet operation in cancer of the lower segment of the esophagus]. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus presents a problem in the sense of operability and five--years survival. The authors presented 56 patients operated by GARLOCK-SWEET method for carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus. The investigated clinical material was divided into 2 groups. In the group--I (A) 17 operated patients were classified without metastatic deposits in the regional lymph nodes. In group--II (B) were 39 operated cases with regional lymphatic nodes metastatic deposits, where as a splenectomy was made. In a 11 operated patients pyloroplasty was made. Leakage of the anastomosis occurred in 7 patients. Only 6 patients survived more than 5 years after the operation. A control group (C) of 13 patients with inoperabile carcinoma of the lower segment of the esophagus had been inserted the Celestin tube. In 5 patients there was operabile mortality.


[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer].

[Radiotherapy of esophageal cancer]. In the Institute of Radiology in Belgrade, in 1960 to 1972 period, 115 patients with malignant tumors of eosophagus were treated only with radiation. Among them there were 89 men and 26 women. The tumors appeared most frequently in the seventh decade of life, and their localization did not have an essential influence on the course of the disease, respectively on the effects of medical treatment. Two of these patients survived 5 years, and 78 died in the course of the first year after radiation. Particularly we found improvement regarding the general condition and the better feeding possibilities (70 per cent of the cases). These patients spent their last days relatively well and in this we should see the significant of radiotherapy of these malignant tumors, because another choice of medical treatment and help does not exist for the present. From 1975 year we have been using the preoperative radiation in short courses in order to improve the surgical results.


[Reconstruction of the terminal aorta in the treatment of ischemia of the lower extremities]. The significance of the terminal aorta reconstruction in the treatment of lower extremities ischemia cases is described in this work. The indications for this type of reconstructive operations, as well as operating methods which were performed on 115 patients are described. To be able to perform any of the described methods, authors are of opinion that advantages, as well as disadvantages in their mutual relation should be well known. Authors believe that after reconstruction in the aorta-iliac area is carried out, some additional reconstructive operations in the peripheral parts of the femoral artery can be avoided, because they do not contribute to better results.


[Results of reconstructive bypass surgery of obliterative arteriosclerosis in the aortoiliac segment]. The present study included the results of 154 cases aortoiliac arteriosclerotic obstruction surgically treated at the Clinic for Surgical Diseases--Skopje Yugoslavia. The investigated operative clinical material was divided in to 3 groups. The I group consisted of endarterectomy in 89 patients. The II group had undergone resection of arterosclerotic obstruction in 26 cases. While in the III group a aortofemoral by-pass operation was carried out in 39 cases. In addition, a control group of 16 patients with aortoiliacal arteriosclerotic obstruction were medically treated. Preoperatively all patients were treated by Bergmann, s infusions. In our comparative study we found that the best satisfactory results were obtained by applying each of these methods on selected cases. There were 2 operative deaths.


[Reconstruction of the arteries of the thigh. Our experiences and views]. The authors report here their experiences with regard to reconstructive treatment of arteriosclerotic changes occurring in arteries of the thigh area. In the introduction the historic development of the blood vessels surgery has been given. Various operating methods and respective experiences, as well as the results obtained from this operating field have been described. It has been mentioned in the conclusion that the exact indication is responsible for successful reconstructive operation. Further factors playing the main role are: adequate operative technic, appropriate anesthesia, as well constant blood pressure in the course of operation.


[Significance of angiography of the deep femoral artery in surgical therapy of obliterative diseases of the lower extremities]. Difficulties occuring in angiography of profunda femoris artery during performance of peripheral angiographies are presented. Better presentation can be achieved when applying two of the known methods: by contrast injecting during Valsalva manouever, or synchronously with heart action. Collateral circulation in stenosis or obliteration of profunda femora artery are here presented.


[Surgical reconstructive treatment of blood vessels in the popliteal region]. Severe occlusive disease frequently includes the popliteal artery and origin of the trifurcation vessels with reconstruction of one or more of the crural arteries. We made femorocrural bypass 23 times. Our indications for operation continue to be relief of pain or salvage of extremity. Of the 23 grafts during of one year period block recurred in 8 patients. Five times we made amputation and good results we had in 15 patients. In one patient we used Gore-tex prosthesis with succses in 4 month period.


[Our views and experience with 80 thromboendarterectomies]. In three years' period 80 trombendarteriotomies on iliacae and femoralis arteris were made in our department. The decision for surgical measures was made on the basis of clinical state as well as aorto--graphies. With us, the basic principal of obliteration removing, was the initial gangren extremities and stronger rest pains. Analyzing our results we found out that 60 per cent of patients were good and in the 6 per cent cases the surgical measures didn't give the expected result. The aim of this exposition is to represent the way of our work, experience and encouraging results trombendarteriotomy which propose further efforts in the field of vascular surgery.


[Treatment of hemodynamic disorders of the peripheral arteries in a diabetic]. The experiences of the authors in treatment of disturbed haemodynamics in peripheral arteries in diabetics, as well as their complications have been here presented. The increased frequency of these disturbances, as well as pathologic changes on the parts of lower extremities in diabetics, regarding prolonged age and always better detection in new cases of diabetes have been presented in the introduction. Etiopathogenic causes and clinical picture and symptomatology of the mentioned cases are briefly described. In diagnosis particular significance has been given to all standard examination methods, and in indicated cases angiologic, respectively contrast investigations are necessary. In surgical treatment of such patients, the causes of the respective disturbances should be established first and only then therapeutic principles should be applied. The presentation of the treated patients has been given, and it has been considered in the conclusion that the team work in treatment of the mentioned disturbances is necessary.


[The value of angiography of the popliteal artery and its branches in the successful reconstruction of the thigh]. The difficulties occuring in angiography of popliteal artery and its branches are here presented. The presentation of these arteries on angiogram is very important due to establishing operative andications on arteries of thigh and upper parts of leg. Successfully performed peripheral angiographies on 1000 patients are here presented.


[Traumatic aneurysms].

[Traumatic aneurysms]. Analysis of 37 surgical treated patients suffered from traumatic arterial aneurysms and fistulas is done. 27 aneurysms and 10 fistulas is presented. Restoration of continuity of damaged artery was performed in 26 patients and ligation was done in 11 patients. Good long term results were obtained in 29 patients (78.38 per cent), satisfactory in 4 patients and unsatisfactory in four, too. The authors advocate early surgery and method of restoration applied because of they give the best functional results. Ligation of vessel is method of necessity. No mortality and no amputation was in presented serie.


[Description of various features of injuries to the peripheral arteries and their surgical treatment]. Some of the peripheral arteries damages which were treated during the time period of five years are here presented. The cases of arterial--venous fistulas, as well as false aneurisms have been reported. It should be emphasized that successful treatment requires rapid recognition of lesions, and the reconstruction of the affected artery should be carried out to surgical principles.


[Chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities and a halt to absenteeism]. In this work authors experiences about the influence of operation on absentism decrease in 2450 surgically treated patients with chronic venous insufficiency signs and clinical manifestations of various intensity have been presented. In the introduction higher frequency of this disturbance and great financial loss which appear as consequence of this disease, as well as complications which affect the patients with syndrome of chronic venous insufficiency have been described. The authors particularly emphasize still intensive conservative attitude in the therapy of this illness, what leads to its deterioration. Further the authors describe the method of their investigation and the results obtained have been presented in tables. That the operative treatment protects the respective patient with such disturbances from more serious clinical manifestations as well as adequate complications of these disturbances has been emphasized in the conclusion. Further it has been pointed out that immediately applied operative treatment obviously decreases absentism.


Changes in the composition of human blood by intravenous saline infusion with and without simultaneous controlled bleeding. The pattern of dilution and re-concentration of the blood in connection with intravenous infusion of saline-alone or in combination with bleeding-was studied in volunteers. In these we followed the immediate and delayed changes in 16 common haematological and clinical chemical variables in relation to such infusions. In one group 15 ml/kg was given in an hour. In another, 2500 ml was given during a bleeding of 870 ml. These dosage principles are elements of a recommended scheme of peroperative infusion therapy. Estimated by the haemoglobin changes the blood volume was expanded by 10% at the end of infusion alone and by 5% at the end of bleeding/infusion. This expansion, which was of short duration, was accompanied by initial reductions of 15 and 29%, respectively, in serum protein concentration. Three diagnostic enzymes were diluted less systematically. Components of low molecular weight were little affected, except serum calcium, which was 21% decreased at the end of bleeding/infusion. The larger part of the reconcentration took place in the next six hours. In this phase an entry of protein into the blood was demonstrated in both test groups. In contrast to creatininium the carbamide continued decreasing in this time interval. As demonstrated in a control group, other factors than infusion and bleeding contributed on a limited scale to the shift in plasma variables.


Recurrent and persistent Cushing's syndrome after assumed total bilateral adrenalectomy. Two cases of recurrent Cushing's syndrome after assumed total bilateral adrenalectomy are presented. Both cases were due to adrenal tissue left at the adrenalectomy. In the first case the lack of preoperative localization of the adrenal remnant caused severe postoperative complications. In the other patient localization of the adrenal tissue was achieved by scanning after administration of 131I-19-iodocholesterol. The reoperation was easy and the postoperative course smooth.


Survival after arterial reconstruction in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. Follow-up after 10-20 years. Cumulative survival rates were calculated for 144 patients subjected, 10-20 years previously, to vascular surgery for arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs. The five-, ten-, and fifteen-year survival rates were 71%, 49%, and 30% respectively, when calculated from the time of operation. The five-, ten-, fifteen, and twenty-year survival rates were 85%, 65%, 44%, and 23% respectively, when calculated from the onset of symptoms. This represents a considerable excess mortality, mainly among men, and mainly caused by arteriosclerotic diseases. However, the median survival time is 13 years from the onset of symptoms, and during this period it is of decisive importance, that patients with disabling symptoms get access to vascular surgical evaluation.


Abdominal paracentesis for early diagnosis of closed abdominal injury. In a 4 year material of closed abdominal injuries consisting of 114 patients, mostly multiple trauma traffic accidents, diagnostic paracentesis with peritoneal lavage was used in 47 cases. The aim of the investigation was to indicate or exclude blood in the abdominal cavity as early as possible and thereby facilitate the priority of treatment and diminish the delay in surgical intervention. The main indication was suspicion of abdominal injury in multiple traumatized, unconscious or shocked patients. The puncture was performed in the emergency room immediately after ordinary lifesaving steps had been taken. If blood was obtained the patients were sent to the operating theatre for laparotomy. If blood was not obtained one litre of an isotonic salt solution was infused and if the returning solution was only slightly blood tinged, the investigation was continued with roentgenographic methods. In our series only two cases were not correctly diagnosed. Diagnostic paracentesis is the most rapid method of demonstrating intraabdominal bleeding, which is found in 90% of all serious intraabdominal organ injuries. In doubtful cases this method must be combined with other diagnostic methods and the patient put under proper clinical observation.


Hereditary pancreatitis-a report on two kindreds. Two Swedish kindreds with hereditary pancreatitis are reported. The onset of symptoms was in early childhood. Otherwise the clinical course did not differ from the non-hereditary form. In no patients were found signs of alcohol-overconsumption, hyperparathyreoidism, hyperlipidemia or mucoviscoidosis. Three patients with intractable pain and frequent hospitalization were operated on with pancreatico-jejunostomy as described by Puestow-Gillesby, with excellent results. Although the observation periods are short (0.5, 2 and 4 years, respectively) it seems legitimate to recommend the operation also for the hereditary form of pancreatitis if intractable pain or frequent exacerbations are present.


Diagnostic value of hypotonic duodenography in superior mesenteric artery syndrome. The superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a compression of the duodenum. We believe that the diagnostic limitations of the routine barium meal studies can be abolished by hypotonic duodenography. Before surgical treatment other pathological conditions should be excluded. Peptic ulcer disease often coexists. Patients with persisting signs and symptoms after surgery for ulcer should be re-examined with this condition in mind. The adequate treatment is duodenojejunostomy.


Small bowel transit time and roentgenological changes of the intestinal mucosa after jejunoileostomy in obese patients. In ten patients, operated jejunoileostomy and ileocolostmy because of longstanding obesity resistant to conventional therapy, roentgenological examinations of the small bowel were performed before and after the operation. Seven patients were examined preoperatively, and all were investigated at least twice during a period from 1 to 38 months postoperatively. Preoperatively, the passage time pylorus-cecum was 80-270 min, and postoperatively, it varied between 1 and 30 min. There was no tendency to slowing of the gastrointestinal passage with time. Immediately postoperatively, the patients had 6 to 12 loose stools daily. At investigations performed 6-38 months after the operation, the stool frequency had diminished to 1-4 a day, and the patients had lost 21 to 98 kg in weight. Roentgenologically, an increased thickness of the mucosal folds of the small bowel could be demonstrated in 9 of the 10 patients. The results suggest that in patients with jejunoileostomy, the gastrointestinal passage time is decreased. The bowel function tends to normalize with time, but the passage time remains shorter than normal. Compensatory changes in the intestinal mucosa occur.


Long-term results after excisional surgery for Chrohn's disease of the terminal ileum. Resection with the object of cure was undertaken in 20 patients with Crohn's disease in the terminal ileum. These patients were followed up more than five years after operation. Recurrence took place in eight patients, in half of them more than five years after the primary operation. Six patients were submitted to reoperation and two died. Seven out of the eight recurrences were localized to the anastomosis. These results may support the results of a bigger Swedish material which favours more radical primary resections in Crohn's disease.


Rupture of the stomach: a rare complication of resuscitation. Case report. Rupture of the stomach following resuscitation is a rare event and only five such cases have been published before. A case is presented and the pathological anatomy, clinical picture and treatment discussed.


Occurrence of previous neck radiotherapy among patients with associated non-medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia. Sixteen consecutive patients with co-existent non-medullary thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia are reported. Ten of these patients had earlier been treated with external radiation in the neck region. The estimated absorbed dose varied between 5 and 23 gray. The diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) was established 36 years (average) after exposure to radiation. The findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that radiation can serve as an etiological factor in the development of associated thyroid carcinoma and HPT.


Synergistic action of hepatocyte membrane defect and activated complement system in liver cell death--an experimental approach to fulminant hepatic failure. The hypothesis was tested whether under the presence of a membrane defect of hepatocytes an activation of the complement system leads to massive liver cell necrosis. Low doses of galactosamine (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were administered to rats with and without an additional i.v. injection of sublethal doses of endotoxin (1.5 mg/kg). The latter was done in order to activate the complement system via the C3-bypath. Neither after doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg nor after an additional administration endotoxin liver cell necrosis were observed. A dose of 200 mg/kg led to moderate liver cell necrosis, and when administered with endotoxin fulminant hepatic necrosis developed. The explanation was given that only after 200 mg/kg alterations of hepatocytes membranes were present, which prepare liver cells for complement mediated hepatocytolysis. In rats to which 1 g/kg galactosamine was given in addition to endotoxin it was demonstrated by immunohistology that the third component of complement was already fixed on hepatocyte plasma membranes at hour 3 and was accumulated within areas of necrotic liver parenchymal cells at hour 12. Thus, liver cell death is suggested as complement mediated if the membranes are altered. Clinical implications are given in concern of fulminant hepatic failure and an approach to effective treatment regims.


Oral contraceptives and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver. Two case reports with electron-microscopic studies. The authors report on the cases of 2 young females who had been on oral contraceptives for 2 and 6 years, respectively. During cholecystectomy, as a subsidiary finding, liver tumour was found which, histologically, proved to be focal nodular hyperplasia. On the basis of their electron-microscopic studies, they consider possible the primary role of pathological vascularization in the development of the tumour. They suggest the radical removal of the tumour and regard as inevitable for the patient the stopping of oral contraceptives, due to the recurrence or malignant transformation of the tumour.


Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on normal human liver biopsies. Normal liver biopsies of 14 volunteers were investigated ultrastructural morphometrically. Besides the determination of morphometric baseline data for comparative purposes particular emphasis was placed on the question, if morphometric evaluations of human livers yield reliable results in spite of the higher range of distribution than in experimental liver material. The results showed that the surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of human liver is significantly greater than the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Otherwise the morphometric data of the human liver tissue did not differ essentially to the values of the laboratory rat. The variance analytical consideration of the mean evaluated from the data of the 14 liver biopsies indicated that the standard error of nearly all proved parameters was less than 10% of the mean. The results suggest that ultrastructural morphometric evaluation of human liver biopsy samples yield reliable results provided the samples investigated are sufficiently extensive.


Alteration of haem synthesis in cirrhosis of the liver. In 51 cases of liver cirrhosis an increased amount of free protoporphyrins in matured erythrocytes was obvious in 22 cases (43%). In 29 cases (57) the amount of EPP rranged at the normal rate. No relationship was found neither to the blood level of bilirubin, iron, protein or of GOT and GPT nor to different histologic findings in liver biopsy slices. The only relation seemed to be as to the amount of fat deposits in hepatocytes. Cases with a high amount of fat had an increased amount of EPP too. Two groups of liver cirrhosis have been separated: one group with EPP amounts above 27/10(11) and another group with EPP amounts below 27/10(11) e., thus ranging within normal rates. Therefore a partial impairment of function is supposed to be and discussed in regard to steroid metabolism.


Isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase in chronic liver diseases. The total activity and activity of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase was examined in blood plasma of 56 patients with chronic liver diseases (chronic hepatitis in 27, liver cirrhosis in 23, secondary neoplastic effection of the liver in 6). All the patients with biochemically active forms of liver disease manifested increased the total as well as cytoplasmic enzyme activity, as compared with control group, 57% of the patients manifested simultaneously also increased activity of the mitochondrial isoenzyme. In 13% of the patients with stabilised forms of liver diseases manifested isolated increase of the mitochondrial isoenzyme activity. This might be of importance for the evaluation of the course of the disease. In patients with tumorous metastases in the liver a strikingly high share and activity of mitochondrial isoenzyme was shown.


Chronic pancreatitis in north-east Italy: a clinical and pathological study. The clinical and pathological features of 132 patients of North-Eastern Italy with proven chronic pancreatitis (presence of radiological pancreatic calcification and/or surgical and histological data) have been studied. The disease appeared to be associated with chronic and regular alcoholic habits in most cases. Histo-pathological examinations showed calcifying pancreatitis also in patients without radiological pancreatic calcification. Chronic pancreatitis in North-Eastern Italy seems to be similar to that described in France, except for a high frequency of associated gallstones.


Gastric transmural potential difference in rats fed with a retionol-free diet. The concentration of retinol is decreased in serum after periods of stress. The incidence of stress ulcers can be reduced in experimental animals and in man by high doses of retinol. It has been postulated that the stress-induced reduction of serum retinol may be implicated as one of the factors favouring the development of stress ulcers. Functional damage to the gastric mucosa triggered off by noxious agents and particularly ulcerogenic drugs is followed by a fall of the transmural potential difference (P. D.). This observation has led us to investigate whether retinol-depleted rats display an alteration of the P.D. as a parameter of gastric mucosal dysfunction, when compared with animals optimally supplied with retinol. In this study it should not be demonstrated that the P.D. differs between optimally fed and retinol-deficient animals in spite of severe retinol depletion.


Production and evaluation of secretin antibodies. Antibodies were readily produced in three rabbits to unconjugated pure natural porcine secretin, and in two rabbits to synthetic porcine secretin conjugated to BSA. The final dilutions of the antisera to bind 50% of 1 fmol 125-i-labeled secretin prepared by the Chloramine-T method and purified on a Sephadex G-15 and a SP Sephadex C-25 column varied between 1:14,500 and 1:245,000. The effective equilibrium constants (Keff) according to Scatchard varied between 0.8 x 10(11) and 3.4 x 10(11), the average equilibrium constants (Ko) according to Sips varied between 0.8 x 10(11) and 3.6 x 10(11), and the indices of heterogeneity (alpha) according to Sips were 1.00 or close to 1.00. None of the antisera showed any cross reactivity to gastrin, glucagon or insulin. There was no differences in any of the preceding parameters between the antisera produced to the two immunogen preparations. It is suggested that the immunogenicity of secretin may be related to its basic charge, and to the possibility that secretin may circulate bound to certain plasmafactors or in a polymerized form. The two antisera with the highest equilibrium constants, which also allowed the highest working dilution to be applied, allowed measurements of fasting plasma secretin levels in the low pmol/1 range in all acidified plasmas examined.


Functional and structural characteristics of the rat intestinal mucosa following ileo-jejunal transposition. The transformation of the rat ileal mucosa following interposition into the jejunum has been examined with respect to its functional and structural characteristics. Morphometric studies show that there is an increase in the size of the villi and crypts in the same proportions, such that the structures become longer than those of normal jejunal mucosa. There is no change in villus width or epithelial cell height and no evidence of mucosal damage. In agreement with these observations, there is an increase in the amount of DNA per unit weight mucosa in the transposed ileum. L-phenylalanine accumulation in vitro by transposed loops is reduced to the level of the control jejunum, whereas beta-methyl-D-glucose uptake is unchanged. Biochemical and histochemical determinations of various enzyme activities reveal that the levels in the transposed mucosa are much lower than in the controls. The results show that although certain features of the transposed ileum resemble those of the normal jejunum, this does not apply to all characteristics. It is argued that the ileal mucosa retains its normal functional properties, but undergoes hyperplastic changes, possibly as a result of contact with chyme that is richer in nutritive material, resulting in the establishment of a more immature cell population with a global reduction in enzyme levels and transport capacities.


The short choledochus syndrome. Case report and retrograde endoscopic visualization of the biliary system. A case report of a short ductus choledochus terminating in the bulbus duoden is presented. The patient suffered from recurrent gastric and duodenal ulcers. Peroral retrograde endoscopic choledochyography visualized this rare anomaly of the biliary system. Therapeutical and aetiological relationships between this anomaly and the ulcers are discussed.


D-galactosamine induced hepatic cirrhosis: its ultrastructural and biochemical studies in rat. The morphological and biochemical studies were performed on the injured livers of female rats produced by chronic administration of D-galactosamine (GALN) (250 mg/kg, i.p.) for 7 months. Light microscopically, cirrhotic changes were observed in most of the animals characterized by the proliferation of the connective tissues from portal triads into hepatic lobules. The electron microscopic study demonstrated mitochondrial proliferation and irregularities with crenated membranes, focal hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, decrease of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with partial detouchment of ribosomes, slight loss of compactness of nucleoli and no remarkable accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. The proliferation of collagen fibers was observed around the hepatocytes and acid mucopolysaccharides were seen in the space of Disse and partly in the sinusoids histochemically using electron microscope. Biochemically chronic GALN administration, which increased hepatic weight significantly, resulted in a significant decrease in microsomal protein concentration, whereas cytochrome P450 content significantly increased. There was no change in phospholipid contents. After GALN, plasma albumin concentration was significantly decreased and the value of zinc turbidity test was increased. However, there was no change in plasma GPT level and total cholesterol concentration.


The effect of halothane on the distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flows in the hemorrhagic, hypotensive dog. Halothane was given to dogs which had been bled to an arterial mean blood pressure of 60 mmHg, and the circulatory effects were studied with the aid of the radioactive microsphere technique. The cardiac output and coronary blood flow were well maintained, whereas the arterial mean blood pressure was slightly, and the stroke volume markedly increased, indicating an improved heart function. The blood flows to the brain, lungs, liver and kidneys were well preserved throughout the anesthesia. The effect of retransfusing the withdrawn blood was also studied, and it resulted in an increased cardiac output, arterial mean blood pressure and increased blood flows to the heart, lungs, spleen, bowel and liver.


Venous air embolism through infusion sets. Theoretical considerations, model experiments and prevention. Some infusion sets are so designed that, even when infusing into peripheral veins, a negative pressure may occur in a large portion of the infusion tubing, with the result that air enters the system from a side drip which has run dry, or though leaks. In model experiments, it was found that, when infusing into a peripheral vein, volumes of air up to 13 ml per min can enter the system from an empty side drip. From an analysis of the pressure conditions in infusion sets before and during infusion, it is concluded that infusions sets should be so designed that clamps and connections forthe attachment of a side drip are placed distally on the infusion tubing. Even then there is a risk of air embolism. The tubes for both the main and the side drip should therefore be so long that each of them can be fixed below the heart level of the patient, thus forming a waterlock and preventing the entry of air.


The effect of surgical stress on haemodynamics during neurolept anaesthesia. The influence of surgical stress on haemodynamics during neurolept anaesthesia (NLA) was studied in ten patients, while they were awake, under anaesthesia prior to surgery and peroperatively. Systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, right atrial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, as well as cardiac ouput (Qt), arterial oxygen content and mixed venous oxygen content, were measured. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, arterial-venous oxygen content difference (AVD), oxygen consumption (VO2) and cardiac index (CI) were calculated. On institution of anaesthesia, CI fell from 2.8 +/- 0.1 1/min-m2 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 1/min-m2 and systolic arterial pressure (SBP) fell from 13.4 +/- 0.5 kPa to 10.2 +/- 0.3 kPa. During surgery CI rose to 3.3 +/- 0.1 1/min-m2 and SBP rose to 15.7 +/- 0.6 kPa. Prior to anaesthesia, AVD was 40.2 +/- 0.2 ml/l. Under anaesthesia prior to surgery, AVD did not change, but VO2 declined from 207 +/- 13ml/min to 171 +/- 10 ml/min. During surgery, AVD fell to 30.5 +/- 0.3 ml/l, while VO2 remained unchanged. It is concluded that NLA has a direct metabolic depressant effect and, in association with surgery, is accompanied by hyperkinetic circulation.


Peroperative haemorrhage and epidural anaesthesia in major abdominal surgery. A retrospective study. The preoperative blood loss during resection of the colon, abdominal-perineal excision of the rectum and cystectomy, according to the method of Bricker, was studied from anaesthetic reports. The period under study was 18 months. A total of 97 patients were divied into two main groups according to the type of anaesthesia (general anaesthesia and general anaesthesia combined with epidural analgesia), as well as into sub-groups according to the type of operation. An evaluation was made of the blood loss, peroperative mean arterial blood pressure and the duration of the operation. In contrast to reports published earlier on other types of operation, we have been unable to demonstrate a significant reduction in the blood loss of patients given general anaesthesia plus epidural analgesia, despite a lower mean arterial blood pressure during the operation. We ignored any possible postoperative beneficial effect of epidural anaesthesia.


Renal function during neurolept anaesthesia. Renal function and central haemodynamics were studied in eight patients, without known histories of renal or cardiovascular disease, during and immediately after upper abdominal surgery under neurolept anaesthesia. Inulin and PAH clearance, fractional sodium and fractional osmolar excretion decreased, while fractional free water reabsorption increased under anaesthesia. Cardiac output, mean systemic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance remained virtually unchanged both per- and postoperatively. Renal haemodynamics were promptly restored postoperatively, while fractional sodium and fractional osmolal excretion were unaltered and antidiuresis increased. It is concluded that neurolept anaesthesia, as far as renal function is concerned, is well suited for the anaesthetic management of the poor-risk patient.


Acute effects of furosemide and mannitol on central haemodynamics in the early postoperative period. The effects of furosemide and mannitol on central haemodynamics in the early postoperative period were investigated in 16 patients, who had undergone upper abdominal surgery. Measurements were performed prior to, and then 10, 30, 50 and 90 min after postoperative drug administration. Furosemide administration resulted in reductions of cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary wedge, and mean systemic arterial pressures, while systemic vascular resistance increased. Mannitol administration on the other hand, caused increases of cardiac output, mean pulmonary arterial and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. Systemic vascular resistance decreased. It is concluded that mannitol should be used as the diuretic of choice in the treatment of postoperative (post-traumatic) oliguria in patients without known cardiovascular disease.


The effect of halothane on the distribution of cardiac output and organ blood flow in the hypovolemic dog. The circulatory effect of halothane anesthesia given to moderately hypovolemic dogs (blood loss 25 ml/kg b.w.) was investigated using the radioactive microsphere technique. The effect of the anesthetic was reflected by a decrease in the arterial mean blood pressure and a reduced blood flow to the heart, whereas the blood flows to other organs did not change significantly but were well preserved in vital organs (brain, kidneys, liver and lungs). The effect on the circulation of reinfusing the withdrawn blood was also studied.


Growth pattern of the rabbit nasal bone region. A combined serial gross and radiographic study with metallic implants. Two radiopaque implants were inserted into each left and right nasal bone in 5 female rabbits. Ventrodorsal cephalometric radiographs were then taken in a specially designed head-holder at 6 and 16 weeks of age. From these radiographs separate tracings were made on matte acetate paper of the left and right nasal bone regions including the radiopaque implants. Since the implants maintained the same relationship to each other in each nasal bone, they served as stable reference sites. The markers of the 16-week tracing were superposed on the markers of the 6-week tracing. The difference in the two established outlines represented the changes in size and shape in two dimensions that had occurred during the 10-week period. Our purpose was to determine the relative growth activity at several borders. The mean increase was 6.79 mm at the proximal (posterior) border, 6.19 mm at the distal (anterior) border, 2.73 mm at the lateral border, 1.22 mm at the medial border. Thus, growth at the proximal and the distal borders was about the same and about twice that of the lateral border and about 5 times that of the medial border.


Considerations on the possible structrual basis of neuronal integrated functions. Different types of dendro-dendritic and dendro-somatic contacts in several species are described. They are classified in five varieties: (a) parallel dendro-dendritic contacts; (b) crossed dendro-dendritic contacts; (c) perisomatic interdendritic contacts; (d) perivascular interdendritic contacts; (e) dendro-somatic contacts. It is hypothetically postulated, in agreement with other authors, that the structurally differentiated interdendritic and dendro-somatic contacts could act as functional junctions for the electrotonic spread of stimuli between neighbour neuronal elements.


Effect of monosodium glutamate on the histogenesis of bone marrow in mice. The effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the histogenesis of bone and bone marrow of mice is studied. Intraperitoneal-subcutaneous injections and oral administration of the drug MSG induced marked repression in the ossification of developing endochondral bone with the persistence of cartilagenous elements and chondrocytes. A massive accumulation of adipose tissue accompanied by receded haemopoietic tissue within the bone marrow is observed in the MSG-treated animals. These pathological changes are attributed to the influence of the drug on the hydrolysis of enzyme alkaline phosphatase, glycolysis involved in the bone deposition or on the secretion of hormones responsible for bone resorption.


Morphological changes in the small intestine of the cat following transection of the vagal nerve. An attempt was made to identify the vagal fibres of the small intestine and to investigate their course by secondary degeneration after transection of both vagus nerves just below the ganglion nodosum. Under the electron microscope, degenerated fibres could be observed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses, in the longitudinal and circular muscular coats of the duodenum and jejunum. No signs of degeneration were encountered in the wall of the ileum. Direct synaptic relationship between these degenerated fibres and the nerve cells and intact nerve processes could scarcely be found. The degenerated axons do not differ basically from other, intrinsic nerve processes containing round clear vesicles (30--60 nm in diameter) and granular vesicles (80--120 nm in diameter). The sporadic occurrence of the degenerated axons on the surface of cell somata and processes might indicate that the vagal nerve innervates only a few neurons in the small intestine and that the intrinsic neurons contact a large number of other neurons via processes in the intestinal wall. The vagal nerve fibres thus seem to have a modulatory effect on the activity of the intestinal wall.


Permature death of Purkinje cells following low-level X-ray irradiation during embryonic development. Rat embryos were exposed to 170 r of X-ray irradiation on day 15 or 18 of gestation, and sacrificed when they reached the postnatal age of 30 days. In the cerebella of these animals, normal-looking and atrophied Purkinje cells were studied and compared with those observed in the cerebellum of the normal animals. The normal animals did not show presence of any atrophied Purkinje cells, but the X-ray-irradiated animals showed a lesser number of Purkinje cells and many atrophied Purkinje cells. In the cerebellum of animals that were X-ray-irradiated on day 15 of gestation, the number of Purkinje cells was only 32% of those in the normal cerebellum, and in those that received X-ray irradiation on day 18 of embryogenesis there were about 95.5% as many Prukinje cells as in the normal cerebellum. But, in the cerebella of animals in the latter group there were two to three times more atrophied Purkinje cells than in the cerebella of animals in the former group. These findings are discussed in terms of lasting effects of low-level X-ray irradiation in the form of premature atrophy and death of the Purkinje cells.


Ultrastructural morphometric study on developing acinar cells of the rat pancreas and parotid gland. The fraction of cellular volume occupied by the cytoplasm has been assessed by point-counting volumetry in 0.5 micrometer araldite sections. Measurement of the transection radius of the nuclei of acinar cells allowed the assessment of the mean nuclear volume according to the method of Bach. With these data, the cytoplasm volume was calculated in cubic micrometers. Ultrastructural morphometric data were obtained by means of superimposing on the electron photomicrographies (x 21,000 or x 28,500) a test system of 84 evenly spaced segments according to Weibel et al. The analysis of the values obtained for the pancreas and parotid gland allowed for the supposition that the process of maturation in the rat, either for the pancreas or the parotid gland, occurs simultaneously with the mitotic process, this last being held as the predominating one in the first 3--4 postnatal weeks. The cytodifferentiation process becomes more marked in the last phases studied and on the 40th day it already shows parameters held as similar to those of the adult animal.


Muscle growth during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent rehabilitation in the rat. The growth of the rat calf muscle has been followed radiographically during neonatal undernutrition and subsequent catch-up. The following observations were made: (1) The mean calf muscle width of rats reared in litters of 16 was 20% less than that of those reared in litters of 8. (2) There was no significant difference between the sexes in the degree of growth retardation brought about by suckling the pups in large litters. (3) By the end of the experiment, females had caught up in both muscle width and muscle length, the males had caught up in muscle length (identical to tibia length) but not in muscle width. (4) In male pups during undernutrition the muscle diameter was greater than in normally fed animals of the same weight (but younger). This difference was not seen in females. (5) During recovery, until a weight of about 160 g was reached, the muscle width of the neonatally undernourished rats of both sexes was less than controls of the same body weight.


Influence of theophylline on the diameter of the afferent glomerular arteriole of the rat. After agar-agar and india ink mixture intrarenal injection, it is possible to measure precisely the glomerular afferent arteriole diameter and to evaluate its variations after theophylline perfusion. The increased diameter (+ 35.78%) confirms the peripheral vasodilating theophylline effect, often assumed, but never to our knowledge proven in situ.


Morphological changes in the testis and epididymis of camels (Camelus dromedarius). Part I. The normal anatomy and morphological changes in the testis and epididymis, due to age and seasonal variations, were studied in camels (Camelus dromedarius) between 4 and 20 years of age. The testes had a dark gray colour and were situated in the perineum. The weight ranged from 32 to 225 g. The length and maximum cross-diameter were 6--13 and 3--6.5 cm, respectively. The maximum weight of the left testis in 12-year-old camels during the winter months (December to March) was 225 g, and the minimum weight in the camels of the same age group during the summer months (April to July) was 181 g. The seasonal influence on the weight of the testis was very profound in the camels of 9--14 years. The weight of the epidiymis ranged from 10 to 40 g; their weight increased in all age groups during the winter months.


Histological and histochemical studies on the testis of camel (Camelus dromedarius) during the various seasons and ages. Part II. Histological and a few histochemical studies were done on the testes of 34 camels between 4 and 20 years of age, during three seasons: the tunica albuginea of the testes was composed of collagenous and a few elastic fibers. Isolated bundles of the smooth muscle fibers were observed in the capsule. The mediastinum testis and its radiating septula into the parenchyma also consisted of mainly collagenous and a few elastic fibers. The interstitial tissue was composed of Leydig cells and a network of reticular fibers. These cells increased in volume in the rutting period from December to March, and were distorted and reduced in volume in the nonrutting period from April to November. The seminiferous tubules were 113--250 micrometer in diameter, and were lined by many layers of spermatogenic cells and a single layer of Sertoli cells. The spermatogenesis was observed as a continuous process throughout the year, particularly in the camels between 4 and 15 years of age. Almost in all the testes studied, three types of spermatogonia, two to three layers of primary spermatocytes, rarely secondary spermatocytes and spermatids in two stages were observed. The spermatozoa were present attached to the Sertoli cells as well as free in the lumen of the tubules. The oval head of the spermatozoa was characterized by the presence of an elongated pointed, strongly PAS-positive acrosome.


Fine structure of a cerebellar neuroblastoma. A cerebellar neoplasm of an 18-month-old boy was examined with both the light and electron microscopes. The diagnosis of neuroblastoma was made on the basis of the presence of numerous synaptic vesicles in the great majority of cell processes and the occasional complete synapses within the tumor tissue.


The effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition on axonal growth and myelination of central motor fibers. A morphometric study on rat cortico-spinal tract. A morphometric study of the axon circumference and myelin sheath thickness in the rat corticospinal tract was undertaken to establish the effect of pre- and postnatal undernutrition and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation. Both axonal growth and myelin deposition were affected by undernutrition. Rats subjected to postnatal nutritional rehabilitation revealed a catch-up in axonal growth; whereas the process of myelination remained affected.


[Indications and operative conditions of aneurysms in old patients (author's transl)]. The age factor is analysed for the operative indication in old patients. For the authors, operative indications are depended of mental and general status, clinical grade (I or II), localization and anatomical conformation of the aneurysm. The operation is performed only if the patient is asymptomatic or three weeks after the onset of the subarachnoid hemorrage. The peroperative hypotension is prohibited.


Nemaline myopathy: histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were performed on muscle biopsies from three siblings with congenital nemaline myopathy. Histological studies revealed type I fibre atrophy and type II fibre paucity. Ultrastructural studies of intramuscular nerves showed that the axonal diameters were very narrow compared with the width of myelin lamellae. Granular or membranous osmiophilic material occurred in the adaxonal Schwann cell cytoplasm and had a periodicity of 33--38 A. The neuromuscular junctions showed degenerative features such as glycogen granules or myelin figures in 27.1% of total terminal axons. The secondary synaptic clefts were markedly decreased in number and short in length. Myotendinous junction-like structures were found in 5.5% of the muscle fibres near the neuromuscular junctions, and often near sites of fibre-splitting. Rods in nemaline myopathy might be caused as a result of longitudinal splitting and disruption of fibres due to deficient regeneration of the muscle fibres associated with neurotrophic abnormalities.