The effects of eledoisin on intestinal smooth muscle of ruminants. The effects of eledoisin on the intestinal smooth muscle of ruminants are reported. The results obtained on isolated in vitro preparations from cattle suggest a direct effect of the peptide on the smooth muscle of the different intestinal sections examined. The observations made during in vivo experiments on sheep suggest that eledoisin produces its effects by also affecting the autonomic nerve supply to the intestine of these animals.


Cholinesterase activity in the corpus luteum of the sheep and pig. The acetylcholinesterase (AHhE) activity in the corpora lutea of ovaries from sheep has been examined at different stages of pregnancy and the oestrous cycle, by both quantitative and histochemical techniques. The enzyme activity rose during the early part of pregnancy and then levelled out; it appeared to fall sharply at term. During the oestrous cycle the AChE activity was much lower but showed time-related changes. A few results from pigs and cows are included. The cows corpora lutea, unlike those of the sheep and pig contained butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) as well as AChE. The results are discussed in terms of the possible function of non-neuronal cholinesterases.


Effects of seasonal variations,  acute hypothermia and physostigmine on cardiac acetylcholine, tissue glycogen and blood sugar concentrations in frogs. The effects of seasonal variations and the effects of acute hypothermia (8.0 degrees) and/or physostigmine (PHY) in different seasons have been studied on the tissue glycogen, cardiac acetylcholine (ACh) and blood sugar contents in frogs. Seasonal variations had no significant effect on cardiac cholinergic activity. However, cardiac ACh concentration was significantly reduced by hypothermia in all seasons. The extents of increase in cardiac ACh in PHY pretreated hypothermic frogs indicate that hypothermia depresses cardiac cholinergic acitity much more in summers than in rainy and winter seasons. The tissue glycogen contents and blood sugar concentrations were significantly lower in winter season than those in summer and rainy seasons. Hypothermia produced marked tissue glycogenolysis and hyperglycaemia during summer and rainy seasons and not during winters. In general PHY had no effect on tissue glycogen contents in  any season, but it produced hyperglycaemia during rainy and winter seasons. PHY pretreatment increased cardiac, hepatic and muscle glycogen contents and produced hyperglycaemia in hypothermic winter frogs, and it increased ventricular and muscle glycogen contents during summer and hepatic glycogen during rainy seasons, there being no significant effects on blood sugar.


Bile formation in rats with acute liver damage from carbon tetrachloride. Effects of CCL4 on bile formation and on the hepatic bilirubin metabolism were studied in rats by recording the intrabiliary pressure and flow rate, BSP and bilirubin clearances and by estimating the activity of the hepatic enzyme, Uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronyl transferase. From the results of these studies it was concluded that: (i) CCl4 reduced the rate of bile secretion by the lever cells of the rats, (ii) spontaneous bile flow and choleretic response to dehydrocholate declined in the CCl4 treated rats, (iii) CCl4 reduced the clearance of BSP and bilirubin (UCB or BG) at low plasma concentrations as well as the absolute rate of BSP and bilirubin (UCB or BG) excretion when plasma levels were above those required to saturate active transport of the dye or hepatic excretory mechanisms of bilirubin, (iv) CCl4 produced a specific bilirubin conjugatory defect by inhibiting the activity of hepatic UDP-glucuronyl transferase and that (v) all these hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 appeared as early as 2-3 hours after its administration.


Use of electromagnetic counterpoise to measure cardiac force. To quantify the drug induced changes in cardiac force the methods in vogue use springs and strain-gauge coils, which apply counterforce to oppose cardiac force and thus stop systolic excursion of the lever. The present report pertains to a new technique based on similar principle, utilising induced electromagnetic force as a means of counterpoising in study of contractility of isolated, frog heart. The technique monitered changes in contractility produced by small doses of adrenaline, digoxin, acetylcholine and CaCl2. The plots of estimated cardiac force (in V) against doses (log-units) of the drugs could be made to reveal dose response relation.


Limitations in the use of CO2 as a method for studying the J-reflex. In order to study the J-reflex, monosynaptic reflexes were recorded from L7 or S1 ventral root after stimulation of the posterior biceps, and semi-tendinosus nerve (PBST) from the lower limb in cats anaesthetized with Pentobarbitone sodium. Intratracheal CO2 (60 ml, 100%) depressed the monosynaptic reflexes, and the depression was comparable to the effects of right atrial phenyl diguanide injection. Bilateral vagotomy did not abolish the response showing that the afferent pathway of this depression does not travel via the vagus nerve. Thus it is concluded that CO2 cannot be used to study the J-reflex.


Urinary indican in healthy Indian subjects. Forty normal subjects have been taken for the present study. The mean Indican excretion was 40.45 mg/24 hrs. The mean jejunal count was 1.96 x 10(3) +/- 5.39 x 10(3) organisms/ml and 40% of the jejunal aspirates were sterile. Wide range of bacteria were cultured bu the coliform organisms were obtained in only 16.6%. There was a significant correlation between Indican excretion and total bacterial count (P less than .01).


Monamine oxidation in different organs of rat. Monoamine axodation has been studied in different organs of adult rats. Activity of monoamine dehydrogenase (MADH) has been measured both aerobically and anaerobically. Brain is the organ where maximum activity of MADH has been observed while in ovary the minimal enzyme activity has been noticed. In the absence of air, the activity proceeded at faster rate whereas MAO activity cannot take place in absence of oxygen. Oxygen can not be replaced by other electron acceptors like NTC. However, in some organs like pancreas, the formazan production was almost negligible. Aerobically moderate MADH activity was observed in case of ileum and testis. On the other hand, spleen, brain, testis and lung homogenates showed moderate amount of tetrazolium salts reduction in absence of air. This indicates the differential nature of the MADH activities in aerobic and anaerobic condition. High activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) has been observed in liver. Brain and pancreas were also found good organs for MAO activity, but liver homogenate failed to reduce tetrazolium salt. Only dialysed liver homogenate in the presence of tryptamine, demonstrated moderate activity of MADH. Relative activity of both the enzymes has been studied. The organwise distribution pattern of MAO and MADH appeared quite different.


Cardiac output of Indian men by a non-invasive method the Indirect Fick Principle. The cardiac-output (Q) of seven young healthy Indians with common physical characteristics at rest and after a single bout of exercise of 600 kpm for 10 min on a bicycle ergometer was ascertained by the Indirect Fick Principle. The end tidal alveolar Co2 pressure was obtained at the end of a normal expiration and PvCo2 was obtained by the help of the exponential rise (Defares method) in Co2 concentration during rebreathing from an initially low Co2 in O2 mixture (3-4%). The standard Co2 dissociation curve of oxygenated blood was used to find out the corresponding arterial and venous Co2 content, assuming the Hb content of these individuals to be normal. The mean value of the Cardiac-Output so obtained during rest is 4.21 liters/min when Co2 rebreathing time does not exceed 10 secs, and 17.33 litres/min., 2 to 3 breaths after exercise, when rebreathing time did not exceed 5 to 7 secs. Repeated studies and better training of the subjects will perhaps improve the resting values, while after exercise and during recovery our values are better reproducible.


Effect of centrally administered glucagon on urinary sodium and potassium concentration in dogs. The effects of glucagon administration through intracerebroventricular (ICV), third ventricular (TV) and intracisternal (I") routes on urinary sodium and potassium concentration have been studied in mongrel dogs. The central administration of glucagon resulted in a significant decrease in urinary sodium concentration (P less than 0.01) and increase in urinary potassium concentration (P less than 0.001). This change in urinary sodium and potassium concentration on central administration of glucagon was abolished in animals which were ventured to either sympathetic denervation or adrenalectomy. The observations in the present study suggest that the changes in urinary sodium and potassium concentration on central administration of glucagon, are due to increased secretion of some substance from the adrenals and the probable efferents might be the sympathetic fibres.


Bilateral asymmetry in conduction velocity in the efferent fibres of the median nerve andits relationship to handedness. The conduction velocity in the efferent fibres of the median nerve has been compared in the right and left forelimbs of 38 human subjects. Six independent estimates were made for each limb. Estimates on the right and left limb of a subject were made at the same sitting. Conduction velocity was faster on the right side in the majority of right handed subjects; and on the left side in the majority of left handed subjects. The mean conduction velocity was greater on the right side in right handed subjects (P less than 0.02).


Study of the intake of fluid, output and titratable acidity of urine in medical students. 183 students of 17-22 years age group were studied in respect of fluid intake, urine output and urine titratable acidity under normal conditions for two consecutive days. The study was performed in early winter in eastern part of U.P. Male students were observed to have higher fluid intake and urine output as compared to female. Average fluid intake and urinary output in male students were observed to be 2860 S.D. +/- 780 ml and 1860 S.D. +/- 880 ml respectively while corresponding readings for female students were 1980 S.D. +/- 390 ml and 1550 S.D. +/- 840 ml. Titratable acidity was observed to be high with a mean of 47.46 meg S.D. +/- 16.2 meq as compared to commonly accepted average range of 25-35 meq. Nonvegetarian subjects were found to have significnatly higher titratable acidity. Fluid intake and urine output did not have any significant effect on titratable acidity of urine in both the sexes. Need for further studies on this subject has been stressed.


Inhibition of mast cell population by L-glutamine in aspirin-induced ulceration in rat stomach. The effects of an amino acid L-glutamine on aspirin-induced gastric lesions as well as on the mast cell population were studied in rats. L-glutamine had a pronounced inhibitory effect on gastric lesions produced by oral aspirin administration. Aspirin-induced increase in the mast cell population of the stomach was also prevented. Parenteral administration of aspirain did not produce any significant damage to the gastric mucosa.


Hypocholesterolemic response to angiotensin II in dogs. Intravenous administration of angiotensin II caused a significant decrease in blood choelsterol level in dogs. This hypocholesterolaemic response, also obtained in spinal vagotomized and adrenalectomized dogs, indicates that central nervous system and adrenals have no role in angiotension II induced hypocholesterolemic effect. In hepatectomized dogs in which both vagi were intact intravenously administered angiotensin did not cause any significant decrease in blood choelsterol level, suggesting that angiotensin exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis or preventing the release of cholesterol from the liver.


Distribution of silfusomidine in tissues of poultry. The biological half life, blood level and tissue dispersion of sulfisomidine in poultry have been studied. The biological half life was observed to be 40 minuts. Following single dose (275 mg/kg) oral administration, the peak blood level of 13.92 mg% was found at 2 hr and the liver and small intestine showed highest drug residue at the end of 24 hr.


The human vas-its lumen in relation with age and neuromuscular transmitters. Specimens of human was deferens were obtained during elective surgery under local analsthesia. The internal diameter of the vas lumen was measured by means of set of rods of 0.10 mm diameter increments. These measurements were made within 5 minutes of the removal of vas and noted as control values. The effect of its immersion in epinephrine 1/1000, nor-epinephrine 1/1000 and acetylcholine 1/1000 on diameter of lumen was determined. The mean diameter of vas lumen in saline was 0.83 +/- .09 mm in subjects of 29 to 32 years age and 0.89 +/- .009 mm in subject of 33 to 48 years. This value was significantly lower in subjects of 49 to 52 years (0.69 +/- .06 mm). The lumen diameter decreased significantly in response to epinephrine and nor epinephrine and increased when the vas was immersed in acetylcholine. The response of vasal smooth muscle as indicated by alteration of lumen size was significantly lower in subjects of 49 to 52 years of age to epinephrine and acetylcholine. It has been proposed that diameter of the vas at different age groups and its responsiveness to neuromuscular transmitters may be taken into consideration when designing vas occlusive devices.


Effect of smoking on electrocardiogram and blood pressure. Smoking was found to cause a significant increase in heart rate and blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) but not appreciable changes in E.C.G. wave forms.


Release of copper ions from an intra-vas cooper-wire contraceptive device. Insertion of a copper wire into the vas deferens of male rats released 4 micrograms of copper in themid portion of the vas deferens in two days time. In urethral and epidymal segments of the vas deferens copper released was less than one microgram. The present study demonstrates that the in vivo effects of 4 microgram of copper in 2 days time in the vas deferens are enough to induce antifertility in rats.


Editorial. Definition of audiology.

Editorial. Definition of audiology. It is noted that the generic term audiology as the science of hearing, and the concept of the multidisciplinary audiology center, is some years older than the emergent independent profession of clinical audiology. The broader term is still useful as a device to lend much needed cohesion to a variety of approaches to the study of hearing, as a term to elicit public support for hearing research in general, and as a device to attract young persons to aspects, not necessarily clinical, of the biology of the auditory process. A trend is deplored to dissuade or even force all persons involved in serious study of hearing to refrain from designating themselves as audiologists; it is hoped that the words audiology and audiologist will continue to be very broadly defined, and it is thought that to restrict them would do ASHA-certified audiologists in the long run more harm than good. It is suggested that these virtues of the generic word audiology could be amicably retained, while offering a fully professional identity to practitioners of audiology in the clinic, by rewording the current "CCC-A" to read "Certificate of Competence in Clinical Audiology" and its holders be known, as in fact they commonly are, as "Clinical Audiologists;" this by analogy with the current widespread practice in psychology.


Properties of acoustic reflex adaptation to pure tones and one-third octave bands of noise. Acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained by a computerized threshold search procedure for two pure tones (500 and 2000 Hz) and two one-third octave bands of noise (436--553 and 1752--2253 Hz). The stimuli were presented at 5- and 10-dB sensation level (re: reflex threshold) with an interstimulus interval of at least 80 sec. Acoustic reflex adaptation was measured at predetermined stimulus durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 sec. For the pure tone stimuli, reflex adaptation was found to be frequency dependent, with the 2000-Hz tone producing significantly greater adaptation than the 500-Hz pure tone. The main effects of sensation level and duration were not statistically significant for the pure tone stimuli. Results for the noise stimuli revealed no significant differences in reflex adaptation for the effects of frequency, sensation level, and duration. The overall intersubject variability of acoustic reflex adaptation was greater for the noise stimuli.


Oral salbutamol therapy of asthma in young children. Twenty-one young asthmatics, 2-6 years of age (mean 4 years), were given an open trial of salbutamol syrup to assess its safety. Each patient was given 1 mg, then 2 mg, q8h for two weeks. Only one patient experienced side-effects and this was at the 2 mg dose. It is concluded that salbutamol syrup is safe at a dose of 1 to 2 mg q8h for the asthmatic children in this age group.


Audiologic detection of auditory processing disorders in children. A group of 11 normal children was compared to a group of language learning-disabled children on two auditory discrimination tasks. The word intelligibility by picture identification test was distorted by low pass filtering and bandpass filtering to be used as distorted monaural discrimination tasks and as tests of binaural fusion. Results revealed that the two groups could not be differentiated on the basis of distorted speech presented monaurally in diotic over dichotic scores than did the normal group. A procedure for audiologic screening for language learning-disabled children with normal hearing sensitivity is suggested.


Ability of hearing-impaired listeners to understand connected discourse. Thirty-three hearing-impaired listeners estimated the intelligibility of connected discourse presented in quiet and in the presence of noise. Speech-understanding scores were compared to routine audiometric measures and the effects of both signal-to-noise ratio and level of amplification upon speech understanding were investigated. The listeners were able to estimate the intelligibility of connected discourse reliably. Measures of auditory sensitivity were correlated highly with percentage of understanding only when connected discourse was presented at a low level and a favorable signal-to-noise ratio. The relationship of routine measures and speech understanding was low. A method for obtaining estimates of the intelligibility of running speech is presented along with the results for a typical audiology clinic population.


Influence of acoustic reflex on acquisition of temporary threshold shift from short duration noise bursts. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the acoustic reflex elicited by short duration noise bursts and the resultant temporary threshold shift. Acoustic reflex responses were monitored during the presentation of fatiguing stimuli consisting of interrupted and continuously presented octave noise bands (500--1000 and 1500--3000 Hz) presented at 98 dB sound pressure level. For interrupted stimuli, burst duration was maintained at 100 msec while five different off times ranging from 50 to 450 msec (in 100-msec steps) were used. Exposure duration was varied to equate total energy received in each off-time condition. Noise exposures having shorter off times produced significantly more reflex activity than did exposures with longer off times. Greater impedance changes were elicited by the high band noise than by the low band noise exposure. Although the high band noise tended to produce greater reflex activity it also produced significantly more temporary threshold shift. Differences in the amount of temporary threshold shift produced by the two noise bands could not be attributed to the effects of reflex contraction.


Effects of increased stimulus rate on brainstem electric response (BER) audiometry as a function of age. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the effects of rate of stimulus presentation on the brainstem electric response in groups selected as models for such brainstem disorders as demyelinating diseases and focal lesions. Two groups, infants and geriatric adults, were chosen as models because of their known neurological differences from a normal young adult population. Three groups of eight subjects each; infants, geriatric adults, and young adults were tested using routine brainstem electric response techniques with four rates of click presentations. Using the wave V latency at the slow rate (13/sec) as base line, three latency shift scores were obtained for each of the three fast rates (33/sec), 50/sec, 67/sec). Analysis of the data revealed greater shifts for infants and geriatric adults than were present for the young adults. The experimenters concluded that the imposition of a fast rate of click presentation offers a promise as a clinical tool for the discovery of brainstem differences.


Hemodiafiltration.

Hemodiafiltration. Four patients have been studied with maintenance hemodiafiltration. The predominant finding to date has been better control of blood pressure. The mechanism(s) for this improved blood pressure control are under study.


Clinical evaluation of the clearance profiles of a portable, compact, dialysate-free system incorporating microencapsulated charcoal hemoperfusion for blood purification with ultrafiltration for fluid removal. A total of 30 procedures have been carried out in two patients using a new portable, compact, dialysate-free system formed by combining 300 gms of albumin--cellulose nitrate microencapsulated activated charcoal (ACAC) in series with a small Amicon ultrafiltrator. Blood passing through the ACAC hemoperfusion system is purified of waste metabolites and toxins. Fluid removal is carried out with the hydrostatic pressure of the blood passing through the dialysate-free ultrafiltrator. Since ACAC hemoperfusion is much more efficient than hemodialysers for blood purification, the combined system with the ultrafiltrator results in a very efficient system for blood purification and fluid removal. Typical clearance data for the combined systems include: 75 ml/min for 2000--5000 MW; 112.7 ml/min for 300--1500 MW; 235 ml/min for creatinine; 240 ml/min for uric acid; 2500--2700 ml/2 hours for water removal; and 17--18 gm/2 hours for NaCl removal. Guanidines, mercaptans, and PTH are also cleared very efficiently.


Liquid membrane capsules for treatment of uremia. The objective of the program is to use ingested liquid membrane capsules (LMC) as gastrointestinal toxin traps as an adjunct to dialysis. Urea has been selected as the model toxic component to study before expanding the technology to other toxins. Transport across the small intestinal mucosa has been indicated to be adequate. There is no indication of reduction of mucosal transport or damage to the intestinal mucosa over short term but repetitive LMC perfusions. Performance of LMC perfused through Thiry Vella small intestinal loops is as good as in vitro performance and can be predicted. Substantial progress has been made toward developing LMC to perform in the more complex environment of the intact gastrointestinal tract. The demonstration of LMC performance in vivo with intact gastrointestinal tracts, and perhaps some increase in rate of toxin removal, will be required before LMC can be considered practical candidates for clinical use.


Hemodialyzer performance: an assessment of currently available units. The performance characteristics of nine currently available disposable parallel-flow dialyzers were assessed, both before and immediately following dialysis, by measuring: (i) in vitro clearances of C14 labeled urea, creatinine, and sucrose and H3 labeled vitamin B12 at standard conditions, (ii) ultrafiltration rates in saline at 37C, and (iii) loss in the mass transfer coefficient-membrane area product (hoA), following a single dialysis. Parallel-plate dialyzers underwent considerable membrane stretching during dialysis and exhibited greater variability, particularly regarding vitamin B12 clearance and ultrafiltration ability, than did capillary dialyzers. The variability in plate units was greater for large-area dialyzers where there were 25 to 26 blood channels. However, despite considerable differences in performance characteristics, all dialyzers were judged to be clinically acceptable in terms of both solute clearance and ultrafiltration characteristics.


[Hydredynamic bench for pulsatile flows. Application to hemodynamic studies (author's transl)]. Oscillatory or pulsatile flows are produced on a hydrodynamic bench by a volumetric gear pump. The moto-pump group is an original device which is very different from other systems. It is driven by a wave synthesizing generator which enables any flow rate to be produced especially oscillatory, pulsatile or physiological flow. The synthesizing generator delivers a periodic wave with variable amplitude, shape and frequency. The moto-pump group is controlled by an amplifying comparator; it produces a flow whose rate follows the control signal. A study of the modifications of flow patterns induced by models of vascular stenoses has been performed with this bench. The study of the velocity distribution has been effected with a pulsed Doppler ultrasonic velocimeter.


[Excretion of trichloroethanol and trichloracetic acid in the urine of rats exposed repeatedly to trichlorethylene (author's transl)]. In a single and repeated exposures to trichloroethylene, the behavior of urinary trichlorethanol (TCE) and trichloracetic acid (TCA) in rats was investigated. In the single exposures rats were exposed to 200 ppm of trichlorethylene once for 3 hours, and in the repeated exposures rats were exposed to trichlorethylene at the same concentration for the same hours on 5 successive days. The results obtained were as follows: 1) In rats exposed once most of the urinary TCE was excreted within 24 hours after the beginning of exposure, whereas the urinary excretion of TCA continued for 4 days. 2) In repeated exposures, the urinary excretion of TCE reached a maximal level following the second exposure and remained constant thereafter. In contrast to this, the urinary excretion of TCA increased continuously from the first day to the fifth. 3) The ratio of TCE: TCA showed a decrease from 2.8 in the first day to 1.2 in the fifth day of the repeated exposures.


Psychiatric symptomatology in Egypt.

Psychiatric symptomatology in Egypt. Various works on psychiatric morbidity in Egypt are reviewed. The main clinical symptomatology of schizoprenia, affective disorders, hysteria and obsessional disorders is described. The differences in the presentation of symptoms in Egypt as compared to western conditions is discussed.


Cross-national differences in measures of psychiatric morbidity. This byproduct of an epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders in the Washington Heights are of New York City suggests that there are Anglo-American differences in measures of psychiatric morbidity. A description of the project and examples of some of the results are presented. Some possible causes and implications of the Anglo-American differences are discussed.


Culture, social structure, and the explanation of migrant mental illness. The aim of this paper is an examination of the use of the concept of culture in studies of the relationship between migration and mental illness. It also attracts attention to the relationship between the culture of a migrant community and the cultural, social, economic and political realities of life in the host community.


Some practical problems in providing a psychiatric service for immigrants. Immigrant minority groups in a multicultural society create certain problems for the psychiatric services, because of language, diagnostic differences, acceptability, treatment expectations and other differences. A clinical team has been established at a Bradford psychiatric hospital where there are many Asian patients, and some of the problems encountered are described.


Postgraduate training in Britain for psychiatrists from East Africa. The training of overseas psychiatrists in Britain is arousing increasing concern. Specific assistance may be necessary to maximise the advantages and minimise the disadvantages of such training. This paper describes several aspects of this topic, with particular reference to East African psychiatrists, and the awareness of Britain being a multicultural society.


Towards a method for assessing social support systems. Man is committed by his biological and cultural evolution to a social existence. While the social environment is the source of many stressors, it may also be protective. This latter function is called 'support'. Social bonds are to be found universally, but some cultural groups have the integrity of these bonds conspicuously endangered. The application of the affective component of the social network to psychiatry promises to be useful, but cannot progress further until an instrument is developed for assessing the support available to an individual. We have gone some way towards a method for assessing the components of primary group interaction. The task now is to determine if low social support, such as is seen in Western suburban wives, some migrant groups and some women in the Middle East and Asia, is causally related to some psychiatric disorders The principal appeal of this area is that we may be tapping something very fundamental about human social organisation, something which, unlike adversity, is subject to modification.


Immigrants and natives as mental health care recipients. Survey results indicate more mental health problems among immigrants than in the native population in Sweden and in one country of departure, Finland. This is reflected in the high proportion of immigrants in the mental hospital studied, but not among psychiatric out-patients. The immigrant patient rate is high even in socially advantageous groups, eg. among married and employed persons. The diagnoses and problems reported in the patient case records of immigrants and natives are compared, with controls for background variables. Some problems, e.g. paranoia, somatic symtoms, and diffuseness of difficulties are clearly related to immigration status but others, eg. alcohol, work, or human relations problems are connected only with social class or sex, irrespective of immigration status.


Immigrants' knowledge and experience of social work services. A survey of the utilization, knowledge and evaluation and evaluation of the social work services by immigrant groups in Bradford, U.K. was undertaken during 1971-1973. A lack of knowledge and use of appropriate services was found. There was no appreciable difference in knowledge between social service and non social service users. Measures to overcome this lack of legitimate usage are discussed in terms of positive discrimination and pluralist strategies.


The training of social caseworkers for a multi-cultural society. This paper examines problems which arise between immigrants and social workers: conflicts and misunderstandings related to lack of awareness of each other's cultural patterns; racial prejudice, particularly expressed towards 'coloured' clients by white social workers. It is suggested that these problems reflect a more fundamental problem in social work: the gulf in communication and understanding between middle class social workers and working class clients. The currently held argument is examined that it is best to use 'immigrant' soical workers to look after immigrant clients, and the more radical position that casework with immigrants does more harm than good. The paper then describes a practical innovation in social work education for training social workers to function more effectively within a multi-cultural society. A review of relevant studies and discussions is also presented.


Minority conflict: the hijacking of a train by South Molukken youngster in the Netherlands. The hijacking of a train by South Molukken youngsters in the Netherlands is analyzed in terms of the generation gap existing between the post-figurative South Molukken elders and their children who were unsuccessful in their attempts at co-figuration in Holland.


Consensus vs. discrepancy: an analysis role performance of admission clerks in hospital setting. This paper presents hypotheses and conceptualizations regarding the job-role definition of admissions clerks and managers in the Admissions Department of a general hospital. Our sample represents a segment of the administrative staff. The findings show that the malfunctioning of the department in question is not due to a lack of consensus among the workers regarding the perception or definition of role, but to their lack of identification and to inadequate recognition from their peers and superiors.


Community organization in Israel.

Community organization in Israel. This article deals with the nature, goals, areas of practice and the organizational basis of community work in Israel. Community work as a professional activity developed in Israel in the early sixties as a vehicle for resocialization of new immigrants, rebuilding new communities, social integration and development of local leadership. Government and semi-governmental organization played major roles in this area. In the early seventies community work moved also in the direction of social acting dealing more and more with current social issues.


[The arthritic narrow lumbar canal. Anatomoradiologic study - technical considerations]. The Narrowing of the lumbar canal by spondylosis appears as a frequent factor of cauda equina compression. There is a wide range of symptomatology : common low back pain and sciatalgia; neurogenic claudication with sensitive, motor or sphincter disturbance; radicular deficit at one or several levels. Radiological measurement of the anterior-posterior diameter of the lumbar canal does not give a good evaluation of the lesion. Qualitative analysis of spondylosis must be performed by special radiological investigation : plain X ray film and tomography shows the osteophytics spurs and articular hypertrophy; sacco-radiculography (Dimer X) with tomography and flexion-extension films shows the changes on the dural sac. Three types of lesions can be distinguish on anatomical and radiological grounds which carry a special operative management : the anterior type should be treated by discectomy, at one or more level; the posterior type needs facetectomy with or without laminectomy; the mixed type must be treated by combined operative procedures. Laminectomy only does not permit the cure of lateral radicular entrapment. Our results seem much better in our series since this diagnostic and therapeutic attitude is considered.


[Traumatic obliteration of the sylvian artery]. Traumatic thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery have been rarely reported and documented. Eight personal cases provide us an opportunity to stress the common features of this rare entity: onset of symptoms several hours after severe head-trauma, in young men; computerized tomography combined with carotid angiography are decisive for the diagnosis. Prognosis is poor-six deaths out of eight patients. Anticoagulantherapy is useless even dangerous. Extra-intra cranial anastomosis may appear a better solution in selected cases.


Disseminated prothothecosis in a dog.

Disseminated prothothecosis in a dog. This is a report on the clinical history and pathological lesions of a dog suffering from disseminated protothecosis due to Prototheca zopfi. Clinically, the dog was presented with bilateral conjunctivitis followed by blindness, deafness and posterior paresis. Pathological lesions were most severe in the eyes and consisted of subacute panophthalmitis with secondary posterior subcapsular cataract, posterior synechia, retinal detachment and microscopic evidence of glaucoma. The kidney, liver, brain, spleen and lungs were also affected. This is believed to be the first published account of protothecosis in mammals other than man in Africa. A review of the literature is included.


Oviposition and incubation in Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) (Acarina: Ixodidae). Studies on the duration of the oviposition and incubation periods of Boophilus decoloratus (Koch, 1844) revealed that these non-parasitic periods are temperature dependent, increase in temperature causing shortening of the periods. Humidity had no effect on duration of either the oviposition or the incubation periods. The relation between the mass of engorged female ticks and that of the eggs they produced was found to be linear. The viability of eggs produced during the first 13 days of oviposition (at 26 degrees C) was greater than that of eggs laid subsequently. The critical temperature for B. decoloratus eggs was found to be 42 degrees C and they were shown to be unable to take up water vapour from damp atmospheres. Both temperature and humidity affected the hatch of eggs. A simple model of the relations between the physical factors of the environment and the various biological phenomena studied has been given.


The life cycle of the two-host tick Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, under laboratory conditions (Acarina: Ixodidae). The life cycle of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann, 1897, is discussed under the following headings: larval feeding; larval drop; nymphal feeding; nymphal drop; nymphal moulting; adult feeding; adult drop; preoviposition period; oviposition period and incubation. Special attention has also been given to the development of both male and female reproductive organs, gametogensis and mating.


Effect of levamisole on immunity to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in mice and sheep. The stimulating effect of levamisole on immunity to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in mice was marginal, while no enhancement of immunity could be detected in sheep. The conclusion was reached that, as levamisole has no potentiating effect on immunity to C. pseudotuberculosis in normal sheep, it is of no practical value as an immunostimulant in this instance.


First report of Fascioloides magna (Bassi, 1875) in South Africa. Fascioloides magna from a Brahman heifer recently imported from the USA is recorded for the first time in South Africa. The pathological findings are briefly described. The possibility of this parasite becoming established in this country is also discussed.


Studies on Parafilaria bovicola Tubangui, 1934, 2. Chemotherapy and pathology. The filaricidal effects of trichlorphon, arsenic trioxide, sodium antimony biscathecol disulphonate and nitroxynil against Parafilaria bovicola were the subject of this investigation. Levamisole hydrochooride was retested in a separate trial to assess the time required for healing after successful treatment. A comparison of carcass lesions and the percentage of lesion area in untreated controls with those in treated animals reconfirmed the efficacy of levamisole hydrochlorice, while nitroxynil gave more promising results. Both lesions and lesion area were reduced by 76% by the former and by 93% by the latter compound. The other drugs only slightly suppressed P. bovicola activity. After treatment with levamisole hydrochloride, active lesions were still present for 1-4 weeks and visible lesions on slaughter for 8 weeks. Since the visible lesions during the 8 weeks varied from acute to chronic and as they disappeared 9 weeks post treatment, it is suggested that provision should be made for a healing period of at least 9 weeks.


Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. III. Oestrus spp. and Gedoelstia hässleri in the blesbok. Four blesbok culled in the Rietvlei Nature Reserve, Pretoria, District during May 1972 were found to harbour large burdens of 1st instar Oestrus spp. larvae and from 16-37 3rd instar larvae of Oestrus macdonaldi. They were also infested with large numbers of 1st instar Gedoelstia hässleri larvae but only 2 harboured 3rd stage larvae of this species. During an 18-month period 34 blesbok were culled in pairs in the Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve, Potgietersrus District. These antelope harboured peak numbers of 1st instar Oestrus spp. larvae during February, July and December but few if any during early October. Third instar Oestrus variolosus larvae were generally recovered from July-February and those of O. macdonaldi during July 1972 and from May-September 1973. Some 1st instar larvae of these flies appeared to undergo a pulmonary migration before returning to the naso-pharyngeal area to mature. The pupal period of O. variolosus varied from 67 days during the spring to 35 days during the summer. G. hässleri larvae reached peak numbers from October 1972-January 1973 and during May and June 1973. The lowest numbers were recovered from August-October 1973. Recovery and measurement of 1st instar larvae indicated that they either undergo an ocular-cranial or ocular-vascular-pulmonary migration before reaching the naso-pharyngeal area. Pupal periods varied from 46 days for flies hatching during October to 22 days for those hatching during December.


Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. I. Oestrus ovis in sheep. Separate groups of 3 oestrid-free lambs were exposed to infestation on irrigated pasture for periods of approximalely 33 days each over30 months, and on dry-land pasture for approxomately 42 days over a period of 18 months. With some exceptions, the lambs slaughtered from October-June were found to be infested with Oestrus ovis while, with one exception, those slaughtered from July-September were free. A minimum of 4 sheeps' heads, obtained weekly over 24 months from the Pretoria Municipal Abattoir, was examined for infestation. Of a total of 542 heads examined, 73,4% were infested, having a mean burden of 15,2 larvae. Mean larval burdens were slightly greater in hornless than in horned sheep in Dorper-type than in Merino-type sheep, and in lambs than in sheep with 2 or more permanent incisors. The largest larval burdens were recovered from sheep slaughtered during May and June and the smallest during September and October. The greatest number of 1st instar larvae were recovered during May and June and the smallest during September, but those recovered during the latter month were the largest. With one exception, mature larvae which pupated after 21 March or before 16 August failed to hatch as viable flies. Those which pupated after 16 August hatched as flies after a pupal stage of approximately 50 days and the first flies to hatch were invariably recovered during the first 2 weeks of October. The pupal stage decreased to approximately 25 days during December and January and increased again to approximately 50 days for flies hatching during May. No flies hatched  between 18 May and 1 Cctober. The following life cycle ofr Oestrus ovis is suggested: sheep are repeatedly infested from October-June; thereafter infestation survives in the sheeps' heads until August, mainly as 1st instar larvae, then as pupae and larvae until fresh infestation takes place during October.


Parasites of comestic and wild animals in South Africa. II. Oestrus ovis in goats. During a period of 13 months, 130 goats' heads, obtained form the Johannesburg Municipal Abattoir, were examined for infestation with Oestrus ovis. Investation was present in 73,8% of the heads and the mean burden comprised 4,4 larvae. Such a small nuber of larvae were present that no clear seasonal incidence pattern could be determined. Pupal periods could be as long as approximately 60 days for flies hatching during October and May and as short as approximately 24 days for those hatching from December-February. The findings are compared with those obtained from surveys in sheep in south africa.


The separation of some volatile fatty acids on a "Sephadex" partition chromatogram. The suitability of Sephadex LH-20 as a solid support for the partition chromatography of acetic, propionic and butyric acids was investigated by using standard mixtures of 14C-labelled acids. The clear separation that was obtained between the acids was confirmed by the negligible cross contamination found between the acid peaks. Furthermore, the Sephadex LH-20 column gave a convenient elution volume and time similar to those found for a Celite Analytical Filter Aid column, without the progressive deterioration in separation normally associated with Celite.


The arterial blood supply of the cervical vertebrae of the ox (bos taurus l.). The arterial supply to the cervical vertebrae of the ox was studied in 22 animals (Friesland, Jersey and Guernsey cross-breeds), ranging from near full-term foetuses to adults. Various techniques, including angiography and clearing of bone, were employed to expose the extra- and intraosseous distribution of the arteries and a description is given of a modified Spalteholtz clearing technique. The extraosseous nutrient arteries are described and illustrated. A uniform pattern emerged from the investigation and it is suggested that the main branches be named: (1) the artery of the vertebral arch; (b) the artery of the transverse process; (c) the basivertebral arteries. Frequent anastomoses between epi- and metaphysial vessels in young animals are reported, and stress is laid on the effective collateral supply maintained by the extra- and intraosseous nutrient vessels.


Neurosecretion in Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin) (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). The distribution of neurosecretory cells in the brain. The arrangement of the brain and peripheral nerves in Ornithodoros savignyi (Audouin) is similar to that of other argasid and ixodid ticks. Histological studies, using a specialized staining technique (aldehyde fuchsin), have shown 15 groups of neurosecretory cells in the cortex of the brain.


A revision of the genus Impalaia Mönnig, 1924. A revision of the genus Impalaia Mönnig, 1924 forms the subject of this report. Besides the type species, Impalaia tuberculata Mönnig, 1924, there are 2 valid species, viz., I. nudicollis Mönnig, 1931 and I. okapiae (Van den Berghe, 1937). I. tuberculata longispiculata (Wetzel & Fortmeyer, 1960), I. somaliensis (Crovieri, 1929) and I. aegyptiaca Soliman, 1956 are synonymous with I. tuberculata. I. taurotragi (Le Roux, 1936) appears to be an aberrant form of I. nudicollis. A parasite/host checklist is included.


Ixodes (Afrixodes) Neitzi, n. sp. (Acarina: Ixodidae) from the mountain reedbuck in South Africa. Ixodes (Afrixodes) neitzi n. sp. is described from females and males collected from the mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) at Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, Transvaal, Republic of South Africa. Information is provided to distinguish this new species from other closely related Ixodes species that occur in the Ethiopian region. Its predilection sites are noted and the area in which it occurs is described briefly.


Immunosuppression in new-born lambs.

Immunosuppression in new-born lambs. A novel technique, based on cytotoxicity-neutralization, was developed for the in vitro titration of anti-sheep lymphocyte and anti-sheep macrophage sera. The titres obtained for a number of antisera were compared with those found in an agglutination assay. Anti-lymphocyte sera with a high cytotoxicity-neutralization titre very effectively suppressed the number of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of treated new-born lambs, thus indicating in vivo immunosuppressive activity.


The fine structure of intra-erythrocytic stages of Babesia bigemina. The electron microscope was used to study the structure of merozoites, merozoites in the process of transformation to trophozoites, trophozoites, and the method of multiplication of B. bigemina. The merozoites were piriform in shape and surrounded by 3 peripheral membranes of which the 2 inner ones often appeared as a single thick osmiophilic structure (inner membrane). Anterior and posterior polar rings, microtubules, micronemes, rhoptries and mitochondria with and without tubular cristae were discernible. A single large unidentified spherical body was present in most of the mature merozoites. After penetration of an erythrocyte, merozoites developed into trophozoites through a transformation process which involved the loss of the inner membrane of the pellicle, rhoptries, most of the micronemes and the spherical body. The trophozoites were surrounded by a single membrane, were pleomorphic in shape and contained large inclusions of host cell cytoplasm, but no cytostomes or food vacuoles could be identified. Reproduction took place through a process resembling schizogony resulting in the production of 2 merozoites, the cytoplasmic constituents of the original trophozoite (mother cell) being virtually entirely incorporated into the daughter cells in the process. None of the parasites were contained in parasitophorous vacuoles.


An accurate, sensitive and reproducible method for the colorimetric estimation of free fatty acids in plasma. A sensitive and reproducible method permitting the estimation of 0,030-3,000 mM free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma with a standard error of 0,006 5 was developed. The method is based on the extraction of phosphate-buffered plasma with a chloroform-heptane-methanol mixture, formation of the cobalt complex and on the subsequent determination of the metal with 1-nitroso-2-naphthol. The method was used to obtain normal values (mean 0,547 mM range 0,147-1,197 mM) for Merino wethers fed lucerne hay.


Neurological symptoms in a cat following vaccination with high egg passage Flury rabies vaccine of chicken embryo origin. The development of neurological symptoms in a cat following vaccination with the high egg passage Flury rabies vaccine and the subsequent isolation of a virus with characteristics consistent with the criteria for distinguishing the high egg passage Flury strain of rabies virus are described.


A rapid method for differentiating between the infective larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum and Chabertia ovina. When freshly-collected, exsheathed infective larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum and Chabertia ovina were frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently thawed, conspicuous vesicles appeared in the intestinal cells of the larvae. The mean number of vesicles, which differed in size according to the species was 20 for O. columbianum and 32 for C. ovina.


[ECG examinations on a PMM model].

[ECG examinations on a PMM model]. The analysis of cardiac electric field interference on rabbits with additional heart implanted to abdominal cavity resulted in explanation of ecg variations during the first hours of newborn's life. The investigation of multipole and multidipole fields in spherical chamber proved that the disturbation of axial symmetry of added up elementary dipoles evokes significant multipole components in the heart.


Local activation of blood coagulation by polyester prostheses implanted into defects of the abdominal aorta of dogs. An 8 cm long Dallon prosthesis was implanted into defects of the abdominal aorta of dogs, and the following changes were found: the blood flow through the vascular prosthesis induced a shortening of the blood clotting time and the heparin-thrombin time and a slight increase in the prothrombin consumption. It has a favourable effect of the sealing of pores in the prosthesis and covering its internal surface with a fibrin membrane.


[Toxicology of a polymerized modification of isonicotinic acid hydrazide]. The biologic side effects were studied of a polymer of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (PINH) synthesized on the basis of the copolymer vinylpyrrolidone and crotonaldehyde. The influence of dosage and conditions of administration as a functional and morphologic indicator in animals were also investigated. Threshold dosage and optimal conditions of administration in clinical practice are recommended.


[Interaction of poly-2-methyl-5-vinyl-N-ethylpyridinium bromide and heparin studied by means of ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy]. Antithrombotic properties are induced in polymers used in vascular surgery by modifying their surface chemically by introducing heparin by means of quaternary bases. The authors have studied the interaction of heparin with quaternary polyvinylpyridinium bromide. Optimal conditions for obtaining this complex have been established. The complex is insoluble in distilled water but passes partly into solution in the presence of an excess of heparin or in physiologic solution. Using spectral methods and elementar analysis it was found that the interaction of heparin with quaternary polyvinylpyridinium gives rise to a polyelectrolyte complex in which heparin undergoes structural changes, probably pertaining to sulfonamide or sulfoether groups.


[Simple method of preparing dried, durable anatomical preparations]. There was described a preparation method of dried, durable anatomical preparations in with the Polish latex LBS 3060 was used to fill blood vessels. The particular usefulness of this method made for teaching purposes was determined.


[Psychopharmacology and psychiatric aspects of pain]. The psychological and psychopathological aspects of pain serve to emphasize the therapeutic importance of psychopharmacological drugs in the treatment of this frequent symptom. Using the classification of psychotropic drugs made by Delay and Deniker, the author analyses the practical applications of some psycholeptics, some psychoanaleptics, and even some psychodysleptics in anti-pain therapeutics. The analysis of some statistics on the frequency of pain in different patient samples, from general medicine as well as from psychiatry, helps to comment upon the great advance implied by the psychopharmacological revolution.


[Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible concentration of Reglone in the air of a work environment]. Reglon (20 per cent dikwad dibromide) is an extensively used herbioide and desiccant. During acute and chronic inhalatory experiments on white rats, using 4--hour exposure to water aerosols, determination is made of the acute LC50 -- 83 mg/m3, of the acute threshold concentration - 9.9 mg/m3 acute substance, as well as of the chronic threshold concentration - 0.32 mg/m3. In all instances the clinical picture of intoxication is characterized by pulmonary lesion, and partial involvement of  liver and kidneys. The computed zones of acute and chronic inhalatory toxicity warrant the assumption that no sequelae dueto herbicide cumulation in the organism should be expected. At safety coefficient 3, the authors propose 0.1 mg/m3 dikwad dibromide as a temporary limit of the maximum allowable concentration of reglon in the working environment air.


[Cardiovascular system reactivity in children of primary schools studying by new academic programs]. A longitudinal study of cardiovascular reactivity is performed among school-children taught according to newly adopted educational programs. The experiment is conducted in a full day school with three-year duration of the elementary course. The daily and annual dynamics of the basic indicators under study: heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, pressure, beat volume of the heart and a circulatory efficiency index display a noteworthy difference between working capacity of school-children beginning their education at the age of 6 and 7 years throughout the three school years. Regardless of the adequate adaptation to the learning of the disciplines experimented upon during the first school year, in the following years, and more particularly in the third class, clear cut signs of fatigue are noted both among school-children beginning school at 6 and 7 years. This gives sufficient reason to correlate the dynamics of indicators not to the age of school-children, but rather to the extent and essence of the school subjects, regime and teaching methods employed.


[Hemodynamic changes in hypoglycemic shock]. Severe hypoglycemia may be present in seriously ill patients; if it is not corrected opportunely a series of neuroendocrinal mechanisms take place aimed at correcting metabolic alterations. These mechanisms can produce hemodynamic alterations as well. Nine mongrel dogs were studied with continuous registration of: blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, electrocardiogram and first derivative (Dp/Dt). Six dogs received crystalline (fast acting) insuline intravenously (group 1). After hemodynamic changes were registered hypoglycemia was corrected with 50 per cent glucose solution. Complementary insuline doses were administered to three dogs (group 2); in this group hypoglycemia was not corrected. In group 1 during hypoglycemia there was an increase in blood pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency and Dp/Dt, and changes in QT and T wave on the EKG; these changes were partially reversible after hypoglycemia was corrected. The above mentioned alterations persisted in group 2, breathing became irregular irregular and respiratory arrest supervened. It can be inferred that the hemodynamic response to hypoglycemia is predominantly adrenergic. The role of catecolamines, glucocorticoides, glucagon, insuline, cyclic AMP in metabolic and hemodynamic alterations consecutive to hypoglycemia are discussed.


[Effect of alcohol on glucose resorption in the small intestine of white rats]. Using the method of inverted bags according to Wiseman and Wilson, the effect of alcohol on glucose transport in the small intestine of white rats is studied. A noteworthy increase in glucose absorption is established in the group of animals receiving 2ml 50 degrees ethyl alcohol before meal over a period of one month, and in the group treated a single time in fasting conditions at analogical alcohol dose. No statistically significant difference is established between the control group of animals, and those treated with the indicated above alcohol dose under conditions of ordinary diet. The obtained results are interpreted in the light of updated concepts about the active transport of substances in the small intestine, with due consideration being given to the eventual effect exerted by ethyl alcohol on its mechanisms.


[Qualitative and quantitative changes in liver glycoproteins in tetrachloromethane poisoning]. Qualitative and quantitative changes in hepatic tissue glycoproteins and glucosamine glycans are studied after tetrachlormethane intoxication. The experiment is conducted on 40 control and 40 laboratory male white rats, poisoned twice weekly per os with 0.1 ml CP CCI4 per 100 g of body weight, in the form of 50 per cent oil solution. Followed in dynamics (at 14, 30, 45 and 90 days), the newly formed connective tissue appears to be characterized by a reduction of glicoproteins and increase in glucosamine glycans. Qualitative changes are established in the character of polycarbohydrate components - upset stability of their complex with proteins - and in the normal correlation of the various glucosin glycans.


[Rapid gas chromatographic method of determining organochlorine insecticides in human fatty tissue]. A prompt, readily executed method for chlororganic insecticides determination in human fatty tissue is developed. The analytical course includes sample extraction with hexane, liquid distributional extraction with acetonitrile, and purification through small aluminium dioxide column. Final determination is performed with gas-liquid chromatography using electron detector. The method is endowed with a very high sensibility ranging from 0.1 micron/kg for hexachlorcyclohexane to 0.8 micron/kg for methoxychlor. Attained is a mean analytical yield for heptachlorepoxide amounting to 94 per cent. Reproducibility is fully satisfactory at interval of dispersion of the single measurement 9 per cent; confidential interval of the mean - 3 per cent. The method is successfully applied in mass investigations of the general population for level of chlororganic insecticides' determination.


[Ventilation, diffusion and pulmonary perfusion studied by 133 Xe]. The pulmonary function has been studied by several methods using radioactive gases since 1955. Knipping and col. reported the first study with 133Xe in the evaluation of the gas distribution in pulmonary ventilation. In this study, we report the pulmonary function in 40 normal persons, evaluated by injection in a peripherical vein of this radioactive substance. The elementary respiratory functions: ventilation, diffusion and perfusion were calculated by distribution curves of 133Xe and we obtained the V/P index is very important for the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of the pulmonary function. Comparative studies with several examples of human pulmonary disease are in progress in our laboratory.


[35S-cysteine incorporation into protein synthesis of the liver and testes in subacute oral poisoning with zineb, maneb and mancozeb]. 35S-cysteine incorporation in the protein synthesis of liver and testes is studied in groups of 20 white rats each, following 14--day poisoning with dithiocarbamates, at doses 1/5 LD50, as follows: group one, cineb - o,180 g/kg, maneb - 0,140 g/kg, and mankozeb - 0,260 g/kg. Protein incorporation in liver and testes is studied after decapitation of the animals, within two hours of intraperitoneal 35S-cysteine injection at dose 15 micro C per rat. Liver and testes undergo appropriate treatment after the method of Munro et al./10/, as modified by Sheitanov /9/, and counting is done with VAZ--310. The results point to a varying degree of cysteine incorporation increase in the protein synthesis of liver and testes. It is attributed to a variety of dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the tissues of either of the organs, taking place under the effect of dithiocarbamate preparations. An enhancement of regenerative processes in the above mentioned organs, associated with intensified protein synthesis, is by no means ruled out. Differences established in the intensity of amino acid incorporation correlate with the degree of protein synthesis disorders, mostly in terms of the effect of maneb preparations.


[Comparative toxicity of triacetin and diethylene glycol diacetate]. The approximative lethal dose of triacetin and diethylene glycole acetate is determined after the method of Deihmann and Leblanc. Experiments are conducted on white rats to establish the acute and subacute oral, dermal and inhalatory toxicity of the two substances. Changes in weight, liver and kidneys weight coefficient, hematopoiesis and hepatic function (biochemical and pathomorphological), as well as the stimulating effect on mucosa and skin are studied. The results of the study show a weak stimulating action on mucosa and skin, and insignificant cumulation. Emphasis is laid on the functional character of changes in the values of some enzymes -- alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, cholinesterase -- and of the pathomorphologically established parenchymatous dystrophy. Presumably, it is a matter of changes more strongly manifested in imported triacetin. The conclusion is reached that imported triacetin may be substituted for lokally produced diethylene glycoldiacetate which proves to be with a lower acute and subacute toxicity.


[New high-capacity sampling device for controlling air dust content]. The construction of a new high-capacity sample taking device, designed for dust pollution control, and furnished with an electric aspirator is described. The device can be used in weight analyses of dust pollution in the air of working rooms and atmosphere alike. The basic feature of the apparatus is the so-called sample taking head which fulfils the functions of measurer and regulator of the capacity within 50-200 dm3/min limits. The measurement filters are made of FPP-15 material with dimeter measuring 80 mm. Sample taking using the above device is conducted in compliance with the requirements of dust control standards adopted in this country.


[Carcinogenic action of diarsenic trioxide]. Biarsenic trioxide under the experimental conditions outlined in the paper causes mainly adenopapillomatous proliferations in the intestine and partly in the stomach, as well as adenomatous proliferations in the lungs, all of which may be considered as precancerous conditions. Having in mind that no cancerigenic actions of arsenic has been proved hitherto, the experimental data submitted assume a particular theoretical and practical interest.


[Physical environmental factors of a city park and intraresidential green plantings]. The characteristic features of sun radiation (direct, scattered and total) and natural ultraviolet radiation are outlined under conditions of planting and grassing of areas in different patterns, designed for large-scale public utilization (The Park of Liberty-Sofia), as well as for limited utilization (intra-residential open spaces of the residential districts "Lenin" and "Svoboda"). As the result of the study concrete comparative data are obtained, both in relative and in absolute energetic units, data which may be used as a basis to determine the places of recreation, and the type and extent of planting and grassing in accordance with the anticipated effect - degree of sun protection seeked, or securing sufficient quantitatively and optimal in terms of spectural composition solar radiation.


[Hygienic and physiological evaluation of modern large-panel housing]. The microclimate in the flat rooms of large-panel houses and the physiological reactions of the organism are studied. A hygienic assay of the modern home is made on the basis of analysis of the results obtained. Large-panel housing creates conditions exerting a negative effect from hygienic points of view on the physical components of the environment, and on the physiological state of the organism. Thus, the drawbacks of large-panel houses as compared to monolithic (solid) houses is explained. The physiological reactions of the organism, at variable air temperature, and the same reactions recorded in comfortable self-confidence bring on a statistically proved coincidence, and thereby determine 20-22 degrees temperature of the air as a comfortable zone, 21 degrees temperature of the air and vt/m2 negative body radiation as normal values in the living rooms during the heating season.


Altered potassium permeability in vitamin E-deficient rat erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of vitamin E-deficient rats were investigated as an in vivo model of oxidant stress and cellular aging. To measure possible membrane damage related to the enhanced oxidant stress, the permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to potassium was determined. Rates of non-hemolytic potassium loss were calculated from comparison of total potassium loss and hemolysis rates. The non-hemolytic potassium loss rates for erythrocytes of vitamin E-deficient rats were as much as 2.5-fold higher than controls. The abnormally high permeability of vitamin E-deficient rat erythrocytes indicates molecular damage at the membrane level, and may be significant to our understanding of the normal aging process in erythrocytes and other cells.


Response of delayed (K+) channels to the time-dependent clamping function in squid giant axon. I. Ascending ramps. Squid giant axons are voltage-clamped with ascending potential ramps whose slopes range from 0.5 mV/msec to 60 mV/msec and delayed (K+) currents are observed. The parametric current-voltage curves exhibit a delay period of minimal current followed by a rapid increase of current toward a final steady state. Both the initial delay and the slope of the subsequent rising phase increase with increasing ramp slope. When the Hodgkin-Huxley equations are used to generate theoretical current-voltage curves, the sharp difference between the delay and rising phases is muted and the ramp slope must be increased to produce an adequate representation of the data. A muted biphasic response is also observed when the current-voltage curves are generated using modified Hodgkin-Huxley parameters and a correction for K+ accumulation in the periaxonal space. These modified equations provide an accurate fit for step-potential clamp current data. Since the ramp experiments include all relevant clamping potentials, the experiments provide a sensitive test for kinetic models of K+ on flow in the delayed (K+) channels of squid giant axon.


Effects of maleic acid administration on urinary excretion of DCEC, and on tissue protein, in the rat. Administration of maleic acid to rats caused increased urinary excretion of S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)cysteine [DCEC] and increased binding of maleic acid to tissue proteins. The trichloroacetic acid precipitate from a combined fraction of supernatant and microsome gave the maximum amount of DCEC after hydrolysis. It would appear that aminoaciduria produced by maleate was partially due to increased destruction of some succinylated tissue proteins.


Pathology of structured water and associated cations in cells (ther tissue damage syndrome) and its medical treatment. Modern experimental evidence indicates that the cell should be regarded as analogous to an ion exchanger resin granule with structured water in the interstices and with potassium and sodium ions associated with fixed negative charges on the protein matrix. In tissues damaged by disease or trauma, a similar set of changes in properties of cell cations and water is to be expected, for which a similar set of therapies is appropriate. Tissue damage causes a configurational change of the protein matrix from the normal to the damaged state. This leads to loss of association preference for potassium vs. sodium ions and to loss of water structuring, resulting in replacement of cell potassium by sodium and abnormal uptake of water by the cell. Appropriate therapies for reestablishment of the normal configurational state of the proteins of the cell are reestablishment of normal cell ATP production, for which prostaglandin PGBx is the rational approach, plus diets or drugs that decrease sodium and/or increase potassium concentrations in the body. Partial normalization of cell protein configuration by digitalis compounds may also be possible.


Substrate irradiation stimulation of the in vitro lactate-pyruvate interconversion reactions mediated by lactic dehydrogenase. Experimental studies of the Comorosan effect are presented for the LDH-mediated interconversions of lactate and pyruvate. Consistent with the findings of the Comorosan group, the rate of the lactate/LDH reaction was found increased for crystalline lithium lactate irradiated with green light for times t comprising the manifold t = 15+30n sec, n = 0,1,2... However, no upper limit to the number of activating times was encountered although the Comorosan group has always obtained only six such activations. The pyruvate/LDH reaction rate was found enhanced for crystalline sodium pyruvate irradiated t = 5+30n sec. Sharpness of activations for 5-sec and 65-sec irradiated samples was investigated and found to occur only within approximately +/- 0.5 sec of 5.0 and 65.0 sec, slightly broader than the +/- 0.15-sec peak reported by Comorosan for the 5-sec signal. The data contribute to the credibility of the phenomenon but reveal sensitivity of some properties to individual laboratory or procedural factors. The first support is provided for the "discriminating function" component of Comorosan's metabolic control hypothesis.


[The "e" antigen (HBeAg) in leprosy].

[The "e" antigen (HBeAg) in leprosy]. Sixty-six sera from leprosy patients, 42 with lepromatous leprosy (l.l.) and 24 with tuberculoid leprosy (t.l.) were examinated for the presence of e-antigen and e-antibody by immunodiffusion. The test for e-antigen was negative in all leprosy patients; e-antibodies were found in only three patients (4.5%) with l.l., all carriers of hepatitis B antigen. The HBsAg test was positive in 23.8% of the l.l. cases and in 12.5% of the t.l. cases; the anti-HBs was present in 38.1% of the l.l. cases and in 41.6% of the t.l. cases. The results suggest the possibility that the leprosy patients positive for the surface B antigen represent a very low risk and can be considered as chronic asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg.


[Epidemiological studies of blood levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in a school-age population of Veneto]. During the school year 1974-75 serum cholesterol has been evaluated in the whole school population (520 subjects, 268 males and 252 females, age ranging from 6 to 14 years) of Saccolongo, a village which is about 20 kilometers from Padova (Italy) and serum triglycerides have been further evaluated in a random population of 161 subjects (90 males and 71 females, age ranging from 6 to 11 years). Serum cholesterol values did not show any significant difference between males and females. Analysis of serum cholesterol in the various age groups revealed that it was significantly higher in females at age 6 (t = 2.2296; p less than 0.05). A significant reduction in serum cholesterol values has been found at age 11 both in males (t = 4.7810; p less than 0.001) and in females (t = 5.6134; p less than 0.001). Serum cholesterol and triglycerides values did not correlate (r = 0.404). Serum triglycerides were higher in girls than in boys (t = 2.1360; p less than 0.05). Analysis of the serum triglycerides values in the various age groups were constant in males (F = 0.4161) and inconstant in females (F = 3.8844; p less than 0.01) where age groups 8 (t = 3.5127; p less than 0.005) and 11 (t = 3.5238; p less than 0.005) showed higher than normal values.


[Gastrooesophageal cytology obtained through needle aspiration (author's transl)]. The AA. present a new endoscopic method of gastrooesophageal cytology sampling through needle aspiration and results obtained in 90 cases. The AA. believe that this method offers undoubted advantages with regard to brushing in cases of ulcerate and necrotizing neoplasia and in those with submucous beginnings.


[Legal aspects of psychiatry in Soviet legislation]. The Author examines and describes in detail the normative and organizational aspects of forensic-psychiatric services in the URSS. Both criminal expert opinions and civil aspects are described. The problem of civil rights of mentally ill persons are discussed together with education and training of the experts employed in institutions and by the courts.


[Regenerative gastritis of the peptic ulcer: cytological diagnosis and cytohistological correlation (author's transl)]. The AA., having already illustrate the cytohistological characteristics of regenerative gastritis of the peptic ulcer, propose some differential cytological criteria with regard serious chronic atrophic gastritis and differentiated adenocarcinoma. The AA. conclude, also as result of reviewing their survey (621 cases) that the perfect knowledge of such criteria that any dubious cytological diagnosis and mistaken positives can be reduced to accettable terms.


[Oligomeric and monomeric IgA and secretory piece in pleural effusions]. The pleural fluids of 40 patients have been examined. Out of 15 cases of pulmonary cancer the presence of the secretory piece has been noted in 10 cases and its absence in the remaining 25 cases of nonneoplastic pathogenesis. Through the bidimensional immunoelectrophoresis the presence both of a slow IgA fraction (L) and of a fast one (V) has been noted.


[Effectiveness of cystolusis with rifamycin SV in patients with permanent catheters]. It has tested the effect of Rifamicina SV in the cystolusis employed on patients with permanent catheter: compared to the treatment with physiological solution this one, with Rifamicina SV, has showed, in most cases, the lower incidence of urine bacteria and their quick negative answer. This by an only local theatment. During the experiment has also been showed the possibility for the Rifamicina SV of selecting the Citrobacter as a resistant bacterial species.


[Bencyclan's effects "in vitro" on fibrinolysis (author's transl)]. The eventual fibrinolytic activity of Bencyclan (N-3-(1-benzil-cicloeptil-ossi)-propil-N-N-dimetil-amino-fumarato-acid) has been studied in vitro. The presence of eventuals FDP has been calculated through the Staphylococcal clumping test (SCT), by previous incubation of blood-samples with scalar concentrations of Bencyclan. No increase in the fibrinolytic activity with regard to the incubation of samples with the above-mentioned substance has been noticed.


[Advantages of the combination of the technics of double arc precipitation analysis and of scaled dilutions in the study of asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies]. A report is given about the opportunity and the advantages of combining the traditional scheme for the study of the pathological immunoglobulins with the analysis of the uncoupling of the bow of precipitation against IgG and the isolation of the pathological immunoglobulin through a diluition of the serum such as to bring the fraction electrophoretically dispersed to not detectable levels and make it detectable the monoclonae portion electrophoretically homogeneous.


[Structure of the residual syndrome. A controlled 5-year follow-up of schizophrenics]. The spectrum of residual dimension extends from psychopathological symptoms to anthropological characteristics. A controlled, personal 5-year follow-up analysis of schizo-affective (cycloid, as Leonhard has it) and hebephrenic patients was made to scan these two extremes. A clinical defect was found, but in the hebephrenic group. The cycloid patients differ from normal controls only in respect of the insufficiency syndrome and of the anthropological characteristics. As shown by the residual syndrome of the cycloid patients - in contradiction to the present knowledge - a complete restoration to health would not occur in this group. The anthropological characteristic closed limitedness is virtually the amplification of the clinical defect of hebephrenics. However, the closing-up limitedness of cycloids is quasi another side of their insufficiency syndrome. The nosospecificity of the structure of residual syndrome in both groups requires further investigations.


[Pathodynamics of symbiotic psychoses].

[Pathodynamics of symbiotic psychoses]. The definition and division of symbiontic psychoses (induced insanity, folieà deux,, psychosis of association) and their significance for the genesis of delusional developments are referred to at the beginning of the paper. After a presentation of environmental reactions on delusion, personality traits and mutual dependence in the predominance-subordination relationship of the partners of delusional symbioses are pointed out. The isolation of this symbiosis against the environment and its influence on this loneliness by twos are demonstrated. Besides the described suppositions, the primary delusion is essential for the pathodynamics of symbiontic psychoses because the delusional structure of the primary delusion, its compositional elements and especially the delusional motif are decisive for the transformation of a symbiosis which is still stable into a pathological we-formation. 5 case histories illustrate the pathodynamics of symbiontic psychoses.


[Genital self-mutilation in women].

[Genital self-mutilation in women]. Concerning the very rare phenomenon of female self-mutilation, some long-term observations of 2 young women are reported. In consequence of their frequent self-mutilation an exstirpation of their uterus had become necessary. Their pathodynamics under reference to the few analogic cases in the literature are outlined.


[Relations between subjective-psychological, physiological and behavioral levels in endogenous depressions]. In a longitudinal study of depressed episodes, changes in patients' state were examined by variables on the subjective-psychological, physiological and behavioral levels, respectively. Starting from the hypothesis of a systematic connection of these variables changes in patients' condition were defined from merely one of the above-mentioned levels, i.e. the test-psychological criteria relating to the subjective-psychological level ('Polaritätsprofil'). Results based on the rank analysis of covariance are presented which show the complex multivariate correlations between the three levels.


[Microangiographic examination of the normal and diseased gall bladder (author's transl)]. Microangiographic and anatomical examination of 30 surgically removed gall bladders is reported. The findings in normal subjects and in some forms of chronic disease (lithiatic, atrophic, hypertrophic and porcelain cholecystopathy) are described, illustrated and discussed with reference to signs that aid in the interpretation of angiographic pictures in vivo.


[Xerography in the study of soft tissues (author's transl)]. Xerography has been used for studying soft tissue lesions in 39 patients, a standard film being taken of 25 for comparison purposes. Xerography proved more effective than film radiography in outlining soft tissue masses. Advantages and drawbacks are discussed, stress being laid on radiation dosage.


[Presence of resistance factors to antibiotics in multiresistant enterobacteria]. The present study was carried out with 111 multiresistant pathogenic strains of enterobacterias isolated from different sources with increased resistance to three or more antibiotics. Among the identified species are included E. coli, Shigella sp., Salmonella oranienburg, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii. In general, the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics was above 100 microgram/ml and in some cases it was superior to 1000 microgram/ml. Resistance transfer factors were detected in 72% of the strains; 33% movilized the complete pattern of resistance and 67% did it partially because some of the determinants were not transfered. The Citrobacter strains show a high frequency of transference (10(-1)), while for the others species it was in the order of 10(-2)--10(-3). The use of a multi-inoculator allows to perform in a simple way the preliminar evaluation about the presence or absence of R transfer factors in multiresistant strains. This technique has shown good correlation with the data obtained by the usual dilution and plating method.


[Experimental infection of goats with Brucella ovis. Bacteriological serological and histopathological studies]. The susceptibility of adult male goats to Brucella ovis infection was studied. Fifteen goats and fifteen rams both of ages ranging from 22 to 34 months were inoculated conjunctivally with 10(9) cells of B. ovis strain recently isolated from a case of ram epididymitis. Five goats and five rams were killed 78 days after inoculation and similar groups were killed at two month intervals thereafter. B. ovis was recovered from semen of a male goat, 33 and 61 days after inoculation. The five goats sacrificed 78 days after inoculation contained Brucella in their organs. The semen and the tissues of the two other groups remained culturally negative throughout the observation period. Seven cultures were obtained from the semen of 14 rams used comparatively as inoculated controls. Epididymitis was clinically observed only in one male goat although under six presented macroscopic lesions. Seven rams out of the 15 inoculated showed clinical symptoms of epididymitis. Antibodies detectable by complement fixation and immunodiffusion disappeared 80 days after inoculation in goats, while rams reacted during the 189 days period of observation. It is concluded that the B. ovis infection in male goats is transient and the role that they may play in the epizootiology of the disease is negligible.


Malayan filariasis in Central Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia. Seven villages in Central Sulawesi were surveyed in September 1971 and finger blood samples from 3,658 persons examined for microfilariae. Periodic, nocturnal Brugia malayi was endemic in all seven villages with microfilarial rates (Mf-rate) of 10-42% (av. 25%). The median microfilarial density (MfD50) averaged 5.4 and varied from 0.8 to 9.4 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. Males had higher Mf-rate and MfD50 value than females and in males Mf-rates and MfD50 values increased with age. In the female population, however, neither Mf-rates or MfD50 values varied significantly with age. Clinical manifestations of filariasis were found in 12% of 2,412 persons examined and only 2% had elephantiasis. Clinical signs of disease with the exception of elephantiasis, showed good correlations with Mf-rates but not with MfD50 values. Transmigrants experienced clinical manifestations of filariasis earlier and more often than the indigenous population.


Biomedical survey in North Samar Province, Philippine Islands. A biomedical survey was carried out in North Samar Province, Philipines to update information on the prevalence of parasitic and other infectious diseases. A total of 1,394 stool specimens, 1,859 blood smears and 1,274 sera were collected from persons living in 8 barrios. Stools were examined for intestinal parasites, bloods smears for malaria and filariasis and sera tested for antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum, Entamoeba histolytica, Toxoplasma gondii, influenza A and B, and Japanese encephalitis virus. The prevalence rates for intestinal parasites were: Trichuris trichiura 90%, Ascaris lumbricoides 78%, hookworm 65%, Schistosoma japonicum 15%, Strongyloides stercoralis 1%, Entamoeba coli 16%, Endolimax nana 6%, entamoeba histolytica 5%, Giardia lamblia 3%, Entaemoeba hartmanii 1%, Chilomastix mesnili 1%. No malaria was found but microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti were detected in 4% of the blood smears; the MfD50 was 12.9. The circumoval precipitin test (COPT) was used to detect antibodies to Schistosoma japonicum and 65% of 994 sera was considered positive. The indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) was used for detecting antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica and Toxoplasma gondii and 5% and 3% of 1,274 sera tested were positive at titers equal to or greater than 1:128 and 1:256, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition tests (HI) were used to detect antibodies to Influenza A2HK68, Influenza A2HK68, Influenza B2T62 and Japanese encephalitis virus and 72%, 12% and 78%, respectively, of 1201 sera were considered positive at titers equal to or greater than 1:20.


Serum vitamin B12, serum and red cell folates, vitamin B12 and folic acid binding proteins in women taking oral contraceptives. Serum and red cell folate, FABP, serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding proteins were determined in 20 women taking oral contraceptives continuously for at least one year. Studies were also performed on 50 apparently healthy women with history of never taken or not taking oral contraceptives for at least one year as a control group. Serum vitamin B12 level, UBBC and TBBC in women taking oral contraceptives were slightly but not significantly lower than those of the control group. TCI and TCIII increased with a decreased TCII, so that UBBC was within the normal limit. Serum folate was non-significantly lower while red cell folate was significantly lower in the oral contraceptive group than those of the control group. However, all cases of the former showed red cell folate over 200 ng/ml. A highly significant increased serum FABP was demonstrated in the women taking oral contraceptives. This was probably due to the increased synthesis of the FABP in order to bind more folate from the low serum folate and the hormonally induced stimulation.


Effect of immunization with metabolic antigens on experimental infection of rats with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Immunization of rats with excretions and secretions from an in vitro culture fluid (ES antigens) of adult female Angiostrongylus cantonensis markedly enhanced their resistance to infection by third-stage larvae. Mortality rate, survival period, worm development and worm recovery, determined after a lethal challenge with infective larvae, were compared in immunized and unimmunized animals. With regard to these criteria, the results obtained with animals that had been immunized with ES antigens from adult males were found to be indistinguishable from those of the unimmunized controls. On the contrary, those immunized with ES antigens from adult females had lower mortality rate, increased survival period, and lower worm burden. Both male and female worms recovered from brain and mature adults recovered from pulmonary arteries of rats that had been immunized with female ES antigens were also found to be stunted.


An investigation on taeniasis and cysticercosis in Bali. A survey was carried out in 3 villages in Bali to determine the prevalence of taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in pigs. A total of 548 people were examined and Taenia sp. eggs were found in the faeces of 11. Four individuals passed proglottids; two T. solium and two T. saginata and three of these people also passed eggs in the faeces. A total of 12 or 2.2% were infected. Three pigs from a slaughterhouse were found heavily infected with Cysticercus cellulosae. Socio-ecological data indicate infections to be more common in people who eat raw meat dishes than those who eat fish. Poor sanitary conditions and the easy access of pigs to human faeces perpetuate the infection.


The beneficial effect of a high protein-calorie diet on a malnourished patient during hospitalization. The effect of a high protein-calorie diet was studied on a 45 year-old Thai woman suffering from severe nutritional deficiency i.e. anaemia and multiple vitamin deficiencies. Several clinical chemical parameters in blood, red cells and urine for the assessment of the nutritional status were investigated at the time of admission to the hospital and after two and four weeks hospitalization. The patient was only treated with the high protein-calorie diet of the hospital and did not receive any vitamin supplementation. Only with this treatment the clinical signs disappeared within 4 weeks and also all the biochemical abnormalities returned to normal. With this study it is demonstrated that high multiple vitamin supplementation may not always be necessary for the good treatment and recovery of hospitalized patients suffering from vitamin deficiencies.


Larvicidal activity of synthetic pyrethroids against Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Nine pyrethroids and nine of its optical and geometrical isomers were tested for insecticidal activity against fourth instar larvae of Aedes albopictus. The most active of the pyrethroids was permethrin and its (+)-trans and (+)-cis isomers. Resmethrin, RU 22725 (ethanoresmethrin), NRDC 161 and phenothrin also showed good activity. The potential of using permethrin which has good photostability as a larvicidal insecticide is discussed.


Resistant levels of houseflies to six kinds of synthetic insecticides in the Philippines. The resistant levels of houseflies to six kinds of insecticides: DDT, Pyrethrins, malathion, Sumithion, Baytex and DDVP, were examined on 15 strains collected in the Philippines. It was found that most housefly colonies in the Philippines showed higher susceptibility to those insecticides than the Takatsuki strains, especially to DDT. The range of LD50 values to malathion were between 1.775 microgram and 0.0975 microgram per fly. Among 15 strains collected in the Philippines, 7 showed higher LD50 values to malathion than the Takatsuki strain. These values mean that the houseflies in the Philippines are increasing their resistance to malathion.


Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels, vitamin B12 and folic acid binding proteins in patients with primary carcinoma of the liver. Serum vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin B12 and folic acid binding protein concentration were determined in 31 patients with primary carcinoma of the liver. Serum vitamin B12 level was found to be higher in 16 of 31 (52%) patients with carcinoma of the liver and the mean value was also significantly higher than that of the control group. There was no significant difference between the mean values of serum UBBC of these 2 groups. TCI and TCIII increased while TCII decreased considerably in the patient group. Serum folate level in patients with primary carcinoma of the liver was significantly lower than that of the control group. About 39% of these patients had serum folate level lower than the lowest value of the control group. Serum FABP in the former group was also significantly higher than that of the latter group.


Observations on mating behavior and survivorship of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: culicidae) during late autumn. Virgin Culex tritaeniorhynchus males and females from a laboratory strain and the progeny of wild-caught females were released at a rural village on the outskirts of Lahore during late autumn to study mating behavior in nature at a time when population abundance was declining. Although both released and endemic males were numerous, few recaptured females were inseminated. Apparently during late autumn there normally is a cessation of mating activity as the population begins to enter the overwintering diapause condition even though males and virgin females may be readily collected resting in fields. These data suggested that genetic material would not be readily introduced into the overwintering population during late autumn.


A probable case of Leishmaniasis (Espundia) acquired in Japan. A case of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is described in a Japanese patient who had never been abroad, suggesting either contact with an infected person from Brazil or the presence in Japan of indigenous cutaneous leishmaniasis. This case illustrates the value of electron microscopic examination in such infections, since it provided the definitive diagnosis.


Disseminated nocardiosis after pulmonary collapse: a case report. A 24-year-old Thai woman receiving corticosteroid treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus, developed pulmonary nocardiosis after pulmonary collapse. The correct diagnosis was reached when dissemination had occurred which was characterized by two subcutaneous abscesses and acute uveitis of the right eye. Gram stain of sputum and pus revealed delicate, branching, Gram-positive filamentous mycelia which were identified as Nocardia asteroides on culture. Subcutaneous abscesses and exophthalmos disappeared after one week of therapy and she made an uneventful recovery.


[Differentiation behavior of the mesodermal germinal sone of differently old pregastrulation stages of Ambystoma mexicanum. Cultivation of untreated and lithium-treated isolates]. Isolates from the dorsal, lateral and ventral area of the marginal zone are showing differentiation capacities already in the stage of early morula. The composition of the differentiation pattern alters: ecto- and mesodermal tissues are realized until the late morula. Beyond these, endodermal structures are visible with the stage of early blastula. After a mild Li treatment of the isolates the differentiation pattern of the marginal zone shows significant modifications. Ectodermal organs are registered to a lesser degree. Gut-structures are already visible within the stage of middle morula. The capacity for gut-differentiation is not restricted to only the lateral and ventral areas but is also observed in the dorsal region of the marginal zone. The results of experiments are discussed on the basis of Nieuwkoop's formation of the mesoderm in urodelean amphibians.


The development of the myo-tendinous junction in the upper extremity of mouse embryos (days 15 p.c.--1 p.p.). The development of the myo-tendinous junction in the upper extremity of mouse embryos of days 15 p.c. to 1 p.p. was studied electron microscopically. In the region of the myo-tendinous junction two cell types can be differentiated (muscle cells, fibroblasts) which undergo characteristic changes during the course of their development: The muscle cells show an increase in contractile material, the fibroblasts show a massive collagen production. The myo-tendinous junction is characterised by the appearance of four structures: 1. Irregular pattern of the plasma membrane resulting from intracellular membrane vesiculations in defined areas under the cell membrane on the longitudinal side as well as the end of the muscle fibre. These membrane vesiculations can break through to the cell membrane, thus leading to cell invaginations appearing in large amounts up to day 1 p.p. 2. Densifications of the plasma membrane towards the cell centre. 3. Insertion of the myofilaments of the muscle fibre at the desinfications of the plasma membrane (hemidesmosomes). 4. Insertion of collagen filaments in the extracellular space into the basement membrane which then also appears densified. The mechanical stress transmission seems therefore to be dependent upon the adhesion between myofibrils, plasma membrane, basement membrane and collagenous filaments.


Preliminary study of the regenerative processes of the dorsal cortex of the telencephalon of Lacerta viridis. The authors removed from Lacerta viridis specimens part of the dorsal hippocampus of one telencephalic hemisphere. The animals were sacrificed 110 and 260 days after the operation; 24 hours before the operation on the encephalon, each was dosed with 6--3H thymidine. An examination of the historadiographic slides showed a clear remedial process in the operated area which, 260 days after has renewed in thickness but was still minus its characteristic cellular layer. The area of the telencephalon affected by the remedial process was examined by the authors and they have put forward the hypothesis that in relation to the type of operation performed, said area is localized prevalently in the dorsal hippocampus of the caudal half of the telencephalic hemispherg. The authors have also shown that the remedial procress, though attenuated is still in progress. 260 days after the operation.


Effect of follicle stimulating hormone on female Catla catla (Ham.). The exogenously administered FSH in Catla catla clearly reveals that a dose of 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg of FSH does not have any marked effect on the ovary, but the vitellogenesis begins with a further dose of 0.2 mg of the same. A rapid accumulation of yolk is recorded in the primary oocytes with a total dose of 0.8 mg of FSH, however, this much hormone is not enough for the spawning. The latter has been recorded with 1.0 mg of FSH which swifts with a dose of 1.2 mg of FSH. The number of mature follicle declines with 1.4 mg of FSH whereas no empty follicle is seen with the same treatment. With each addition of 0.2 mg of FSH upto 2.0 mg the number of oogonia and primary oocytes increases while maturing and mature follicles show a downward tendency.