[Main parasitological problems of Italian fish farms]. The speaker commented on the chief problems of parasitology found in Italian fresh water fish farms (troutfarming) and warm water pond farms (eel-, catfish-, cyprinids-, lagoo-fishfarmings). He discussed the most common fish losses connected in Italy with the diseases due to protozoans, worms, and crustaceans. The not yet solved and serious uncertainities which need priority in the research are, according to the speaker, the control of the amebiasis of hatchery rainbow trout, the incysted icthyophtiriasis of various fresh water fishes, the rainbow trout myxosomiasis (Whirling disease), and the argulosis of eel reared in brackish water lagoons. He concluded by emphasizing the need of a larger interest by Italian scientists on parasitic diseases of farmed fish. Without knowing and controlling them, it will be hard to program viable acquaculture industries.


[Relation between blood serum levels of various micro- and macroelements in cattle kept under different living conditions]. Studies were carried out on the content of micro and macroelements in the fodder and cattle blood serums. Haematocrit and haemoglobulin were estimated in full blood. The results underwent statistical analysis and arithmetical means, standard deviation, essential differences and correlations were calculated among the studied features. There was a low content of calcium and magnesium in the fodder. Decreased levels of copper and magnesium were found in the blood serum. Depending on the keeping of cattle and season of the year essential differences and correlations were noted among the studied features.


[Relation between ATP and the sum of ATP + ADP levels in rat muscle and liver and NH4Cl levels in fodder]. The experiment was carried out on 85 female breed Wistar rats divided into five groups. All groups of animals except 1 got NH4Cl in the feed in increasing amounts: 2-nd group 1%, 3-rd 2%, 4-th 4% and 5-th group 8%. After two weeks the animals were killed and then the slides of muscles and liver were taken. The levels of ATP, ADP and sum of ATP and ADP in the tissues were marked. In both tissues it was shown that there was an increase of ATP level in the case of higher level of NH4Cl up to 2% and a decrease in cases of lower concentration. Probably the decrease was caused by augmented hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, which is confirmed by the increase of ADP level. We could suppose, that small amounts of NH4Cl (1--2%) accelerate the synthesis of ATP in muscles and liver. The disposal of ADP levels by augmented concentration NH4Cl in fodder is different in both tissues. In the case of muscles there was a decrease of their level to 3-rd group (2% NH4Cl) and an increase to 5-th group. We could presume that further rise of level depends on the penetration of ADP from mitochondria to cytoplasma. The disposal of ADP level in liver is similar to the disposal of ATP. We can see a rise to 3-rd group and a fall to 4-th group. This decrease probably is connected with the production of phosphocreatine needed as a source of energy for the work of muscles.


[Structure and topography of the nucleus intermediomedialis in the equine spinal cord]. In this paper, structure and position of the centers of the parasympathetic nervous system in the horse spinal cord were presented. Studies were carried out on 2 horse spinal cordis. After sampling, the material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin and cut into 15 micron thick sections. The sections were stained according to Nissl's method. Every third section was studied. Nucleus intermediomedialis in the horse spinal cord is an intermittent tract of nervous cells passing from the I cervical neuromere to the V sacral segment. The cells of this nucleus form round, horizontally--oval concentrations on the transversal sections or its cells are situated loosely in the pars intermedia of the spinal cord grey substance in a small distance from the central canal. Nucleus intermediomedialis is constructed of round, oval, spindle-shaped, small cells of average size along its whole length. This nucleus is best developed in the sacral segment, a little weaker in the cervical and lumbar parts and the weakest in the thoracic part of the spinal cord.


[Antigenic and allergenic properties of various atypical Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium avium. II. Skin reactions to homologous and heterologous PPD preparations in artificially sensitized guinea pigs]. Albino guinea-pigs were artificially sensitized to M. kansasi, scotochromogenic bacilli of Nicolas strain, M. fortuitum and M. avium and after 4 to 10 weeks 4,20 and 100 homological and heterologous units of PPD preparations were injected intradermally. It was shown that the studied bacilli had sensitizing properties too and PPD preparations obtained from them differ in biological activity and specificity. Sensitine made from M. kansasi was characterized by the greatest sensitizing strength. Bacilli of Nicolas strain had weak sensitizing properties and sensitine obtained from them was fairly active but poorly specific. A certain correlation was found between the degree of antigen relationship of bacilli determined with the help of the immunoelectrophoresis reaction and the intensity of cross allergic reactions occurring in sensitized animals. No connection was found, however, between the bacilli sensitizing capability and activity of PPD preparations obtained from them.


[Bovine tuberculosis control in Lódź Province and its results]. In the years 1964--1969 the Lódź Voivodeship has been involved in the fight against the cattle tuberculosis in result of which all socialized farms have been liberated from this disease. Also, a percentage of cattle specific tuberculin reactions in individual farms has been diminished to 0.20% and the cases of tuberculosis after slaughter to 0.83%. The action had also some influence on the increase of the cattle stock. The loss has been diminished because of the sequesters of internal organs and the loss of the meat value of the animals submitted to slaughter. The fight against the tuberculosis had also an influence on the diminution of the number of the pigs and sheep infected with this disease. The course of the fight against the cattle tuberculosis conducted on the territory of the Lódź Voivodeship was dependent in some degree on its geographical place. In the administrative districts adjacent to the areas on which a great percentage of the tuberculosis was stated the course of the liquidation of this disease was slower than on the remaining terrains. Also, the action ran slower in the regions characterized by the majority of the ploughland in relation to the meadows and pastures and there where an intensive cow-shed rearing was carried out. The Lódź Voivodeship rivers, being many a time sewer ditches, did not cause the increase of the cattle morbidity. It was stated, that in the administrative districts, where the average of the animals condensation was small, the percentage of the infections with the tuberculosis at the beginning of the fighting against it was also low, however at a greater condensation of cow-shed rooms the number of infected head increased respectively. A considerable expansion of tuberculosis over the hens and also a frequent amounting to about 71% use of the cow-sheds as common rooms for the cattle, pigs and poultry caused the occurrence of cattle unspecific tuberculin reactions and led to the infections of the pigs with this disease.


[Histoenzymatic reactions in the cells of the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen and hepatocytes in acute Morfamquat dichloride poisoning]. Histoenzymatic changes in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system of liver and spleen and in hepatocytes were studied in the course of acute poisoning with Morfamquat dichloride, without and under the screen of vitamin E (to mice tissue restrictive respiration compound). This herbicide was given to mice in single, intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg b.w. The choice of the enzymes was based on the so-called markers of the lysosomes structures of a cell (acid phosphatase-APh-EC. 3.1.3.2. and beta-glucuronidase-beta-GU-EC. 3.2.1.31) and Golgi apparatus (thiamin pyrophosphatase-TPP-EC. 3.5.99.2) It was stated that Morfamquat dichloride caused clear stimulation in the reticuloendothelial system of the organism, with occurrence of the high activity of APh and beta-GU in the lysosome and phagolysosome structures, growth of the lysosome membranes permeability and passing their content to cytoplasm. Furthermore, the increased activity of TPP-ase in Golgi apparatus hepatocytes of animals liver may point to disturbances of the pirogroniam decarboxylation and also to disturbances of the pentose-phosphate cycle. The application of vitamin E to mice for 5 days before the poisoning, protects animals distinctly against the toxic activity of the herbicide.


[Effect of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IDU) on Newcastle disease virus replication in cell cultures]. In chick embryo fibroblasts and in mouse fibroblasts of established L line, grown in the presence of IDU, the multiplication of Newcastle Disease virus was better and the CPE more distinct than in control cell cultures. In calf kidney cells only the CPE was enhanced. The most pronounced influence of IDU on virus multiplication was found after adding the analogue in maximum tolerated dose to the medium at the moment of cell culture preparation. The growth curve of virus in chick embryo fibroblasts grown in the presence of IDU shows the most distinct influence of this analogue with regard to LaSota strain. Already two days after inoculation with a smaller dose the titer was 2 log higher than in control cultures and the maximum difference of 3 log was found on the 5th day. In reference to Roakin strain the influence of IDU was weaker--maximum difference of 1,2 log on the fifth day after inoculation. Also the difference between the titers of virus in L cells grown in the presence of IDU and in the control ones, inoculated with LaSota strain was greater (about 1,5 lg during 2-8 days) than in the case of Roakin strain. In chick embryos treated with IDU intraallantoically at 24 and 48 hours before the inoculation with LaSota strain (only this was used) the enhancement of virus multiplication was much poorer than in chick embryo fibroblasts.


[Antigenic and allergenic properties of various atypical Mycobacteria and Mycobacterium avium. I. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of antigens in water extracts]. 4 strains of acid-resistant bacilli were examined: M. kansasi, scotochromogenic bacilli of Nicolas strain, M. fortuitum and M. avium D4. Water extracts prepared from these strains according to Whiteside and Baker method were used as antigens in the immunoelectrophoresis reaction and were also used to obtain specific serums on rabbits which were hyperimmunized according to Tuboly's method. In the immunoelectrophoresis reaction water extracts were examined against nonsaturated serums, as well as cross-saturated extracts of the investigated bacilli. It was found that M. kansasi and M. avium possessed 9 antigen components each and bacilli of scotochromogenic strain Nicolas and M. fortuitum 5 each. The degree of antigen relationship between the examined bacilli was expressed with 1-4 common antigen components.


[Sulfobromophthalein kinetics in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. The AA. studied sulfobromophthalein kinetics in normal subjects and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis by compartmental analysis and by mathematical resolution of disappearance plasmatic curve of BSF. The comparison between the two methods gave some interesting clues for understanding BSF metabolism in alcoholic cirrhosis. From obtained data it seems that BSF clearance in these patients, besides on hepatic uptake, like normal subjects, largerly depends on intact secretory function of the liver.


[Advantages and limitations of the nephelometric method in the diagnosis of hyperlipoidemia in the diabetic (author's transl)]. The AA., in a comparative study of the nephelometric and electrophoretic methods in the typification of hyperlipoidemia in diabetics, demonstrate close concordance between the two methods as regards Type IV and Type V hyperlipoidemia, with the difference that the nephelometric method often reveals in increase in chylomicrons with an individuation in excess. The nephelometric technique also reveals an increase in M particles in hypertriglyceridemic patients even in cases in which the electrophoretic prebetalipoproteins appear normal. This method, thanks to its simplicity and reliability, therefore appears useful in mass screening for prebeta-VLDL hyperlipoidemia in diabetics.


[Screening of the G-6-PD deficiency in a sample of the Abruzzi population (author's transl)]. The modified Beutler test has afterwards been employed for a screening research on 393 living in the Abruzzi subjects: none of them appeared to be affected by the G-6-PD defect.


[Interest of helium-oxygen flow volume and isoflow volume curves in chronic obstructive lung disease (author's transl)]. We have compared changes in maximal flows induced by breathing gases of different density in 54 patients suffering from emphysema and chronic bronchitis. We considered as positive responders those subjects displaying an increase by at least 20% of maximal expiratory flows while breathing gases of lower density. Such a response was demonstrated in 21 cases, the remainder (33 cases) being non-responders. Hence, in such patients, airways obstruction may primarily be localised in central or peripheral airways. There was no correlation between the nature of this response and the clinical diagnosis, but non-responders, in general, were those in whom respiratory insufficiency was more severe. There seemed to be no additional information gained by measuring isoflow-volume (iso V vol.) in comparison with measuring differences in maximal flows at 50% of vital capacity.


[Thoracoscopy in pleural mesothelioma. Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interest (author's transl)]. Thoracoscopy with a single opening was carried out under general anesthesia with a cold light thoracoscope of 7 mm in diameter. Biopsies were taken under visual control for optical and electron microscopic examination. In a series of 40 mesotheliomas, 30 patients with pleural effusion underwent 36 thoracoscopies. In 29 patients the macroscopic lesions were compatible with the diagnosis of mesothelioma. The most specific aspects consisted in white-yellowish nodules, almost translucent, arising from the parietal pleura (9 patients). Another typical pattern, a dense pleural thickening, was found in 10 patients. In the remaining patients, the lesions observed were less specific. The biopsy was positive in 35/36 thoracoscopies (97%). A talc poudrage was carried out in 10 patients: their mean survival was 458 days. In ten matched mesothelioma patients who underwent pleurectomy the mean survival was only 395 days. In 12 patients at an early stage, the visceral pleura was not involved by the tumor: their mean survival was 636 days. In 11 patients both parietal and visceral pleura were involved by the tumor: their mean survival was 138 days: (p less than 0,001). It is concluded that in mesothelioma pleural effusions, thoracoscopy is a safe and efficient procedure in order to reach a precise diagnosis, prognosis and efficient palliative treatment of the effusion.


[Use of the ILO/UC International classification of radiographs of pneumoconioses in 302 subjects exposed to asbestos (author's transl)]. The object of the ILO/UC International Classification of Pneumoconioses and the general instructions for its use in asbestos respiratory diseases have been set forth. The ILO 1979 classification has been used in four groups of asbestos exposed subjects : two groups were hospitalized and two groups were at work. All the subjects have been investigated by a hospitalized and two groups were at work. All the subjects have been investigated by a standardized questionnaire on occupational history, PA and lateral chest X-rays and, for most them, by ferruginous bodies counting either in sputum or in bronchoalveolar lavage. The most frequent radiological signs were parenchymal fibrosis, pleural thickening, pleural calcification and diaphragmatic straightness. The fibrosis and the diaphragmatic straightness were related to the length of the exposure. Up to 20-29 years since the onset of exposure, the frequency of radiological signs was : diaphragmatic straightness more frequent than fibrosis which was more frequent than pleural thickening, which was more frequent than calcification. But the frequency of only two signs, pleural straightness and fibrosis, appeared significant after 10 years of exposure. The value of these four radiological signs as biological indicators of asbestos exposure is discussed.


[Behaviour of asbestos fibres in the respiratory system as revealed by animal experiments (author's transl)]. By comparing the evolution of chrysotile and amosite fibres in rat lungs, more rapid clearance was found in the case of chrysotile. The rate of chrysotile clearance is strongly influenced by the size factor. The two varieties of asbestos also differ in their chemical behaviour in the lung. The evolution of chrysotile fibers in vivo is characterized by progressive decrease in magnesium content, while silicium retained in the fibre skeleton is practically not eliminated. Transport of fibers from the lungs to the lymph-nodes, the parietal pleura and the diaphragm also differs with the two asbestos varieties. From fibre counts with the electron microscope, chrysotile was more rapidly eliminated from the lungs than amosite. The concentration is higher with amosite in the lymph-nodes, and with chrysotile in the diaphragm. This last result confirms observations made on human lungs.


[Correlations between chest X-rays, clinical data, and lung function tests (flow-volume curve) in asbestos workers (author's transl)]. This study concern 61 asbestos workers, exposed to very dusty conditions, but exposure is stopped for 4 years. Flow-volume curve shows a decrease in flow, at low-volume, particularly in old subjects, with a great dust index. In 13 subjects (21%), with normal chest radiographs, we observe a decrease in flow. This is interpreted as an airway obstruction, and it is an early effect of asbestos exposure. This obstruction concerns the small airways because the Vmax is density independent in the last portion of the VC. Flow-volume curve breathing helium oxygen mixture is not more sensitive, than breathing air. So, this test seems sufficient, to monitor the exposed workers, in epidemiological studies, and prevent repeated chest X-ray examinations which may be dangerous.


[Modalities and interest of preoperative staging in primary lung cancer (author's transl)]. The study of the extension of primitive lung cancer involves, on one hand, the determination of the locoregional extension concerning the tumator and adenopathies, and on the other hand, the determination of the metastatic extension. A careful clinical examination determines the need for complementary examinations providing decisive information for or against interventions. Systematic lung endoscopy should consist of staged biopsies. Mediastinoscopy estimates the locoregional extension in a more satisfactory manner than angiography or lung scintigraphies. The search for bone or cerebral metastasis is often negative in the absence of clinical symptomology in spite of the recent contribution of tomodensitometry. The detection of abdominal metastasis by biological examination, scintigraphies or contrast X-rays is liable to interpretational errors in one-third of the cases. It is for this reason that we preconize laparotomy before lung exeresis. In our series, among 175 laparotomies, 35 revealed abdominal metastasis whose discovery enables us to avoid useless, if not harmful, thoracic surgery.


[Radiotherapy of localized inoperable bronchial squamous cell carcinoma (author's transl)]. Authors have shown that in some favorable cases radiotherapy of localized bronchial carcinoma could give very good results. The study on the cases from 1960 to 1969 shows that authors have 8% of three years survival upon 105 patients who have been treated by 50 Grays or more in 5 weeks. The survival was better for the small cancers T2 than for the large ones. The study on the cases from 1970 to 1977 shows that to obtain 101 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (T2,4 -N0,2 -M0) authors were obliged to study 564 cases. The three years survival was 3,1% for carcinoma receiving more than 40 Grays/4 weeks. The survival is better for small cancer and for the cases without radiological mediastinal nodes. In conclusion, radiotherapy is the best treatment after surgery, limited disease can be cure, and iterative radiotherapy increases our results.


[Supranuclear lateral gaze palsy of pontine origin. Report of 2 clinicopathologic cases with electrooculographic and electromyographic data]. Electro-oculographic, electromyographic and pathological findings in two cases of supranuclear lateral gaze palsy of pontine origin have allowed us to define the clinical and physiopathologic features of the Pontine Reticular Formation (PRF) syndrome, and to formulate hypothesis about the terminal portion of the Occipito-Pontine Tract (OPT) involved in horizontal pursuit eye movements. The unilateral PRF syndrome is characterized by abnormal eye movements in the direction of the lesion. In the ipsilateral hemifield of movement there is paralysis of all movements from midline to extreme ipsilateral side, except oculo-cephalic reflex which remains intact (dissociated palsy); in the contralateral hemifield all saccades from extreme contralateral side to midline are suppressed, and this constitutes a specific abnormality of the PRF syndrome: quick phase of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus are absent, while voluntary gaze is preserved but remarkably slow. It is suggested that this last fact is due to simple disfacilitation arising from undamaged PRF. Electromyographic findings suggest that the division between excitatory and inhibitory fibers of descending supranuclear oculomotor tracts ending in the abducens nuclei probably occurs in the lower pans. Anatomopathologic findings in the two cases show that the OPT runs in front of the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus or in the lateral tegmentum and that it decussates, at least once, below the upper pons.


[Hemorrhage of the head of the left caudate nucleus: disorganization of speech and graphic expression, and disturbances in gestures (author's transl)]. A 72 year-old woman was found to have hemorrhage limited to the head of the left caudate nucleus. Clinical symptomatology consisted of disturbances in oral, written, and graphic expression. There were no difficulties in comprehension, dysarthria, or phonemic paraphrasing, but speech and graphic expression were incoherent. Perseverance of ideas, semantic inconsistencies, inability to keep a stable objective during speech and graphic activity, are the principal characteristics of a disorder which is related to a prelinguistic stage, and illustrate the role of the caudate nucleus in the selection processes which are a preliminary step for speech organization.


[Contribution to anatomical and clinical studies of avoidance phenomena (author's transl)]. The authors report 5 cases of avoiding phenomenon of the hand from parietal lesions. Four of these patients were operated for intractable epilepsy, from a parietal cortectomy that implicated a certain amount of white matter. The avoiding phenomena observed are analyzed as elementary motor perturbations rather than a disturbance of motor comportment. The authors distinguish two types of avoiding phenomena: 1--Avoiding phenomenon of dystonic type occurs during any motor activity and persists during all its development. It is probably related to the removal of the cortex of the post-central gyrus and of the anterior part of the superior parietal lobule; 2--The initial avoiding phenomenon is brief and occurs only at the beginning of the movements which implicate solely the upper limb; it seems related to the removal of the internal part of the superior parietal lobule that corresponds approximately to areas 5 and 7 from Brodmann. Some hypotheses are discussed concerning the possible physio-pathological mechanisms of these disturbances.


[Motoneural organisation of the anterior horn with respect to the peripheral nerves in the rat (as studied by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase)(author's transl)]. The motoneuronal organisation of the anterior horn with respect to the peripheral nerves, is still imprecise due to methodological problems. The chromatolytic and Golgi methods have furnished some fruitful but incomplete data. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase permits to obtain both the topography of cells and their dendritic tree. With such a method we studied the cervical enlargment of the rat's spinal cord. Each nerve is in relation with a column of motoneurons whose both the metameric extension and the exact topography in the anterior horn have been defined. An histogram of the cell volumes has been performed for some nerves. These data permit to discuss the possible significance of the topographical separation of the cells related to the girdle with those in relation with the distal part of the upper limb. The histogram shows that the small cells, claimed to be gamma motoneurons, are much more numerous than generally supposed. The significance of the dendritic tree, which seemed oriented selectively in the cranio-caudal axis, is discussed.


[Chronic distal spinal amyotrophy or spinal forms of Charcot-Marie disease. A report on six sporadic adult cases (author's transl)]. Based on a personal series of 6 cases, and about 20 cases reported in the published literature, the authors describe the principal characteristics of chronic distal amyotrophy of spinal origin: early onset or in young adults, initial disorder in lower limbs, especially anterolateral region of the legs, with secondary lesions in small muscles of the hands, absence of sensory disturbance, usually very slow progression, electrophysiological appearance of chronic denervation with normal conduction velocities, and neurogenic muscle lesions with unaffected peripheral nerve. These forms can be compared to the "spinal" forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and appear to be degenerative in origin even though proof by autopsy is lacking. In spite of their common characteristics, however, their genetic heterogenicity has to be noted: sporadic cases are seen most frequently but some cases are related to recessive autosomic transmission and others to dominant autosomic transmission. From the clinical point of view, some cases are distinctive in that there is early or predominant atrophy in the lower limbs, while others have lesions in muscles of bulbar innervation, which is against their origin from spinal amyotrophy. Finally, electrical signs at a distance from the atrophied muscles suggest extension of the pathological process. In spite of these comments, the authors suggest that the clinical concept of the distal form of spinal amyotrophy should be retained together with the proximal and scapuloperoneal forms.


[Morvan's fibrillary chorea].

[Morvan's fibrillary chorea]. Two cases of Morvan's chorea are reported. One of the patients presented the characteristic of having had two attacks, the first after organic mercury preparations, and the second after gold salts for inflammatory rheumatism. The second case had facial fibrillations only, and this was followed by a regressive polyradiculoneuritis one month later. This latter case raises certain diagnostic problems. The existence of a particular type of immuno-allergic tendency could be validly related to a triggering effect of various etiological agents (metals such as mercury or gold salts, or infective agents). The absence of hypotonia, and a regressive course appear to be the characteristics that distinguish fibrillary chorea from the continuous activity syndrome of the muscle fibers described by Isaacs.


Renal amyloidosis and schistosomiasis.

Renal amyloidosis and schistosomiasis. A retrospective study of 60 renal biopsies obtained from nephrotic subjects with schistosomiasis showed amyloid deposits in 10 cases. Distribution was usually segmental, mainly mesangial and overlapped with the conventional mesangio-proliferative lesions of schistosomiasis. The invariable clinical presentation was proteinuria with generalized oedema of insidious onset and a slowly progressive or intermittent course. Differences from conventional schistosomal nephropathy are described. Response to anti-schistosomal treatment was very poor. Repeat renal biopsies showed no regression of the lesions. The possible links between schistosomiasis and amyloidosis are discussed and causes of amyloid deposition suggested.


Seasonal patterns in the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in Rhodesia, and its control by winter application of molluscicide. Surveys of snails occurring at water contact points used by rural people in Rhodesia show that transmission of Schistosoma haematobium is very high during the spring and early summer seasons. Although infected snails are found in all seasons, fewest occur in winter and during the heavy rains. It is suggested that the bionomics of this parasite depends on pre-rain transmission because destruction of infected snails during winter reduces the reservoir of infection in the area and also the level of parasitaemia in local schoolchildren.


Differential distribution of peridomestic Aedes mosquitoes on Grand Bahama Island. Aedes aegypti, on Grand Bahama Island, is restricted to certain western towns, whereas A. bahamensis is more generally distributed. During 14 years of observation, the range of A. Aegypti has extended 8 km and now includes the major tourist centre. Relocation of discarded automobile tires is an important mechanism for such spread. We suggest that the presence of A. bahamensis restrains colonization by A. aegypti, and thereby helps to protect human populations from A. aegypti-borne disease.


A field trial of a vaccine against American dermal leishmaniasis. A field trial was carried out in the eastern part of the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) of a vaccine containing killed promastigotes of five stocks of Leishmania. Tests with Montenegro antigen showed that a high proportion of the vaccinated persons became positive within three months, but circulating antibodies were not detected. A proportion of those vaccinated continued to give positive Montenegro reactions for up to three years. Lymphocyte sensitivity tests carried out, on a small sample, three years after vaccination were positive and gave no evidence of immunological depression. No cases of cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis occurred in the trial area during the three years of observations.


Nifurtimox in the treatment of South American leishmaniasis. A trial of Nifurtimox (Lampit) in 26 patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is reported. 13 patients with cutaneous lesions and 13 patients with mucosal disease were treated with a daily oral divided dose of 10 mg/kg body-weight for 30 days. 46% of the cutaneous cases and only 15% of the mucosal cases apparently responded to this regimen during at least one year of follow up. The difficulties of assessing cure in this disease are briefly discussed. We consider that Nifurtimox remains an investigational drug. While possibly exhibiting some anti-leishmanial activity it cannot be recommended for routine use in either form of the disease.


M-mode echocardiography in the diagnosis of heart diseases in Africans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of M-mode echocardiography as a non-invasive diagnostic tool when facilities for cardiac catheterization were not available. We used this technique to study 275 patients whose clinical diagnosis included hypertension, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiac failure, pericardial disease and some forms of congenital heart disease. Characteristic echocardiographic patterns made specific cardiac diagnoses possible and allowed a distinction to be made between clinically similar conditions. It is concluded that echocardiography is very useful in the African setting because it is safe and repeatable.


Investigation of Coxiella burneti infection as a possible cause of chronic liver disease in man. The possible role of Coxiella burneti as a cause of chronic liver disease in man was investigated in Cyprus. Serology, using the complement fixation test and phase 1 and phase 2 antigens, was performed on 16 patients with cryptogenic cirrhosis and two patients with chronic active hepatitis. Antibody studies were also done on 106 adult Cypriot villagers and on 13 shepherds from flocks infected with C. burneti, to provide a base line for comparative purposes. No evidence was found to implicate the organism as a cause of chronic liver disease. As the number of patients investigated was small it was not possible to exclude C. burneti as an occasional pathogen, and guiding principles were formulated for future investigations.


Studies on multiple feeding by Anopheles gambiae s.l. in a Sudan savanna area of north Nigeria. The detection of haptoglobins in Anopheles gambiae s.l. has been used to obtain an estimate of the incidence of multiple feeding for the village of Barmawa, Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria. The results indicated that the incidence of multiple feeding was approximately 10% but problems were encountered by the high incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia in the population. In four villages in Garki District the incidence of ahaptoglobinaemia varied between 65 and 76% while in young children and personnel under constant malaria chemoprophylaxis it was less than 30%. A strong correlation between ahaptoglobinaemia and malaria infections was seen. The results show evidence of selection of hosts by mosquitoes at Barmawa although this does not necessarily imply a preference per se. The results provide evidence of movement of blood-fed mosquitoes, between houses and from houses to resting sites.


Investigation of Nigerians with diffuse radiographic pulmonary shadowing. During a five-year period, 45 Nigerians with radiographic appearances of diffuse pulmonary infiltration with at least six sputum specimens negative on culture for tubercule bacilli were investigated at University College Hospital, Ibadan. The value of pulmonary function studies and open or closed lung biopsy in discovering the cause of diffuse lung disease was examined. Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis was the most common cause (13 cases). Other diagnoses included malignant disease (11 cases), sarcoidosis (three cases), progressive systemic sclerosis (three cases), miliary and non-caseating tuberculosis (three cases) and pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (one case): this last is believed to be the first case diagnosed in Africa South of the Sahara. This study emphasizes the fact that, even in developing countries where tuberculosis is highly prevalent, there are other causes of diffuse pulmonary infiltration.


Genetic and linkage analyses of dieldrin resistance in Anopheles culicifacies Giles. Genetic analysis indicates that dieldrin resistance in laboratory colonies of Anopheles culicifacies is under the control of codominant alleles of a locus in linkage group 3 (chromosome 3), approximately 31 map units from Acph (acid phosphatase).


Phenylbutazone toxicity in ponies.

Phenylbutazone toxicity in ponies. The oral administration of phenylbutazone at a dose rate of approximately 10 mg per kg per day for seven to 14 days resulted in the development of signs of toxicity in seven of eight ponies treated. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression and abdominal oedema. Blood biochemical determinations showed a decrease in total plasma protein and calcium concentrations with an increase in urea concentration. These changes were considered indicative of water retention. Three of the ponies died during treatment following the development of shock. Shock was considered to arise from the submucosal oedema of the large intestine observed on necropsy. Oral ulceration was also found in these animals. In two ponies intravenous administration of phenylbutazone (4.0 mg per kg) for seven days was studied. In one of these ponies a marked decrease in total plasma protein concentration occurred.


Bovine ostertagiasis: a changing epidemiological pattern? An unusual epidemiological pattern in bovine ostertagiasis is described in which clinical ostertagiasis occurred in calves grazed on a silage aftermath from late July. The calves were treated with the anthelmintic levamisole prior to grazing the aftermath and the latter had not been grazed since the previous autumn. Analysis of the herbage larval counts suggests that delayed emergence of overwintered Ostertagia ostertagi L3 from the soil was the most likely source of the infection.


Canine bordetellosis: chemotherapy using a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination. Respiratory disease was induced in young dogs by exposure to an aerosol of Bordetella bronchiseptica. The affected dogs were then treated with a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination by daily subcutaneous injection for five days. There was marked improvement in the clinical, bacteriological and pathological features of the respiratory disease during and immediately after the treatment period but treated dogs relapsed a few days after chemotherapy was stopped. The use of a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination over a longer period of time may be of value in the treatment of dogs with respiratory disease associated with B bronchiseptica.


A prediction model for bovine ostertagiasis. A mathematical model based on development and mortality rates, and incorporating data on the infectivity, fecundity and migratory behaviour of Ostertagia ostertagi, was used to predict the level of pasture contamination and the occurrence of clinical ostertagiasis in grazing calves during 1975 and 1976. A comparison of the predicted and observed events showed a good correlation.


Cephaloridine and the rat kidney lysosomes stability in vitro. Two methods employing lysosomal enzyme release and light scattering measurements have shown that Cephaloridine Stabilises rat kidney lysosomes in vitro against beta-Progesterone and lysolecithin, the two well known agents to labilise lysosomal membranes. Treatment of the isolated lysosomes suspended in 0.25 M-sucrose-EDTA (0.34 mM) pH 7.4 with cephaloridine (100mcM) at 37 degrees C for 10 min. and subsequent incubation of the mixture with progesterone (0.25mM) at the same temperature for varying periods of time up to 50 min. resulted in no significant changes from the normal values in the release of acid phosphatase activity obtained from the supernatant fraction after centrifugation of the incubated mixture at 33,000g. for 5 min. at 4 degrees C. When lysosomes were mixed with cephaloridine before treatment with progesterone or lysolecithin, and then subjected to light scattering measurements, lysosomal swelling was considerably decreased, indicating that cephaloridine could exert a stabilising effect on rat kidney lysosomal membrane and thereby limit the release of lysosomal acid hydrolases.


Effects of dopaminoceptor agonists and antagonists on the rat vas deferens "in vitro". Dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine, amantadine and apomorphine produced concentration-related contractions of the rat vas deferens "in vitro". pD2 values of 5.35 +/- 0.12, 5.20 +/- 0.08, 4.50 +/- 0.06, and 4.50 +/- 0.10 were obtained for dopamine, noradrenaline, tyramine and apomorphine respectively. Phentolamine, haloperidol and pimozide blocked the effects of dopamine, tyramine, amantadine and apomorphine, however, noradrenaline-induced contractions were resistant to pimozide. Guanethidine (4 micrograms/ml) induced supersensitivity towards noradrenaline, almost abolished the effect of tyramine, but did not influence the effects of dopamine, amantadine and apomorphine at this concentration. These results confirm earlier reports that there are distinct dopaminoceptors in the rat vas deferens in addition to the conventional noradrenoceptors.


Biochemical frontiers of fibrosis: concepts and perspectives. The inhibition of Fibrotic lesion are classified into two: specific and nonspecific inhibition. The specific inhibition is based on the chemistry and metabolism of collagen, whereas the nonspecific inhibition is viewed from the point of the fibro-proliferative inflammation preceding fibroblasts activation. A brief account is given on existing as well as perspective methods to present a frame work for a concept on pharmacology of fibrosis.


Studies on the effects of variation in the quantities of the constituents of cow's urine concoction on its acute toxicity in mice. Cow's urine concoction of different compositions were prepared by varying the quantities of the active materials: tobacco leaves (nicotiana tobaccum): leaves of occimum viride; rock salt and juice of citrus medica. These modified concoctions were tested for their acute toxic effects in mice by observing how many died as a result of their administration. Log.dose/response curves were plotted and from these curves, the L.D.50 values were obtained and the potency ratios calculated. It was shown that increasing the quantity of tobacco leaves resulted in increasing toxic effect whilst increasing the quantities of leaves of the occimum viride, rock salt and juice of citrus medica caused progressive decrease in the toxic effect of the concoction. The reason for the latter effect is obscure.


Partial purification and characterisation of bat liver ribonuclease. Hydrolysis of purine and pyrimidine polynucleotides by bat liver RNase. A ribonuclease has been extracted from bat liver and purified. From polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was found that there is only one molecular weight unit in this enzyme and this has a molecular weight of about 28,000. This enzyme was found to hydrolyse both purine and pyrimidine polynucleotides (e.g. polyadenylic acid and polycytidylic acid respectively). Hydrolysis of polyadenylic acid was found to be faster than that of polycytidylic acid.


Acute poisoning in Nigerians: a review of cases managed over a five-year period (1968-1972) at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. A review was carried out on patients with acute drug poisoning managed over a five-year period, between 1968 and 1972 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Of the 139 cases, 23 were admitted for in-patient management while the rest were managed in the Emergency Department of the hospital as out-patients. The pattern of poisoning, clinical presentation and management were discussed, as well as suggestions for a more efficient management of similar cases, in the future.


In contact with traditional medicine.

In contact with traditional medicine. Nigerian traditional medical practice was a part of the empirical world traditional medicine. However, it is still with us after over 500 years of contacts with modern medical practice. It is the only form of medical are available to the majority of the Nigerian population and is also the first line of defence against disease in a great proportion of people even amongst the enlightened city dwellers and the elites. Although the Nigerian traditional healers including the herbalists are general practitioners, the more successful ones do specialise. Some of the traditional herbal treatments for common diseases as well as preventive medical practice are examined. Recommendations for future improvements in the systems are made.


[Youth and old age (author's transl)].

[Youth and old age (author's transl)]. Gerohygiene as standard branch of socialist gerontology is faced with the short, medium and long-term preparation for an active old age. The foundations for a healthy ageing and a positive attitude towards old age must be laid as early as in childhood and youth. Investigations on juveniles indicate the ideological barriers that have to be overcome yet. Wrong attitudes of young people about old age might be overcome by means of improved contacts between young and old as well as by extending the competence of the respective role of generation. Theses for a further approach to the subject presented demand for the aspects of aid and care not to be overemphasized but to stimulate an activity-promoting behaviour up to the high age by understanding and loving affection on both sides. The development of self-confidence and personality of young and old people is promoted substantially by mutual fruitful relations.


[Longitudinal studies of the human aging process (author's transl)]. The paper shows the objectives and organization of longitudinal studies in gerontological research in Leipzig and Kiew.


[Possibilities of osteosynthesis and alloplasty of the hip joint (author's transl)]. The authors give a survey of possible methods of osteosynthesis and alloplasty of the hip joint, given due consideration to gerontological aspects.


Gerontological aspects of degenerative changes of the shoulder-joint. (Radiological and clinical studies). In a series of radiological studies of both shoulder joint of 505 aged persons considering themselves healthy, the authors have systematized and statistically analysed the changes detected. Based on an increasing frequency as a function of age, on the identical ratio of occurrence by sexes and sides, on simultaneous occurrence, and on the identity of bilateral phenomena, the authors interpret these radiological changes as the consequence of a primary degenerative process. In the course of detailed clinical examinations and tests made in 100 cases taken at random, the authors have found no evaluable number and degree of limitations of motion, nor any evaluable difference in respect of the right and left shoulder joint of males and females.


[Health-resort therapy and its importance for geriatric prophylaxis (author's transl)]. The authors report on the influence of a single or repeated health-resort therapy in geriatric sanatoria on the subjective condition, the state of health, and the biochemical parameters.


Looks and old age.

Looks and old age. In geriatric examinations, the old patients' looks should be observed. Based on the observation of 100 old subjects (aged 65 to 92), the author classifies the old people into 4 categories of looks. 1. Cheerful-eyed 2. Sad-eyed 3. People with fixed (lifeless) gaze 4. Wicked (aggressive) looking people. Category I can be treated easily; category 2 will co-operate in anti-depression therapy; category 3 exhibits mainly Parkinson's disease, in need of anti-sclerotic treatment. In the case of people with fixed gaze, the side-effects of drugs should also be suspected. Subjects in category 4 are difficult to treat. They do not co-operate with the physician. The administration of psychopharmacas, sedation and anti-sclerotic treatment are recommended.


[Gastrointestinal fiberoptic endoscopy in geriatric patients--experience, results and indications (author's transl)]. From the viewpoint of a district hospital in which fiberoptic endoscopy of the upper digestive tract has been carried out since 1970, experiences and results to more than 1900 endoscopic examinations of the upper gastro-intestinal tract are communicated with forty per cent of the examined patients being older than 40 years. According to our experiences we see, when observing the indications and contra-indications, no age limit for such a method of examination. This endoscopic examination presents in our view a valuable enrichment of the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities of medical care of elderly citizens.


[Prophylaxis of suicide in old age (author's transl)]. The author reports on sociopsychiatric care of old alone living peoples during Christmas-time and the end of year. This help of living was given under the primary aspects of suicide prevention. Nevertheless the conception of the arrangement is important for geropsychiatric prevention at all. The author gives informations about effects of this type of care. After the two weeks living in the hospital and getting special care the most of the old people looks from an active point of view to their biological and social conditions of aging, and better than before they can manage their life.


[Arteriitis temporalis--a major disease developing in advance age (author's transl)]. Arteriitis temporalis, a disease that was largely unknown in the early fifties, has gained importance in recent years. In the past ten years 32 patients suffering from arteriitis temporalis were diagnosed and treated both in the eye hospital and in the rheumatic-cardiological hospital of the Berlin-Buch Municipal Hospital. The following clinical findings were essential for the diagnosis: advanced or old age of the patient, massive headache in the temporal and/or occipital regions, myalgia primarily in the shoulders and the neck that responded relatively poorly to treatment, reduced eyesight, loss of weight and decrease in vitality. Extremely high BSR, an increased amount of alpha-2 and an increased level of alkaline phosphatase were most important among the laboratory findings. Corticosteroids have proved to be the medicine of choice for treating this condition.


[Gynaecology and geriatrics (author's transl)]. An attempt has been made to illustrate several findings on the ageing process which is different for the two sexes. During our investigations we got the impression that even the tiniest cells of males and females are different from the chemical, structural and functional point of view and that men and women must, therefore, also exhibit different pathological developments. Men are ill in a different way from women (Bürger). With the onset of the menopause, the sexually different biomorphosis disappears which was always demonstrable in earlier periods of life. This fact can best be demonstrated by analyzing cardiovascular diseases.


Death of fit elderly people.

Death of fit elderly people. The author describes the way of death of 40 fit old subjects. 13 died in heart thrombosis, 11 in brain catastrophe, 11 in generalized cancer, 5 in other diseases (3 in pulmonary embolia, 1 in uraemia, 1 after an ileus operation). The death occurred after different periods of time ranging from an instant to about 6 weeks after a cachexy. Of the 40 cases observed, 22 were physicians who died in fit condition amid their activities. They missed the curing of their preliminary complaints, dissimulated to themselves. The author calls the attention of physicians with geriatric outlook to take the not complaining, dissimulation fit old patients into geriatric care. Under such conditions the decrease could have been delayed with a probability as a result of diagnosis, therapy and care.


Spontaneous and chemically-induced transformation of mouse fibroblasts in culture. Biochemical aspects of the transformed cells. Fibroblast cultures were established from the lung tissue of CBA T6T6 mouse embryos. Lines characterized by infinite growth transformation (MFL) were used as untreated controls till the 21st and 29th passages, respectively. After that period, an unrestrained growth transformation developed spontaneously. The cell line was then designated as STMFL. At the 8th passage of an MFL, 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment was performed. The treatment resulted in a cell line (MCMFL) characterized also by unrestrained growth transformation. The nuclear protein pattern obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed differences between STFL and MCMFL. The activity of two microsomal enzymes - aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethylmorphin demethylase - measured in the exponential growth stage of the cultures showed a decrease in the case of STMFL, compared to the MFL, and practically disappeared in the case of MCMFL.


Ultrastructure of the bimodal pacemaker neuron in the central nervous system of Helix pomatia L. Fine structure of the identified (RPal) giant neuron of Helix pomatia has been investigated after isolation. The following findings have been established: 1. The cytoplasm of the RPal neuron is electron-microscopically characterized by a strongly invaginated nuclear envelope, a highly-developed rER system, a large number of free ribosomes and by 110-250 nm-sized neurosecretory-like granules with finely-granulated inner content. 2. The fine-structural arrangement of the cytoplasm exhibited a seasonal variation, viz. in winter it was found to be layered, while in spring it showed a homogeneous structure. 3. On the cell surface free axon profiles containing vesicles were sometimes found, which might be afferent connections to the cell body.


Gene mutation and sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster cells. The mutation in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase gene and the induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) were comparatively studied treating Chinese hamster ovary cells with the mutagens ethylmethanesulphonate. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, Mitomycin C and X-ray. All the agents exerted strong mutagenic effects and showed a dose-dependent relationship for the induction of SCEs.


Studies on the neuroendocrine system of the mangohopper, Idiocerus atkinsoni Leth. (Homoptera : Jassidae). The neuroendocrine system of the homopteran, Idiocerus atkinsoni has been described, employing a neurosecretory stain. Two groups of medial neurosecretory cells (NSC) of one tinctorial type are present in the pars intercerebralis of the brain. Processes believed to be dendrites of the neurosecretory neurons lie superficially underneath the neurilemma and enclose neurosecretory material (NSM). Both the nervi corporis cardiaci, NCCI and NCCII, are branched. The branches of the former join to form an oesophageal nerve that runs on the oesophageal surface and terminates on the midgut, and those of the latter, innervate the oesophageal dilator muscles. Besides being present in the dendrite-like processes and NSC, the NSM is also seen in the NCCI, anterior part of the aorta and oesophageal nerve but not in the NCCII, corpora cardiaca (CC) and the corpus allatum (CA). It is suggested that the release of NSM into the circulation in this insect occurs through two main routes: the dendrites and the aorta. The evolution of the aorta as an exclusive neurohaemal organ in Hemiptera is discussed.


Role of the arterial bronchial system in the pathomechanism of the shock lung. Experimental results suggested that in normovolaemia 0.5% of the total pulmonary circulation flows through the bronchial arteries. In haemorrhagic shock bronchial flow dropped to 0.04% of the total pulmonary circulation and ceased completely below 40 mmHg. The authors claim that a hypoperfusion of both circulatory systems (pulmonary and bronchial) is an important pathogenetic factor in the first step of the development of the shock lung. A two-hour abolishment of the nutritive circulation of the lung caused already hypotension, hypoxaemia and metabolic acidosis. Tissue hypoxia was confirmed by the rise in the enzymatic activity of the lung tissue. An abolishment of bronchial circulation in the described manner was enough to induce the development of the shock lung, as confirmed by the visible changes (changed colour, greater weight, development of congestive atelectasis and oedema) of the lung and by the haemodynamic and respiratory changes. Here too the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance is attributed an important role due perhaps in the beginning to an enhancement of the sympathetic tone and later to hypoxia and metabolic acidosis. If the effect of haemorrhage alone is compared to the effect of simultaneous haemorrhage and elimination of the bronchial artery, it appears that the functional lesion of the lung becomes considerably more pronounced with the abolishment of the nutritive circulation. Severe hypoxia and metabolic acidosis cause an extreme rise of the pulmonary vascular resistance. The severity of metabolic acidosis, the degree to which pulmonary vascular resistance has increased and its duration seem decisive from the aspect of both the development and outcome of the shock lung.


Structure of functioning saphenous venous grafts. The changes developing in functioning saphenous vein transplants were studied by light and electron microscopy in three human cases. The degenerative signs appearing in the smooth muscle cells of the graft, as well as the glycogen accumulation and the changes of the cell organelles are discussed. Beside the thick elastic fibres visible under the light microscope in the graft functioning for 22 months the electron microscope revealed as a characteristic lesion the development of elastic fibres among the young collagenous fibres. It is emphasized that degenerated, sclerotic and varicose veins should not be used as grafts since no good results can be expected from them.


The ratio of body haematocrit to venous haematocrit in open heart surgery and estimation of the blood volume in the large and small vessels. Double tracer blood volume technique revealed in open heart surgery patients a wide variability of Fcells-value in about 11 per cent of cases investigated, from the "normal" 0.91 value. The possible calculational error of blood volume measurements by single-isotopic--haematocrit methods in the normal or subnormal LVH-ranges point to the superiority of plasma volume determinations in the calculation of the total blood volume. The calculation of the volume of the blood-component actually not-labelled during single-isotopic--haematocrit procedures can be so highly inaccurate because of the hidden deviation of Fcells-value, that such misleading arithmetics has no real value and therefore should be omitted. Estimation of the large vessel and small vessel volumes and haematocrits in patients showed a rough 70 per cent---30 per cent distribution of the circulating blood volume between large and small vessels and an LVH tosmall vessel haematocrit ratio of 2:1 to 2:1.5. This offers a possibility to divide the circulating blood volume into a haemodynamically active (large vessel area) and a metabolically active (small vessel area) part, which can have important diagnostic and prognostic implications.


Consequences of experimental mitral insufficiency induced by chordotomy. In mitral insufficiency induced by chordotomy in dogs beside the common diagnostic data the values for tissue perfusion indicative of myocardial microcirculation have been studied. Unexpectedly, a decrease of subendocardial circulation was found; this reduced circulation manifested itself with alterations such as changes in mitochondrial structure, increased quantity of subsarcolemic sarcoplasma, and degenerative symptoms.


[Muscle layers of the stomach].

[Muscle layers of the stomach]. The arrangement of the gastric muscles of men, dogs and cats was studied from the aspect of functional anatomy. The stomach is divided into 8 segments on the basis of its vascularisation, musculature, structure and function. The muscular structures of the walls of the different segments are different. It was found that the sphincter of the pylorus is formed by the outer longitudinal muscle. The internal oblique muscle separates the sac and the tube system, while the circular musculature contributes mainly to the transport of nutrition.


[Theoretical and practical aspects of ileogastric reflexes]. Pathologic manifestations of the ileo-gastric reflex are infrequent. In the case of terminal intestinal angulation the pathologic reflex-situation can cause misleading gastric symptoms, which earlier have been supposed to be of reflectory origin but have not been investigated experimentally. On the basis of experience gained with patients suffering from terminal intestinal angulation it has been demonstrated in animal experiments that impulses generated by the strain of the wall of the terminal intestine acts on the stomach like a sympathetic stimulation. This reflex relationship is decisively of a nervous type. The anatomy of the reflex path has also been clarified. Animal experiments support the possibility of a reflex are acting via the coeliac ganglion and that the effect of the viscero-visceral reflex takes place through that reflex are on gastric acid secretion and on the blood content of the gastric mucosa.


[Complications of aortoiliac surgery and their postoperative therapy]. Experience in early postoperative treatment of 249 patients who had been subjected to aortoiliacal vascular surgery is reported. The therapeutic principles are outlined and the complications are reviewed. For the prevention of infectious complications the patients are given antibiotic protection, are fed parenterally till passage starts and, to avoid threatening postoperative hypoxaemia in the case of more severe respiratory disorders, prophylactic respiratory therapy is applied, and small doses of heparin are administered to prevent thrombosis. Taking into consideration the high incidence of complications and the advanced age of the patients, it is important to keep these in the intensive ward during the early postoperative period.


[Postoperative changes in free fatty acid levels in serum]. The serum free fatty acid levels were stuied under the influence of various operations. During surgery, the FFA level rose significantly in patients with arteriosclerosis and cholelithiasis, and also in obese ones, and decreased in hyperfunctional struma patients. Individual fatty acids too showed characteristic changes in these diseases. Under the influence of surgery, saturated fatty acid levels too rose significantly in arteriosclerotic patients.


[Leiomyoma of the female urethra].

[Leiomyoma of the female urethra]. A case of leiomyoma of the female urethra is reported. The tumour of unusual location and histology may raise diagnostic problems.


Cystic adventitial degeneration.

Cystic adventitial degeneration. A case of cystic adventitial degeneration operated upon successfully is described. The literature, and the clinical features of the disease are reviewed.


[Prevention of suture insufficiency using seromuscular gastric wall patch]. Seromuscular patches were prepared from the wall of the resected stomach of 20 dogs. The patches were used in the form of allogeneic and autologous grafts fixed with Histoacryl adhesive to cover gastric and intestinal sutures and gastric perforations. The aim was a hermetic closure of the wound and the prevention of suture insufficiency. In the 7 to 90 days follow-up period a perfect organization was observed in all the cases. On the basis of the favourable experimental results the clinical application of autologous seromuscular patches is suggested.


[Covering the resected surface of parenchymatous organs with histoacryl-N-blue tissue adhesive and a seromuscular patch from the gastric wall]. Seromuscular patches were prepared from the gastric wall of 20 experimental dogs and used in the form of autologous or allogenic transplants for the covering of the resection surface of parenchymal organs (liver, spleen, pancreas). The patches were fixed by means of the tissue adhesive Histoacryl-N-Blue; the aim was to achieve haemostasis and to prevent running of the secretion. In the 1 to 90 days follow-up period the patches completely organized and in none of the cases did haemorrhage occur. On the basis of the good experimental results the authors suggest the possibility of the clinical application of autologous patches.


Angiography of the bronchial and pulmonary arteries in chronic non-specific lung diseases. Examination of the bronchial artery system by means of contrast materials and pneumo-angiography has made it possible to determine the extent of the pathological process and to provide an answer to some of the problems raised by chronic non-specific diseases. When free passage is disturbed in the bronchi and alveolar ventilation is abolished, arterial blood will reach through the arterio-arterial anastomosis the branches of the pulmonary arteries, followed by a local hypertension in the affected region and a high oxygen saturation in the terminal branches of the pulmonary artery. In the case of bronchiectasis, the capillary circulation in the bronchial wall decreases because of the extension of the bronchial system which leads to the development of sclerosis and thus to a deterioration of the drainage function of the bronchus.


[Ultrasonic diagnosis of certain gynecological tumors]. Ultrasonic diagnosis of gynaecologic conditions is discussed. The method allows to distinguish cystic tumours from solid tumours, and to determine the size and origin of the growth, and to differentiate tumours of the uterus from ovarian tumours, ovarian cysts and ascites. Ultrasonic examinations were performed in 108 patients and the results are compared with the clinical and surgical findings. The method facts to distinguish malignant and benign tumours, but may still provide useful information also in this respect.


Surgery of megaureter.

Surgery of megaureter. A modification of the operation for megaureter is described. The dilated lower ureter segment is folded and reimplanted submucosally.


Treatment of posttraumatic deformities in the radiocarpal joint in children. Experience with treatment of 1885 children with fracture of the forearm bones is reported. Almost 1/3 (28.1%) were patients with epi-osteoepiphysiolysis of the distal end of the radius. In the majority, the method of treatment was conservative: closed manual reposition and immobilization with plaster cast during 3-4 weeks. Closed one-stage reposition is effective only during the first hours of 2-3 days after the trauma. The deformity following an inveterate epi-osteoepiphysiolysis must be corrected surgically before the physiological closure of the growth zones. The pathogenetic problems of posttraumatic deformities in the radiocarpal articulation are discussed and attention is focussed on the "admissible" types of displacement of the epiphysis (meta-epiphysis). The method of bloodless correction of deformities by means of distraction apparatuses is described. The technique was performed in 41 children with good results.


[Shortcomings and hazards of the Schede-type of vertical suspension]. Because of the results of a large number of long-term check-ups the adhesive tape--extension treatment recommended for fractures of the femur in early infancy has been much criticized in the past two decades. Allergy to the adhesive tape, skin necrosis and mainly abnormal position of the foot on recovery made it necessary to modify the procedure and to discuss the over-estimation of treatments of this type. One hundred and thirteen patients were followed up for a long time (maximum 17 years) after the application of the Schede-type suspension and in none of the cases was a malformed position of the foot with grave consequences or interfering with development observed. No case has been reported in the literature in which death could be attributed to the adhesive tape-extension, while surgical intervention might have a fatal outcome in some rare cases. The authors see no indication for rejecting entirely the Schede-type suspension.


Therapeutic use of ultrasound in urology. After a brief historical review, experience with ultrasonic treatment is described. Since therapy performed by means of the moving head technique had beneficial effect on chronic prostatitis, plastic induration of the penis and the accompanying sexual potency disturbance, the method is recommended for use.


[Transurethral cryocaustic therapy of the prostate]. In nearly one year 64 transurethral cryocaustics were performed because of adenoma of the bladder neck (36 cases) and carcinoma of the prostate (28 cases). Essentially, the authors' method consists in freezing the necessary quantity of tissue and then "exploding" the destroyed cells by sudden heating. In contrast to other authors, the catheter is kept in the patient for 8 days. All of the patients belonged into the high risk group with complete retention. In the case of adenoma the results were good in 66%, fair in 22% and unsuccessful in 3% of the patients, while in 82% of the prostate carcinoma patients the results were good, 14% urinated with moderate residues and the operation was practically unsuccessful in 4%. Success meant an abolishment of the residue and a disappearance or moderation of pyuria. So far no complications have been encountered, but complications are believed to be unavoidable later. Cryocaustics is recommended in the case of patients with serious circulatory insufficiency or when, because of contra-indicated anaesthesia, no radical operation can be performed.


[Rapidly growing carcinoma of the penis]. After a brief review of the cancer of the penis the case of a 24-year-old man is described. After five months of the rapidly progressing cancer of the penis no radical operation could be performed in the intact tissue. The importance of biopsy is stressed which has to be repeated, occasionally involving the preparation of series of slides.


The rate of accidental injuries in childhood morbidity and lethality. At the Department of Paediatric Surgery in Bratislava are treated all the childhood accidents occurring in the town and its suburbs which have approximately 400,000 inhabitants of which 130,000 are children. In the past 46 years, the number of accidents has greatly increased in spite of a decrease in the number of children and while among the causes of death, accidents occupied the 4th place in 1933, now they are at the leading place, being responsible for almost half of all the deaths under 10 years of age.


The etiology of human dizygotic twinning with special reference to spontaneous abortions. The comparison of 622 twin and 622 singleton births allowed us to confirm the association of dizygotic twinning with maternal age, parity, and maternal weight and height, as well as the occurrence of unlike-sex twins in the mother's family. It was also shown that none of these associations, except for maternal height, can be explained by the others. Dizygotic twinning was also found to be negatively correlated with previous use of oral contraceptives and with irregularity of menstrual cycle. Finally, the relationship between spontaneous abortion in previous pregnancies and maternal exposure to medical irradiation was investigated.


The intrauterine growth of the biparietal diameter of twins. A series of 978 repeated ultrasonic measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) assessed the growth of 119 twin pairs during the second half of pregnancy. The mean BPD values for each gestational week were close to the mean values for singletons. From the 32nd week, the BPD growth curves for twins deviated from that for singletons. The second twins' growth curve ran consistently below that of the first and fell away more from the 32nd week on. In 80% of the measurements, the first twin (defined as the twin in, or close to, the pelvic inlet) was the one with the largest BPD. The intrapair difference in BPD had no correlation to the intrapair difference in body length, head circumference, or birth weight. In 91 of the 119 twin pairs, zygosity was settled by sex, histological examination of placenta, or blood grouping. The longitudinally compiled BPD growth curves (678 BPD determinations) showed the curve for dizygotic twins consistently running above that of the monozygotic twins. The BPD differences between the first and the second twin remained also within mono- and dizygotic groups of twins.


Anaemia in twin pregnancy.

Anaemia in twin pregnancy. A total of 123 twin pregnancies were studied, 68 by records analysis only, and 55 by serial haematological assessment in detail. The incidence of low haemoglobin levels is found to be greater than in singleton pregnancy; evidence of iron and folic acid deficiency is common in sternal marrow aspirates but not in peripheral blood films. Routine haematinic prophylaxis in twin pregnancy is not advocated.


Glucose tolerance in twin pregnancy.

Glucose tolerance in twin pregnancy. The hypothesis of a slower rate of glucose disappearance after intravenous glucose injection has been tested and proved in a sample of 54 women with twin pregnancies. Different standards for glucose tolerance being therefore required for these women, care should be taken before labelling them as diabetic.


Nutrition in twin pregnancy.

Nutrition in twin pregnancy. The urinary nitrogen output appears to be related to both protein and energy intake, so that women having heavier babies probably eat more, although this may simply mean that they are larger women. Women with twin pregnancies have been found to have a lesser urinary nitrogen output, but it seems unlikely that this be due to lower intakes. They might simply utilize their diet more efficiently--a hypothesis that is now being tested.


Foetal twin ultrasound biometry.

Foetal twin ultrasound biometry. Biparietal diameter growth differs considerably in the twin gestation compared to the singleton gestation; thus the use of a specific standard is recommended. A shift toward lower values is noticed in monochorial twins. In the case of the abdominal diameter growth, instead, no significant difference is found between twins and singletons.


Oxytocin treatment in twin pregnancy labour. A continuous series of 483 twin deliveries was studied. In 30% of cases, intravenous oxytocic treatment was given for labour induction or to accelerate the first stage. In 13% of twin deliveries this treatment was applied only after the first twin's birth. In the group perfused during cervix dilatation, foetal mortality rate was significantly lower than in the nontreated group. In order to understand the reason(s) for this difference, the following factors were studied in relation to oxytocic treatment: parity, obstetrical complications, second stage duration, abnormal presentations, obstetrical maneuvers, and birth weight. Contrasting with mortality data, Apgar scores of first twins were significantly lower in the oxytocin-treated group. In summary, several variables indirectly linked to oxytocic treatment could have favoured or hampered foetal outcome in the treated group. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain if the use of oxytocics is helpful in twin pregnancy management. In the majority of cases, however, it may at least be considered harmless.


Diagnosis and treatment of twin pregnancy. Early detection is a prerequisite for the active management of twin pregnancy. Detection rate was not, or was only slightly, increased by improved anamnesis or more alert physical examination. General placental lactogen screening selected 95% of the twins but implied a subsequent ultrasonic screening examination of 16% of the pregnant population for the definitive diagnosis. A general screening programme with ultrasound detected 90% of the twin pregnancies (methodological error 1.7%; not participating 8%) in the mid-trimester. Extensive restriction of maternal physical activity from the 29th to the 36th gestational week by bed rest in hospital reduced perinatal mortality to the level of singletons and also decreased the incidence of neurological and mental handicap among the surviving twins. For the supervision of twin pregnancy, urinary estriol estimates predict birth weight rather than fetal distress. Monitoring with repeated ultrasonic biparietal diameter measurements seem limited in value; even large intertwin BPD differences are not indicators of fetal distress in the smallest twin. The decrease of perinatal mortality and morbidity among twins subjected to special antenatal supervision suggests that large gains can be made by early detection and antenatal hospitalization. The earlier finding that impairment of the intrauterine supply line is closely associated with neurological sequelae gives added importance to the reduction of CNS handicap and of growth-retarded fetuses observed during such a programme.


Towards a normalization of the outcome of twin pregnancy. During 1973/1978, more than 90% of the pregnant women in Malmö, Sweden, were examined by ultrasound to improve the early diagnosis of twin pregnancy. This screening programme detected 90% of the twin pregnancies delivered during this period, 105 were subjected to a preventive treatment with bed rest in hospital, usually from the 29th to the 37th week (mean: 55 days). This study evaluates the outcome of these pregnancies, compared with those not treated with bed rest and with all twin pairs born a decade earlier (1963/1965). All twins of this group born up to 1 May 1977 were also monitored by regular postpartum check-ups until at least 18 months of age. Perinatal mortality was reduced to 0.5% in the group with bed rest, but remained as high (8%) as ten years earlier in the group without bed rest. The bed rest group, compared with the group without bed rest and the group of twins born 1963/1965, also showed a significantly reduced frequency of deliveries before the 37th week; also, the incidence of twins born light-for-gestational age and with birth weight below 1500 g was reduced. The incidence of twins born with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and late development was 3% in 1973/1977 and 8.1% in 1963/1965. The reduction of mortality and morbidity of twins paralleled the improved obstetric and neonatal care. The fact that perinatal mortality and preterm delivery were reduced only among twins subjected to special antenatal supervision suggests that large gains are to be made by early detection and antenatal hospitalization. The lower CNS morbidity provides evidence of the quality improvement among the twin survivers.


The Northwestern University Multihospital Twin Study. II. Mortality of first versus second twins. The results of a multihospital study involving a total of 588 twin pairs born in Chicago in 1970-1975 are reported, with special respect to differences in mortality between first and second twins by time as well as by cause of death. Mortality was higher in second than in first twins and most commonly occurred after delivery and was the result of immaturity and of respiratory distress syndrome.


The effect of zygosity on the birth weight of twins in Aberdeen and northeast Scotland. Birth weight data for 356 pairs of newborn twins of known zygosity and placentation are presented. The combined weights of dizygotic twins are heavier than those of monozygotic twins. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the association between increased maternal height and dizygotic twinning.


Delivery of twin pregnancy.

Delivery of twin pregnancy. Preliminary observations fail to indicate a higher risk to the twin babies as a result of labor induction or Cesarian section, so that a systematic clinical trial will now be possible.


Perinatal mortality in twins.

Perinatal mortality in twins. A study of perinatal mortality in twins has been carried out concurrently in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Aberdeen, Scotland. In both areas perinatal mortality rates have been found to be four times higher in twins than in singletons, reaching up to 310 per 1000 in the monochorionic group in Ibadan. Moreover, rates have been found to increase considerably with maternal age and parity.


The Aberdeen Obstetric Data Bank.

The Aberdeen Obstetric Data Bank. An obstetric-neonatal-gynecological data bank has been developed for the Aberdeen District in Scotland and is now fully computerized. Within it, a twin register including over 550 pairs of known placentation and zygosity has developed.


EEC Concerted Action Project--European Congenital Anomalies and Twins (Eurocat). The European Economic Community (EEC) is promoting a network of locally funded centers in the nine EEC countries, surveying a total of approximately 140,800 births per year for selected congenital malformations and multiple births. The objectives and aims of the study are explained and some of the methods to set guidelines detailed.


[Congenital hemolytic anemias].

[Congenital hemolytic anemias]. During the last years our knowledge of the structural composition of erythrocyte membranes has markedly increased. It is the aim of this review to discuss hereditary changes of the erythrocyte membrane of pathophysiological significance on the basis of these recent biochemical findings. The report particularly deals with structural proteins, such as spectrin, and its possible significance for corpuscular deformation (e. g. spherocytosis). In addition, the importance of hemoglobinopathies and hereditary enzymatic defects for the development of hemolysis is discussed.


[Accompanying hemolysis in lymphoproliferative diseases]. 149 patients with non Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) were observed at the III. Medical Department of the Hanusch Hospital during 1972--1978. 15 out of 106 patients with low malignant NHL had autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AHA). None of the patients with high malignant NHL showed evidence of hemolysis. In 10 cases AHA was diagnosed together with the lymphoproliferative disease. In 4 cases diagnosis of AHA and NHL was established at the same time and in only 1 patient diagnosis of AHA preceded the lymphatic disease. All patients had distinct signs of hemolysis with moderate to severe anemia. 4 patients with immunocytic lymphomas had IgM paraproteins and an elevation of gamma-globulins, all other patients had mild to severe hypogammaglobulinemia. Therapy in all cases consisted of corticosteroids and cytostatics (Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide). In none of our cases splenectomy was performed. AHA seems to be a bad prognostic factor in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Survival time in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and AHA was 18 months shorter than in all other patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


[Hemolytic anemia in Hodgkin's disease]. In 12 of 128 patients with Hodgkin's disease (10%) haemolytic anaemia could be observed. In 3 of 12 patients an (auto-)immunological etiology of haemolysis was proven by the positive antiglobulin-test. In the rest of patients (9 of 12) the haemolytic syndrome could be explained by the concomitant enlargement of the spleen. In addition to high-dose prednisolone, splenectomy is the method of choice for the treatment of the haemolytic syndrome (4 of 6 patients). If adequate treatment of Hodgkin's disease is provided, the disease (2--37 months) will not be influenced by haemolytic anaemia.


[Acute hemolysis in polycythemia vera].

[Acute hemolysis in polycythemia vera]. The clinical course of fulminant haemolysis in a 54 year old patient with polycythaemia vera is described. Haemolysis was due to a complement-activating cold-autoantibody of the IgM class. A pathogenetic association between polycythaemia vera as a myeloproliferative disorder and autoimmune-haemolysis is discussed.


[Serious hemolytic anemia after mitral valvuloplasty]. A patient with mitral insufficiency is described who developed severe hemolytic anemia six months after mitral valvuloplasty. Various laboratory tests suggested that the cause of the hemolysis was mechanical. A second heart operation was therefore performed which revealed intact valve function. With respect to the mechanical cause of hemolysis a bioprosthesis was implanted, but the patient died shortly after this operation. Since similar cases are not reported in the literature the authors invite for discussion of this case.


[Heterozygous beta-thalassemia in a large German family]. This report deals with a large German family in which 12 carriers of the trait had the characteristic hematologic abnormalities of thalassemia minor. Among these are increased red cell count, decreased hemoglobin content, microcytosis and marked hypochromia in the presence of normal or increased serum iron levels. Thalassemia should always be considered if these hematologic abnormalities are found. It probably occurs more often in central Europe than thought of hitherto.


[The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome as a rare cause of hemolytic anemia]. The Lesch Nyhan Syndrome is a rare cause of hemolytic anemia. By electron microscopy, platelets of a patient with this disorder lacked a marginal bundle nearly completely--and had morphologically an abnormal structure. This may be a hint with respect to the pathogenesis of this unresolved syndrome.


[The radioactive antiglobulin (Coombs') test]. Weak red cell sensitization by hemolyzing antibodies may not be detected by the standard antiglobulin test. For the diagnosis of certain immune hemolytic anemias more sensitive methods are needed. Anti-IgG was purified as F(ab)2 by pepsin digestion and labelled with 125 I using the chloramine T method. 15 X 10(7) cells were washed and suspended in 0.1 ml of 6% albumin in saline. After incubation with 0.1 ml of 125 I-anti-IgG F(ab')2 for 30 minutes, the cells were washed and the uptake of radioactivity was counted using a gamma-counter. Standard cells were coated with a known concentration of an IgG anti-D preparation in the range of 50--1000 molecules per red cell. The sensitivity for the detection of red cell sensitization was at least 50 molecules per red cell. Because of varying binding ratios between the labelled anti-IgG reagent and different red cell antibodies the determination of the exact number of IgG molecules on the red cells is difficult. However, this very sensitive and reproducible method shows practical advantages in comparison with a complement fixation antibody consumption method with which corresponding results were obtained. Beside the evaluation of antiglobulin test negative autoimmune hemolytic anemias, this method may be applied for the determination of the specificity of weak red cell alloantibodies not detectable by standard blood bank procedures.


[Clinical and laboratory chemical examination in the diagnostic demarkation of chronic lymphatic leukemia]. In its conventional meaning, chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) describes a variety of clinical and prognostical aspects. Since it was found using immunohistological methods that a remarkable number of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (immunocytoma) were initially considered to belong to the CLL-group according to cell morphology, cell count and clinical status, the purpose of this study was to set up clinical and laboratory parameters separating CLL and immunocytoma. This was accomplished by categorizing 71 patients of preliminary CLL by age, sex, distribution of B and T lymphocytes, cell morphology, symptoms at the time of diagnosis, clinical course, electrophoresis and quantitative immunoglobulines. According to these features, the sample of patients was divided into three groups: Group 1: chronic lymphatic leukemia probable. Group 2: immunocytoma probable. Group 3: clear-cut separation is not possible. In these patients a lymphnode extirpation and a fluorescent examination of surface immunoglobulines should be performed.


[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis primarily affecting the skeletal muscles]. The authors report on a woman (34 years old) which was affected by lymphomatoid granulomatosis. During the first periods of the disease the granulomatous lesions were confined to the muscles of the upper extremities. High fever, progressive development of new muscular lesions and later of lesions in the pharynx, larynx, and the lungs characterized the clinical course. Therapeutic approaches included glucocorticoids, chemotherapy, irradiation, plasmapheresis, but induced no relevant beneficial effect. Based on laboratory and experimental data as well as on data from the literature the authors discuss the pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of this disorder.


[Local angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (lymphogranulomatosis X). The position of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy within the malignant lymphomas]. Three cases with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy are reported. Two patients presented with a localized manifestation in the area of an unspecific focus. The third patient presented with the classic clinical picture. A hypothesis is set up for the aetiology, pathogenesis and for the differences in the clinical course of the illness.


[Monocyte cytotoxicity in Hodgkin's disease]. Monocyte mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was determined in 23 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 29 normal healthy controls. ADCC activity of monocytes was found to be significantly increased (p less than 0.01) in patients when compared to the controls. No significant difference was observed in the number of non specific esterase positive-monocytes in both groups of individuals, investigated. Thus increased ADCC activity of monocytes in Hodgkin's disease in this particular ADCC system is due to an increased lytic capacity of monocytes.


[Disturbances in granulocyte chemotaxis in patients with multiple myeloma]. a) Leukocyte chemotactic activity, b) cytotaxic activity of patients' sera and c) influence of patients' sera on chemotactic activity of control leukocytes was studied in 18 patients with multiple myeloma, one patient with monoclonal IgE-gammopathy of undetermined significance and 32 controls. Chemotactic activity of patient leukocytes against Zymosan-activated normal serum and against Casein was reduced significantly. In addition, in 66% of the patients a chemotaxis inhibiting serum factor was observed. The Zymosan-induced generation of cytotaxic factors did not differ in patients or control sera. These data show that leukocyte inherent defects as well as serum factors give rise to reduced leukocyte chemotactic activity in patients with multiple myeloma. This impairment is likely to contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections in that disorder.


[New aspects in the clinical course determination and therapy in multiple myeloma]. Multiple myeloma can be regarded as model disease for quantification of tumor mass, investigation of tumor cell kinetics and of tumor response to therapy. The quantification of the tumor cell number allows evaluation of prognosis and monitoring of disease as well as of therapy induced responses. Treatment of multiple myeloma is primarily based on the alkylating drugs cyclophosphamide and melphalan. In recent years other cytostatic substances, also effective in the treatment of this disorder have been introduced. However, the sensitivity determination of the individual myeloma stem cells seems to be the only possible method which possibly increases the response rate significantly. In accordance with these considerations we have, in preliminary clinical investigations, observed a good correlation between the in vitro determined cytostatic drug sensitivity and the in vivo response to therapy. Further progress in the treatment of multiple myeloma is to be expected with the introduction of interferon into the therapeutic regimen. Administration of this glycoprotein has resulted in significant reduction of tumor mass in more than half of all patients treated up to this time.


[Methods to monitor TCDD presence in atmospheric particulate in the Seveso area (author's transl)]. Analytical monitoring of atmospheric dust in the seveso area (Milan, Italy) was carried out in order to evaluate the magnitude of TCDD transmigration via air streams. Two sampling techniques were utilized: i) dust-jars and ii) high-volume air samplers. Experimental evidences have shown that dust-jars and high-volume samplers are suitable to monitoring of dust-borne TCDD: however, while the former are quite reliable and easy to use, the latter can only be employed provided the carrier dust complies with some specific requirements. Dust contamination above sensitivity threshold was occasionally detected when specimens were collected near to mainly contaminated area ("A" area): however, only the atmospheric dust gathered in zone A1 was consistently found to contain TCDD.


[Determination of total bromine content in imported cereals and in other foodstuffs (author's transl)]. Samples of raw cereals imported in Italy and of other foodstuffs that can be treated with bromine-containing fumigants were analysed for the total bromide content. The analysis were carried out by X-ray fluorescence-spectrometry. Results obtained in 145 samples of raw cereals and in 50 samples of other foodstuffs are reported along with some considerations.


[Rickettsies and pararickettsies. Technique and results of microagglutination. Importance of reactivation (author's transl)]. After briefly summarizing the chacteristics of all infections caused by rickettsies and pararickettsies, which are the same depending on the same properties of these pathogen agents, the Author describes the microagglutination technique which is the elective method of serodiagnosis, briefly referring the genesis. The Author reports in conclusion the considerations deriving from the results, stressing the importance of reactivation in all cases resulting negative.


[Ergonomics in the industrial environment and ergonomic community activities of the European Coal and Steel Community]. The author stresses the permanent evolution of the working conditions in the industry. He pays a particular attention to the changes which were experienced in this regard since two decades in the coal mines. The ergonomist tries to give an impartial answer to the new problems by means of a scientific approach in order to help those who are responsible for the social and technical progress. The author reminds the principles of this approach. He analyses the definition of ergonomics and shows how this discipline may be applied in the coal mines. He reminds the important role played in this regard by the ECCS, and the realizations which could be performed in the coal industry as well. A comment on the objectives and means of the 4th research ergonomic programme of the European Communities is presented.


Prevalence and etiology of chronic cough without sputum production in coal miners. Chronic cough in the sense of the international definition was found in 50.5% of a group of 970 coal-miners at work without pneumoconiosis. In 14.7% of these subjects the cough was without phlegm production. Non productive cough is therefore not a rare event and this symptom may not be neglected in the natural history of chronic bronchitis in coal-miners. The changes in lung function are similar whether the cough is productive or not. In both cases endoscopic and histological features are suggestive of an established chronic inflammatory process. Allergy is not more frequent in subjects with dry cough than in those with productive cough.


[26 years of research in pneumoconiosis in the field of British coal mines. Contribution of that research to the epidemiology of pulmonary disorders in miners]. Events leading to the start of the Pneumoconiosis Field Research in 1953 are reviewed. Research methods are outlined, progress is described, and the main results are summarised. Three medical surveys were conducted at approximately five-year intervals in 24 coal mines. A further two quinquennial surveys took place at 10 of them, thus completing 20 years' observations. Individual miners' exposures to dust have been measured throughout the periods of study and earlier exposures have been estimated. The dust exposure have been expressed as cumulative timeweighted mass concentrations of dust in the respirable range. Correlations have been demonstrated between this index of exposure and (a) risks of developing various degrees of simple pneumoconiosis, (b) the occurrence of chronic bronchitis symptoms, (c) level of breathing capacity, and (d) among miners with no pneumoconiosis, mortality attributed to respiratory diseases generally, chronic bronchitis and emphysema in particular, and to cancers of the digestive organs. Exposures to quartz amounting to less than about 10 per cent of mixed coal mine dust do not generally affect the probability of developing simple pneumoconiosis. But there is evidence that some miners may show unusual radiological changes over ten years when exposed to dust with a relatively high quartz content. Current work includes continuation of mortality studies and follow-up surveys of miners no longer working at the research collieries. The inter-disciplinary nature of the research team is emphasized and there are suggestions for further work on unresolved problems.


[Outbreak of equine influenza caused by a new strain of equine Myxovirus subtype 2. I. Etiology]. During an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. This strain, A/Equine/Algiers/72, bears an important antigenic drift from the prototype strain A/Equine/Miami/1/63, but is closely related to a strain isolated in 1971 in Japan (A/Equine/Sachiyama/1971).


[Outbreak of equine influenza by a new strain of Myxovirus type 2. II. Epizootiology]. During an epizootic of equine acute respiratory disease in Algeria, a strain of equine influenza virus was isolated. Sera examination by hemagglutinin inhibition test and complement fixation test confirmed the etiology of the disease. The first and second outbreak of the disease remained localised. The third outbreak spread within few months to all parts of the country. Horses vaccinated with a commercial equine influenza vaccine remained healthy.


[Note on the quality control of microscopists]. The decentralisation of the microscopic diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is a valid policy for large countries with developing economies. But one must be assured that the work of the microscopists is reliable and uniform. To this end, a technique for the control of microscopists was tested; it consisted of a second reading of the examined smears in the peripheral centers.


[A new case of gynandromorphism in Sergentomyia minuta parroti (Adler and Theodor, 1927) (Diptera, Psychodidae)]. The authors report in Algeria a case of gynandromorphism in the species Sergentomyia minuta parroti. To our knowledge, this might represent the fifth world case described in the subfamily Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae).


[Immune response obtained in children vaccinated against measles in Algeria]. The sero-conversion rate in 92 children (6 to 13 months old) vaccinated against measles was found to be 64,11%. The results obtained are discussed by the authors. Based on the local epidemiological picture, they recommend the best age for vaccination against this disease in Algeria.