[Tri-iodine-thyronin (T3)-hyperthyreosis (author's transl)]. Report on a girl aged 12 years and 2 months and a boy aged almost 14. The first always had normal T4- with always raised T3, belongs, therefore, to the entity T3-hyperthyreosis described by Hollander in 1968. The boy had clear clinical signs of hyperthyreosis, but was untreated for 14 months, because a nuclear medical institute had found T4 to be normal and did not investigate T3. One suspects that proper treatment would have been given, if T3 would have been examined early. Discussion of the entity: T3 hyperthyreosis and of the circumstances under which T3 may be found to be raised even in the absence of the disease.


Discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis. An evaluation of operative therapy. Angiocardiographic and operative observations support the validity of classifying the spectrum of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis into a membrane, fibromuscular collar, and tunnel. Our current operative method is to excise a thin membrane or thick fibrous ridge, and, if a fibromuscular collar or tunnel is identified, to effect a left ventricular myomectomy as described by Morrow for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Data from experience with 35 children indicate that this approach is effective and safe. Gradients are substantially reduced and residual obstruction acceptable. Successive clinical evaluations (100 percent of 33 survivors) over an interval of 1 to 13 years (mean of 6) affirm that amelioration of the obstruction endures.


[Epidemica of hand-foot and mouth disease]. After describing the affections caused by the virus Coxsackie, the characteristics of disease in mouth-hands-feet are looked over reporting the principal epidemic outbreak as well as the isolated forms of exhibition. The illness can be shown in a complete, incomplete or moderate way. This outbreak occurred in Mendoza (Argentina) in 1975-1976: 25 school aged children were controlled and no other relatives of different ages fell ill. No predisposition for either sex. They didn't come from the same school. A sudden eclosion and without general display. In some of them the buccal were absent. All of them had palm and sole lesions and only four of them had buttock lesions. Everybody recovered after a short eruptive period and without any complications.


[Epidermotropic reticulosis (Woringer-Kolopp disease)]. The Woringer-Kolopp's disease must be considered a clinical-pathologic variant of mycosis fungoides. It is characterized by heterogenous clinical features and a peculiar histological aspect given by the cellular infiltration of the epidermis. The orgin of the reticular elements is discussed. Though some investigators think they originate in the dermis, others consider their origin to be "in situ". The evolution and prognosis are not well defined, as is the case with the hyperplastic, heteromorphic and polymorphic reticuloses. The case presented has had Hodgkin's disease and then developed a picture of pagetoid reticulosis.


[Esophageal localizations of Darier's disease. Radiological description apropos of 4 cases]. The oesophagic affectation seems very frequent in Darier's disease. The authors have found oesophagic lesions in 4 cases examined. The radiologic aspect of this localization shows an oesophagic border in "post stamp" and a definite irregularity of the fasciculation. This fibroscopic examination shows the presence of keratotic papules similar to the skin lesions of this disease.


[Uncombable hair syndrome].

[Uncombable hair syndrome]. Two cases of new hair defect syndrome, recently described by French dermatologists, are reported. They are characterized by clinically dry, bright and uncombable hair. Pathologic and scanning electron microscope studies, show: -- Angulation of the hair bulb with adherence between the inner root sheath and the hair shaft. -- Canalicular formations longitudinally disposed on the cuticular surface with irregular stratification of the external sheath. A malformation of the hair bulb of unknown aetiology is postulated. This malformation, probably familial, is not associated with any other abnormalities. This defect would result in hair shaft surface abnormality.


[Cowden's disease].

[Cowden's disease]. We report a typical case of Cowden disease or Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome in a 32 year old female without a family history of this illness. The patient suffered bilateral fibrocystic disease of the breast, having been subjected to mastectomy because of carcinomatous degeneration. She complained of gastric symptoms, and the x-ray examination showed multiple polyposis. On physical examination an asymptomatic thyroid nodule was noted. The skin showed multiple wart-like lesions, lichenoid papules, localized hyperkeratosis and pigmented spots. She had many papillomas in her mouth a rasberry tongue and bilateral perleches.


[EMG syndrome. Review apropo of 2 cases]. Two cases of EMG syndrome are reported (exomphalos, macroglossia, gigantism). One of them died some hours after the birth. A review of clinical findings, pathogenesis and evolution is presented. Only 60 cases of this rare disease are reported in the world literature.


[A case of lichen nitidus].

[A case of lichen nitidus]. A case of Lichen Nitidus exclusively localized on the arms and palms of an 8 year old girl with ten years of evolution and a good response to treatment, is described.


[Multiple trichoepithelioma with variable evolution of its lesions (malignancy and spontaneous remission)]. A case of Multiple Trichoepithelioma with extensive skin involvement without familial history is reported. Some of the lesions showed spontaneous remission over the years, and in two, the microscopcal examination, demonstrated malignant changes (Basal cell Epithelioma).


Central auditory imperception.

Central auditory imperception. The development of clinically applicable techniques for the evaluation of hearing impairment caused by lesions of the central auditory pathways has increased clinical interest in the anatomy and physiology of these pathways. A conceptualization of present understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the central auditory pathways is presented. Clinical tests based on reduction of redundancy of the speech message, degradation of speech and binaural interations are presented. Specifically performance-intensity functions, filtered speech tests, competing message tests and time-compressed speech tests are presented with the emphasis on our experience with time-compressed speech tests. With proper use of these tests not only can central auditory impairments by detected, but brain stem lesions can be distinguished from cortical lesions.


Suitability of antidigoxin antiserum for digoxin in plant extracts. Antiserum specificity for digoxin was demonstrated by means of three tests: cross-reactivities test, dilutions test and thin-layer chromatography test. The cross-reactivities test examined quantitatively the cross-reactivities with specific compounds and provided an explanation for the basis of the dilutions test. The dilutions test was used to demonstrate the suitability or unsuitability of the antiserum for use in the radioimmunoassay of digoxin in a crude biological sample. The tlc test examined for antiserum cross-reactivity with digoxin and related compounds in a crude extract.


Heart valve replacement by porcine aortic valve (Hancock prosthesis). Glutaraldehyde preservation of heterograft valves has increased their durability. Sixty-nine Hancock prostheses have been implanted, 30 in the mitral position and 39 in the aortic position. Anticoagulants have not been administered. There has been one important thromboembolic complication and periprosthetic mitral incompetence has occurred in three instances, but prosthetic incompetence has not developed. Two asymptomatic aortic diastolic murmurs have been noted. After a follow-up ranging between two and 19 months, it appears that the Hancock prosthesis offers a valuable alternative to mechanical valve replacement and anticoagulants are not required as a routine.


[Several parameters of the growth of chemostatic culture of Candida utilis in the presence of optimal and submaximal temperatures]. Candida utilis BKM Y-1668 was cultivated in the chemostat (limitation with glycerol) with the rate of flow D from 0.05 to 0.3 hr-1; the economic coefficient Y and Ks were constant at the optimum temperature of growth (30 degrees C). The maximum growth rate was 0.35 hr-1. The content of ATP in the cells and the energy charge of the cell decreased, and the content of ADP and AMP and the activity of phoshohydrolases increased in the cell, with an increase in D from 0.05 to 0.3 hr-1. Small amounts of glycerol and phosphorus were expended for maintaining life without multiplication (m) at 30 degrees C. At the submaximum temperature (40 degrees C), growth of the cells was inhibited, the rate of assimilation of glycerol and phosphorus, and m, increased. The content of ATP in the cells and their energy charge also increased.


[Common action of limiting and inhibiting factors on the growth of yeasts in a continuous culture]. Candida utilis was cultivated under conditions of chemostat and continuous growth which was limited by phosphates. An excess of glucose inhibited the growth. The limiting and inhibiting factors produced simultaneous cooperative action. At a constant velocity of the medium flow, the concentration of biomass decreased, as a result of the inhibition of growth with residual glucose (0.96 and 1.36 per cent), by 5.5 and 15.6 per cent of the absolute value, respectively. The economic coefficient decreased in this case from 40 to 28 per cent. The inhibition of yeast growth resulted also in a decrease of phosphorus content in the cells; moreover, the cells could not utilize all oxygen dissolved in the medium.


[Regulation of synthesis of GTP-cyclohydrolase participating in yeast falvinogenesis by iron]. Pichia guilliermondii, Schwanniomyces occidentalis, Torulopsis candida and several riboflavin-dependent mutants of Torulopsis candida were grown in a medium with a low concentration of iron. In these conditions, the activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase which catalyzes the first step of flavinogenesis increases. The activity of the enzyme increases also when the cells of T. candida and P. guilliermondii with a high content of iron are incubated with alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl which induces overproduction of riboflavin; this action of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl is eliminated by cycloheximide. Therefore, iron deficiency in the cells of these yeasts causes derepression of GTP-cyclohydrolase participating in riboflavin biosynthesis. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by FAD but not by FMN and riboflavin.


Redistribution of polycations bound to lymphocytes. The redistribution of surface-bound polycations on human lymphocytes and mouse-spleen lymphocytes was studied by fluorescence microscopy. A redistribution pattern after incubation with protamine, polylysine and DEAE-dextran resembling patching and capping processes was observed both at 20 degrees C and at 4 degrees C. The interaction between polycations and the cell surface is considered to represent non-specific binding to the membrane proteins. The redistribution process is regarded as precipitaion processes. This is in accordance with the finding that no effect on the binding and redistribution of polycations was noticed in the presence of NaN3, vinblastine sulphate, vincristine sulphate, colchichine, cytochalasin B or trypsin treatment. When incubation periods longer than 5 min. were employed beginning internalization of flourescent material is observed. Interaction with the nuclear membrane similarly resulted in rearrangements and capping.


Chromosome damage in Chinese hamster cells sensitized to near-ultraviolet light by psoralen and angelicin. The clastogenic effect of furocoumarins psoralen and angelicin in the presence of near-UV (320-380 nm) differs greatly, as do their modes of interaction with DNA. Psoralen, which requires only one-fifth as much light energy to produce the same lethal effect as angelicin at equimolar concentrations, is able to cross-link DNA whereas angelicin cannot. The frequency of micronuclei which arise from chromosomal fragments shows the same differential effect as lethality. Indeed aberrations account for much or all of the lethality observed. Metaphase analysis at comparable aberration frequencies revealed that angelicin and psoralen both induce chromatid deletions and a wide spectrum of chromatid exchanges. These data show that both cross-links and monoadducts to the DNA can result in chromosomal aberrations. The relative contributions of cross-links and monoadducts to chromosomal aberrations still remain to be determined. It is noteworthy that extensive chromosomal damage is induced in mammalian cells by the combination of psoralen and near-UV, a treatment which is currently widely used in the therapy of psoriasis.


Chromosomal aberration, mutation and morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryonic cells after exposure to methylnitrosocyanamide. Hamster embryonic fibroblasts were treated directly with various concentrations of methylnitrosocyanamide (MNC), a nitrosated product of methylguanidine (MG) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Then they were examined for chromosomal aberrations, morphological transformation and mutations resistant to 8-azaguanine (8AG) and 6-thioguanine (6TG). Direct treatment with 2 to 10 X 10(-6) M MNC caused a marked, dose-dependent appearance of 8AG- and 6TG-resistant mutations. The ability of MNC to induce mutations was similar to that of MNNG. Cultured embryonic fibroblasts in metaphase plates also showed a marked dose-dependent increase in chromosomal aberrations within 24 h after direct treatment with MNC or MNNG. Moreover, MNC and MNNG caused similar rates of morphological transformation.


A correlative study of the genetic damage induced by chemical mutagens in bone marrow and spermatogonia of mice. III. 1,3-Bis (2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (BCNU). Cytogenetic damage induced by various concentrations of BCNU was evaluated by determining the frequencies of (a) micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow, (b) chromatid aberrations in bone marrow, (c) chromatid aberrations in spermatogonia, and (d) reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonia and scored in spermatocytes. The order of sensitivity for the four parameters tested was: micronuclei greater than chromatid aberrations in bone marrow greater than aberrations in spermatogonia greater than translocations in spermatocytes, a situation similar to that found in an earlier study with CNU-ethanol. When the effect of concentration of the chemical was taken into consideration there was no correlation among the four parameters tested, so that information on induced frequencies of one parameter does not have predictive value for the frequencies of the others. A comparison of the results obtained with the bifunctional BCNU and the mono-functional CNU-ethanol at equal concentrations indicated that BCNU had a similar or a lesser clastogenic effect than did CNU-ethanol. In an experiment in vitro the situation was different in that BCNU was more effective than CNU-ethanol.


Initiation of check cell division by trypsin action at the cell surface. Trypsin immobilised on polystyrene beads causes initiation of cell division which cannot be accounted for by trypsin released into the medium or into the cells. Also, initiation by soluble trypsin is inhibited by immobilised soybean trypsin inhibitor. These results demonstrate that trypsin can initiate proliferation at the cell surface.


[Clinical study of ventriculo-lumbar perfusion in the patients of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus (author's transl)]. The cerebrospinal fluid dynamics were studied in the ten patients between 33 and 67 years old with signs of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus by the technique of ventriculo-lumbar perfusion. The perfusion fluid with Ringer's solution or Hartmann's solution containing tracer amounts (25 mg/dl) of insulin. The inflow fluid warmed up to the body temperature was introduced by the infusion pump to the trigone of the lateral ventricle through the ventricular tube. The outflow fluid was collected from the lumbar subarachnoid space through the spinal needle inserted into the L4-5 interspace. The perfusion pressure was adjusted by raising and lowering the height of the outflow manometric pressure relative to the spinous process. The distribution volume of the perfusion system was the range of 94 - 209 ml (average 136 ml) and exceeded the normal range. The formation rate of cerebrospinal fluid was the range of 0.21 - 0.69 ml/min (average 0.39 ml/min) at the opening pressure, and nearly equal to the bulk absorption rate. There was the relationship between the bulk absorption rate and the perfusion pressure, and the regression coefficients in nine cases were lower than reported in normals. The clinical condition of seven of the nine patients demonstrating this absorptive deficit improved after cerebrospinal fluid shunting. The perfusion test was useful to recognize the cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and also to determine the indication of cerebrospinal fluid shunt in the patients of so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus.


[Studies on the fibrinolytic system in ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Part 1. Monitoring of the antifibrinolytic therapy through repeated measurement of SK-euglobulin lysis time and FDP (author's transl)]. Streptokinase euglobulin lysis time (SK-ELK), fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and fibrinogen in the blood were determined to know the proper dosage of t-AMCHA which would not cause the ischemic complications yet suffice to prevent the rebleeding of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. SK-ELT was almost doubled(130 sec) by the administration of 6-8g/day of t-AMCHA within 24-48h in normal control. On the other hand, SK-ELT in SAH patients fluctuated tremendously during ten days after the first bleeding. FDP took a high value soon after the first bleeding in grade IV and V patients. Increase in FDP was also observed following rebleeding in one case, following severe vasospasm, and following progressive neurological deterioration, and the increase in FDP was concentrated 4-10 days after SAH. Fibrinogen showed a tendency to increase gradually after the administration of t-AMCHA, and this increase of fibrinogen would be one of the alarming signs of the development of ischemic complications. From these results, it was suggested that the dosis of t-AMCHA should be determined precisely according to the result of repeated monitoring, and the dosis should be as such that it could constantly keep SK-ELT at 130-150 sec.


[Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extracranial region--report of a case with review of literatures (author's transl)]. Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the extracranial region is rare. The case presented here is a woman aged 29. She gave a history of swelling of the scalp at the left temporat region and noticed a rhythmic pulsating noise in the left ear of five mon ths duration, especially when she placed that side of her head against a pillow. Physical examination revealed a pulsating compressible tumor mass measuring 10 cmx8cm in the left temporal area of the head. There was a bruit synchronous with the pulse and an associated thrill over the mass. A left external carotid angiogram demonstrated that the deep temporat branches of the marked dilated internal maxillary artery as well as the branch of the superficial temporal artery fed the arteriovenous malformation at the extracranial region. Venous drainage to the superficial temporal vein and the maxillary vein were present. Multiple arteriovenous fistulas and persistent pooling of contrast medium were noted. At operation. At operation, the left external carotid artery was ligated and the malformation was excised. The postoperative course was entirely uncomplicated. The bruit disappeared and she was discharged on the 12th postoperative day. Histologically, the arteriovenous malformation was demonstrated. We reviewed the literatures and discussed the etiology, clinical and roentgraphic findings of the congenital arteriovenous malformation at the extracranial region.


Determination of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin activities in the pineal gland, retina, harderian gland, brain and serum of rats and chickens. An N-acetylserotonin/melatonin radioimmunoassay (NAS/Mel RIA) and a Mel RIA were developed to measure NAS and Mel contents in tissues of rats and chickens. Anti-NAS and anti-Mel sera were produced by immunization of rabbits with NAS-M-bovine serum albumin (BSA) and Mel-M-BSA, respectively. Anti-NAS serum used in the NAS/Mel RIA reacts equally well with NAS and Mel, while anti-Mel serum used in the Mel/RIA reacts specifically with Mel. The NAS and Mel levels in the pineal and Harderian gland, the retina and the brain of rats and chickens and Mel levels in chicken serum were determined using these RIAs. Levels of NAS and Mel in the rat pineal demonstrated diurnal rhythms with high levels during the dark period and low levels during the light period. The indole levels determined in this study correlate well with those obtained by other methods.


Effects of neutralization of circulating melatonin and N-acetylserotonin on plasma prolactin levels. The effect of pinealectomy or immunization against melatonin (Mel) and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) on plasma prolactin (Prl) levels was studied in rats following pineal stimulation induced by blinding or exposure to short photoperiods (1 h light and 23 h darkness daily). Blinding alone or together with pinealectomy or immunization did not alter resting Prl levels or the response to novelty stimulation. Exposure to short photoperiods flattened the diurnal Rrl rhythm seen in control rats kept in 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness daily. Pinealectomy slightly lowered Prl levels but did not affect the diurnal rhythm. Immunization caused a significant reduction in Prl levels, although the diurnal Prl rhythm persisted. These data suggest that Mel and/or NAS may be involved in the maintenance of basal Prl levels.


Diurnal variation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the male rat. The phenomenon of diurnal variation in secretion of FSH, LH and prolactin (Prl) has been investigated in adult male Wistar rats. When these animals were decapitated at 2 h intervals throughout the 24 h day, a highly significant elevation of serum FSH was observed at 12.30 and 14.30 h. No definite diurnal pattern was observed for LH and Prl. The basic FSH rhythm was found to persist in animals bled via an indwelling atrial cannula or by cardiac puncture. However, these techniques of blood collection were found to produce some variation in the timing of the surge. These observations suggest the existence of diurnal variation in the secretion of FSH in the adult male rat.


Platelet monoamine oxidase in women with premenstrual syndrome. Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) and RBC catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were studied in 12 women suffering from premenstrual syndrome. No significant variation of platelet MAO or RBC COMT was found during the menstrual cycle, as opposed to previous studies on normal women and monkeys, which report a significant decline of platelet MAO activity in the 5-day period before menses.


Platelet aggregability in migraine.

Platelet aggregability in migraine. Employing optical density methods, platelet aggregation in response to 1.275, 1.7, and 3.4 micrometer adenosine diphosphate was tested in 46 patients with migraine and 46 controls matched by age, sex, and race. The migraine patients demonstrated platelet hyperaggregability when compared with controls, as manifested by a lower threshold for the platelet-release reaction and increased platelet stickiness following aggregation. There was no correlation of platelet hyperaggregability with the severity of migraine or with the occurrence of migraine-associated neurologic symptoms, suggesting that platelet hyperaggregability is a concomitant feature of the migraine syndrome but not dependent on the occurrence of the actual headache. As platelet hyperaggregability may predispose to development of intravascular platelet aggregates or mural thrombi, the hyperaggregability found here may help explain the increased incidence of stroke and heart attack in migraine patients that has been reported elsewhere.


Neurologic status and prognosis after cardiopulmonary arrest: I. A retrospective study. A retrospective survey of survivors of cardiorespiratory arrest included 34 patients. Twenty-one had a good outcome neurologically and 13 were seriously impaired. Depth and duration of postarrest coma correlated significantly with poor neurologic function. Seventy percent of the seriously impaired patients never regained consciousness and none emerged from coma within 5 days; 90 percent of patients with good outcome were alert within 18 hours after resuscitation. Coma motor unresponsiveness, absent pupillary light reflexes, and absent oculocephalic responses were closely associated with dismal prognosis for neurologic functioning. This retrospective study cannot provide a basis for discontinuation of life support at any specific time.


The declining electrical response of muscle to repetitive nerve stimulation in myotonia. The electrical response of muscle to repetitive nerve stimulation was studied in patients with various myotonic disorders. A decrementing response was common but not invariable finding, and was unrelated to the severity or diagnosis. The decrement either continued throughout the period of stimulation or "leveled off", sometimes being followed by an increment. If it occurred at low rates of stimulation, a greater decrement occurred at higher rates, usually after a shorter latent period. It was not related consistently to the presence of weakness, but in patients with myotonia congenita it was more conspicuous and elicited by lower rates of stimulation when transient weakness was a feature of the history.


Phenytoin, phospholipids, and calcium.

Phenytoin, phospholipids, and calcium. Binding of phenytoin to phospholipids was found to be related to fatty acid composition. Dipalmitoyl and dioleoyl lecithins, the most abundant lecithins in brain, showed the greatest binding activity. There was an exact correlation between binding activity and phosphorous content in lipids derived from fractionation of total lipids of rabbit and human brain. Phenobarbital showed little interaction with phospholipids. Phospholipid binding of 45Ca++ could be increased up to five times by the addition of 1 x 10(-4) M phenytoin. This enhancement of Ca++-binding may explain the effectiveness of phenytoins in the treatment of hypocalcemic symptoms. Ca++ and phospholipid binding may be important factors in the stabilizing action of phenytoin.


Cervical myelopathy complicating cerebral angiography. Report of a case and review of the literature. Transverse cervical myelopathy, at C-6 level, followed injection of Renografin-60 into the right thyrocervical trunk during cerebral angiography. Review of the literature yielded only two cases in which attempted posterior fossa angiography resulted in cervical myelopathy. Two more cases were found. In one, cervical myelopathy occurred during aortography in a patient with coractation of the aorta, and in the other it followed mediastinal angiography. Summation of anoxia, hemorrhage, and cellular toxicity is responsible for spinal cord necrosis following arterial injection of contrast material.


Computerized tomography in demyelinating disease of the young. We have used computerized tomography (CT) to look for evidence of cerebral demyelination in children with progressive neurologic disorders. Fourteen patients with a clinical diagnosis of a demyelinating disorder were examined by CT, and five had CT findings suggesting cerebral demyelination. In two patients with a so-called myelinoclastic demyelinating disease, CT showed asymmetric, circumscribed areas of diminished radiodensity, and in three patients with a leukodystrophy, scans showed diffuse symmetric areas of low density in the centrum ovale. Autopsy examination in one patient confirmed the diagnosis of sudanophilic leukodystrophy and substantiated the abnormalities suspected from CT.


Hereditary nonprogressive athetotic hemiplegia: a new syndrome. A family with four affected members showed a stereotyped unilateral neurologic deficit. The disorder was characterized in each member by congenital left hemiparesis, with subsequent development of left hemihypoplasia and athetoid posturing of the left hand. Although the proband was initially considered a "cerebral palsy" victim, the autosomal dominant pattern and the stereotyped clinical features in all affected family members suggest a hereditary process. Hereditary factors may be an uncommon cause of static unilateral neurologic motor defects.


Alteration of skeletal muscle cellular structures by potassium depletion. After rats had been fed a low-potassium diet for 4 to 8 weeks, skeletal muscle showed ultrastructural changes involving membranous organelles. Mitochondria were often swollen, condensed, or disintegrated. The transverse tubules were disoriented, focally dilated, and tortuous. The sarcoplasmic reticulum showed various degrees of dilatation. Vacuoles of different sizes occurred frequently. Whirls of membranes were closely associated with any of the membranous organelles, especially near an orifice of a transverse tubule. Supplementation of potassium reversed these changes. These findings are very similar to those in patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The vacuolar myopathy in these patients may be secondary to the electrolyte alteration in skeletal muscles, and the chronic weakness of some patients may be due to excitation-contraction uncoupling as a result of the involvement of sarcotubular systems.


Blood vessel structure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. I. Light and electron microscopic observations in resting muscle. Skeletal muscle blood vessels from eight patients with documented Duchenne type muscular dystrophy were examined by light and electron microscopy, with particular attention to the capillary-venous bed. The characteristic lesions of vasoactive amine injury were not present. Endothelial degeneration and regeneration also were absent. Lamellation of capillary basement membranes was noted without true hypertrophy or  evidence of discontunuities. Thrombus formation and platelet interaction were absent. Lumenal obliteration was not noted at the arterial level. Rarely, venous obliteration was present in association with nodular connective tissue overgrowth. The minimal abnormalities appear to be nonspecific and do not substantiate postulated vascular injury by vasoactive mediators or ischemia. The role of a nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction with phagocytes derived from the vascular compartment should be considered with respect to those described basement membrane changes.


Antagonism by piperidine of levodopa effects in Parkinson disease. The nicotinic cholinergic amine piperidine diminished both the dyskinesia and the symptomatic control in some patients with Parkinson disease receiving levodopa. Since the piperdine configuration is contained in the molecules of the apomorphine and N-propylnoraporphine, it might be responsible for the antagonism of these drugs to some effects of levodopa in Parkinson disease and for the palliation by apomorphine of some dopamine-mediated symptoms in other extrapyramidal disorders.


CT scanning and diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy. On computerized tomography scanning, two patients with adrenoleukodystrophy had low-density abnormalities in the parieto-occipital lobes, which enhanced anteriorly with contrast infusion. Computerized tomographic correlation with the published pathology is discussed. CT scanning may be an important diagnostic procedure in the early diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy.


Plaque of multiple sclerosis seen on computerized transaxial tomogram. The spectrum of computerized transaxial tomographic lesions in multiple sclerosis is not yet known. Low density lesions have been reported. We are reporting contrast enhanced lesions, occurring at different times and neurologic sites in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Such CT lesions might be of diagnostic significance.


The orbicularis oculi reflex: pathologic studies in childhood. The orbicularis oculi reflex was studied in 12 children with intrinsic brain stem gliomas and in six children with other posterior fossa pathology. The results were compared with previously established childhood normal values. Seventy-eight percent of the children demonstrated a pathologic alteration of the reflex comparable to reported results in adult patients. The orgicularis oculi reflex test in childhood in a relatively simple and risk-free procedure in the evaluation of brain stem disease in childhood.


Primary intramedullary malignant lymphoma of the spinal cord. The clinical and histologic features of a malignant intramedullary lymphoma of the spinal cord are reported. The duration of the disease was 9 months and the course was similar to other malignant intramedullary cord tumors. The tumor was confined to the cervical segment of the cord and histologically was composed of lymphocytes and plasmacytoid histiocytes. Effective treatment depends on tissue diagnosis.


Fat emulsions with added free cholesterol or fatty acid cholesteryl esters. Studies on removal mechanisms in vivo and hydrolysis by lipoprotein lipase in vitro. The fractional elimination rate of fat emulsions of soybean oil, emulsified with egg yolk phosphatides with 1% addition of cholesterol or various cholesteryl fatty acid esters, was studied in rabbits. The fractional removal rate k2%/min was the same after addition of free cholesterol or esters with fatty acids up to eight carbon esters. The k2 values were twice as high for emulsions with cholesteryl-stearate, three times higher with added cholesteryl-palmitate and four times higher when cholesteryl-linoleate was added. The triglyceride (TG) lipase activity was determined with human or rabbit post-heparin plasma and with purified bovine lipoprotein lipase. All these enzyme sources gave similar results. Addition of saturated cholesteryl esters did not affect the lipase activity, but addition of 1% cholesterol markedly decreased the lipase activity. Furthermore, addition of cholesteryl-linoleate and linolenate reduced post-heparin TG lipase activity.


Primary empty sella syndrome with elevated serum prolactin. A young, adult, white female with long-standing amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome and known pituitary enlargement since 1969 is presented. Further evaluation revealed PRL levels elevated in the microadenoma range and an empty sella. The presence of a pituitary adenoma, however, could not be confirmed by our studies. The question now arises--in a young woman desirous of pregnancy, should an induction of ovulation be attempted in view of the elevated serum PRL and an empty sella?


Arterial macroaneurysm of the retina.

Arterial macroaneurysm of the retina. Macroaneurysms of the retinal arteries were found in both eyes of a patient suffering from systemic hypertension. The development of the aneurysms were related to high blood pressure attacks. Treatments with low energy laser coagulation reduced the aneurysms, preserving good patency of the vessels. In the right inferior temporal artery, an untreated focal narrowing deteriorated to an occlusive fibroblastic proliferation, emphasizing how damaging the course of the disease may be.


Salivary gland neoplasms in children.

Salivary gland neoplasms in children. Salivary gland neoplasms in children represent an uncommon entity. However, the presence of such a tumor demands an accurate diagnostic evaluation in view of the commonplace occurrence of malignancy. Observation of fluctuant masses and surgical resection of firm masses are the recommended principles of management, with the majority of these neoplasms having a favorable prognosis.


Bilateral dorsal root potentials in the lower sacral spinal cord. Bilateral dorsal root potentials (DRPs) evoked in the S3 dorsal roots by stimulation of the S2 and L6 dorsal roots and the cutaneous afferents entering the spinal cord in the lumbar segments have been studied in spinal cats. Stimulation of all these afferents produces DRPs which have the same amplitude on both sides of the spinal cord. During long-lasting repetitive stimulation the negativity of the ipsilateral dorsal root is maintained only when this stimulation is applied to the neighbouring dorsal root. Depression of the testing DRPs produced by preceding single volleys or repetitive stimulation is only slightly larger on the contralateral side of the cord. The difference between depression of the DRPs on both sides of the cord is significantly smaller in the S3 than in the L7 segment. Following conditioning tetanization both ipsi- and contralateral DRPs undergo depression. The pattern of bilateral DRPs in the S3 segment significantly differs from that observed in the L7 segment and these differences correspond to the already known distinct arrangement of the substantia gelatinosa in the two parts of the cord.


The relationship between stimulation-induced potassium release and amylase secretion in the mouse parotid. 1. The output of amylase from superfused mouse parotid segments in response to stimulation with acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine and isoprenaline during exposure to solutions with varying potassium concentrations was monitored by an on line automated fluorometric method. 2. During stimulation with ACh or phenylephrine a 10-fold increase in superfusion fluid potassium concentration caused an immediate very marked reduction in amylase output which was fully reversible. A 10-fold reduction in potassium concentration resulted in a prominent rise in amylase output. During stimulation with isoprenaline there was no effect on the amylase output of varying the extracellular potassium concentration. Acetylcholine and phenylephrine caused potassium release from the mouse parotid whereas isoprenaline had no such effect. 3. It appears that under conditions where stimulation-induced potassium release is enhanced there is also an enhanced amylase secretion and vice cersa. There may therefore be a link between passive potassium transport and amylase secretion.


Concentration and dilution of the urine in partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. 1. The influence of partial hepatectomy on urinary concentrating ability and renal tissue sodium was determined in conscious rats deprived of water for 24 h. In comparison with a sham operation, partial hepatectomy resulted in: a) a 50% reduction in free-water reabsorption, urinary osmolality, and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio; b) depression of free-water reabsorption at similar levels of osmolal clearance above 200 microliter/min per ml of GFR during the infusion of hypertonic NaCl and vasopressin; and c) a 30% reduction in sodium content of the renal papilla and outer medulla. 2. The renal response to an intravenous water load (2.5% glucose infused to 2.5% of body wt at 0.4 ml/min) was determined in sham-operated and partially hepatectomized, conscious rats. By 60 min after the water load, both groups had excreted practically all of the load. However, during and for 30 min after the infusion in the partially hepatectomized group, the percent of the water load excreted, urine flow, and free-water clearance were significantly reduced while urinary osmolality and osmolal urine-to-plasma ratio were significantly elevated. 3. These experiments demonstrate that shortly after partial removal of the liver the renal concentrating ability is defective and the excretion of a water load is not grossly impaired.


Changes in interstitial pressure during acute interstitial volume depletion in normally hydrated rats. Interstitial fluid pressure was measured in normally hydrated rats during acute interstitial volume depletion by intravenous hyperoncotic bovine serum albumin infusion. Body fluid volumes, systemic arterial and venous pressure and selected blood and urine variables were also measured. The infusion increased plasma volume twice as much as do iso-oncotic infusions which cause comparable increases in mean central venous pressure. The kidneys responded with a diuresis and natriuresis closely resembling those which follow iso-oncotic infusion in normally hydrated rats. At the end of the elevated renal response plasma volume and plasma protein concentration were not restored to pre-infusion values; total interstitial fluid volume was decreased to one half its control value. Interstitial fluid pressure decreased linearly with volume so that effective interstitial compliance was constant at 0.0717 ml/mm Hg per gram dry tissue weight (1.79 ml/mm Hg per 100 g BW). This was not significantly different from the value 0.0704 previously found in normally hydrated rats but very significantly higher than that in dehydrated rats with comparable interstitial depletion. It is concluded that interstitial compliance is normal over a wide range of interstitial fluid volume in normally hydrated rats but that it can be altered in states of chronic body water depletion.


Renal clearances of 14C-inulin and polyfructosan in the rat. Effect of increased ureteral pressure. Polyfructosan has been used as a substitute for inulin in GFR determinations. However, the validity of this substitution in conditions where renal tubular permeability to other substances, such as mannitol, sucrose and other substances, such as mannitol, sucrose and iothalamate, is increased has not been tested. Experiments were performed on 8 rats to compare the clearances of polyfructosan (CPF) and 14C-inulin (CIN) during hydropenia, 3% BW saline expansion, elevation of one ureteral catheter by 30 cm, and following return of increased ureteral pressure to the control level. No significant difference between CPF and CIN could be detected except in the kidney subjected to increased ureteral pressure. However, the magnitude of this difference--which may relate to the different molecular weights of the two compounds--was so small that we conclude that the use of CPF, as an index of GFR, is no less reliable than CIN under the conditions tested.


Baroreflex "resetting" by arterial hypoxia in the renal and cardiac sympathetic nerves of the rabbit. 1. Renal and cardiac sympathetic baroreflex functions were studied in sodium pentobarbitone anaesthetized rabbits given succinylcholine, during constant artificial ventilation with air and with hypoxic gas mixtures. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was raised and lowered between values of 40 and 140 mm Hg by means of aortic and vena caval periovascular balloons and integrated sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) was recordered. 2. The relationship between MAP and SNA was sigmoid, with upper and lower plateau levels. The curves were defined by calculating median blood pressure, SNA Range and reflex gain. In both renal and cardiac sympathetics section of the carotid sinus and aortic nerves completely abolished the MAP-related changes in SNA. 3. The renal baroreflex curves were reset from control levels during hypoxia. Median blood pressure increased, as did SNA Range and gain. These effects were due to central interactions between arterial baroreceptor, arterial chemoreceptor and vagal afferent activity. 4. The cardiac sympathetic baroreflex curves were shifted in the opposite direction from control with reduction in median blood pressure, SNA Range and reflex gain. These changes were due to chemoreceptor-arterial baroreceptor interactions. 5. Arterial hypoxia thus evokes a differentiated pattern of baroreflex resetting in the renal and cardiac sympathetic montoneuron pools with differing changes in neural response range and sensitivity to arterial pressure changes.


A modified Langendorff technique for metabolic investigations. A small amount of fluid keeps dripping from the apex of the isolated, perfused heart, after cannulating the pulmonary artery and carefully preventing leakage from caval and pulmonary veins. This fluid has a high absorbance at 280 nm, which points to a high protein content; it shows a fall in glucose, and a rise in lactate concentration almost corresponding with the heart's total glucose uptake and lactate release respectively. The data suggest that a small amount of the perfusion fluid reaches the surface of the heart via the interstitial space.


Thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones in a hibernator at high and low ambient temperatures. The effect of ambient temperature on the thermosensitivity of preoptic neurones was studied in euthermic golden hamsters. At skin temperatures (Tsk) of 20 degrees C, preoptic units were still responsive to hypothalamic temperatures (Thy) below 10 degrees C, while at Tsk = 36 degrees C these neurones became inactive at Thy = 15 degrees C on the average. These studies suggest that thermoreceptive preoptic neurones, influenced by a high activity of cutaneous cold-receptors, are capable of sensing core temperatures even in deep hibernation.


The dynamic response of warm units in human skin nerves. Electrophysiological recordings were made from 12 specific warm receptors in the sensory nerves of human hairy skin. In all cases examined, single warm fibers were spontaneously active at normal skin temperature from about 32 degrees C upwards, while touch, stretching, vibration or pricking the skin did not elicit any response within the receptive fields of warm units. Moderate warming of the skin using linear temperature rates from 0.5 degrees C/s to 1.5 degrees C/s caused a transient overshoot in the frequency of discharge with peak frequencies depending on the rate of change of temperature (dT/dt), the magnitude of thermal increment (deltaT) and the adapting temperature (TA). Cooling the skin caused a transient inhibition of discharge.


The continuous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood. The "mechanical oscillator" technique for the measurement of the density of fluids is based on the influence of mass on the natural frequency of a mechanical oscillator. The practical application of this principle was worked out by Kratky et al. (1969) and Leopold (1970). It is demonstrated in this study that the method permits the continuous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood in anesthetized animals. The accuracy is 10(5) g/ml, the maximum sampling rate 20/min. As found in rabbits and cats during the control state, physiological blood density changes related to spontaneous blood pressure variations are up to 2-10(4) g/ml. The method can be combined with i.v. injections of isotonic and iso-oncotic solutions to determine cardiac output and blood volume on the basis of a "density dilution" principle. Since the density of the interstitial fluid is lower than that of blood, fluid shifts through the capillary walls can be detected. The effects of hypertonic glucose and of hyperoncotic dextran have been examined. Changes in the density of the arterial blood appear within 10 s after i.v. injection of these fluids. Similarly, density changes result from hemorrhage and reinfusion. During and after i.v. administration of vasoactive drugs (noradrenaline, angiotensin II, acetylcholine), marked transient changes in blood density are seen which obviously reflect the effects of fluid shifts through the capillary walls. During hemorrhagic hypotension we found periodic variations in the blood density synchronous with spontaneously occurring Mayer waves. The new method seems to be a promising tool for investigations physiological and pathological capillary fluid dynamics.


On the mechanism of glucagon stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The addition of L-alanine as substrate to a perfused rat liver preparation produced a five-fold increase in the rate of glucose production. This enhancement of the gluconeogenic flux seems to be a consequence of a rise in the steady-state levels of pyruvate and oxaloacetate subsequent to the rise in alanine concentration. Glucagon (2 X 10(-9) M) increased the gluconeogenic flux from alanine (10 mM) by 50 percent, even though the concentration of the substrate in the perfusion fluid was at saturation. This effect was accompanied by a rise in the intracellular concentration of alanine. However, the steady-state concentration of pyruvate and oxaloacetate were decreased, probably as a consequence of a more reduced state of the nicotinamide-nucleotide system. In vivo, the intraperitoneal administration of glucagon to starved rats was accompanied by a decrease in the hepatic alanine and pyruvate concentrations despite the striking effects raising the plasma glucose levels. These observations seem to indicate that the effect of the hormone increasing the hepatic glucose output must be mediated through some other mechanism(s) independent of the intracellular variations in the hepatic amino acids levels.


Renal function changes during preoptic-anterior hypothalamic heating in the rabbit. Thermoregulatory reactions evoked by selective preoptic-anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) heating in conscious rabbits were associated with significant changes in renal function. Urine flow rate decreased from a control value of 0.92 +/- (S.E.) 0.08 to 0.47 +/- 0.07 ml/min after 10-20 min of heating, urine osmolality increased from 273 +/- 34 to 417 +/- 46 Osm/kg H2O, and free water clearance per 100 ml GFR decreased from 1.11 +/- 0.46 to -0.50 +/- 0.23 ml/min. These changes were followed by a gradual recovery despite continued heating. Clearances of exogenous creatinine and p-aminohippurate fell transiently during the first 10 min of heating and then returned to normal. Plasma antidiuretic activity (ADA) measured by rat bioassay increased regularly and markedly during PO/AH heating but was poorly correlated with changes in urine concentration. Moreover, a similar increase in plasma ADA observed with selective heating of a different brain area (supraoptic nucleus) never produced urine concentration or other renal changes. This suggests that a large and variable fraction of ADA appearing in rabbit blood in response to thermal stimuli was not identical with antidiuretic hormone. Therefore, the causal relationship of ADH release and antidiuresis associated with thermoregulatory reactions could not be clearly demonstrated. The physiological role of renal water conservation would be to compensate for extrarenal water loss related to thermal sweating or panting.


Left atrial pressure and sodium balance in conscious dogs on a low sodium intake. 10 conscious chronically prepared dogs were used. After recovery from thoracotomy (catheter into the left atrium, nylon purse string around the mitral annulus) they were kept chronically on a low sodium intake (less than 0.5 meq Na/kg bw daily). On 51 days left atrial pressure (LAP) was increased for 60 min about 10 cm H2O once daily by tightening the purse string (distension period: DP). During (DP) urine volume (V) increased about threefold, and sodium excretion (ENa) about sixfold. The amount of renal sodium loss on the days when LAP was increased exceeded the daily intake considerably. The application of DOCA (15 mg i.m.) did not diminish ENa during DP and 60 min therere increased by about 15 mm Hg. The data suggest that stimulation of intrathoracic receptors by a reversible mitral stenosis augments renal sodium excretion even in a state of a highly stimulated tubular sodium resorption.


Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. III. Excretion of venous gas bubbles by the lung. Intravenous injection of gas (10-60 ml) causes acute pulmonary embolism, which disappears completely within 10-20 min. Intravenous infusion of gas (1-5 ml min-1) can be continued for a long time. During these infusions a steady state is reached in which pulmonary arterial pressure is increased and cardiac output remains unaltered. This indicates that the degree of embolization has reached a constant level despite the continuous gas infusion. These findings can be explained by a gradual disappearance of the bubbles from the pulmonary circulation. The purpose of this study was to measure the possible excretion of gas from the intravascular gas bubbles into the alveolar air after venous administration. Neon was used as a test gas since its fractional concentration in ambient air is low (0.00018) and it can be detected by gas chromatography with sufficient accuracy. It could be demonstrated that after injection neon was present in the expiration gas. During the steady state of infusion the rate of excretion in the expiration gas appeared to be equal to the rate of infusion. Changes in the pulmonary arterial pressure curve were reflected in the neon wash-out curve. It may be concluded that during pulmonary gas embolism the administered gas is excreted into the alveolar air and that the excretion rate largely depends on the increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to the obstructing bubbles themselves.


Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the rat. Renal blood flow was measured in rats anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium by employing the PAH clearance method and the 133Xe washout technique. Both methods were in good agreement. In 17 rats a 25% decrement of blood pressure was attained through haemorrhage: RBF measured by PAH clearance declined by 3%, according to 133Xe washout by 2.7%. In futher 21 rats an increase of blood pressure by an average of 26% was achieved by occlusion of the carotid arteries; RBF measured by PAH clearance declined by 3% according to 133Xe washout by 1.1%. RBF was therefore almost perfectly autoregulated during both experimental manoeuvres: glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) was autoregulated in a similar manner. Water and sodium excretion changed in proportion to changes of blood pressure.


Postnatal development of inotropic responses to nerve stimulation and tyramine in rat atria. Inotropic responses were measured in isolated rat left atria using an isometric force transducer. In atria from adult rats tyramine administration or field stimulation of intramural cardiac nerves (in the presence of atropine) caused a positive inotropic response which was as great as that obtainable with exogenous noradrenaline. In contrast, atria from newborn animals showed very poor inotropic responses to nerve stimulation or tyramine  although they already responded well to noradrenaline. The responses developed progressively with age, reaching adult levels at 3 to 4 weeks of age. It is concluded that the postnatal development of myocardial sympathetic nerves is correlated with a development of the positive inotropic response to sympathetic nerve stimulation or to tyramine.


Synthesis of messenger RNA-like molecules in isolated myeloma nuclei. Nuclei isolated from mouse myeloma cells grown in tissue culture are capable of synthesizing RNA for prolonged periods of time. Addition of cytoplasmic extracts to the system stimulates slightly the rate and prolongs the time of synthesis. As judges by sedimentation in SDS and in formamide gradients, the size of the RNA synthesized is heterogeneous from smaller than 10S to larger than 45S, thus resembling in vivo made RNA. The characteristics of some of the RNA are in keeping with those expected to be for mRNA. Fifty percent of the RNA synthesis is sensitive to alpha-amanitin. After an incubation of two hours in the absence of alpha-amanitin about 10 percent of the newly synthesized RNA is found outside of the nuclei; it sediments with a broad distribution at 18S. A considerable fraction of the RNA that is released from nuclei in vitro can promote the formation of polyribosomes, and contains molecules that are polyadenylated and "capped".


Nucleotide sequence neighbouring a late modified guanylic residue within the 28S ribosomal RNA of several eukaryotic cells. The nucleotide sequence of a particular T1 oligonucleotide found in 41S and 28S RNAs of several cellular cell lines (human, mouse, rat and chicken fibroblast) but absent in 45S ribosomal RNA has been deduced. Its primary structure : A-U-U*-G*-psi-U-C-A-C-C-C-A-C-U-A-A-U-A-Gp shows the presence of a modified G residue which explains the existence of this oligonucleotide in the T1 fingerprint of 41S RNA and 28S. Its absence on the 45S RNA T1 fingerprint is accounted for by a late modification.


The origin of nascent single-stranded DNA extracted from mammalian cells. In vitro cultured bovine liver cells were labelled with radioactive thymidine and dissolved in 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Centrifugation of the lysate through sucrose gradients in a zonal rotor revealed a slowly sedimenting fraction of preferentially pulse labelled DNA. The DNA of this zone was further analysed by chromatography on hydroxy-apatite, banding in CsCl density gradients, and sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients. It contained besides small amounts of fragmented bulk DNA, single-stranded nascent DNA and single-stranded pre-labelled DNA which could be separated from each other by using BrdU as a density label. The density labelling also revealed small amounts of nascent-nascent DNA duplexes. The slowly sedimenting fraction was practically absent from cell lysates which were prepared in 2 M NaCl - 50 microgram/ml pronase. The results suggest that nascent single-strands and nascent-nascent duplexes are released from the forks of replicating DNA by branch migration. Pre-labelled single strands may be released by the same branch migration. Pre-labelled single strands may be released by the same mechanism, but the in vivo structure from which they originate has yet to be elucidated.


Counteractive effects of norepinephrine and amphetamine on quabain-induced amnesia. Ouabain, administered 5 min prior to learning induces amnesia for a single-trial passive avoidance task in day-old chickens by inhibiting memory formation during the labile sodium-pump dependent phase. Amphetamine and norepinephrine (NE) successfully counteract ouabain-induced amnesia when administered immediately after learning. The actions of these drugs on ouabain-induced amnesia parallel that of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), and within similar time constraints. It is concluded that amphetamine (through release of NE) and norepinephrine exert their effects through stimulation of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. This conclusion is supported by the observation that these drugs do not overcome potassium chloride (KCl) inhibition of memory formation in the short-term phase prior to formation of labile sodium-pump dependent memory, and the fact that the noradrenergic blockers, propranolol and piperoxane do not alter the couteractive influence of DPH on cycloheximide (CXM) inhibition of the protein synthesis dependent long term memory phase which follows the labile phase.


Metabolic and experimental factors in the behavioral response to repeated amphetamine. Previous studies have shown that repeated administration of d-amphetamine results in a progressive augmentation of locomotor activity and stereotypy. The present studies demonstrate that rats also exhibit an enhanced behavioral response following multiple daily injections of l-amphetamine and methylphenidate. Furthermore, behavioral augmentation is shown to persist for at least six days after a single injection of d-amphetamine. These results demonstrate the generality of the reverse tolerance phenomenon and indicate that metabolic factors, such as the formation of false neurotransmitters, do not account for the enhanced behavioral responsiveness observed with multiple injections of these drugs. The role of experiential factors in the behavioral augmentation was studied by (1) varying the amount of continuous exposure to the experimental environment prior to d-amphetamine administration, and (2) examining the effects of repeated injections of saline or d-amphetamine in different environments prior to testing in the experimental chambers. The results, which revealed a behavioral augmentation independent of pretreatment condition, indicate that neither acclimation to the test chamber nor state-dependent conditioning to external stimuli accounts for the enhanced locomotor activity and stereotypy observed with repeated administration of psychomotor stimulants.


Evidence for withdrawal from caffeine by rats. Injections of caffeine produced avoidance of a novel flavor. Rats which had previously received injections of caffeine on each of twelve days avoided a novel solution which had been associated with the absence of caffeine. This and other controls suggest that physiological withdrqwal from caffeine is the mechanism for this avoidance.


Sustained release methadone salts and methadone-naloxone mixtures. Part 2: In vitro studies of methadone release. Various tablet formulations, using two methadone salts namely methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate and a number of methadone-naloxone combinations were prepared. The quantities of methadone released from these tablets in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids were examined using spectrophoto-metric studies. All formulations followed a typical release pattern, indicating a high degree of consistency of the formulations.


Quality physical therapy: one Chapter's approach. Quality care is a goal for which physical therapists strive. Federal legislation has provided the impetus to create quality assessment mechanisms. The Utah Chapter of the American Physical Therapy Association has been instrumental in establishing three distinctly different approaches to assure the quality of physical therapy services within the state. This article describes the three approaches.


Schedule-induced chronic hypertension.

Schedule-induced chronic hypertension. Rats were fed on an intermittent-feeding schedule one 45-mg food pellet every 90 sec for 5 hours per day (experimental group) or an equivalent food ration as a single, daily feeding (control group). All animals were mononephrectomized and given saline to drink. Experimental animals became polydipsic (schedule-induced polydipsia). The rate and amount of fluid intakes between the two groups were controlled in the second experiment. In both experiments a significant blood pressure difference developed between the groups and remained terminally after water replaced saline as the drinking fluid for about 3 weeks. The development of chronic hypertension in the experimental group in the second experiment is regarded as a psychosomatic counterpart of other excessive and persistent behaviors (e.g., polydipsia, aggression), which can be induced by certain intermittent-feeding schedules. Observations on the heart (increased weight), kidney (minor pathologic changes), and adrenals (no change) were consistent with essential hypertension.


Short- and long-term effects of a massive dose of 6-OH-DA upon marsh mice. Single, sublethal subcutaneous doses of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) were given to young adult male and female Marsh mice. The ability of 6/8 males to sire 15 or more days later was not abolished. Of 10 females dosed during pregnancy, 6 failed to deliver and lost substantially in body weight. Of the 4 that delivered, 2 cannabalized their young. The offspring of the 6-OH-DA-dosed fathers and mothers showed no gross anatomical defects nor lessened survival rates. Confrontation of 6-OH-DA-dosed males with control males as pairs demonstrated increased anal sniffing as compared with control-pair confrontation. In a long-term series with males, liver anomalies including tumor development were demonstrated for 6-OH-DA. Lymphoid tumor induction was not affected. However, 3 local fibrosarcomas and 1 intrasorbital giant cell sarcoma arose. A sublethal dose of L-dopa had no lasting effect on male mouse aggression nor on other behavioral manifestations that would implicate 6-OH-DA formation as a metabolic route.


Accessory lung arising from the upper esophagus. A rare congenital anomaly in the adult. A lung infiltrate found incidentally in an adult was shown radiologically to be the result of a fistula arising from the upper esophagus. At the pulmonary site, the fistula demonstrated several branches with the typical configuration of a rudimentary bronchial three. The findings are consistent with an unusual type of congenital bronchopulmonary malformation. Ordinarily, accessory lungs are located at the lung base communicating in selected cases with the lower esophagus or the stomach. The embryological explanation lies in an incomplete separation of the tracheobronchial tree from the esophagus.


Breast milk jaundice: an in vitro study of the effect of free fatty acids on the bilirubin-serum albumin complex. Oleic and palmitic acids at concentrations above 1.1 mg percent (40 micrometer) are capable of displacing bilirubin from the serum albumin-bilirubin conjugates. The release of bilirubin is also demonstrated by thin layer gel chromatography. Since both oleate and palmitate constitute the major fatty acids in breast milk, the results may indicate that the development of jaundice in breast-fed infants could result at least in part from elevated levels of free fatty acids present in the blood serum of these neonates.


[Arterial vascularization of the retrochiasmatic optic tract in man: recent data]. The authors study the arterial vascularisation of the retro chiasmatic optic tracts in man by means of total or selective arterial injections on 200 brain specimens. They underline the important vascularisation of the optic tracts, the lateral geniculate body and the first part of the optic radiations contrasting with the precarious vascularization of the latero-ventricular part of the optic radiations. The importance of the Sylvian contribution is noted at the origin of the optic radiations and on the occipital cortex level.


[Diagnostic radiology for tumors for the small intestine(author's transl)]. The fractionated gastrointestinal tract presents technical problems which result in a large number of diagnostic errors in regard to tumors of the small intestine. Pharmacoradiologic processes and Sellink's sounding method deal successfully with these problems. The methods were described and their advantages for tumor diagnostics in the small intestine were stressed. The mesenteric angiography is important as an alternative and supplementary examination for small intestine diagnostics. Indications and interpretation possibilities were described.


Differences in the mode of phagocytosis with Fc and C3 receptors in macrophages. Mouse macrophages, activated in vivo or in vitro, were made to internalize sheep erythrocytes opsonized with IgG or IgM and complement. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were performed at various times after the transfer of the cultures from conditions favoring attachment to conditions favoring internalization. The receptors for Fc and C3 were distributed randomly over the macrophage surface with the exception of the extreme periphery, were Fc receptors were more abundant. The E-IgG were ingested by means of thin membrane extensions rising from the macrophage surface and enclosing the opsonized particles tightly in a cup-like structure protruding from the macrophage surface. Only afterwards were the covered particles drawn into the cell body proper. The E-IgMC were seen to sink directly into the macrophage cytoplasm without apparent involvement of membrane extensions. Experiments with cytochalasin B suggested that microfilaments were essential for the phagocytosis by Fc but much less important with the C3 receptor.


The effects of emeprone on intravesical and intra-urethral pressure in women with urgency incontinence. By use of a sensitive technique, simultaneous registration of intravesical and intra-urethral pressure changes was performed in 14 patients with urgency incontinence before and after intramuscular or oral administraiton of emeprone. The serum concentrations of the drug at different times after administration were also measured. After intramuscular injection, emeprone caused an increased bladder capacity in all the patients, and they experienced urge at larger bladder volumes. The urethral pressure was little affected. Thus, there were no significant changes of the maximum urethral pressure or of the functinal length of the urethra. Eight out of nine patients got a residual urine. After oral administration of emeprone, two out of five patients got an increased bladder capacity, and experienced urge at a larger bladder volume. They had no residual urine. In the patients receiving emeprone intramuscularly, the maximum plasma concentrations ranged from 1171 ng/ml to 378 ng/ml; they were found after 15 or 30 min. After oral intake, the maximum concentrations ranged from 36 ng/ml to 64 ng/ml and were found after 60 to 180 min. The results suggest that emeprone has actions mainly on the bladder; the effects on the urethra seem to be small.


Intramyocardial gas tensions in the canine heart. Intramyocardial gas tensions were determined in the left ventricular wall of the canine heart by means of chronically implanted silastic tonometers. In the central zone of the myocardial wall the mean baseline PO2 was 22 mmHg and the mean baseline PCO2 28 mmHg. Breathing of pure oxygen elevated the myocardial PO2 to a level of 60 to 90 mmHg. Hypovolaemic shock induced by shedding 30% of the blood volume resulted in a sharp decrease of the myocardial PO2 and a marked increase of the myocardial PCO2. During hypovolaemia, ventilation with pure oxygen elevated the oxygen tension to the control level and, after re-infusion of the shed blood, the response of the myocardial PO2 to oxygen breathing became higher than normal. Correction of hypovolaemic with a plasma expander Haemaccel restored the myocardial oxygen tension to the baseline level. Ligation of the left anteior descending coronary artery produced a rapid fall of PO2 and a profound increase of PCO2 in the corresponding myocardial area. After coronary ligation, developing tissue ischaemia usually resulted in ventricular fibrillation within a few minutes. Cardiac massage was started immediately, but produced no correction of tissue gas tensions, although the arterial blood gases remained normal. Ligation of the right coronary artery or the left circumflex coronary artery for short periods increased the myocardial PO2 in the vicinity of the left anterior descending branch, probably due to reactive hyperaemia around the ischaemic tissue.


Ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine as an empirical marker of alcoholism: diagnostic value. The ratio of plasma alpha amino-n-butyric acid to leucine was raised in patients with both alcohol-related and nonalchol-related liver disease. This ratio appears to act as a relatively nonsensitive index of hepatocellular dysfunction rather than an index of alcoholism.


Subcutaneous zygomycosis (phycomycosis). Decrease of host resistance in subcutaneous zygomycosis appears to be very specific. Potassium iodide causes nonspecific resolution of the eosinophilic granuloma. The disease offers a unique direct human model for the study of host resistance and granuloma resolution.


Pregnancy in the unwed White South African. A sociological and obstetric analysis of 130 unwed Afrikaans- and English-speaking mothers showed that 78% of English-speaking and 61% of Afrikaans-speaking mothers preferred to keep their babies. More than 80% of women in both language groups did not use contraceptives. There were no statistically significant differences between the unwed mothers and a married control group as regards antenatal anaemia, toxaemia of pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage and breech presentation. Labour lasted longer than 18 hours in 8.6% of English-speaking unwed mothers but in none of the Afrikaans group. English-speaking mothers who gave up their babies for adoption had a higher incidence of prolonged labour, toxaemia, forceps delivery and premature birth.


Labial fold reconstruction with relocation of the phallus and urethra in an intersex patient. An intersex patient is reported and a description of the correction of the external genital appearance to resemble that of a female is given. Relocation of the phallus and contained urethra was carried out, the emphasis having been placed on the creation of labial folds. The reason for preservation of the phallus and urethra is discussed.


The Klippel-Feil anomalad as part of the fetal alcohol syndrome. A brother and sister and described with malformations and handicaps consistent with both the Klippel-Feil Anomalad and the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The mother was known to be a chronic alcholic throughout both pregnancies. It is suggested that these anomalies are not purely fortuitous but rather that maternal alcoholism may cause errors in cervical vertebrae segmentation.


[Using the computer in processing data on reproduction in dairy herds (author's transl)]. A computer program is described, by which data on reproduction (data on calving, oestrus and insemination, pregnancy diagnosis) in dairy herds may be processed. This program is designed to supply dairy farmers with information facilitating herd management. Thus, each month the famer is sent an advisory list stating which cows should be inseminated, which should be dried off and which can be expected to calve. In addition, he will receive an annual report on the fertility of his herd. Among others, the following items are listed: the pregnancy rate after the first insemination, the interval between parturition and first insemination, the interval between parturition and conception and the number of cows disposed of because of failure to conceive. The intention is to test this computer program for efficiency on 500 dairy cattle farms.


[Strongyloides westeri Ihle, 1917 (Nematoda: Strongyloididae). I. Parasitological features of natural infection (author's transl)]. Patent S. westeri infection is particularly common in unweaned foals (61.2 per cent). It is much less common in foals which have been weaned (15.4 per cent). Examination of the faeces of ten artificially reared foals (free from worms) did not supply any evidence of possible prenatal (intra-uterine) helminth infection. In one Shetland pony mare, larvae of S. westeri were found to be present in the milk on the tenth, twenty-fourth and thirty-second day after parturition. Larvae were not detected in the milk of the other mares but all foals showed patent S. westeri infection within from thirteen to sixteen days after parturition. In view of the conditions in which the animals were kept, this can only have been due to galactogenous (trans-mammary) infection.


Ultrastructural effects of Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin on mitochondria of corn roots and protoplasts. Zea mays inbred W64A in Texas (T, toxin sensitive) male sterile and non-male sterile (N, toxin resistant) cytoplasms were utilized. Roots of freshly germinated seeds were treated for 15 min of 2 hr with culture filtrate from liquid grown Helminthosporium maydis Race T, or with a chloroform extractable purified fraction from the culture filtrate. In the susceptible W64A T line, toxin treatment, both crude and purified, caused swelling and loss of matrix densiy in mitochondria of root cap and vacuolated cells in the region of elongation. One hour treatment with the chloroform extractable toxin fraction caused similar effects or mitochondria of isolated leaf protoplasts. This is the first report of such rapid in vivo effects of HmT toxin on mitochondria. Difficulty in obtaining consistent preservation of meristem mitochondria precluded drawing firm conclusions concerning that region of the root. In the resistant W64A N line, protoplast and root mitochondria were unaffected by the toxin.


[Ultrastructural changes in the mammary glands of white rats during the estrus cycle]. Secretory granules of milk protein were found in the apical cytoplasm of some ductal cells in the mammary gland of non-lactating albino rats. During the estrous period, the diestrous phase, the number of "coated" vesicles increased essentially. Some of the "coated" vesicles contained secretory granules and granular debris. The functional relationship of the "coated" vesicles to lysosomes and to some other cytoplasmic structures is discussed. The results suggest that during the estrous phase formation and release of secretory products prevail, whereas at the diestrous the process of their removal and destruction is predominant.


[Cell population mechanisms of the diurnal rhythm of mouse hepatocyte mitotic activity]. The dynamics of 3H-thymidine labeled mitosis and diurnal rhythm of mitotic activity was studied. The isotope was injected to BALB/c male mice at the peak of diurnal rhythm of DNA synthetic activity of hepatocytes. It has been established that the increase in the mitotic index during 24 hours depends on the increase in number of cells being in S-period. On the 2nd and 3rd days of investigation no labeled dividing hepatocytes were observed at the phases of increased mitotic index. The data allow to conclude that the increase of mitotic index at diurnal rhythm is at the expense of new GO-cells which entered the mitotic cycle, rather than due to the re-entering of cells that had divided during the maximal mitotic activity the day before.


[Effectiveness of evaluating bulls according to their progeny by the "daughters-mothers" and "daughters-peers" methods]. The repeatability coefficient of sire evaluation by daughters performance in different lactations was 0.38-0.70, that suggests the necessity to specify annually the previous sire evaluation on receiving new daughters performance data. When using the "daughters-mothers" method the repeatability coefficients of sire evaluation by dairy indexes, milk fat content and total milk fat production (0.41, 0.52 and 0.45 respectively) were significantly higher than those obtained by the "daughters-herdmates" method (0.25, 0.30 and 0.28 respectively). Thus, sire progeny testing evaluation should be carried out simultaneously by both methods. Nevertheless, the "daughters-mothers" method is preferable.


Membrane catheter: effective for recording pressure in lower urinary tract. A membrane catheter operating on the principle of pressure transmission across a latex membrane and permitting simultaneous recording of intravesical and urethral pressure is presented. A single and double membrane model are described in detail. Their use for accurate recording of urethral pressure profile and sphincteric activity, and responses to progressive bladder filling at the initiation and during the act of voiding are discussed. This catheter is also useful in neurophysiologic experimental studies as a means to record detrusor and sphinteric responses to various drugs, nerve stimulation, blocking. It is superior to water  and gas perfusion catheters.


Angiosarcoma of the breast.

Angiosarcoma of the breast. Two cases of angiosarcoma of the breast are presented. In spite of the often differentiated histologic pattern, this neoplasm is highly malignant and has a very poor prognosis due to its proclivity for hematogenous metastases. A short review of the recent literature corroborates this.


Blood chimeric twins: an example of blood cell chimerism. A man and his twin sister were found to have two types of circulating red cells. The man had 89% A1 cells of his own and 11% A1B cells derived from his sister. The woman had 12% A1B cells of her own and 88% A1 cells derived from her brother. The two lines of red cells also had different Duffy and Kidd groups. The lymphocyte karyotype in the brother was 68% XY and 32% XX, and that in the sister was 60% XX and 40% XY. The possible mechanisms for producing different proportions of red cells and lymphocytes are discussed.


Goniophotocoagulation for neovascular glaucoma. A new treatment, goniophotocoagulation, for neovascularization of the anterior chamber angle has been applied with the argon laser to 21 eyes of 20 patients. Three of the eyes had neovascularization related to central retinal vein occlusion. In the other 18 eyes the neovascularization was related to diabetic retinopathy. A specific protocol has been followed since January 1973. The results so far indicate that closure of the angle and progression of the usual chain of pathologic events in neovascular glaucoma were prevented in 10 (77%) of the 13 eyes having an average follow-up of 22 months. We believe that goniophotocoagulation of the angle deserves more extensive, judicious, and carefully monitored clinical use. Our results suggest that this new technique is safe and reasonably effective in preventing progressive neovascularization of the angle, synechial closure, and severe nonvascular glaucoma.


[Luteotropic hormone (LTH) level in men with alcoholism]. The authors examined 46 male patients with alcoholic disease and 10 healthy ones, aged from 20 to 50. The LTH dosing is performed by radioimmunologic method with double antibodies. A significant LTH decrease was found in the alcoholic male patients, as compared with the healthy control ones, convincingly speaking of the LTH affection in chronic alcoholism. The absence of discrepancy in LTH level in patients with and without sexual disorders gave grounds to the authors to persume that that hormone has not a definite participation in the sexual disturbances origination in alcoholism.


Stimulation by inlfuenza virus RNA of 3H-phenylalanine incorporation in a cell-free system. Purified and unpurified cell-free systems prepared from the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs were tested for polypeptide synthesis in the presence and absence of influenza virus RNA. Both systems exhibited an endogenous messenger activity determining 3H-phenylalanine incorporation into polypeptides in the absence of virus RNA. However, addition of influenza virus RNA to the systems clearly stimulated amino acid incorporation into polypeptides, offering the possibility of studying some aspects of the viral protein biosynthesis mechanism.


[Comparative study of 2 transplantable lines of murine L cells]. A continuous line of mouse L cells chronically infected with SV5 paramyxovirus differs from mouse L0 cells free from this virus in the mitotic activity and karyologic features. The LSV5 line is characterized by inhibition of the mitotic activity, a decrease in the number of chromosomes and the presence of the marker chromosome. LSV5 and L0 cell cultures do not differ in the number of pathological mitoses, structural aberrations of chromosomes and the cytomorphological picture. The persisting SV5 virus can be detected in LSV5 line cultures by a number of methods (immunofluorescence, virological methods, etc.).


[Possible mutagenic activity of beef irradiated with gamma-rays in its raw and roast form and its influence on the reproductive function of white rats]. With albino rats fed on beef irradiated raw with gamma-rays in a dose of 0.6 Mrad (given to animals cooked) and on fried meat irradiated with gamma-rays in a dose of 0.8 Mrad the mutagenic properties of these products and their effect on the sexual glands of male-rats were studied. The mutagenic activity of the irradiated meat products was assessed with reference to induction of dominant lethal mutations, the gonadotropic effect being judged about by the functional state of the sexual glands in the male rats. Within the limit of described experiment no mutagenic and gonadotropic influence of the irradiated study products was detected.


[Significance of phenacetin abuse in urology]. With the help of the biotransformation the dangerousness of phenacetine is explained. The sequels of the phenacetine abuse for the urinary system are demonstrated. Conditioned by the increase of the consumption of analgesics during the next years in the GDR must be reckoned with an increased number of diseases of drug-conditioned chronic interstitial nephritis and tumours of the urinary tracts.


[Cardiovascular effect of infukoll 6% on normotensive late pregnancy]. By means of quantitative sphygmometry and the unbloody recording of arterial blood pressure the hemodynamic effect of an infusion of 500 ml dextrane 75 (Infukoll 6%) on the cardiovascular systeme in 10 normovolemic normotensive healthy late pregnant women is examined. Hematocrit decreases as an expression of increasing plasma volume. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate remain unchanged. Stroke volume and cardiac output increase significantly. Simultaneously total peripheral resistance decreases. Therefore dextrane 75 is indicated in pregnancy for therapy and prophylaxis of circulatory conditions with lowered plasma volume.


[8-year-old perforation of a Graefenberg ring into the lig. latum without symptoms. A case report]. A case of an 8 years old and symptomless perforation of a Graefenberg ring into the lig. latum is presented.


[Induction of lung maturation in pending premature delivery and scheduled premature delivery]. At the Women's Hospital of the Medical Academy of Erfurt we have examined the efficiency of dexamethasone on fetal lungs maturation at imminent premature birth and planned untimely delivery. Dexamethasone was given in a randomized series at a dosage of 12-mg per day orally on three successive days. The effectiveness of induction was measured at the percentage of the total phospholipid fraction in the amniotic fluid and at the mortality of RDS in both groups. A successful induction with dexamethasone we can only reach after the 32nd week of pregnancy.--Because this effect is not always continuous, we recommend to make the induction of fetal lungs maturation with dexamethasone and--if it necessary--its repetition after one week conditional upon the content of total phospholipids in amniotic fluid.


[Amino acid determination in amniotic fluid and plasma during normal pregnancies and suspected intrauterine growth retardation]. Report is made on the determination of 14 amino-acids in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma with normal pregnancy and with the presence of a fetal growth retardation. Mean values of 9 amino-acids determined in amniotic fluid with pregnancies and with a nutritive placental insufficiency are blow the mean values with normal pregnancies. These investigations are deemed as preliminary for treating small-for-dates fetus by injections of amino-acids into the amniotic sac.


[Regulation of the total functional state of the brain in dogs in the presence of the 1st and repeated increases in total illumination]. The influence of the first and repeated increases of total illumination of the experimental chamber on conditioned activity was studied in chronic experiments on six dogs by the secretory alimentary conditioned reflex method. It was found that such repeated functional loads exert a training effect on the mechanism regulating the general functional state of the brain. In preliminarily trained animals different components of the conditioned reflex are rapidly and synchronously reorganized. In non-trained animals the reorganization of the brain general functional state was prolonged and accompanied by development of a pronounced emotional stress. It has been assumed that training of the functions controlling the general functional state of the brain is based on conditioned mechanisms. An important part is played by the mechanism of conditioned inhibition, which prevents a prolonged retention and reproduction of an excessively intensive level of emotional stress.


[Possibilities of using fungal polysaccharides as the stimulants of accumulation of antibody-producing cells]. A study was made of the influence of yeast polysaccharides of definite structure and mol wt on the accumulation of anitbody forming cells (AFC) in the spleen of mice belonging to different strains. Yeast mannans Rh. rubra and Sp. species, and also glucan Aur. pullulans with all or chiefly beta-bonds between the monosaccharide units were capable of activating the cell antibody formation, this being expressed in increased AFC production in the animals with a high immune reaction to the administration of sheep red blood cells and in the intensification of the immune response in mice with a low reaction to the antigen administered. The activity of dextrans directly depended on their mol wt. Besides, there was revealed a different reaction to polysaccharides in the animals of different genotypes.


[Principles of epidemiologic and epizootologic research in foci of brucellosis]. Principles of epidemiological and epizootological investigations in a brucellosis focus are presented in this work. A founded determination of a focus and methodological approaches to its study and systematization of the data concerning all the foci of a definite administrative territory is given. Also approaches to the realization of out-patient observation over the population in the brucellosis foci are characterized. The author believes that only such scientifically founded and all-round approach to the study of epizootological and epidemiological regularities of the brucellosis foci existence would aid successful solution of the most important problems pertinent to reduction of brucellosis incidence among humans.


[Effect of inhibitors of nucleic synthesis on induction of the secondary immunologic response in vitro]. The authors studied the influence of the DNA and RNA inhibitors on the formation of antibody-forming cell populations in induction of a secondary immunological response in vitro. Low concentrations of cytosine-arabinoside, the DNA synthesis inhibitor, increased the count of indirect hemolysin-forming and rosette-forming cells; its high concentrations depressed the secondary immunological response induction in the direct hemolysin-forming cell system more intensively than in the indirect cell system. Actinomycin D depressed the stimulation of secondary immunological response in vitro both in the systems of direct and indirect hemolysin-forming, and of rosette-forming cells.


[Role of genetic factors in increasing the serum lactate dehydrogenase activity of schizophrenic patients]. To elucidate the role of genetic factors in the increase of the blood serum LDH activity in schizophrenics', there have been studied 103 patients, 97 first degree nonpsychotic relatives, 58 healthy people and 32 pairs of likesex MZ and DZ twins (schizophrenics and normals). A correlation between the enzyme activity in the probands and their relatives is marked. With the aid of a quantitative estimation of the degree of genetic determination of the studied characteristic and special and twin methods the authors obtained the results fitting the hypothesis of additive polygenic inheritance with threshold manifestation.


[Experimental study of the emotiontropic effect of lithium: ambivalent dose-dependent effect in "reserpine depression" and preventive anti-stress effect]. Experiments on male-rats with a chronic administration of lithium show that it exerts a dose-dependence ambivalent action on the biochemical and behavioural characterisics of "reseprine depressions". In this way changes in the catecholeamine excretion and disturbances of conditioned reactions of advoidance are prevented (in dosages 10 mg/kg , and increasing them to 50 mg/kg). An opposite influence of different doses of lithium was also seen in a study of the hypothalamic resources of noradrenalin in the remote period of an after action of reserpine. The use of lithium exerts an expressed preventive effect in experimental emotional stress, preventing the development of suprarenal reactions and disorders of conditioned reflexes of avoidance. The authors discuss some neurochemical mechanisms of ambivalent and emotiotropic effect of lithium and the exedience of an enlargement of its prophylactic use.


[Therapeutic pathomorphosis of affective psychoses during the process of long-term treatment with lithium salts]. The authors report of some results in a long-term (not less than 3 years) prophylactical administration of lithium preparations in 123 patients wiht manic-depressive psychosis and with favourable recurrent schizophrenia. The data contain some considerations in relation to variants of fractional, even and a partial reduction of the psychopathological phasic signs. In 28 patients in the interphasic period there was an anesthetic subdepression. The achieved results are analyzed by the authors from the point of view of a positive and negative therapeutical pathomorphosis.


[Study of 100 patients with intracranial tumors using computed axial tomography]. The results of examination of 100 patients with intracranial tumors by means of computer axial tomography are discussed. It is shown that the method is highly effective in cases with different intracranial tumors, providing for a more precise determination of their character and localization.


Ultrastructure of reticulum cells in the bone marrow. In this study the attempt was made to classify the reticulum cells of the bone marrow on the basis of electron-microscopic findings. The basis of the differentiation was the ability of the cells to phagocytize substances or not. For two cell types the intracytoplasmic filaments were used as distinctive marks. The following classification resulted: (a) phagocytic reticulum cells, (b) undifferentiated reticulum cells, (c) fibrous reticulum cells of type I, which contain filaments of 4-8 nm diameter and are located near the blood sinus of the bone marrow, (d) fibrous reticulum cells of type II, which contain intracytoplasmic filaments of 10 nm diameter; since these cells contain neutral fat bodies, the possibility of a reversible conversion to fat cells has to be assumed and (e) fibroblasts, cells which synthesize the substance of the extracellular space. A connection of reticulum cells to haematopoietic functions or to stem cell functions could be found.


[Delayed cerebellar histogenesis in "embryofetal alcohol syndrome". Light microscopic study of the rat cerebellum (author's transl)]. The cerebellar postnatal development of young rats (Wistar) was investigated, whose mothers were given a 12% (W/V) ethyl alcohol solution for 7 days before and during pregnancy. Besides weighing less at birth, the experimental animals had a slower postnatal linear growth and gained weight less rapidly. Histological examination of the cerebellum showed an inpeded histogenesis, which could be observed in the Purkinje cells up to the 10th postnatal day. Moreover, a thick layer of embryonal granular cells with numerous mitoses could still be seen in the experimental animals at 3 weeks of age. After 30 days there was no histological difference between the controls and experimental animals. Because the Purkinje cells in the developing cerebellum represent the units were ribosomes are most abundant, it seems appropriate to ask, whether the observed inhibition of histogenesis could derived from an impaired cerebral protein synthesis. Disturbance of organogenesis was observed in three experimental animals afflicted with an extreme internal hydrocephalus.


Cross-sectional studies of physical growth in twins. Postmature and small-for-dates children. From 16955 live births which occurred throughout the United Kingdom in April 1970, three groups of children who might have suffered from fetal malnutrition, i.e. the multiple, postmature and small-for-dates births were selected with a 10% random sample. Their birthweights and weights, heights and head circumference measurements were compared at the ages of 22 months and 3 1/2 years. Differences between the random and postmature groups still present at 22 months disappeared at 3 1/2 years. Variations in the other groups persisted and the compensation occurring at 22 months had apparently ceased at 3 1/2 years. The three examinations were linked and the children including those in the control group showed considerable mobility in their quartile ratings. Only a minority remained unchanged. At the same time the weights of the heavier and lighter children tended to go towards the mean. As the velocity of growth slowed the redistribution tended to lessen but was still taking place at the age of 3 1/2 years.


The early life of Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy. A review of some aspects. Sixty-eight Arab patients suffering from psychogenic sexual inadequacy were compared with 54 non-psychiatric patients. The patients showed a greater preponderance of negative feelings towards their fathers and the opposite towards their mothers. Parental loss and disharmony were not significant contributory factors. More control subjects slept alone between the ages of 7 and 12 years. More patients slept with their brothers and sisters during the same interval. The rank distribution showed that the eldest first males figured prominently among the patients. The sexually inadequate patients showed a higher incidence of neurotic symptoms during childhood. A positive family history of mental illness did not differentiate patients from control subjects. The relevance of these findings in relation to cultural factors is discussed.


Evaluation of obstructive characteristics of mitral disc valve implants with ultrasound doppler techniques. Ten adult patients with mitral disc valve implants have been examined on the catheterization table. Non-invasive ultrasound Doppler data, pulmonary artery wedge pressure and left ventricular pressure were recorded simultaneously. The cardiac output was determined with the direct Fick method. The effective valve area was taken as a measure of the flow obstruction in the disc valve implants. This area was calculated from the ultrasound data and the cardiac output as well as from the manometric data and the cardiac output. The resulting two sets of areas demonstrated a linear correlation coefficient of 0.86. The effective valve areas calculated from the ultrasound data were reasonable when compared with the results of in vitro studies of disc valve performance and demonstrated good agreement with the findings of other investigators.


A possible relationship between high-extraction cereal and rickets and osteomalacia. The evidence of the present study suggests a strong and possibly causal relationship between high-extraction cereal and rickets and osteomalacia. It seems likely that this occurs when vitamin-D status is border-line. The rachitogenic component of high-extraction cereal remains to be identified; dietary phytate now seems unlikely and phytate-derived polyphosphate esters or dietary phosphorus may be incriminated. The present study strongly indicates that Mellanby's original suggestion of an "anti-calcifying substance" in high-extraction cereal remains valid.