[The inscisural porencephaly of the temporal lobe and the "temporal lobe agenesis syndrome" (author's transl)]. Clinical, radiological and pathomorphological investigations on five cases offering the patterns of the so-called temporal lobe agenesis syndrome (Robinson) have shown that this is not always originally malformative, but may be due to vascular processes in the sense of porencephalic defects, with all their pathomorphological features. We think that compression of the vein of Rosenthal by inscisural hippocampal herniation is the most probable aetiological mechanism. Earle, Baldwin and Penfield also described large temporal defects in connexion with their impressive demonstration of the inscisural herniation of the hippocampal gyrus at birth. We propose to use the name of--inscisural porencephaly--for this state.


Phantom limbs and related phenomena in recent traumatic amputations. Seventy-three soldiers who had traumatic amputations were examined from 1 to 6 months after limb loss. All experienced phantom limb sensations and 67 percent experienced phantom limb pains, usually transient. Stump pain occurred in 43 percent and was associated with phantom pain in 54 percent of these. Of the 23 percent of the entire group who had evident stump pathology, 33 percent had phantom pains only, 20 percent had stump pains only, 40 percent had both, and 7 percent were pain-free. All stump ends exhibited an area of hyperpathia with hypoesthesia. Phantom pain probably results from peripheral or spinal cord mechanisms, or both, rather then from more rostral mechanisms.


Recovery from paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Three surgically treated cases of paraplegia caused by spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma are reported, along with summarized findings from 32 previously reported cases. Patients who recovered within 6 months had endured a shorter interval between loss of their ability to walk and surgical decompression than patients who did not recover (26 hours versus 48 hours; p less than 0.02). When this interval exceeded approximately 36 hours, the probability of recovery fell below 50 percent.


Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Physiologic theories of emotion suggest that activation is important in the experience of emotion; patients exhibiting "neglect" as a consequence of right parietotemporal of dysfunction show flattened affect. We studied arousal in patients with lesions of the right hemisphere who also exhibited emotional indifference, in aphasic patients with lesions of the left hemisphere, and in non-brain-damaged controls, by stimulating the forearm ipsilateral to the side of the brain lesion while recording galvanic skin responses (GSRs) from the fingers on the same side. The group exhibiting neglect had lower GSRs than aphasic patients or non-brain-damaged controls. Aphasic patients had higher GSRs than non-brain-damaged controls. These results suggest that neglect is associated with disturbances in bilateral arousal and that this disorder of arousal may be responsible in part for flattened affect. The heightened GSR in aphasic patients may reflect disinhibition, which might be partly responsible for increased emotionality in these patients.


Chronic inhibition of brain protein synthesis after portacaval shunting. A possible pathogenic mechanism in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in the rat. We investigated the effects of chronic portacaval shunting, with or without additional ammonia loading, on brain protein synthesis in unanesthetized rats by continuous intravenous infusion of 3H-lysine (10 mumoles per gram, 0.2 muCi/mumole). Lysine was incorporated into forebrain proteins at a rate of 1.6 nanomoles/mg protein per hour in sham-operated controls, but at a rate of only 0.83 nanomoles/mg protein per hour (p less than 0.001) in paired rats 6 to 8 weeks after construction of a portacaval shunt. An acute load of ammonium acetate in portacaval-shunted animals further decreased the rate of lysine incorporation into forebrain proteins. Chronic inhibition of protein synthesis may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic portacaval encephalopathy.


Neurologic sequelae of experimental febrile convulsions. A study was designed to investigate the effects of experimentally produced hyperthermic seizures on the brain of the developing rat. Severty-nine newborn Sprague-Dawley white rats were divided into five groups and exposed to one of the following: Nonseizure-producing hyperthermia at 5 or 15 days (febrile controls), seizure-producing hyperthermia at 5 or 15 days, or no hyperthermia (afebrile controls). As the animals matured, seven developmental reflexes were tested and there were no differences found among the five groups in the ages at which these reflexes were acquired. At age 3 1/2 months, the ability of rats to adapt to a maze, and later to solve 12 maze problems, was studied. Although there was no significant difference in the amount of time required for any of the groups to adapt to the maze, there was a significant difference in the number of maze errors made by the different groups of rats. The mean error score for the control group was 118.5, compared with 183.0 (p less than 0.001), for rats with seizures at 5 days and 161.4 (p less than 0.001), for rats which convulsed at 15 days. It is apparent that experimental induction of a single hyperthermic seizure in the young rat interferes significantly with the animal's maze-solving ability at a later age.


Cranial CT appearance of acute multiple sclerosis. In acute multiple sclerosis, cranial computerized tomography (CT) may show periventricular and deep white matter contrast-enhanced lesions that are easier to see using 8 mm rather than 13 mm cranial CT sections. Follow-up studies show that the lesions evolve either to areas of density similar to the surrounding white matter or to low-density lesions. We presume they represent foci of active demyelination with extravasation of iodine through an altered blood-brain barrier. Enhanced cranial CT studies may be helpful in diagnosing acute multiple sclerosis and in following the course of the white matter lesions.


Recent cases of intracranial tuberculomas. While intracranial tuberculomas have become uncommon in industrial nations, 12 patients with signs and symptoms of an intracranial mass lesion were recently found to have tuberculomas. Clinical findings suggestive of tuberculosis were frequently subtle or absent. Five patients did not have extracranial tuberculosis. Two patients had intracranial tuberculomas that became superinfected with bacteria and appeared initially as pyogenic brain abscesses. Intracranial tuberculomas in this country almost always occur in adults and represent reactivation of dormant infection. Medical therapy alone is indicated as the initial therapy except in the presence of intolerably increased intracranial pressure. A chemotherapeutic regimen is suggested.


Function of circulating antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis: investigation by plasma exchange. Plasma exchange has been used to investigate the function fo anti-acetylcholine receptor (anti-AChR) antibody in seven patients with acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) who had elevated antibody titers and in one patient with congenital MG who had normal titers. There was an inverse association between clinical indices of muscle strength and anti-AChR titers, with a minimum time lag of 2 days for the clinical response. The inverse association of the clinical state with anti-AChR antibody titers was closer than that with total immunoglobulin G or other immunoglobulins, and is consistent with the view that the anti-AChR antibody is the principal factor interfering with neuromuscular transmission in acquired MG.


A new congenital neuromuscular disease with trilaminar muscle fibers. An infant was born with marked rigidity, a paucity of spontaneous movements, and increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Electromyogram was normal. A muscle biopsy, taken at the age of 7 weeks, contained numerous fibers composed of three concentric zones, warranting the designation "trilaminar fibers." Electronmicroscopy showed the innermost zone contained a densely packed collection of mitochondria, glycogen, electron opaque material, and single filaments. The middle zone consisted of myofibrils with Z-band smearing. The outer zone resembled a sarcoplasmic mass. Extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was present in the trilaminar fibers between the middle and outer zones. The increased muscle tone and extrajunctional AChR suggest and altered neural influence, but the markedly increased creatine phosphokinase activity is more characteristic of muscle damage. Precise definition of the nature of the defect awaits further study.


Multiple sclerosis associated agent (MSAA): failure to confirm an association with multiple sclerosis. Recent reports indicate that a multiple sclerosis agent (MSAA) has been isolated. This agent was detected in mice by a depression in the percentage of mouse polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). We attempted to repeat these studies using coded specimens. The test, itself, was extremely variable and difficult to reproduce. In the first study, three of three multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and one of two control patients' specimens showed some PMN depression. In a repeat study of these same samples, one of three MS patients and one of two controls were associated with PMN depression. With a second set of coded specimens, one of four MS patients, one of three patients with neurologic diseases, and none of three controls showed PMN depression. We were unable to confirm the presence of MSAA and conclude that the results were random.


Electroneuronography in prognosis of intratemporal facial palsy, as compared to measurements of rheobase and chronaxy. Electroneuronography is compared to indicrect chronaximetry in the prognosis of intratemporal facial palsies. In 86 patients, the two methods were found to be congruent and in a number of cases complementary in determining impending degeneration. Both techniques are described and their results evaluated statistically. Our observations indicate that electroneuronography allows to some extent a quantitative evaluation by means of numeric parameters whereas the results of chronaximetry only give a qualitative account of nerve degeneration depending largely on the examiner's experience. Both methods, however, have a certain margin of failure and for more accurate diagnosis and prognosis simultaneous use of both methods is advocated.


Combined grafts in total reconstruction of old radical cavities. 93 patients with an old, infected and discharging radical cavity were subjected to total reconstruction of the middle ear, especially to obtain a permanently dry ear. The cavity was obliterated and the auditory meatus reconstructed by various muscle grafts and large pieces of fascia (41 ears), by combined grafts consisting of tragal cartilage, pieces of bone, homologous septal cartilage, and muscle grafts (40 ears). In the 12 prognostically most favourable ears the cavity was repneumatized. The functional results were the same in all three groups, namely a functional success in 72%. At follow-up 1-6 years after the operation there was functional success in 62%, but 94% of the ears were dry. Obliteration of the cavity by combined grafts was at long sight more solid than obliteration by muscle. It is discussed whether, in reconstructing radical cavities, repneumatization of the cavity is preferable to obliteration, and it is concluded that at long sight a solid obliteration must afford a more stable ear than repneumatization.


Screening for hearing impairment in early childhood. Hearing screening for early detection of deafness in children was carried out in the Jerusalem area during 5 years (1967-1972). Approximately 27,000 infants 5-7 months old, representing 85% of the children population at this age, were screened in baby clinics and a selective 'at risk' register was applied to them. Testing hearing in baby clinics was easy to implement and economical but not infallible. About 50% of the 43 hearing-impaired children were identified during the 1st year of their life at an audiology center. A careful and efficient screening and follow-up could identify 70% of the deaf children. We recommend to apply the hearing screening and selective 'at risk' register to children 7-10 months old. It is suggested to expand hearing screening to 2- to 3-year-old children.


Hereditary deafness in the cat. Free amino acid and sugar content in the perilymph. The free amino acid and sugar content of cat perilymph was studied from 11 normal and 17 deaf ears, and compared with simultaneous estimations from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Each fluid has a distinctive amino acid composition, whilst glucose was the only saccharide demonstrable. The functional status of the cochlea did not influence the biochemical parameters studied.


Cancer of the oral cavity in Nigerian Igbos. An unselected biopsy material of 31 Nigerian Igbo patients with cancer of the oral cavity is presented. The descending order of localization was gingiva, palate, tongue and floor of mouth. Burkitt's tumour was limited to the jaw and affected older rather than younger children. There was scarcely any preponderance of squamous cell carcinoma in males. It would appear that cancer of the oral cavity is not a great problem in the Igbos and that potent carcinogens concerned with the causation are lacking in the community.


Late recurrence of cancer in the larynx and hypopharynx after irradiation. 11 cases of recurrent laryngeal or hypopharyngeal carcinoma, occurring 5 or more years after radiotherapy for carcinoma, are reported. The possible pathological mechanisms involved include persistence of the original carcinoma, second primary due to the original factors, and radiation-induced carcinoma. The last-mentioned possibility is of vital importance and requires further investigation. If radiation-induced carcinoma is as common as some recent series suggest, then primary treatment of T1 laryngeal carcinoma must be re-thought. However, this author believes that convincing evidence is lacking that irradiation is a common cause of late recurrent carcinoma.


The diurnal migration of the fowl cestode, Raillietina cesticillus. R. cesticillus was found to undergo a diurnal migration in both multiple and single worm infections of the fowl. This migration involved movement of both scoleces and strobilae and occurred in an anterior direction when the intestine was empty of food, and in a posterior direction when the intestine contained food. The relevance of the migration to the histological picture of the worm in situ is discussed and some possible explanations for the migration are suggested.


Visual observing behavior in the albino rat: effects of nature and complexity of visual stimuli and stage of estrus. The effect of varying levels of complexity within two types of visual stimuli on observing behavior of albino rats (60 females, 30 males, CD Strain, Charles River) was examined. Measures of frequency and duration of looking, as well as measures of general activity, were recorded. Differences in duration of observing as a function of group membership and type of stimuli were obtained. Activity was affected by the level of complexity. A re-examination of the concept of complexity is suggested. Further delineation of variables affecting observing behavior is also needed.


Influence of an infant walker on onset and quality of walking pattern of locomotion:an electromyographic investigation. Acquisition of bipedal locomotor skill in human infants was studied electromyographically with regard to the deprivation or enrichment behavior resulting from the frequent and regular use of an infant walker. Subjects were six sets of male, fraternal twins. One randomly selected sibling from each set underwent a training program, commencing at the age of 300 days, spending a total of 2 hr. per day in a walker. Siblings not included in this group were subjected to no special training. EMG recordings were taken of all subjects at specified intervals in order to establish a model of the typical motor pattern at various stages of skill development. These data were then contrasted with EMG data similarly obtained from the walker-trained subjects. Use of an infant walker modified the mechanics of the infant's locomotion in a number of important ways. It was shown that use of the walker enables an infant to commit substantial mechanical errors yet succeed in bipedal locomotion. Inasmuch as the mechanics of walker-assisted and non-assisted bipedal locomotion are dissimilar in so many important ways, positive transfer from walker-training appears questionable.


Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. 1. Growth and prevention of perosis. Data obtained with growing chicks fed a semi-purified diet indicate that choline from crude soybean lecithin is as well utilized as synthetic choline chloride, on the basis of growth, relative liver weight and prevention of perosis. Extrapolation of the results on growth and perosis prevention, obtained between 1 and 3 weeks of age, to performance on practical-type diets yields choline requirements for broiler-type chicks ranging from 800 to 1000 mg./kg. diet (as choline chloride). The requirement seems to decrease with age.


Influence of level, timing and duration of ronidazole water medication on histomoniasis in turkeys. Levels of 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 parts per million (p.p.m.) of ronidazole in water were evaluated for therapeutic efficacy against histomoniasis. Three experiments were conducted with Broad Breasted Bronze and/or Large White poults four to nine weeks old. All poults except the unexposed controls were each given approximately 70 or 100 embryonated Heterakis gallinae ova containing Histomonas meleagridis. Ronidazole medications were administered during the following post-exposure periods: 7-13, 7-17, 10-17, 10-20, 10-23, 10-26, 14-20 and 14-24 days. Histomoniasis mortality and lesions were recorded in each experiment during a 28 or a 35-day post-exposure period. Level of ronidazole, timing and duration of medication significantly affected efficacy. Treatments involving 30 to 40 p.p.m. (or more) of ronidazole, initiated 10 days post-exposure and continued for at least 7-10 days were most effective.


Utilization of choline from crude soybean lecithin by chicks. 2. Absorption measurements. Absorption of choline was investigated in 30-day-old chicks fed a casein-glucose diet supplemented with either choline chloride or crude soybean lecithin and containing 91YCl3 as a nonabsorbable reference substance. The choline concentration, expressed as choline chloride, was 0.101% in both experimental diets. Net rates of absorption or secretion were computed from the amounts of 91Y and choline assayed in the contents of different segments of the small intestine. Net secretion of total choline into the duodenum was over twice the daily choline intake in both treatments. Most of the choline was absorbed in the upper small intestine. Of the small amounts remaining in the lower jejunum, significantly more choline was absorbed by the choline-fed chicks than by the lecithin-treated birds, but the rates of secretion into the duodenum, the rates of absorption from the upper small intestine and the overall apparent absorbability were not significantly different in the two treatments. Absorption measurements thus indicate that crude soybean lecithin may replace choline chloride as a source of choline.


Apparent inadequacy of sodium requirement in broiler chickens. Wheat-soy and corn-soy basal diets designed to be complete in all known nutrients failed to support normal growth and feed efficiency of male broiler chicks to two weeks of age. Highly significant growth responses to these diets were obtained from the addition of faba meal (Vicia faba L.) or of 0.2% Na2SO4. Subsequent studies showed these diets to be deficient in sodium even though they contained, by analysis, 0.13 or 0.14% of sodium. A very low sodium content of the drinking water (3 p.p.m.) is believed to be contributory to this deficient state. A significant growth response was obtained from the addition of 0.2% sodium (0.33% total sodium) whether from NaCl or a combination of NaCl and Na2SO4. These data suggest that it may be important to consider the sodium content of the drinking water when determining the sodium requirement of the chick. A further response was obtained from 5.0 p.p.m. procaine penicillin G suggesting the presence of some toxic substance in the feed ingredients or that a subclinical infection may also have contributed to the poor growth supported by the basal diets.


Effect of dietary factors on serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. Effects of dietary lipid factors (saturated and unsaturated oil, cholesterol and plant sterols) on the serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels of the laying hen were investigated. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens, at thirty weeks of age, were used in two trials by feeding two basal diets containing 8.0% hydrogenated coconut oil or safflower oil, with or without supplemental cholesterol (1.0%), soysterols (2.0%) or combinations of both. Safflower oil, per se, had a superior property to hydrogenated coconut oil in suppressing cholesterol levels, in both serum and egg yolk. Cholesterol supplementation to the safflower oil basal diet resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) elevation of serum and egg yolk cholesterol levels, whereas cholesterol in combination with hydrogenated coconut oil did not change the serum level. Cholesterol lowering effect of soysterols was clearly demonstrated in both serum and egg yolk by feeding soysterols alone as well as by feeding soysterols in combination with cholesterol.


Protein and cholesterol content of Araucana chicken eggs. Comparative data collected over two years are presented which refute the popular press claims that blue-shelled eggs of Araucana chickens have higher protein levels and lower cholesterol levels than market eggs. These comparisons were made between the eggs from the strains of Araucanas and those of White Leghorns and Sex-links. None of the differences found between test groups in % protein/g. albumen and % protein/g. yolk were shown to be consistently related to any one test group type. However, all Araucana test groups were significantly (P less than .01) lower in their total egg protein content than either control group by from 2.8--6.5%. This lower total protein content was the result of a consistent increase in the yolk/albumen ratio of the Araucana eggs over the market eggs. The Araucana eggs were consistently higher in their cholesterol levels on a mg./g. yolk basis than either of the market eggs. These increased concentrattions ranged from 2.0--6.9%.


Studies on memory: spontaneous return of memory in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated mice and its relation to cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia. We suggested previously that cycloheximide-induced transient amnesia was due in part to side-effects of the antibiotic on the central adrenergic system at the time of testing and that spontaneous return of memory depended upon recovery of the adrenergic system. To test these possibilities, mice chronically depleted of brain catecholamines (CAs) by 6=hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were trained in an avoidance-discrimination task and tested for spontaneous return of memory. Contrary to our hypothesis, amnesia at 24 hr after training was followed by recovery of memory by 72 hr, which indicates that recovery of memory can occur independently of adrenergic recovery. Injection of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine immediately after training prevented return of memory at 72 hr, suggesting that the residual CAs remaining after 6-OHDA are necessary for memory to spontaneously return at this time.


Altered behavioral responses to intense foot shock in socially-isolated rats. Male Wistar rats were isolated immediately after weaning for 12 weeks and exposed to electric foot shock of various intensities. The shock-elicited jumping behavior was measured every ten minutes for one hr. The frequency of jumping in isolated rats was lower than that in grouped and the difference between two groups was the greatest with the most intense shock. In these experimental situations, there was no significant difference in monoamine turnover rate between the two groups while noradrenaline turnover markedly increased in both groups. Chlorpromazine suppressed the jumping in a dose-dependent manner in both groups with stronger suppression in isolated rats. Methamphetamine facilitated the jumping in grouped rats dose-dependently while the drug rather depressed it in the isolated. From these results and the behavioral similarity between the isolated and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats under foot shock situation, it was suggested that the receptor supersensitivity of central catecholaminergic neurons was involved in the behavioral change in isolated rats.


Time course of the effects of naturally occurring cannabinoids on morphine abstinence syndrome. The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg) of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol on abstinence syndrome were investigated in mice rendered dependent on morphine by pellet implantation. In morphine dependent mice from which the pellets had been removed, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibited the naloxone-precipitated jumping response as evidenced by an increase in the ED50 of naloxone. This inhibition was evident for 24 hr, the most pronounced effect being produced between two to four hr after delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol administration. Withdrawal defecation was also inhibited for two hours. Similarly, in mice from which pellets were not removed, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppressed the jumping response; however, the intensity of effect was less than when the pellets were removed. delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-hydroxy-delta8-tetrahydrocannabinol were not effective in suppressing morphine abstinence syndrome two hr following their administration. The suppression of jumping response was specific, since, the vertical jumping behavior induced by coadministration of amphetamine and l-dopa was not affected by cannabinoids. These results demonstrate that single injection of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is effective in controlling morphine abstinence syndrome for 24 hr, and that the drugs related to cannabinoids may show promise in narcotic detoxification.


Central and peripheral norepinephrine concentrations in rat strains selectively bred for differences in response to stress: confirmation and extension. Inbred rats from the Maudsley Reactive (MR) strain had lower concentrations of norepinephrine in hypothalamus, heart, and spleen, and lower total catecholamines in adrenal than inbred Maudsley Non-Reactive rats (MNRA line). In contrast, they had a higher concentration of telencephalic NE than MNRA rats. These results confirmed previous findings obtained on rats maintained by non-systematic breeding within the two lines. Comparisons were also made between MR and a second Maudsley Non-Reactive strain (MNR). Rats of the two Non-Reactive lines (MNRA, MNR) have been bred from the same foundation population and selected for the same behavioral characteristics, but have been genetically isolated from each other for many generations. It was found that MR rats showed differences from MNR rats in hypothalamic and peripheral (but not telencephalic) NE concentrations similar to those seen in MR/MNRA comparisons. Since rats of the two Non-Reactive lines differ appreciably from MR rats in open-field defecation (the criterion on which they were selected), their differences from MR rats in a neurochemical system involved in sympathetic function suggests that this system may be functionally related to well established behavioral and physiological differences between the lines.


Acute experimental emotional stress and natural history of arterial hypertension. The role of experimental emotional stress in the genesis of arterial hypertension was studied. On immobilized rabbits during long-term electrical stimulation of the negative defence emotiogenic centers of the hypothalamus there was treaced development of the arterial hypertension from a transient phase of the struggle between pressor and depressor mechanisms to the phase of a stable dominance of pressor influences and effect on heart activity, including development of a sharp myocardial infarction. The role of different limbic and reticular structures, as well as of adrenal hormones and barocepor depressor mechanisms was revealed in dynamics of the arterial hypertension developmnet under hypothalamic stimulation. A leading role of the adrenergic substratum of the midbrain reticular formation was established in the mechanism of the stable arterial hypothalamic hypertension.


Short latency induction of lordosis by ether in estrogen-primed female rats. Brief ether exposure induced high quality sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated rats, presumably by increasing the secretion of adrenal progestins. Adrenalectomy completely blocked the effects of ether on this behavior. The onset of receptivity occurred 30--60 min following ether exposure; latencies much shorter than those previously reported necessary for adrenal mediation of female sexual behavior. The rapid onset and high quality of female behavior induced by adrenal secretions indicate that the adrenal glands can be sources of artifact when attempting to identify nonadrenal factors controlling receptivity.


Geophagia in response to stress and arthritis. Geophagia, the consumption of nonnutritive dirt, has previously been shown to be increased when rats have been made acutely ill. The present paper reports two experiments in which geophagia in response to stress and arthritis was measured. In the first experiment, experimental rats were injected with Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA), a mineral oil suspension of killed Mycobacterium butyricum. They ate significantly more kaolin (a nonnutritive substance) than controls, suggesting that geophagia is a behavioral measure of illness. In a second study, kaolin consumption was similarly elevated in stressed and/or arthritic animals as well as in control rats living in the same room. Nonstressed controls housed in a remote room ate significantly less kaolin than rats in all other groups. It was concluded that geophagia may occur in response to any homeostatic alteration (stress state). Furthermore, this state can presumably be communicated to naive rats from adjacently-housed stressed animals. Geophagia was postulated to occur in animals who experience a generalized stress reponse since this state may involve gastro-intestinal malaise.


Effects of acute ovariectomy on the lordosis response of female rats. The sexual receptivity of intact females with 4- or 5-day estrous cycles was compared to that of other females which had been ovariectomized at particular times during their cycles. The quality and frequency of lordosis responding were more degraded the earlier during the cycle ovariectomy was performed. This effect was more pronounced in 4-day than in 5-day cyclic females. Because exogenous progesterone was administered to all ovariectomized females, these behavioral deficits were attributed to removal of ovarian estradiol. Ovariectomy 6 hr before the critical period for luteinizing hormone release significantly shortened the duration of behavioral estrus, even though it had no effect when lordosis was tested at the time intact estrous females are maximally receptive. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the continual availability of estradiol throughout the 18--24 hr interval perior to the onset of behavioral estrus is essential for optimal conditioning of sexual receptivity to occur under physiological conditions. The relevance of triggering and maintenance functions of estradiol to these results is discussed.


Increased alcohol selection in rats after alcohol drinking paired with recovery from thiamine deficiency. Repeated pairings of novel alcohol solutions (5% or 7.5% w/v) with IP injections of 267 microgram/kg thiamine in thiamine-deficient male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the ingestion of pharmacologically active doses of alcohol in association with recovery. Mean alcohol intake in a postrecovery fluid choice situation exceeded metabolic capacity for 7--10 days; such intake was not observed in nondeficient pair-fed rats or in formely deficient rats whose recovery was not paired with alcohol drinking. Alcohol was self-selected in the presence of water under conditions where the rats had no experience with water while deficient, but the presence of 0.1% saccharin as a postrecovery alternative to alcohol was sufficient to abolish the elevated intake. Absolute alcohol intake and blood alcohol levels on recovery days and during self-selection were comparable with 5% and 7.5% alcohol solutions.


Intra-uterine nutrition and its effects on aggression. Prenatal zinc deficiency and prenatal undernutrition were found to have adverse effects on the food consumption and weight gain of pregnant dams and their offspring. Pups whose dams suffered prenatal zinc deficiency (ZD) consumed less food and gained less weight than pups whose dams suffered prenatal undernutrition (PF). The PF pups consumed less food and gained less weight than pups whose dams were normally fed (AL). The ZD females at age 75 days were significantly more aggressive than the PF females, while the PF females were more aggressive than the AL females. At age 105 days, ZD females were significantly more aggressive than the PF and AL females. There were no differences in aggression between the PF and AL females at 105 days. Among the ZD, PF, and AL male offspring, there were no differences in aggression at either age level except that the 75 day old PF males were significantly less aggressive than the AL males. Thus prenatal malnutrition, especially zinc deficiency, seems to have differential effects on the aggressive tendencies of female and male offspring.


Components of predation defense behavior in chickens: evidence for endogenous rhythmicity. The manifestation of diurnal periodicity and the extent of its control by the photoperiod was assessed in three predation defense reactions which constitute either components or outcomes of a predator-prey interaction sequence. Two-hundred White Leghorn chicks were reared from hatching for one week in either 24L or 12L and then tested at one of two clock hours previously demonstrated to define peak and trough response for one of the components. Putative evidence was found for an endogenous source of the periodicity manifested in all reactions. Maintenance schedule did not entrain the periodicity, but simple room entry and handling elicited anti-predator reactions, the extent of which varied as a function of clock hour. A general model of predation defense behavior was proposed.


Motor competence in rats of different stocks reared in large and small litters. The effects of sex and stock on a task of motor competence (balancing on a rod) were studied in Long-Evans, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats reared in large and small litters. The data indicated significant sex and stock effects but no effects of rearing condition. Although no nutritional effect was found on this task, the data suggest that stock differences should receive greater attention particularly with regard to the possibilities that such differences provide for the identification and analysis of a broad spectrum of effects.


Dorsal supernumerary breast. Case report. An unusual case of a dorsally placed supernumerary breast is presented, along with a short review of the literature.


A study of prostaglandin F2alpha as the lutbolysin in swine: IV An explanation for the luteotrophic effect of estradiol. This study evaluated effects of estradiol valerate on synthesis, secretion and direction of movement of immunoreactive prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) in swine. Gilts were randomly assigned to provide uterine flushings representing days 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 of the estrous cycle (three gilts/day). The same gilts then were allowed one estrous cycle for recovery. During the second postoperative estrous cycle they were treated with estradiol valerate (EV) (5mg/day, SC) on days 11 through 15 and uterine flushings again were obtained on the same respective days with the same gilts represented within each day. Total recoverable PGF per uterine horn increased from day 11 (X - 1.98 ng) to day 17 (X = 210.20 ng) and then declined to day 19 (X = 66.20 ng) during the control period. Following EV treatment average total recoverable PGF was the control period. Following EV treatment average total recoverable PGF was 1.9, 4,144.3 and 4,646.7 ng on the same respective days. EV treatment also resulted in maintenance of elevated levels of total protein and acid phosphatase activity in uterine flushings. These data suggest that estradiol may exert its luteotrophic effect by preventing the release of PGF from the uterine endometrium into the uterine venous system (endocrine secretion) while maintaining the movement of endometrial secretions into the uterine lumen (exocrine secretion).


Effects of epinephrine and oxytocin on the release of prostaglandin F from the rat uterus in vitro. Isolated uteri from rats with regular 4-day cycles were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer and the release of PGF into the medium was measured by radioimmunoassay after extraction of the incubation medium with ethyl acetate at pH 3.0-3.5. PGF was produced from endogenous precursors and accumulated in equal amounts in the medium during two successive 60 min periods on each day of cycle, but the magnitude of the production varied significantly during the cycle, being greatest in estrus. Oxytocin in doses up to 500 mU/ml had no effect on PGF accumulation in the incubation period at any stage of the cycle, while epinephrine (10(-3)) greatly stimulated PGF release from the estrous uterus but had no effect on PGF release from the diestrous uterus. Phentolamine, an alpha-blocking agent, had no effect on the epinephrine-induced release of PGF, while propranolol, a beta-blocking agent, not only prevented in increase in PGF production induced by epinephrine but also reduced the basal release of PGF by the estrous uterus. Since oxytocin contracts and epinephrine relaxes the nonpregnant rat uterus both in vivo and in vitro, it is unlikely that the effects of these two compounds on uterine contractility are mediated by the release of PGF2alpha.


[Scientific fundamentals of hippo- and riding therapy - a compilation of study results (author's transl)]. The article surveys some of the scientific fundamentals of hippo- and riding therapy, and its methods using the characteristic horseback three dimensional rhythmic movement impulses for its therapeutic values, particularly in cerebral palsy. The influence of riding on posture and balance reactions, position of the pelvic, postures of head and trunk as well as rotatory movements was demonstrated in film studies using the cerebral palsied with different syndromes as an example. Electromyographic examinations of antagonistic muscle groups, kinesiologic analyses with the help of a video-recorder, as well as motor tests to evaluate coordination and balance control confirm the practical experience, i.e., that the hippo- and riding therapy has a positive influence on the neuromuscular dysfunction in cerebral movement disorders. A lasting improvement of motor and intellectual abilities was proven by a long-term study which also revealed that motivation was the driving force.


Time course of audiogenic seizure susceptibility and plasma pentobarbital concentration during withdrawal. Rats were made dependent on sodium barbital by daily oral administration of the drug over a 4 week period. At the end of this time the animals were switched to sodium pentobarbital, I.P., 30 mg/Kg every 4 hours for 3 days and withdrawn. Mean Plasma pentobarbital concentrations was observed to decline rapidly following peak concentrations which occurred approximately 1 hour after the final dose. The last samples in which pentobarbital was detectable were taken 3 hours after the last dose. Audiogenic seizure susceptibility and intensity peaked at 6 hours following the last dose, suggesting that a low concentration of barbiturate is more important in increasing seizure propensity than a sudden decrease in concentration. No electroencephalographic abnormalities were observed during the withdrawal period.


Influence of immune stimulation and suppression on morphine physical dependence and tolerance. The role of the immune system in the development of physical dependence and tolerance to morphine was studied in mice in which the immune response was either stimulated or suppressed. Immunization of mice against morphine increased the blood and brain levels of morphine as compared to controls. However, the development of physical dependence and tolerance was decreased. The chronic responses to morphine were also decreased by nonspecific immunosuppression (vincristine-cyclophosphamide treatment and gamma-irradiation exposure) and specific immunosuppression (antithymocyte and antilymphocyte sera treatment). Immunosuppressive treatments did not alter the rate of morphine absorption from the subcutaneous depot used to induce chronic exposure to the drug. However, the blood and brain levels of morphine were higher than control after 72 hours of morphine pellet implantation. It is apparent that manipulation of the immune system can alter the physical dependence and tolerance development to morphine.


Serum immunoglobulin levels in neonatal lambs. The serum immunoglobulin levels of lambs were monitored 24 h post partum using the zinc sulphate turbidity test. There was a wide distribution in the level of circulating maternal immunoglobulin and quite a large proportion of lambs were hypogammaglobulinaemic. Mean levels were highest in single lambs and lowest in triplets.


Contact transmission of distemper virus in ferrets. Distemper virus was transmitted when infected donor ferrets were placed with susceptible ferrets for various contact periods. Distemper was more likely to be transmitted during the later stages of the disease. A positive correlation was found between the length of contact time and the acquisition of infection.


Sensitivity of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of pigs and horses to erythromycin and its use in selective media. The ability of erythromycin in liquid medium to suppress the growth of eight species of acholeplasma and of 13 species of mycoplasma was tested. The Acholeplasma spp and two glycolytic Mycoplasma spp from horses--a slow glucose-metabolising (SGM) mycoplasma and a strain N3, related to M mycoides--were sensitive to erythromycin. Thus the growth of acholeplasmas can be suppressed when attempts are made to isolate pathogens from the porcine respiratory tract, but, in the case of horses, erythromycin would suppress not only Acholeplasma spp but also two Mycoplasma spp of unknown pathogenicity in the equine respiratory tract.


The efficacy of praziquantel against cestodes in cats, dogs and sheep. Praziquantel is a new type of acylated isoquinoline-pyrazine. A single, low oral or subcutaneous dose of the compound is reliably effective against all tested juvenile and adult cestodes in cats, dogs and sheep. Praziquantel is the first cestodicide which is also effective on bile duct cestodes. In cats and dogs, 5 mg praziquantel per kg is completely effective on all stages of Taenia hydatigena, T pisiformis, T ovis, T taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Mesocestoides corti, Echinococcus multilocularis and E granulosus. Because of its very wide therapeutic index praziquantel is thus particularly suited for eradication programmes, eg, echinococcosis.


Gout, particularly diuretics-induced, is one the increase in Finland. Gout has been considered a rare disease in Finland. However, our hospital series of 77 patients from 1952 to 1976 shows a striking increase during the last 8 years. Over those 8 years the number of persons in the whole country receiving prescribed reimbursable medicines for gout and/or hyperuricaemia rose 10-fold, from 218 to 2188. Diuretics were implicated in one-fourth of our patients-all recent cases. Associated morbidity was high in both obese and non-obese patients. The clinical features and dietary habits of the patients are discussed.


Diurnal rhythm: effects on hepatic regeneration and hepatic regenerative stimulator substance. The effect of a controlled lighting schedule on the activity of a weanling rat liver extract that stimulates DNA synthesis in regenerating adult rat liver, and on the response of the test animals to the extract, has been investigated. Both activity of the extract and endogenous DNA synthesis in the weanling animals follow the same distinct diurnal rhythm. Reversal of the lighting schedule reverses the rhythm of endogenous DNA synthesis but activity of the extract no longer correlates with the peak of DNA synthesis. Diurnal rhythm also has a striking effect on DNA synthesis in the regenerating test animal, but the extract increases DNA synthesis to the same relative degree, regardless of the time of day the hepatectomy is performed.


Enhancement of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease activity by mercaptoethanol. Incubation of ribonuclease with 0.1M mercaptoethanol at pH 8.5 can increase the enzyme's hydrolytic activity toward cytidine 2',3'-monophosphate (cyclic CMP) under standard assay conditions. Cation-exchange chromatography of the ribonuclease-thiol reaction mixture revealed seven fractions. The fraction with the highest activity had an approximate tenfold decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant for cyclic CMP with respect to native ribonuclease. The enhanced activity is a metastable property since this fraction reverts back to the control activity and chromatographic behavior of native ribonuclease on standing in solution at room temperature.


Fertilization-induced changes in membrane fluidity of sea urchin eggs. By use of a spin label fatty acid, 5-doxylstearate, an increase in bulk membrane fluidity was observed after fertilization of two species of sea urchin eggs. Eggs partially activated by ammonia showed a similar effect. The data suggest that a structural change involving membrane lipids accompanies activation.


Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens). Brains of juvenile gray bats, Myotis grisescens, found dead beneath maternity roosts in two Missouri caves contained lethal concentrations of dieldrin. One colony appeared to be abnormally small, and more dead bats were found a year after the juvenile bats had been collected. This is the first report to link the field mortality of bats directly to insecticide residues acquired through the food chain.


Sustained release of alcohol: subcutaneous silastic implants in mice. A sustained-release device for use in ethanol dependence studies in mice is described. The Silastic device, dubbed SERT (sustained ethanol release tube), holds 0.35 milliliter of 95 percent ethanol (by volume) and is implanted under the skin of the back where it releases ethanol for up to 12 hours, with no observable tissue damage. The device may be adaptable to the release of other volatile liquids or drugs, in other animals.


Compulsive, abnormal walking caused by anticholinergics in akinetic, 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. In otherwise profoundly akinetic rats that had been severely depleted of brain catecholamines, anticholinergic drugs caused excessive walking. The effect did not appear until 10 days after surgery and then increased with time, suggesting that a phenomenon analogous to denervation supersensitivity may be involved. If the animals walked into corners, they were unable to turn around or back out. Their gait (extremely short steps) was reminiscent of that of patients with Parkinson's disease. The results are consistent with a mutually antagonistic interaction between cholinergic and dopaminergic brain systems and emphasize certain complexities in this interaction.


Propranolol therapy during pregnancy in a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: is it safe? A case is presented of a low birth weight infant born prematurely with depressed respiration, sinus bradycardia, and hypoglycemia associated with maternal propranolol therapy during pregnancy and up until labor and delivery. The need for caution in the casual use of propranolol during pregnancy in an asymptomatic patient with IHSS and the potential fetal complications are emphasized.


The influence of physiological age on the biting rhythm of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera : Culcidae). All of 704 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus females caught on bufflo bait were inseminated and 98 % were at ovariole stage 1. Parity rates ranged from 41 % to 66 % on the 4 nights studied with increases observed during dusk, midnight and before dawn. Changes in the parity of the biting population were related to sexual maturation, mating, oviposition rhythms and especially the survivorship of the adults.


Staphylococcal food poisoning from infected snoek. Snoek was implicated in the food poisoning of 2 people in Bloemfontein. The patients' symptoms and culture of snoek samples suggested Staphylococcus aureus as the causative agent. Enumeration of S. aureus by selective procedures gave counts of 200 000 per gram in snoek obtained from the patients and from the butchery supplying the snoek. Investigations indicated that the snoek was heavily contaminated with S. aureus before arrival at the butchery and that the organisms grew as a result of mishandling after processing.


The association of sex ratio anomalies with pyloric stenosis. Published family data were examined for evidence of aberrant sex ratios in relatives of pyloric stenosis index cases. An excess of males over females was found among unaffected members of sibships in which there occurred more than one case of pyloric stenosis. The male excess among affected members of these sibships did not differ from that among index cases without affected sibs. An unusual frequency of spontaneous abortions in these subships, which might account for the observed excess of males, was not observed. No evidence was found of sex ratio anomalies in other classes of relative of pyloric stenosis index cases, whether or not the index cases had affected sibs.


[Radiotherapy of the soft tissue sarcomas (author's transl)]. Although 82,5% of the total body weight consist of mesenchymal tissues, only 1%--3% of all malignant tumors are soft tissue sarcomas. The necessary irradiation dose can only be determined after an exact histopathological diagnosis; therefore this diagnosis has to be made prior to the radiotherapy. Except the fibro- and liposarcomas, all sarcoma form very early lymphogenic metastases. All sarcomas show a remarquable tendency to form recurrences. Surgery is the primary therapy. After that, an irradiation of the tumor region and the regional lymph nodes should be effected under all circumstances. We have treated and checked up 749 patients. After this therapeutic method, the five-year survival rate in the stages T1 and T2 is 60% for the myxosarcoma, 67% for the angiosarcoma, 41% for the fasciculated sarcoma, 40% for the globocellular sarcoma, 30% for the polymorphous sarcoma, 69% for the fibrosarcoma, and 61% for the leiomyosarcoma.


Urethral valves: management of upper urinary tract changes. A conservative approach to upper urinary tract changes in urethral valves is suggested. The bladder is initially decompressed by insertion of a feeding tube via the urethra if the patient has azotemia, acidosis, or serious urinary infection. After correction of fluid and electrolyte deficits and control of infection, the valve is destroyed transurethrally despite the presence of severe upper tract dilatation.


AO incompatibility in a small group of developmentally disabled children. Prevalence of fetal-maternal AO incompatibility was studied in a group of 150 children having developmental delay in the neuropsychological sphere. In a given population the number of A children having O mothers (AO incompatibility) should equal the number of O children having A mothers (OA compatibility). However, in the study group we observed 26 children in the former and 14 children in the latter category. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). The frequency of AO incompatibility in the developmentally disabled population was higher (17.3%) than that in 437 child-mother pairs of the general population (10.1%). It was not possible to demonstrate association of any specific neurological defect with AO incompatibility, although the children born from AO incompatible pregnancies tended to start walking later than the other children of the study group.


[Surgical treatment of postnatal insufficiency of the anal sphincter]. From the analysis of 91 cases of postnatal insufficiency of the anal constrictor some causes of occurrence of various types of this condition were revealed. Depending on the type of insufficiency indications to different operation methods were elaborated. The selection of operation methods is grounded on immediate and late results of the treatment.


Epidemiology of Salmonella infection in calves: the source of calfhood infection by Salmonella dublin. Investigation of the source of neonatal Salmonella dublin infection of calves was undertaken by carrying out caesarean section of cows with a history of excretion of S dublin following either S dublin enteritis or S dublin abortion. No evidence of transplacental infection was detected but six of 10 animals showed evidence of excretion of the organism in the faeces, vaginal discharge or milk in the period immediately following parturition. The strong probability of early infection as a result of contamination of the environment is therefore suggested.


[Smoking and pregnancy (psychosocial aspects of the prevention of damage caused by nicotine) (author's transl)]. The literature on the detrimental effects of smoking on pregnancy is indeed extensive. Despite the hazard of a significantly increased perinatal mortality, especially on account of prematurity with low birth weight of the infants, no wellaimed campaign has been conducted so far which would aim at enlightening pregnant women about the dangers involved in smoking. A study conducted with a group of 425 women treated in our outpatient department is analyzed to determine the audience for an informative brochure on smoking, and also to find out the most effective way in which this brochure should be presented and worded. Every third young woman up to 25 years of age is a regular smoker (p less than 0,0001). There is a significantly higher incidence of smokers among unmarried women than among married ones. (p less than 0.05). Career women and employees were found to smoke twice as often than those not gainfully employed (p less than 0.01). Women without children, too, smoked twices as often as women with two and more children (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, women with an IQ above 100 smoked cigarettes twice as often than women with an IQ up to 100. Two out of 12 psychometrically studied personality traits bore a significant relationship to smoking. These results agree with perinatologic literature and are discussed under the aspect of effective information on the hazards of smoking during pregnancy.


[Problems of the presence of potential mycotoxin producers in milk powders for babies (author's transl)]. Because of the finding of aflatoxin B1 in the liver of deceased children and in some samples of milk powder, commercial samples of domestic and foreign milk powder intended for babies were examined. From 4950 g of milk powder 11 119 colonies of 29 genera of mould were isolated, averaging 1,9 colonies for the domestic and 0,1 colonies/g for the foreign milk powders. The moulds were uniformly dispersed through the powder, but in one sample the greatest number of colonies was isolated from the surface layer of the powder in the original package. The results of the investigation must lead to a revision of views on the microbiological standards and the production and packaging technologies for baby foods.


[Cadmium in mushrooms (author's transl)]. The cadmium content of 402 species of wild mushrooms was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. Altogether 1049 samples, grown mainly, in southern Germany, were tested. The cadmium content was between less than 0,1 and 120 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to less than 0,01 and 10,8 mg/kg fresh weight. Samples with low cadmium content were predominant: 68% of the samples contained less than 2 mg/kg dry weight, 86.5% contained less than 5 mg/kg dry weight, equivalent to about less than 0,2 and less than 0,5 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. The cadmium content was clearly species-dependent, and to a lesser extent genus-dependent. Samples containing more than 10 mg/kg dry weight occurred in 41 species, among these were 9 Tricholomataceae, 10 Agaricaceae, 11 Cortinariaceae, 3 Amanitas and 4 Russula species. Samples containing more than 50 mg/kg dry weight were found in Agaricus augustus, A perrarus, A. silvicola, A. macrosporus, A. maleolens, and Inocybe bongardii. In single fruiting-bodies the lowest cadmium content was found in the stem, whereas the highest content was found in the gills and tubes. Cadmium content of the gills was at most five times the amount present in the cup. In cadmium-rich mushrooms a marked concentration as compared with the cadmium content of the soil had occured.


Acoustic signals in mouse maternal behavior: retrieving and cannibalism. The purpose of this study was to show that juvenile acoustic signals are not essential prerequisites for inhibiting parental aggression or for eliciting maternal care. This was demonstrated by comparing the behavior of Rb-3 and GFF+/+ female mice with normal audition and that of a deaf mutant GFF dn/dn. 243 females and 609 litters were used to measure cannibalism and 54 females to measure speed of retrieval. Neither rate of cannibalism nor speed of retrieval were modified by deafness, thus verifying the proposed hypothesis.


[Characteristics of early autoimmune reaction in vaccinated and revaccinated animals]. Experiments were conducted on albino mongrel female mice weighing 18 to 22 g. Development of early autoimmune reaction in response to the primary administration of microbial antigens was revealed; its intensity and duration depended on the dose of the antigen. Injection of physiological saline of the same or greater volume led only to the short-lived increase in the count of the autoantibody synthesizing cells in the spleen tissue. In repeated contact with the given antigen, there was noted a marked intensification of the reaction to homologous antigen, and a depression--to heterologous one in 7 to 14 days. Reaction to the administration of physiological saline alone failed to alter.


[The changed clinical picture of urogenital tuberculosis]. Of the 4500 urological patients treated in Weil Emil Hospital in Budapest, in 5 years 140 (3.1%) cases of urogenital tuberculosis were detected. In these cases earlier examinations failed to reveal the process which manifested itself one to six months. The number of those needing surgical intervention decreased considerably, 34 (24.2%) of the patients were operated. The clinical pattern has changed in our days and the possibility of an urogenital tuberculosis must be considered whenever no explanation can be found for the complaints and when even a single one of the characteristic symptoms of urogenital tuberculosis is observed.


[Neurinoma of the small intestine].

[Neurinoma of the small intestine]. A neurinoma of the terminal ileum was discussed. It was as large as an infants head and had descended to the lesser pelvis where it became lodged. An intestinal loop became clamped by this mass causing ileus. The mass also compressed theurinary bladder producing dysuria. Even though the neurinoma is quite a rare phenomenon in clinical practice, it deserves attention because of the difficulty with which it can be diagnosed, and because of the complications it can cause; Among them ileus, and hemorrhaging are the most common. Acute peritonitis due to perforation of the infected pseudocysts in the center of the tumor is a significantly rarer phenomenon, and malignant alterations are the rarest complications. As only a few cases of neurinomas of the small intestine have been described in world literature, the authors hope to contribute to a better understanding of this problem.


The carpus in congenital anomalies of the hand. Congenital anomalies of the carpus associated with congenital hand and upper limb anomalies were investigated from the point of view of the development of the hand. Defects of the carpus were categorized as follows: 1) Radial ray defect: loss of the scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid. 2) Central ray defect: loss of the capitate and loss of a part of the trapezium and hamate. 3) Ulnar ray defect: loss of the triguetrum, pisiformis and hamate. Deficiencies of the carpus and more distal parts of the hand proved to be secondary to defects of the forearm bones in both the radial and ulnar ray. On the other hand deficiency of the carpus was secondary to defects of the phalanx and metacarpal of the middle finger in the central ray. Thus, from the standpoint of the development of the carpus, bipolar development of the bones of the hand originates proximally in both the radial and ulnar rays and distally in the central ray.


Sudden infant death in Copenhagen 1956--1971. I. Infant feeding. 131 cases of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in the municipality of Copenhagen 1956--71 (incidence 0.92 SIDS cases per 1 000 live births) were investigated on the basis of police reports and infant health visitor's records. Fewer SIDS cases were breast-fed than controls from the second week of life to four months of age. No significant differences were found with respect to the concentrations of fresh cow's milk dilutions, age at introduction of solid food, or number of meals per day. From 1956 to 1971 breast-feeding was declining and solids introduced earlier, while the incidence of SIDS remained constant. The lifespan for SIDS cases who had never been breast-fed was equal to that of cases who had. There is no evidence that SIDS victims had their first solid food during the last days of life. The results are discussed in the light of the hypersensitivity, immuno-incompetence, and high solute feeding hypotheses. It is concluded that feeding does not seem to be responsible for the occurrence of SIDS. The lower frequency of breast-feeding among SIDS cases is ascribed to various factors known to be associated with SIDS.


[Effect of innervation and hormones on enzyme activation and synthesis]. Data from the literature and own ones indicate the key role of the nervous system in regulation of the activity and synthesis of the enzymes of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles. Hepatic cells are highly sensitive both to regulation of their metabolism by the vegetative, especially sympathetic nervous system, and hormonal regulation. The enzymic activity and metabolism in the kidneys are controlled mainly by hormones and are not subjected or poorly monitored by the nervous system. Hormonal regulation of the enzymic activity in the bone marrow is presumably rather poor, whereas the question of nervous regulation of its metabolism remains nuclear.


Haemorrhagic infarction of the myocardium in a newborn with haemoglobin H disease and erythroblastosis. Extensive haemorrhagic myocardial infarction developed in a newborn, apparently as a result of anoxia due to erythroblastosis fetalis, associated with haemoglobin H disease. Acute massive myocardial infarction in the neonatal period is rare and usually is associated with congenital malformation of the heart or its blood supply. Neonatal myocardial infarction in the anatomically normal heart with normal coronary vessels, has been described in only 8 patients (1). The communication describes a newborn with acute haemorrhagic myocardial infarction due to anoxia believed to be caused by the combined effect of erythroblastosis fetalis and haemoglobin H disease.


Lethality for mice and chick embryos, pyrogenicity in rabbits and ability to gelate lysate from amoebocytes of Limulus polyphemus by lipopolysaccharides from Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella. Phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Veillonella, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were lethal for mice and 11-days-old chick embryos, pyrogenic in rabbits, and gelated Limulus amoebocyte lysate. Mouse lethality was considerably enhanced by actinomycin-D. In all test systems the endotoxin activity of Veillonella and Fusocbacterium LPS was comparable to that of LPS from Salmonella enteritidis, which was included as a reference endotoxin. The endotoxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was very low. While nanograms of the Veillonella and Fusobacterium LPS killed the chick embryos and gelated the Limulus lysates, microgram amounts of the Bacteroides LPS were needed to give positive reaction in the same test systems. As much as 74 microgram of the most active B. fragilis LPS were required to give a typical biphasic fever response in rabbits. A significant correlation was found between all test results (r = 0.90-0.98, p less than 0.001).


Cardiovascular reactivity and design in rats with experimental "neurogenic hypertension". The arterial barorecptors were denervated in 20 normotensive Wistar rats. 2 1/2 months after the operation their cardiovascular responses to "mental stress" were compared to those of matched control rats (NCR). At the time of investigation the blood pressure of the baroreceptor denervated rats (BDR) was increased some 15 per cent above that of the control group. There was, however, no difference in response to "mental stress" between groups, if anything the BDR reponded with less pronounced tachycardia. Two months subsequent to the stress-test the men blood pressure of the BDR was still significantly above normal levels, but the BDR did not exhibit structural cardiovascular adaptation, which has been documented in most types of stable hypertension as a response to the increased mean blood pressure. The results imply that hypertension induced by baroreceptor denervation is not of a stable and persistent type in which case structural changes in the cardiovascular system would have developed within the observation period (approximately 4 months). Emotional stimuli, however, do not seem to contribute to periodic blood pressure increase at the time of measurement, as earlier suggested.


Lung tumor response in mice to metals and metal salts. Two studies tested the ability of metals and their salts to produce lung tumors in strain A mice. Of 13 compounds examined, lead subacetate, manganous sulfate, molybdenum trioxide, and nickelous acetate elicited a weakly carcinogenic response following intraperitoneal injection. Nine metallic compounds were negative. There was no evidence of cocarcinogenic effect between metals and the chemical carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene. On the basis of these and other data, recommendation is made for further investigations in metal carcinogenesis.


[Proteinase activity in the early developmental stages of the carp, Cyprinus carpio]. Embryonic and early postembryonic development of the carp is associated with an increase in the content of soluble proteins and nitrogen of non-protein nitrogenous components. Simultaneously, the activity of trypsin-like and chemotrypsin-like peptide hydrolases increases together with the increase in the degree of proteolysis. These data suggest that the development of carp embryos and early larva is accompanied by intensification of two opposite processes--synthesis and catabolism of proteins. The observed changes are more evident in early postembryonic period as compared with the early stages of embryogenesis.


Hemodynamics and coronary angiography in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. One hundred eighteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were studied with cardiac catheterization and coronary arteriography. In 112 a gradient across the left ventricular outflow tract was present in the resting state. Seventeen of the 61 patients who had right heart catheterization had a mild resting gradient across the right ventricular outflow tract, that was considered clinically and hemodynamically insignificant. Ninety-five patients (80 percent) had a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg; 60 percent had mitral regurgitation that was of mild degree in most cases. Almost 20 percent had coexistent coronary atherosclerosis (25 percent incidence rate in subjects aged 40 years or older). Patients with associated severe coronary atherosclerosis had a lower intraventricular gradient at rest than other patients. Coronary atherosclerosis appears to be a coincidental condition. The need for objective evaluation of the coronary circulation is emphasized.


Tissue valve replacement of prosthetic heart valves for thromboembolism. Twenty-five patients who had repeated thromboemboli from a prosthetic mitral valve were treated with reoperation using a tissue valve prosthesis. Reoperation was performed an average of 4.0 years after the original valve replacement in 14 men and 11 women, with an average age of 50 (range 35 to 65) years. A stented allograft was used in the first 7 patients and a porcine xenograft in the last 18 patients. There were one hospital death and two late deaths. With the first prosthetic valve there were 66 documented embolic episodes in 101.5 patient years (0.65 embolus/year). Only four embolic episodes in 67.4 patient years (0.059 embolus/year) occurred after tissue valve replacement (P less than 0.001). These results indicate that in patients with recurrent or severe embolization after prosthetic heart valve replacement, rereplacement with a tissue prosthesis can be safely performed and significantly reduces the likelihood that additional embolic episodes will occur.


Assay for free and total choline activity in biological fluids and tissues of rats and man with Torulopsis pintolopessi. The sensitive, specific growth response to choline activity of the thermophilic enteric yeast Torulopsis pintolopessi enables estimation of free and bound choline activity in rat and human fluids and tissues- as little as 10 ng/ml of choline is measurable. Unlike other microbial assays, estimation of unbound (free) choline activity is not influenced by methionine or phospholipids. The method also distinguishes differences in choline activity of fluids and tissues from choline-deficient and choline-replete rats. Free and bound choline activity in blood, red blood cells, plasma, and liver from choline-deficient rats were almost 2-fold lower than from choline-supplemented animals. Free and bound choline activity in whole brain from choline-deficient rats were signifigantly higher (more than 2-fold). The application of the T. pintolopessi method in studying choline status in man and reasons for high choline activity in brain of choline-deficient rats are suggested.


Birthweight of infants with congenital heart disease. A subnormal birth weight distribution was noted in a population of infants seen during the first year of life for major congenital heart disease (CHD). When arranged according to cardiac diagnostic categories, 17 of the 21 major cardiac lesions were associated with subnormal birth weight distribution. Major extracardiac anomalies present in 19.9% of all infants appeared not to influence the birth weight distributions of either the total population of 19 of 21 cardiac lesion categories. An increased incidence (6.1%) of small-for-dates infants was observed in the study population. Extra-cardiac anomalies occurred in 28% of the small-for-dates infants. Survival to 1 year of age was 42.8% for the total population with CHD and 49.2% in the small-for-dates group.


Hypermethioninemia in an infant.

Hypermethioninemia in an infant. We discuss an infant with hepatitis and hypermethioninemia. An inborn error of metabolism, such as methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency or hereditary tyrosinemia, was originally thought to be the basis for these abnormalities. The infant's subsequent clinical course, however, was incompatible with such a diagnosis; the hypermethioninemia was instead due to the trilogy of prematurity, hepatitis, and a high-protein, high-methionine diet.


Do static cystourethrograms have a role in the investigation of female incontinence? Two hundred and forty-eight women with lower urinary tract complaints who were referred to a special gynecologic urology and urodynamic unit had static cystourethograms (CUG's) performed as part of their diagnostic workups. In women with urodynamic evidence of true anatomic sphincter-weakness stress urinary incontinence (SUI), there was a poor correlation with standard CUG interpretations of SUI as suggested by Green (Types I and II). Also, pure SUI was rarely seen as the sole problem and most patients demonstrated combinations of sensory urgency and unstable bladders. With the recent advent of more formal techniques of urodynamic investigation to include cystoscopy, urethroscopy, and simultaneous cyctometry and urethral pressure profilometry, the importance of a more thorough investigation of lower urinary tract complaints prior to surgical intervention is emphasized.


The sloughed urethra syndrome.

The sloughed urethra syndrome. Sloughing of the urethra following obstetric trauma or pelvic surgery usually results in total urinary incontinence. Nine patients in a series of 2,000 investigated for incontinence presented with this syndrome. A technique of urethral reconstruction from the vaginal wall using a supporting bulbocavernosus graft and a Marlex sling is presented and results are discussed.


Chemotactic factor influences on the aggregation, swelling, and foreign surface adhesiveness of human leukocytes. Chemotactic factors have been shown to induce aggregation and cellular swelling of rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) obtained from the peritoneum. We examined the ability of the chemotactic fragment of C5 and the synthetic chemotactic tripeptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine to induce these changes in various preparations of human leukocytes. We found that these factors did induce dextran-sedimented leukocytes and Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated PMN to aggregate and swell. Compared with rabbit peritoneal PMN, however, human PMN responded with more prominent swelling but with less prominent aggregation. Also unlike rabbit peritoneal PMN, human PMN adhered spontaneously to plastic surfaces; the chemotactic factors enhanced this adherence. Certain similarities between the responses of these two cell types were evident: in both rabbit peritoneal and isolated human peripheral PMN, the aggregates had a short life span in the fluid phase; in both, the number of aggregates formed was proportional to the log10 of the PMN concentration; and, in both, the chemotactic activity of the reagents paralleled their aggregating activity. In the system employed, lymphocytes were unresponsive to the chemotactic factors. Ficoll-Hypaque-isolated mononoclear cells (containing varying proportions of monocytes and lymphocytes) were responsive, indicating that human monocytes behave in a manner similar to the human PMN. The results suggest that chemotactic factors induce responsive cells to develop a hyperadherent cytoplasmic membrane. Aggregation and increased adhesiveness to plastic surfaces may reflect this induction.


Adrenergic influences on rabbit oviduct: effect of muscle size and ovarian hormones. This study attempts to distinguish between a direct action of ovarian steroids on adrenergic neurons in the oviduct and an indirect effect mediated by changes in muscle size. Mature rabbits were treated as follows: group 1, ovariectomized and a polyethylene catheter (1 mm OD) inserted into isthmus of one oviduct (CT) with contralateral oviduct as control (C); group 2, normal, estrous animals with one intubated isthmus (ET) and contralateral control (E). Fourteen days postoperatively, oviducts were removed and muscle-wall thickness, norepinephrine (NE) content, and response to nerve stimulation were measured. Although castration atrophy was prevented in CT, NE content of CT was significantly less than C, 0.032 +/- 0.07 versus 1.09 +/- 0.10 nmol. NE content of ET was also significantly less than E (1.32 +/- 0.03 versus 1.81 +/- 2.0) despite a greater wall thickness of ET. It was concluded that: a) withdrawal of ovarian hormones reduces NE contents by a direct action on nerves; b) moderate stretch, per se, increases muscle size and reduces NE content; c) nerve stimulation induces muscle contraction despite large reduction in transmitter content.


Acute appendicitis: efficacy of prophylactic preoperative antibiotics in the reduction of septic morbidity. The course of 200 patients who recently underwent appendectomy at UCLA for acute appendicitis has been reviewed to determine the efficacy of preoperative systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing septic morbidity after surgery. Among those with nonperforated appendicitis who were given gentamycin and clindamycin preoperatively, a reduction of infection rate from 10.2 to 5.3 per cent was found when compared with patients who received no antibiotics.


RO 21-3981 for intravenous surgical premedication and induction of anesthesia. RO 21-3981, a new water soluble benzodiazepine, was studied in 24 patients both as an intravenous premedicant and to induce anesthesia. The premedicant dose of 5 mg produced lack of recall and marked sedation within 1 to 2 minutes after injection and persisted for at least 32 minutes. Subsequent induction of anesthesia required an additional 5 to 25 mg of RO 21-3981. However, anesthesia was not induced in 1 patient with 25 mg and was accomplished only with inhalation anesthesia. Loss of lid reflex was unreliable as a sign of induction for patients in whom tracheal intubation was planned. Although decreases in blood pressure of 10 to 30 mm Hg were noted after administration of RO 21-3981, systolic pressure was not recorded below 90 mm Hg. RO 21-3981, because of its amnesic, sedative, and anxiolytic properties, appears to be an excellent premedicant although the 5 mg dose studied was probably larger than necessary. For induction of anesthesia, RO 21-3981 may be an effective alternative to thiopental.


Continuous brachial plexus block for prolonged sympathectomy and control of pain. An anesthetic technic for long-term analgesia and sympathectomy for upper extremity vascular accident was successfully employed in 3 patients. Narcotics were not required during this period. Neurological complications, local bleeding, and hematoma were not detected even though 2 patients were heparinized.


Lymph leakage following catheterization of the right subclavian vein. Leakge of lymph following puncture of the right subclavian vein occurred in a patient, requiring a pacemaker catheter. The lymph drainage settled spontaneously after 4 days on remanipulation of the pacing wire.


Covert seizures as a cause of postoperative apnea. Covert seizures expressed as apnea may occur in the immediate postoperative period, and they should be suspected particularly in the known seizure-disorder patient. Management includes ventilation with O2 and avoidance of inappropriate administration of reversal drugs.


Procaine, lidocaine, and ketamine inhibit histamine-induced contracture of guinea pig tracheal muscle in vitro. In vitro experiments using guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle were performed to compare the relaxant properties of procaine, lidocaine, and ketamine following contracture induced by histamine. Procaine produced a spasmolytic effect in a dose-related manner. In the doses tested, relaxation induced by procaine was more pronounced than that produced by either lidocaine or ketamine, although the latter 2 drugs also had a significant spasmolytic effect.


Photosensitization in cattle and sheep caused by feeding Ammi majus (greater Ammi; Bishop's-Weed). Feeding Ammi majus to cattle and sheep caused photosensitization in both species. It also caused photosensitization in human beings who had dermal contact with the plant and subsequent exposure to sunlight.


Activity of uredofos, niclosamide, bunamidine hydrochloride, and arecoline hydrobromide against Mesocestoides corti in experimentally infected dogs. Uredofos, niclosamide, bunamidine hydrochloride, and arecoline hydrobromide were given at various doses to dogs experimentally infected with Mesocestoides corti. The highest efficacies were obtained with bunamidine hydrochloride and uredofos. Variable results were obtained with arecoline hydrobromide and niclosamide.


Photosensitization in sheep fed Ammi majus (Bishop's weed) seed. Ammi majus (bishop's weed) grows on the coastal region of southern United States and in other parts of the world. This plant causes severe photosensitization in livestock and probably contributes to the severe photosensitization outbreaks seen in Texas. Sheep were fed finely ground seed of A majus via stomach tube at dose rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg of body weight and exposed to sunlight. The single dose of 8 g/kg produced severe clinical signs (in 24 to 48 hours): cloudy cornea, conjunctivokeratitis, photophobia, and edema of the muzzle, ears, and vulva. Daily dosing at 2 and 4 g/kg produced (in 72 to 96 hours) similar signs, whereas the smallest dose (1 g/kg) produced mild irritation of the muzzle. Pathologic changes included (1) corneal edema and marked neutrophilic infiltration of the cornea and corneal/ciliary process, (2) subacute ulcerative and exudative dermatitis of the skin of ears, muzzle, and vulva, and (3) mild focal tubular degeneration (vacuolar type) of the kidney.


Central vagal control of fentanyl-induced bradycardia during halothane anesthesia. Six mongrel dogs were used to investigate the mechanism of action of fentanyl-induced bradycardia. With controlled acid-base balance and temperature, and under 1.0 to 1.2 percent endtidal halothane anesthesia, 5 and microgram/kg of IV fentanyl citrate were given sequentially 1 hour apart and heart rate (HR) followed for 60 minutes. A dose-related depression of HR followed both injections. One week later the same dogs were studied similarly, except that bilateral cervical vagotomies were performed before fentanyl was given. The decrease in HR was at most 10 percent of the decrease in HR observed in the innervated dogs. Serum fentanyl levels were comparable. The data indicate the majority of the chronotropic action of fentanyl involves vagal efferent impulses from the central nervous system.


[Gallstones in infancy (author's transl)]. Authors present a 22 month old female, suffering from biliary lithiasis, diagnosted before surgery by endovenous cholangiography, associated to cataracts and neurological impairment. Current etiopathogenic views are briefly exposed, pointing out that incidence of gallstones has ceased to be exceptional.


Correlation of oxygen uptake and cardiovascular dynamics during N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia in the dog. The relationship between changes in wholebody O2 consumption (VO2) and cardiovascular dynamics during changing levels of N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia was determined in 24 dogs. Dose-dependent reductions in VO2, mean blood pressure, and cardiac output occurred with infusion of fentanyl and thiopental. Painful stimuli increased VO2 during light anesthesia but not during deeper levels of anesthesia. Deep levels of N2O-fentanyl and N2O-thiopental anesthesia may protect the patient with limited cardiac reserve by reducing VO2 and preventing increases in VO2 caused by painful stimuli.


Bupivacaine: a review of 11,080 cases.

Bupivacaine: a review of 11,080 cases. Bupivacaine (Marcaine) hydrochloride, a long-acting local anesthetic drug, was used in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 percent with and without a vasoconstrictor, in amounts ranging from 25 to over 600 mg, for caudal, epidural (peridural), or peripheral nerve block for 11,080 surgical, obstetrical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures. Onset of anesthesia occurred in 4 to 10 minutes and maximum anesthesia in 15 to 35 minutes. Concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 percent consistently produced complete sensory anesthesia of the integumentary and musculoskeletal systems. With 0.25 and 0.5 percent, motor blockade ranged from minimal to complete. In intra-abdominal surgery, only 0.75 percent consistently produced profound muscle relaxation. Fifteen systemic toxic reactions occurred, but no untoward sequelae resulted from them. One inadvertent subarachnoid injection of 110 mg resulted in a total spinal block with an uneventful recovery.


Laboratory evaluation of pressure transducer domes containing a diaphragm. Pressure transducers are being used with increasing frequency in patient care. The recent availability of sterile transducer domes containing a diaphragm provides a means for reducing the risk of bacteremia when using these devices. The present studies measured the effect of diaphragm domes on the accuracy of pressure measurement. The sensitivity and frequency responses of 5 pressure transducers utilizing diaphragm and nondiaphragm domes were compared. The results indicate that the type of dome utilized and the method of dome application can significantly modify pressure transducer performance. The data are useful in providing optimal accuracy and reliability of pressure measurments when using a diaphragm dome, pressure transducer combination.


Amitriptyline therapy increases electrocardiographic changes during reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Induction of anesthesia is associated with an increased incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in patients maintained on amitriptyline medication. This study presents additional evidence showing that, in experimental animals (cats), amitriptyline treatment also produces significant ST-T wave and conduction abnormalities during neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade.


Epidural anesthesia and the lateral position. The effect of the lateral position on the onset, maximum spread, and duration of anesthesia were observed using a standardized epidural anesthetic technic. Anesthesia appeared 2 minutes earlier on the dependent side, spread 2 spinal segments higher, and lasted 75 minutes longer. These results support the clinical practice of placing the patient in the lateral position with the operative side dependent for induction of epidural anesthesia.


Argon laser treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy. Thirty patients (33 eyes) with central serous chorioretinopathy were treated with argon laser photocoagulation. Visual acuity improved in 28 eyes (85%) and remained the same in 5 (15%). In all cases symptomatic improvement occurred and final visual acuity was 20/30 or better. No complications resulted from treatment. In deciding when to treat, one must consider the duration of a given episode, degree of visual impairment, visual needs of the patient, and location of the leakage site. While argon laser therapy of central serous chorioretinopathy is effective and safe, inadvertent foveal photocoagulation and intraretinal macular absorption of argon laser energy are potential therapeutic hazards.


Mastitis concomitant with traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in buffaloes. Out of 500 dairy buffaloes examined for traumatic reticulitis in two farms, 51 buffaloes (10.2 %) were diagnosed as having the syndrome in its subacute and chronic forms. Of this 51 diseased animals, 39 had idiopathic mastitis (76.5 %). This high percentage of mastitis cases associated with traumatic reticulitis is considered as being four times the incidence of primary mastitis (20 %) in cattle. It is most likely that secondary mastitis is due to the contiguous spread of bacteria from the infected focus favoured by the devitalising effect of the foreign body syndrome.


Plasma parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels in hypocalcaemic magnesium-deficient calves. Mg deficiency was experimentally induced in 3 calves given Mg-deficient semi-synthetic milk (10 mg of Mg/l of milk). Three control calves received the same milk supplemented with Mg (190 mg of Mg/l of milk). Calcium and vitamin D contents of this milk were similar to that of natural milk. Daily weight gain in control calves was similar to that observed in calves given natural milk. The daily weight gain of Mg-deficient calves was not statistically different from that of control calves during the first 6 weeks of Mg-deficiency. Then clinical symptoms of Mg-deficiency appeared (loss of appetite, nervousness, tetany crises). In these Mg-deficienct animals a fall in plasma magnesium level, followed by hypophosphataemia and then by hypocalcaemia was observed. During the whole experimental period plasma CT and plasma PTH levels were not statistically different in Mg-deficient and in control calves. These results show that the hypocalcaemia observed in Mg-deficient calves was due neither to an increase in CT secretion nor to a decrease in PTH secretion. Nevertheless, the parathyroid glands from these animals seem unable to react satisfactorily to the hypocalcaemia induced by Mg-deficiency.


Effect of quality of forage on availability of trace elements and some major elements. The effect of forage quality on copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium availability were studied. Six growing lambs (25 kg) received successively frozen grass (Italian Rye Grass, first cycle at earing stage) and the same plant as hay dried after a very wet period in two balance trials. Copper and zinc digestibility and retention dropped more significantly with poor hay than with grass. Manganese availability was not modified by forage quality but by its content. There was a drop in calcium and phosphorus retention and no change in Mg digestibility when lambs were fed with hay.


[Energy metabolism study of Fusidium coccineum strains with varying levels of antibiotic formation]. Energy parameters of the two strains of the inperfect fungus Fusidium coccineum with different levels of antibiotic production were studied comparatively. It was shown that the respiration activity of the both strains was almost completely suppressed by KCN+ salycyl hydroxomate. It provided a supposition that the respiration activity was almost selectively connected with the mitochondria. The analysis of the energy parameters and especially the efficiency of the substrate consumption indicated that the system of oxidative phospholiration was dominant in the energy supply in both the strains. The differences between the strains were observed in the growth rate and the level of KCN-stable respiration. A change in the respiration of the active strain to the alternative KCN-stable path was observed by the end of the 6-8 day fermentation process when significant amounts of fusidin accumulated in the fermentation broth. Correlation between the level of KCN-stability and the antibiotic production was found.


[Effect of antibiotics on human intestinal flagellates in cultures]. The effect of II different antibiotics on Trichomonas hominis, T. elongata, Chilomastix mesnili and Enteromonas hominis was studied. Trichomycin, monomycin and levorin had the most pronounced protistocidic effect. On prolonged passages on media with the antibiotics, increased resistance to them in separate flagellatus strains was observed.


Lupus mastitis.

Lupus mastitis. Two patients with long-standing discoid lupus erythematosus developed tender, discrete breast nodules that, on the mammogram, were interpreted as carcinomas. The histologic features, direct immunofluorescence findings, and laboratory data confirmed the diagnosis of lupus mastitis. Antimalarial therapy resulted in the complete resolution of the lesions.


Cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy. Combined clinical and histological criteria for diagnosis. Cows' milk protein enteropathy is recognised as a significant cause of persistent diarrhoea and malabsorption in young infants, but there are as yet no generally accepted diagnostic criteria. A combined clinical and histological approach to the diagnosis of cows' milk protein-sensitive enteropathy has been used in 15 patients, and the following set of criteria are proposed. (1) Clinical disease (diarrhoea with or without vomiting) while receiving cows' milk protein. (2) Clinical improvement on a diet free of cows' milk protein. (3) Normal or mildly abnormal histology of jejunal mucosa when taken 6-8 weeks after symptoms subside. (4) Histological relapse, with or without clinical relapse, after re-exposure to cows' milk protein.


Regional differences in surgical care based upon uniform physician and hospital discharge abstract data. Population based surgical rates for various common surgical procedures were analyzed on a regional basis by examining select uniform hospital discharge abstract data from Wisconsin hospitals. The surgical asbracts of nearly 64,000 procedures were compared to the supply of physicians and showed a significant variation in the rates of common procedures even within rather large planning districts. In general, the volume of surgery correlated with the supply of surgeons. Exceptions were noted; for example, primary appendectomy, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A), and inguinal herniorrhaphy did not correlate with the supply of surgeons, but did correlate with the supply of general practitioners. Further, T & A had a strong negative correlation to the supply of ear, nose and throat specialists. Information of this type has significance both for Professional Standard Review Organizations (PSROs) and Health Planning Agencies (HPAs). Further work will be necessary to define optimal surgical rates.


Botryomycosis as an obstructive hepatic disease. Botryomycosis is a disorder caused by certain nonfilamentous bacteria that produce lesions that resemble actinomycosis. We describe a previously well, young man who initially had apparent hepatitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa which spread hematogenously to involve both lungs. He was treated successfully with antibiotics.


[Conclusions on the use of Suisychron in the USSR]. Suisynchron was applied to 2,258 gilts, including 850 from breeding farms. Forty-four pigs were checked to elucidate the influence of sexual maturity on the success of oestrus synchronisation. Suisynchron-Prämix was fed to the animals over 20 days, the daily dose for each pig having been 5 g. Twenty-four hours were allowed to elapse from the last administration before 1,500 I.U. PMSG were injected. Synchronised oestrus occurred in 81.2 per cent of all pigs between four and six days from serum injection. Fertilisation in response to first insemination was recorded from 72.9 percent of the pigs, their fertility rate being 9.7 piglets from each farrowing sow. The results of oestrus synchronisation obtained from fattening pigs were somewhat inferior to those recorded from pigs of breeding units. Suisynchron and serum of pregnant mares can synchronise oestrus in 91 per cent of all mateable sows with no previous cycle. The fertility rates recorded from such pigs did not exceed 59 per cent or were between 28.9 and 31.9 per cent lower than those recordable from pigs with a cycle history prior to the use of Suisynchron.


[Studies of the high toxicity of zinc-metallibur]. The high toxicity of Zine-Metallibur was tested in gilts aged eight months and weighing between 78 and 96 kg. Zinc-Metallibur, either 1 g/kg live weight or a quantity 1,000 times that used for synchronisation, was admixed to feed rations and introduced directly into the stomach through and intra-oesophageal tube. Fodder with the entire dose admixed is rejected by the pig. Direct intragastric administration of the same amount, however, is possible and does not cause death.


Cadmium-induced fetal growth retardation in the mouse. Exposure of mice to 10, 20, or 40 ppm cadmium in their drinking water throughout pregnancy resulted in various degrees of fetal growth retardation. The newborn mice, as well as being smaller than normal, were severely anemic. Parenterally administered iron completely prevented the cadmium induced fetal growth retardation and anemia. The significance of a possible relationship of small-for-date babies with cigarette smoking and cadmium intake was discussed.


[Effect of biotechnical management procedures on blood parameters in gilts. 1. Acid and alkaline phosphatase]. Three independent experiments were conducted with cyclic gilts kept under different conditions (2 x 12 on platforms and 100 from production unit), i.e. hormonally unaffected or under the usual conditions of synchronised oestrus (100 mg Suisynchron per animal and die over 20 days followed by 1,000 I.U. PMS and again followed, three days later, by 250 I.U. HCG). Blood samples were repeatedly drawn from the jugular vein and brachiocephalic vein during phases of treatment and oestrus. Acid and alkaline phosphatases were determined immediately in the plasms, and the results were calculated by variance analysis. Synchronisation, using Suisynchron, proved conducive to lowering with significance (P less than 0.01) the levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases. All changes in phosphatase values were not in full conformity within the experiments during the other phases of treatment. Phosphatase levels were not affected by discontinuation of Suisynchron nor by administration of Gn hormone. The levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases in biotechnically treated animals appeared to be lower than those in animals with spontaneous oestrus at the time of full oestrus. While the findings were of period-specific significance (P less than 0.01), the results obtained from the individual animal failed to provide specific information, since gaps were too wide between animals and between animals, on the one hand, and periods, on the other (P less than 0.01).