[In-vitro motility studies on the strips of the canine gallbladder (author's transl)]. In-vitro motility of the gallbladder was studied in the longitudinally cut full-thickness strips obtained from 61 mongrel dogs. The strips, 5 mm in width and 15 mm in length, were prepared from the fundus, body and infundibulum of the gallbladder wall and the motility was examined by the changes of contractile dynamics which were transduced on a pen chart recorder. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The specimen from three parts of the gallbladder exhibited spontaneous motility which was comprised of tonic and rhythmic contractions and they seemed to be stable approximately during the period from three and half an hour to six hours in the Tyrode solution. 2. There was a characteristic pattern which was specific for each three parts in the waves of spontaneous rhythmic contraction. The specimen from infundibulum showed almost regular waves which were predominantly comprised of greater amplitude than those of other two parts. 3. The effects of gastrointestinal hormones and similar substance, caerulein, tetragastrin and secretin were investigated on the activity. Caerulein and tetragastrin were found to be potent stimulant of the dog gallbladder. The stimulated contraction waves were uniform and the pattern could be described with using a certain mathematical expression.


[In-vitro motility studies on the strips of the human gallbladder (author's transl)]. Studies in-vitro motility of the human gallbladder was investigated in the longitudinally cut strips obtained from 24 patients. Strips of the wall of the organ, containing mucosa, muscle and serosa, 5 mm in width and 15 mm in length, were cut from the fundus, body and neck. These specimens were suspended in Tyrode solution at 36 degrees C equilibrated with the 100% O2. Recordings were made on a pen chart recorder which were transduced using a isometric system by the changes of contractions. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The strips from three parts of the gallbladder showed rhythmic and tonic spontaneous contractions. 2. The tonic contractions from fundus were strongest in those three. 3. The rhythmic contractions of neck exhibited greater amplitude than those of fundus and body.


[Experimental study on canine gastric motility following selective proximal vagotomy (author's transl)]. Electromyographical studies were made on the gastric motility of dogs following selective vagotomy (SV) and selective proximal vagotomy (SPV) as the subsequent studies on the changes after truncal vagotomy (TV) after which gastric motility is fairly disturbed, and the influence of pyloroplasty additionally performed to SPV. Gastric discharge frequency was suppressed by SV similar to that by TV. Dysrhythmia of motility occurred after gastric vogotomy. Restoration to the normal was the fastest after SPV. Changes in the discharge frequency after SPV did not differ much from those in the normal stomach and other types of vagotomy. With SPV, the decrease in the propagation velocity of basic electrical rhythms (BER) was mild, and a pattern similar to the control was shown compared with TV and SV. The antiperistaltic discharge was observed even with SPV, but the frequency was low compared with TV and SV. The frequency of peristaltic discharge was the highest when pyloroplasty was performed in addition to SPV. The responses to vagostigmine, insulin tetragastrin in SPV were similar to those in the normal stomach. During the gastric emptying time, there was neither difference before and after SPV, nor any significant difference due to the presence or absence of pyloroplasty. The above data show that SPV is advantageous for retaining the function of gastric peristalsis, also for gastric secretion, but the addition of pyloroplasty will not be advantageous for the elimination of gastric content.


High yield criteria and emergency department skull radiography: two community hospitals' experience. A retrospective analysis of 75 patients admitted with the diagnosis of skull fracture to two community hospitals revealed that 48% of these patients would not have been diagnosed if the high yield criteria recently proposed by the Food and Drug Administration had been adhered to in selecting patients for skull radiography. This included four patients with depressed skull fractures and 32 with linear fractures. The remaining 39 patients had at least one high yielded criterion, the most common being loss of consciousness (21.3%).


Emergency percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV). Ventilation through a percutaneous needle catheter inserted into the trachea has been advocated for resuscitation in acute upper airway obstruction. However, the customized, prefabricated equipment proposed by others for that use is not always available. We describe a device for percutaneous transtracheal ventilation (PTV) that can be rapidly assembled using available, inexpensive hospital supplies. With this device, moderate inflation pressures and flow rates of oxygen resulted in arterial PaO2 of greater than 300 torr and PaCO2 values of approximately 40 torr in dogs. PTV may be used as a life-saving measure in cases of acute upper airway obstruction when conventional airway management is unsuccessful.


A case of water hemlock poisoning.

A case of water hemlock poisoning. Water hemlock is a ubiquitous plant that can be mistaken for a turnip as in the case reported. Oral ingestion causes an explosive illness consisting of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and grand mal seizures that can progress to cyanosis and death. In the reported case a 30-year old man was found semi-comatose some 75 minutes after ingesting a "turnip". The history revealed profuse emesis shortly after eating lunch that changed from bile to frank blood. There was a mean orthostatic blood pressure change of 30 torr, with an increase in the heart rate of 10%. Neurologic examination revealed a lethargic patient. Following administration of 4 liters of Ringer's lactate the patient's blood pressure stabilized and with continued isotonic fluid maintenance he improved rapidly. This case indicates that appropriate management should be directed toward protecting the patient's airway from gastric aspiration, restoring the intravascular and extracellular volume deficit, and controlling cerebral edema.


Recurrent upper airway obstruction.

Recurrent upper airway obstruction. Two case reports document airway reobstruction following the use of hemostats by paramedics (EMT-P) to successfully relieve meat impaction of the hypopharynx. In one, the obstruction was the result of local edema and, in the other, there was incomplete removal of the obstruction.


Pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum following closed chest injury. Pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum following closed chest injury are rare findings, especially when symptoms are delayed for several days and are not associated with other related traumatic entities. A case is presented of a 14-year-old boy who developed symptoms of precordial chest pains and splinting two days after sustaining a direct blow to his anterior chest wall. A work-up confirmed free air in the pericardium and mediastinum. He recovered rapidly after a three-day hospital course. The diagnosis was relatively simple, using only thorough physical examination and radiographic technique. This complication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sudden onset of cardiorespiratory conditions following trauma.


The Columbia Population Study. II. Familial aggregation of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. We studied familial aggregation patterns of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in a sample of 242 families in a prepaid medical care setting. Three analytic methods of progressive sophistication--case finding, correlation, and multiple regression--were used. Case-finding analyses detected only slight association of elevated lipid levels in parent-offspring pairs. The results suggest that when probands are randomly selected from a free-living population, the value of screening families in which one member is shown to have elevated lipid levels is limited mainly to identifying "hypercholesterolemic" offspring of "hypercholesterolemic" fathers. Correlations of plasma lipid levels were significant for various pairs of first-degree relatives but negligible for spouses. Multiple regression also supported the predictive value of family members' lipid levels. Taken together, the results of these analyses provide strong evidence for familial aggregations of plasma cholesterol and lipid levels. The distinction of genetic and environmental contributions is a priority for future research.


Mycetomas in pulmonary sarcoidosis: non-surgical management. The course and prognosis of all patients with mycetomas in the setting of pulmonary sarcoidosis from 1960 to 1978 were reviewed. Twelve patients were identified. All patients were managed conservatively without surgery or antifungal agents. Three patients died; however, only one death could be attributed to the presence of a mycetoma and all deaths were associated with severe pulmonary insufficiency. Episodes of both major and minor hemoptysis were managed successfully with supportive therapy alone in the remaining nine patients. Survival after the diagnosis of a mycetoma was 10-14 years in three patients, 5-7 years in three patients and 3-4 years in three patients. All nine surviving patients have required corticosteroids for control of their underlying sarcoidosis. Extracavitary invasive disease due to Aspergillus organisms was not seen in this group. In the setting of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis with mycetoma formation, fatal hemoptysis is infrequent and episodes of hemorrhage may be safely managed with supportive medical therapy alone.


[Method of conduction of the veloergometric test in rehabilitation of cardiosurgical patients]. Determination of the physical working capacity of patients after surgical correction of heart disease and appraisal of the functional condition of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems allow for establishing a program of physical rehabilitation and judge its efficacy during follow-up of the patient. The bicycle ergometry test in cardiosurgical patients has certain features. The submaximum and threshold loads should be distinguished. The use of step-by-step increasing interrupted test is recommended. The duration of the rehabilitation period and delayed reactions are important in appraising the reaction to the load. The use of the extrapolation method in calculating taindications for the bicycle ergometry test for cardiosurgical patients.


[Disorders of microcirculation in food poisoning]. Thirty-seven patients with alimentary toxicoinfections were examined. The values of central and peripheral circulation and the fluid spaces were determined by one-stage dilution of two indicators, T-1824 and sodium thiosulfate. The capillary blood flow was studied by means of bulbar microscopy in reflected light. A deficit of interstitial fluid prior to treatment and disorder of microhemo- and lymphocirculation were revealed. Infusion of a crystalloid blood substitute with an optimum volume and rate increased capillary filtration and corrected the transinterstitial metabolism.


[Pathology of sudden extra-hospital death. 1. Obstructive lesions of the coronary arteries and myocardial scars]. The coronary arteries and  myocardium were examined morphologically by special unified methods in 127 cases of prehospital sudden coronary death among Kaunas male population from 45 to 65 years of age. Obstruction of at least one of four major coronary arteries was severe (75% or more) in 90% of patients and moderate (50--75%) in the remaining 10%. In most cases one or two coronary arteries had severe obstruction (77% of cases) located predominantly in the proximal and middle segments of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. Post-infarction scars and small foci of myocardial sclerosis were found in 72% of hearts any may be considered as special "morphological catamnesis" of past acute coronary events. In 85% of cases the heart mass was more than 400 g. The data presented indicate the undoubted role of coronarogenic factors in the development of an acute terminal episode such as sudden death, the unexpectedness of which is only imaginary.


[Clinical course of ischemic heart disease with intact, according to angiography, coronary arteries]. Clinical analysis was conducted of 61 patients with ischemic heart disease with no stenosing changes in the main coronary arteries as demonstrated by angiography. The severity of the pain syndrome, the frequency of cicatricial changes in the myocardium and the tolerance of physical load were studied. The causes of ischemic heart disease in patients of this group were analysed. The principal importance in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease in the absence of morphological changes in the coronary arteries is attributed to spasm and microcirculatory disorders.


[Role of steroid hormones in the etiology and clinical course of hypertension]. Examination was conducted of 33 healthy persons and 85 individuals suffering from hypertensive disease (stage IB, 52 patients and stage IIB, 33 patients) from 18 to 45 years of age. The basal level of three steroid hormones (progesterone, aldosterone, hydrocortisone) was studied by the radio-immune method. It was established that stabilization of arterial pressure is attended by an increase in the aldosterone/progresterone and aldosterone/hydrocortisone ratios. During one stage of the disease the basal level of steroid hormones varied within different limits, particularly in labile hypertension. The interconnection of blood plasma steroid hormone level and the age, duration of the disease, aggravation by hereditary factors, level of arterial pressure and daily and basal natriuresis was revealed.


[Surgery of the heart conduction system]. Problems concerned with surgery of the heart conduction system are discussed. Two operations performed directly on the heart conduction system are analysed: operation for dividing the bundle of His or Keith's node with subsequent implantation of electrocardiostimulators in ventricular tachycardia unresponse to drugs and operation for dividing the walls of the right atrium and interatrial septum leading to the development of atrioventricular rhythm. The incisions mentioned were used in approach to the mitral and tricuspid valves for their prosthetics. The second part of interventions on the heart conduction system involves surgical techniques aimed at avoiding damage to the conduction system in manipulations mainly on the cardiac septum. The author believes that this branch of cardiac surgery is new and promising.


[Attempt at mathematical prognosis of the effect of surgery in embolism of the main arteries, according to various clinico-biochemical indicators]. The possibility, in principle, of mathematical prognostication of the results of an operative intervention according to the initial clinicobiochemical indices is shown. The duration of ischemia, the blood serotonin level, and the severity of the atherosclerosis and cardiovascular insufficiency are the most significant of the studied indices influencing the outcome of operation for embolism of the major limb arteries.


[Human ecological cardiology].

[Human ecological cardiology]. Human ecological cardiology studies the interaction of the cardiovascular system and its regulating apparatus with the natural environment to clarify their morpho-functional formation, the mechanisms of the development of disorders and their adequate correction and the use of this natural environment for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Problems of adaptation of the cardiovascular system to extreme environmental conditions (high-altitude hypoxia) are discussed. Four groups of trace reactions in adaptation to the environment are described. High-altitude pathology of the cardiovascular system is systemized.


[State of microcirculation in various zones of the heart in myocardial infarct complicated by congestive circulatory insufficiency]. A definite correlative connection has been revealed between the clinical course of myocardial infarction, the extent of affection of the heart muscle, the severity of the atherosclerotic process in the coronary arteries, and the condition of microcirculation in different zones of the heart. The severest affections of the heart muscle, stenosing coronarosclerosis and disorders of microcirculation in different zones of the heart were encountered in patients with myocardial infarction marked by a recurrent course and complicated by cardiogenic shock or congestive circulatory insufficiency. It is shown that the character of changes in microcirculation determines to a great measure the later condition of the structure and function of the myocardial muscle cell in areas near and remote from the infarction.


[Value of serial enzyme and isoenzyme tests in early diagnosis of myocardial infarct]. Serial tests for the activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), specific cardiac isoenzyme MB CPK, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and its fractions LDH1 and LDH2 were conducted in 55 patients with myocardial infarction. The control group consisted of 15 healthy persons. It was found that an increase in total CPK activity allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction to be confirmed in the first hours after the onset of the disease, while simultaneous increase in the activity of MB CPK makes the diagnosis authentic, which is particularly valuable in cases with an atypical course of the disease. A recurrent course of myocardial infarction is attended with parallel changes in the activity of total CPK and its MV fraction. Increased total CPK activity may be due both to myocardial infarction and to extracardiac causes.


[Sympathetic-adrenal system in various complications of myocardial infarct]. The condition of the blood sympathetico-adrenal system was studied in 200 patients suffering from macrofocal myocardial infarction with various clinical courses. Considerable hyperadrenalia was determined when myocardial infarction was complicated by acute cardiac insufficiency, cardiogenic shock or acute disorders of rhythm. High noradrenalin ejection was noted in rupture of the myocardium. Determination of activity of the sympathetico-adrenal system is important in appriasal of the severity and prognosing of the disease and the choice of the tactics of rational therapy in myocardial infarction and its complications.


[Significance and characteristics of disorders of rheological properties of blood in acute myocardial infarct with different indicators of central hemodynamics (clinico-experimental studies)]. Simultaneous study was conducted of the state of central hemodynamics and indices characterizing the rheologic blood properties in 25 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients with left ventricular insufficency were found to have considerably more marked disorders of rheologic blood properties. Experimental research conducted on dogs with a model of acute myocardial infarction confirmed the important role of disorders of rheologic and platelet-forming properties of blood in the prognosis and course of the acute period of the disease.


[Myocardial function and the use of propranolol in ischemic heart disease]. Clinical-functional analysis of the efficacy of propranolol was conducted in 32 patients with ischemic heart disease and stable angina pectoris (with angiographically verified stenosing coronary atherosclerosis) depending on the initial myocardial contractility. A marked antianginal effect of propranolol in a dose of up to 160 mg daily was demonstrated irrespective of the initial myocardial contractile function. Treatment with propranolol was not attended with signs of cardiac insufficiency or aggravation of its subclinical symptoms. The results of the study provide convincing data that optimum doses of blocking agents of beta-adrenergic receptors of the myocardium causing a negative inotropic effect even in patients with diminished myocardial function may be used more widely.


[Content of fibrinogen degradation products, soluble fibrin and the fibrinolytic activity of blood in myocardial infarct]. The blood content of soluble fibrin and D and E fibrinogen fragments, the protamine sulfate test and the activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator were studied in patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction. It was established that the content of soluble fibrin in blood considerably increases in the first days of the disease, and the level of products of fibrinogen D and E disintegrationand the value of the protamine sulfate test increase in the 2nd--3rd week of the disease. The appearance in the blood of fibrinogen derivates was attended by low activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator in blood. The highest content of fibrinogen derivates and low activity of plasmin and plasminogen activator were noted in patients with arrhythmias and congestive circulatory insufficiency. It is suggested that the appearance in circulation of high-molecular fibrinogen compounds is important in the development of rheological disorders.


[Value of the enzyme tests in the evaluation of the severity of disease and prognosis in acute myocardial infarct]. The article discusses the results of simultaneous tests for the activity of total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), its isoenzymes and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in blood serum of 450 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction; in 213 of them the disease followed a severe course and in 237 a mild course. The activity of these enzymes was used in this group of patients for judging the immediate and in 190 patients wht late prognosis. The authors' study showed that the maximum indices of the activity of LDH, LDH1 fraction and CPK in blood serum were higher in patients with severe myocardial infarction than in those with a mild course of the disease. The immediate and late prognosis in myocardial infarction was graver in higher activity of serum enzymes.


[Use of visken and hyperstat in hypertensive crisis]. Visken (pindolol), a blocking agent of adrenergic beta-receptors, was used in the treatment of hypertensive crisis in 30 patients (stage I of the disease in 4, stage II in 23, stage III in 3). Intravenous injfection of visken in a dose of 1 mg led to a decrease of arterial pressure in all patients and relieved the clinical manifestations of crisis completely or partly. Significant reduction of arterial pressure and deceleration of pulse were already in evidence in 5 minutes after injection of the drug. In most patients maximum drop in pressure occurred in 30--60 minutes. There were no complications. As compared to obsidan (propranolol), which was used by other authors in hyperkinetic-type crisis, visken had the same effect on pressure and pulse. The peripheral vasodilator hyperstat (diazoxide) was used in the treatment of crisis in 28 patients with hypertensive disease (stage II of the disease in 21, and stage III in 7). In intravenous injection of 300 mg of hyperstat the hypotensive effect occurred in 1--5 minutes and reached maximum in 5 minutes. A hypotensive and clinical effect was noted in all patients. No complications were observed. On comparison with the results obtained by other authors in hyperstat treatment of hypo- and eukinetic types of crisis no essential difference in the hypotensive effect were noted.


[Frequent atrial stimulation in supraventricular tachycardia]. Twelve patients with paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia (8) and atrial flutter (4), in whom the method of frequent atrial stimulation was applied to restore the sinus rhythm, were observed. Three cases with the use of this type of cardiac stimulation are described. It is shown that the method is effective, relatively safe and has some advantages over electrical atrial defibrillation. The mechanisms of sinus rhythm restoration under the effect of frequent atrial stimulation are discussed.


[Indices of the energy processes in the myocardium in measured limitation of the coronary blood flow]. Oxidative phosphorylation, the content of creatine phosphate and inorganic phosphorus and the activity of some mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, creatine phosphokinase and Mg-dependent ATP-ase were studied in experiments on 54 dogs with dosed restriction of coronary blood flow in different parts of the heart. It was established that restriction of coronary blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery by 30 and and 50% for 30 minutes is attended by a mild decrease in the intensity of oxidative processes, the level of creatine phosphate and cytochrome oxidase activity. The right cardiac ventricle reacts to short-term and partial decrease in coronary blood flow; all stages of energy metabolism are activated here.


[Echocardiographic study of the contractile function of the affected and intact areas in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarct]. Daily echocardiographic examination was conducted of 31 patients in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction with anteroseptal and posterior localization of left ventricular affection. The hemodynamic indices were determined and regional contractility both in the zone of infarction and in areas opposite the infarction was studied. The authors point to the possibility of partial restoration of the contractility of the wall in the zone of disturbed circulation beginning with the third day of the disease. In the absence of signs of partial restoration of regional contractility in the zone of affection the prognosis is much worse. It is concluded that the hemodynamic disorders in the acute period of macrofocal myocardial infarction are determined by the size of the affected area, the possibility of partial restoration of contractility in the zone of impaired circulation and by the compensatory reserves of areas remote from the infarction.


[Doppler echocardiography in evaluating the functional state of the myocardium in ischemic heart disease]. An examination of 121 patients with ischemic heart disease (93 males and 28 females) of ages ranging from 41 to 62 years was made. Fifty-two patients had a history of myocardial infarction, 69 had angina pectoris. The results of Doppler-echocardiography were compared with tolerance to load in bicycle ergometry and with the findings of phasic systole analysis. It was established that the absolute rates of myocardial contraction and relaxation as well as the relative indices of ejection and relaxation decrease in accordance with a reduction in the tolerance to load. This is paralleled by mounting signs of myocardial hypodynamia disclosed by means of phasic systole analysis.


[Functional state of the myocardium in hypertension (an echocardiographic study)]. The functional condition of the left ventricle was studied in 96 patients with I--II stage hypertensive disease by means of echocardiography according to the value of the ejection fraction, tension of the left-ventricular wall and mean rate of circular shortening of the myocardial fibers. It was found that in hypertensive disease tension of the left-ventricular wall increased to a lesser degree than the indices of external work, which was considered to be a manifestation of preserved contractile reserve of the heart muscle. The ejection fraction and the rate of myocardial fiber shortening did not depend on the stage of the disease, did not change under the effect of treatment and were within normal limits. It is concluded that the functional condition of the left-ventricular myocardium does not change in I--II stage of hypertensive disease.


[Left ventricular segmental function in ischemic heart disease studied by ultrasonic methods]. Data are presented on the application of ultrasonic sectoral scanning and B-scanning for the evaluation of the segmental function of the left ventricle in normal persons and in the patients with ischemic heart disease. In the normals the apical and low basal segments play the main part in the blood ejection from the ventricle, while in ischemic heart disease contractility disorders corresponding to the ventricle area affected with sclerosis are revealed. The method recommended permits one to assess not only qualitatively but also quantitatively the extent of segmental pathology. The marked symptoms of cardiac insufficiency and the extent of the ventricle affection are compared. It has been shown that the affection of more than 26% of the ventricular perimeter leads to the development of the symptoms of cardiac insufficiency.


[So-called coronary angiographic paradoxes]. The results of examination of 25 patients (18 with ischemic heart disease and 7 with cardialgia of other etiology) are discussed. The arteriolo-capillary bed of the coronary arteries was studied by intraarterial injection of albumin aggregates labelled with radioactive isotopes. A correlation was revealed between the degree of microcirculatory disorders and the results of electrocardiography. With increase in the degree of microcirculatory disorders, cicatricial changes in the left ventricular myocardium were found more frequently and a history of myocardial infarction (in 11 persons) and the development of left ventricular aneurysm (in 2 patients) were noted. Certain indices of integral function (EF, VcF, MNSER) and regional contractility (% delta r, L) of the left ventricle were determined in 14 patients. Among these parameters characterizing left ventricular function (EF, VCF, MNSER, % delta r, L), VCF, MNSER, and % delta r, L are most sensitive. No correlation was revealed between the state of the myocardial microcirculation bed and EF, VCF, and MNSER, but a definite correlation was found between it and % delta r, L (in the form of regional hypo- and hyperkinesia and paradoxical pulsation). Normal coronary arteriograms do not exclude the presence of ischemic heart disease and other primary diseases of the myocardium. Patients of this category should be examined more scrupulously to detect disorders of blood supply to the myocardium and function of the left ventricle.


[New possibilities of the thermodilution method in studying coronary circulation and intracardiac hemodynamics]. The new possibilities of determining the coronary blood flow and intracardiac hemodynamics by the thermodilution method were studied in experiments on 40 mongrel dogs. A method for measuring the true coronary blood flow without catheterization of the coronary arteries and coronary sinus as well as a modified Holt's method for determining the end diastolic volume of the heart ventricles are suggested. The method is simple and therefore creates favourable prospects for its wide use both in experiments and in clinical studies.


[Importance and potentials of angiocardiographic study in the diagnosis of congenital heart defects]. Contemporary requirements to angiocardiographic examination in congenital heart diseases are discussed. It is shown that patients with high pulmonary hypertension should be examined by means of left ventriculography and aortography which permit the diagnosis of intraventricular septal defect combined with patent ductus arteriosus, common arterial trunk and open atrioventricular canal. Auxiliary methods of examination in such a commonly encountered anomaly as Fallot's tetralogy and atresia of the pulmonary artery are described, which make it possible to judge the condition of the pulmonary artery. The necessity is demonstrated for performing a two- and multiserial examination in complete and corrected transposition of the major vessels, dual origin of the aorta and pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, and in cases with a solitary ventricle. The role of angiocardiography in appraising the volume of cardiac cavities in patients with congenital heart diseases is noted.


[Lung perfusion distribution study by means of 133Xe]. A method for studying regional lung perfusion employing 133Xe is described. Simple radioisotope apparatus with two catheters was used; every isotopic diagnostic department is equipped with it. The possibility of the clinical use of this method was demonstrated in 28 patients with mitral stenosis and in 11 healthy persons. A statistically significant dependence between regional movement of the perfusion to the upper regions of the lungs and the degree of hemodynamics changes in mitral stenosis was noted. Study of the distribution of persusion may be used as a simple method for appraising the hemodynamic changes in mitral stenosis. This method is simple and not burdensome for the patient. It may be recommended first of all in repeated examinations and long-term observations over patients.


[Size of myocardial necrosis and left ventricular insufficiency in acute myocardial infarct]. The dependence between the severity of cardiac insufficiency and the size of the necrotic lesion of the heart muscle, measured according to the area of 99m Tc-pyrophosphate cumulation and the rate of liberation of the isoenzyme MV creatine phosphokinase into the blood, was studied in 77 patients with myocardial infarction in the acute period of the disease. It was demonstrated that the severity of left ventricular insufficiency is directly dependent on the size of necrosis of the heart muscle. Not only the size of the necrotic focus but also the state of the contractility of the other parts of the myocardium is an important factor determining the origin and severity of cardiac insufficiency.


[Biocontrolled load tests].

[Biocontrolled load tests]. It is suggested to distinguish standard, conditionally standard and non-standard tests with loading. In conditionally standard tests the physiological functions are continuously analyzed during the examination, with the chosen criteria of threshold values being quantitative assay is made according to the value of the "rousing" loading effect. The techniques for the bicycle ergometry and passive orthostatic tests are elaborated in detail. The developed method yields comparable results, permits the automation of tests with loading and ensures the safety of examination.


[Results of the bicycle ergometric test in stenocardia patients performing the load manually]. Comparative study was carried out of the results of the bicycle ergometry test in hand- and foot-pedalling conducted on 56 patients with stable angina pectoris. It is shown that in performing work by muscles of the shoulder girdle the chrono- and inotropic reserves of the heart are expended more rapidly, and an attack of angina develops in lesser physical exertion. It is recommended to conduct the bicycle ergometry test with hand pedalling for determining the working capacity of individuals with ischemic heart disease if their occupation is linked with physical exertion of the shoulder girdle muscles.


[Physical load tolerance and lipid metabolic indices in patients with the initial manifestations of ischemic heart disease]. Analysis of tolerance to physical load and blood lipid composition in 28 patients with the first clinical symptoms of coronary insufficiency and in 93 patients with cardialgia showed that diminished load tolerance with impaired induces of lipid metabolism is encountered more frequently (77.5%) than isolated hyperlipoproteinemia (15.2%) and low load tolerance without hyperlipoproteinemia (7.3%). In patients with low tolerance to load and hyperlipoproteinemia, the decrease of the threshold power and volume of work corresponds to the degree of disturbances in the blood lipid composition. The combination of cardialgia, hyperlipoproteinemia, and low load tolerance, manifested by tachycardia, may indicate that this is a case with ischemic heart disease.


[Hemodynamics and load tolerance in pregnant women with mitral heart defects]. Changes in the hemodynamic parameters under conditions of physical load on a bicycle ergometer were studied in 107 pregnant women among whom 73 had mitral valvular disease and 34 did not have a somatic disease. Three groups of tolerance to physical load and the criteria of an adequate or inadequate reaction to it were determined. This method of examination of the reserve potentialities of the heart reveals the preclinical stage of cardiac insufficiency and borderline conditions, owing to which the most rational predelivery therapy and the method of delivery may be chosen in advance.


[Systolic murmur in mitral stenosis].

[Systolic murmur in mitral stenosis]. Phonocardiograms recorded before operation in the usual auscultation points were compared with the findings during operation in 223 patients and the results of autopsy of 12 persons who had undergone mitral commissurotomy. A systolic murmur at the apex of the heart had been recorded in 184 patients and in 9 persons who had died. In 87 patients it was associated with regurgitation. In 97 patients and in 9 who had died a pure mitral stenosis was revealed on operation. Besides the possible regurgitation as the result of coase deformity of the mitral valve and infravalvular apparatus, the causes of the systolic murmur may be relative incompetence of the tricuspid valve, functional stenosis of the pulmonary artery and concomitant aortic stenosis. In 10 cases the cause of the systolic murmur was not disclosed. The question of its origin calls for further study.


[Importance of echocardiographic study in assessing left ventricular contractility in ischemic heart disease]. Echocardiographic examination was conducted in 41 patients with ischemic heart disease. The results were compared with the findings of ventriculography. It was established that echocardiography reveals the presence of zones of asynergia in the left ventricular myocardium in the diaphragmatic and anterolateral areas in a high percentage of cases, but it is practically impossible to determine affection of the apical segments by this method.


[Electrophysiological aspects of the interrelationship between the normal and hypoxic portions of the myocardium]. The results of studying the electrophysiological parameters on the boundary between the normal and the hypoxic area of the myocardium are discussed. The experiments were conducted on isolated preparation of the rabbit atrium with the use of microelectrodes for recording the transmembrane action potentials. The existence of the "maintenance" effect is shown, which is manifested by the better survival of the hypoxic area located nearer to the transitional zone as compared to the survival of a more distant area. The "maintenance" effect is due to the electrotonic interrelationship and to the intercellular diffuse processes of the ions and metabolites. With the continuation of the effect of hypoxia, the transitional zone becomes narrower, one of the causes of which is the disturbed intercellular relationship.


Effect of para-aminohippurate on renal transport of oxalate. Infusion of para-aminohippurate (PAH) at rates below the maximum rate of transport (Tm) of PAH in the rat resulted in a significant decrease in the fractional excretion of oxalate (FEox) from 128.1% to 113.9% (P less than 0.01). Fractional delivery of oxalate (FDox) to the early proximal tubule, however, was unchanged from control values, whereas FDox to the late proximal tubule was significantly decreased from 126.4% to 107.4% (P less than 0.01). Infusion of PAH at rates above Tm of PAH resulted in a decrease in FDox to the early proximal tubule to 105.3% and to the late proximal tubule to 105.5%, and in FEox to 100.5%. These changes were not the result of alterations in urinary sodium or bicarbonate excretion. Microinjection studies indicated that PAH did not affect the tubular absorption of oxalate. These studies suggest that PAH inhibits the tubular secretion of oxalate and that there may be more than one secretory system for oxalate with differing affinities for oxalate and PAH in the early and late proximal tubules.


Effects of a portacaval or peritoneovenous shunt on renin in the hepatorenal syndrome. Ten patients with hepatorenal syndrome were evaluated before and after creation of a side-to-side portacaval shunt or insertion of a peritoneovenous shunt, procedures which produced an increase in plasma volume and cardiac output. In the seven patients who survived surgery, renal function improved significantly, plasma renin activity fell from high to normal levels, and low levels of plasma renin substrate increased. Prior to surgery, blockade of angiotension II by saralasin produced hypotension and an increase in plasma renin activity, whereas after surgery, saralasin had no effect on blood pressure or renin. Our findings suggest that decreased "effective" plasma volume may be important in the stimulation of renin release and possibly in the pathophysiology of renal failure in the hepatorenal syndrome.


Nephron obstruction in nordihydroguaiaretic acid-induced renal cystic disease. Studies were performed to characterize conditions in rat kidneys whose nephrons were made cystic by feeding 2% nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) to the animals. Using two micropipettes, we monitored intratubular hydrostatic pressures while perfusing single surface nephrons in NDGA-exposed (5 to 7 weeks) and normal rat kidneys. The introduction of 50 nl of Ringers solution labeled with 3H-inulin at a flow rate of 25 nl/min was associated with a significant mean (+/- SEM) increase (167 +/- 61%; P less than 0.02) in pressure in cystic but not in nondilated (-0.5 +/- 27.2%) or normal (31 +/- 23%) nephrons, respectively. The relative amount of 3H-inulin excreted in 40 min from cystic (4.0 +/- 2.0%) was less than that excreted from either nondilated (19 +/- 7%; P less than 0.05) or normal (105 +/- 26%; P less than 0.01) nephrons. Intralumenal pressures in nondilated but not other nephron groups correlated with urinary flow rates (r = 0.51; P less than 0.02). Single nephron filtration rates and tubular-fluid-to-plasma 3H-inulin rations in additional rats were similar among all groups of tubules. Concluding that these data reflected increased resistance to outflow from cystic nephrons, we examined these and additional NDGA-exposed (1 to 24 weeks) kidneys. 3H-thymidine radioautography demonstrated maximum collecting tubular cell hyperplasia (13% labeling) at 2 to 3 weeks of NDGA-exposure. Microscopy and microdissection demonstrated tiny mural polyps along outer medullary segments of collecting tubules. Thirteen tubules were traced to their outlets; polyps impinging on outflow lumens were found in all 13 instances. We conclude that partial nephron obstruction exists in NDGA-exposed kidneys and that obstruction is a likely contributor to cyst formation in this model.


[Nystagmus giratoire and optic nerve hypoplasia in combination with absence of the septum pellucidum (author's transl)]. Septo-optical dysplasia and Optic nerve hypoplasia often are combined with pendular nystagmus in the horizontal, vertikal or rotatory direction. Our patient, 26 year old, showing discret neurological symptoms, added the nystagmus giratoire, perhaps similar to see-saw-nystagmus: Vision was about 0.2. Nystagmus and the whole state did not change within 6 years. The nystagmus was influenced by drugs. There was found also an aplasia of the fovea zentralis. Pneumencephalography revealed in the midline a dilatated single ventricle; the septum pellucidum was absent. Te X-rays of the atlantooccipital axis showed a foramen arcuale atlantis.


[Intraocular metastases of primary malignant melanoma of the skin. Observation of 4 cases (author's transl)]. 4 cases with intraocular metastases of primary skin melanoma are described. In 2 patients the diagnose could be confirmed by histological examination of the primary skin tumor and the involved eye. The poor prognosis of patients suffering from melanotic intraocular metastases indicates only a palliative ophthalmological treatment.


[Report on corneo-scleral ulceration after cataract extraction (author's transl)]. A case of corneo-scleral ulceration beginning 4 months after uncomplicated cataract-extraction is reported on. Neither conservative nor operative treatment was able to stop the ulceration, so that enucleation was necessary. The clinical picture and serological and ophthalmopathological findings are shown. The probably immunological aetiology is discussed.


[Echographical diagnosis of prognostically unfavourable retinal detachments in patients with opaque media (author's transl)]. B-Scan ultrasonography is shown to be useful in identifying two types of complicated retinal detachments in patients with opaque media: detachments complicated by massive periretinal proliferation and giant tears with fixed flaps. These patients have a poor surgical prognosis even with modern techniques of vitreo-retinal-surgery.


[Measurement of arterial tension at the eye with the Stepanik arteriotonograph (author's transl)]. Comparative measurements of the ophthalmic artery pressure (using the Stepanik-ArteriotonographTM) and the brachial arterial pressure (sphygmomanometry according to Riva-Rocci) in 110 eyes are presented. There was a significant correlation (p less than 0,01) between both parameters. The mean systolic ophthalmic artery pressure was 114,5 mmHg, the diastolic pressure was 81,2 mmHg. The ipsilateral mean systolic brachial arterial pressure was 134,5 mmHg, the mean diastolic pressure 88,2 mmHg. In 7 eyes the ophthalmic pressure was exceeding the systolic brachial pressure, in 26 eyes the diastolic brachial pressure. 78% of the differences of paired measurements were within 0 and 10 mmHg (on the average 4,97 mmHg in the systolic readings and 4,30 mmHg in the diastolic readings). After repeated measurements with the arteriotonograph a significant increase of the ophthalmic arterial pressure was noted. The explanation of this phenomenon might be a ocular-vascular reflex produced by the compression of the globe into the orbit. The methodological limits of the arteriotonograph and the clinical significances of the present results are discussed.


[Gaze induced monocular obscurations with cavernouse hemangioma of the orbit. Computer-tomographic demonstration of orbital anatomy in various positions of gaze (author's transl)]. A young woman with only minimal proptosis from a cavernous hemangioma of the left orbit complained of monocular obscurations of vision evoked by right alteral gaze. By analysis of the symptoms, we excluded direct compression of the globe, the optic nerve, and the ophthalmic artery as well as a retinal electrophysiologic phenomenon as a cause of the obscuration. Some vascular phenomenon occurring within the muscle cone appeared to be the most likely explanation. Computer tomography in various positions of gaze revealed the dynamic anatomical relationship between optic nerve and tumor. During adduction, the nerve pressed against and shifted beneath the tumor in the region where the ophthalmic artery crosses over it.


[Case reports on serous detachment of choroid and retina as complication after photocoagulation of diabetic retinopathy (author's transl)]. A case of diabetic retinopathy is reported that developed after photocoagulation a serous detachment of the retina followed by an additional detachment of the choroid. In 3 other cases there were only serous detachments of the choroid. The detachments showed spontaneous regression. Such complications occur probably more often than observed as the patient does not remakr them and the physician has no cause to examine the far periphery of the fundus.


[Neurological complication after spinal anesthesia: abducent palsy (author's transl)]. Casuistic report of a neurological complication (left Abducent palsy) after spinal anesthesia. Remission 41 days later. Meanwhile development of alternate convergent strabismus.


[Lowering of intraocular pressure by aqueous solution of bupranolol in chronic uncomplicated glaucoma simplex (author's transl)]. In two previous studies the effects of topically applied 1% and 0.2% solutions of bupranolol on intraocular pressure were investigated in 21 and respectively 20 eyes with chronic uncomplicated open-angle glaucoma.--As early as 30 minutes after both solutions a very significant pressure drop, without concomittant pupillary reaction, was recorded. The 1% bupranolol solution was less well tolerated and caused some ocular irritation. The present study was therefore initiated in order to find out whether a 0.2% solution of bupranolol would yield significantly different results in comparison with the former.--Statistical evaluation, based on variance analysis linked with multiple t-tests, showed a barely significant difference between the pressure-lowering effects of the 1% and 0.2% solutions after one hour, whereas after 2 hours the difference became clearly significant in favour of the 0.2% solution. Furthermore, the 0.2% solution clearly showed a tendency to prolonged duration of effect, beyond the two-hour observation time. It therefore seems justified to supplement the present findings by long-term studies aimed at assessing optimal concentrations of the drug on the one hand, and its long-acting properties on the other. In this way, bupranolol is likely to gain recognition as an antiglaucomatous agent.


[Studies on the psychological profile of glaucoma patients and on the action of the long-term pilocarpine vehicle Ocusert (author's transl)]. The investigations were carried out on two groups of newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. Each group contained 25 patients. One group received standard pilocarpine drops, the other the Ocusert pilocarpine system. Ocusert is a system which releases a constant amount of pilocarpine over a period of seven days. The psychological profile of the patients was investigated with the aid of the Freiburg inventory test sheet and the Giessen test. Glaucoma patients appear to have a particular personality structure. After three months' Ocusert treatment psychological tests showed a decrease in nervousness, irritability and emotional instability in all patients. In the group given pilocarpine drops the above parameters were intensified. The results of Ocusert treatment are in agreement with those obtained by other authors. In addition, there was considerably less miosis and myopia than during trop treatment. Even though the patients had initial difficulties with Ocusert, they learnt how to handle it correctly within one to seven days.


[Photocoagulation given additional benefit by calciumdobesilate (author's transl)]. 52 patients with diabetic retinopathy stade III or IV (after Thiel) received on both eyes a photocoagulation treatment. 26 patients received subsequently Calciumdobesilate for 5 to 68 months. It could be shown, that the effect of photocoagulation treatment on alterations of the retina in diabetic patients was clearly enhanced by Calciumdobesilate.


[The term "inability to pursue an employment" from the ophthalmologist's viewpoint (author's transl)]. The judgement of disablement is of special economic and social-medical importance. While there are nearly no differences between physicians concerning the judgement of disablement in cases of grave ophthalmological clinical pictures, there exist greater differences in the judgement of so-called "bagatelle"-injuries and -diseases, which demand a temporary unilateral eye-dressing. The problem of functional unilateral vision up to now was considered under the aspect of a lasting disease, but not for a short period of time. A unique decision concerning the disablement should be aimed at by all medical practitioners. In addition to the judgement of disablement the private insurances demand a detailed report for the temporary impairment of disablement, which by no means can be demanded from the ophthalmologists.


[Applications of novel stereomicroscopic spectacles in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)]. The previous magnifying spectacles and telescopic spectacles designed on the principle of the Galilean telescope have a magnification of only 2.5 x to 3 x for good image quality. New magnifying systems from Zeiss based on the Kepler telescope principle offer 3 x to 8 x magnification and thus cover the range between magnifying spectacles and operation microscopes and even come into the latter range. The following versions are available for ocular surgery: 1. Mounted on headband. 2. Fastened to the frame in front of the lenses. 3. Cemented into drilled holes in the lenses with additional horizontal connection of the magnifying systems. 4. Cemented into drilled holes in the lenses without horizontal connection. These versions offer different advantages and are selected according to the particular field of application and the refraction of the surgeon. With these compact and easily transportable stereomicroscopic systems the surgeon has complete freedom of movement being able to select the most convenient position at any stage of the examination or operation. Further applications of such stereomicroscopic spectacles beyond the field of ophthalmic surgery are mentioned.


[Acute psychosis after cyclopentolate-HCL (Zyklolat) (author's transl)]. Symptoms of poisoning were noticed in a eight-year-old boy after prescribed application of cyclopentolate 1 per cent (as declared by manufacturing firm). Acute psychosis disappeared spontaneous 3,5 hours later. Pharmacological analysis of the eye-drops showed that concentration of active agent wasn't 1 per cent but 1.31 per cent.


[Improvement of visual acuity of intensely myopic patients during their eye-cure stay at Bad Hall (author's transl)]. Intensely myopic patients in the Eye Department of the Paracelsus-Institute in Bad Hall (Upper Austria) were subjected to visual acuity tests whereby the conditions of examination were held constant (optotype-projector, panoramic visual range, exactly defined break-off criteria). Results showed that 33% of the patients, who had completed combined iodine treatments and ophthalmo-iontophoresis, showed an improvement in visual acuity of 3 or more optotypes, corresponding to an average increase thereof of 0,13 from the initial visual power. Side effects of intense myopia (dilatation tension and degenerative changes at the posterior eye pole) should thus be regarded as an indication of the successful application of the combined balneotherapy, mineral water treatment and eye-cure in Bad Hall.


[Avulsio bulbi (author's transl)].

[Avulsio bulbi (author's transl)]. It is reported about a 14 year old girl, sustaining an avulsion of the left eye-ball by a coat-rack. The optic nerve was cutted 18 mm retrobulbarly. In perimetry of the fellow-eye a temporo-superior defect was found as proof of traumatisation of the anterior-loop-fibers in the chiasm.


[Examination of the retina including the periphery without mydriasis (author's transl)]. With the Panfunduscope after H. J. Schlegel it is possible to examine the retina up to the periphery without mydriasis. Possibilities and limitations will be described.


[The judgement of the degree of disability in cases of aphakia and pseudoaphakia (author's transl)]. Since more than 40 years the judgement of the degree of disability in cases of unilateral aphakia is discussed. This means the effort toward an advisory objectivity on the one hand and human understanding for the patient's damage on the other hand. It is supposed to repeal the 4th emergency ordinance of 1932 and to pay pensions below 20% of the degree of disability, too. As long as new legislatory measurements do not exist, the maintenance of a pragmatic authoritative activity is plead for, which assigns for a pension-duty compensation in cases of unilateral aphakia and/or pseudoaphakia independent on the optic result.--The situation in cases of bilateral aphakia is also discussed.


[The campimetric method for measuring the individually tolerated intraocular pressure (Ptl) in glaucoma (author's transl)]. Standard values of the intraocular pressure, as an average result of mass examinations, need not be valid in the actual case. So the upper limit of the intraocular pressure for a hypertonic patient may be higher than in persons with arterial hypotonia. In order to achieve an individual approach A. M. Vodovozov introduced in 1975 the notion of tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) which may be determined by means of campimetry and perimetry, or using hemodynamic and electrophysiological methods. Here the campimetric method of determining the individually tolerable intraocular pressure (Ptl) is described. The size of the blind spot (namely the vertical diameter) and the pertinent intraocular pressure are measured several times (every half an hour), in the course of which the effect of an oral dose of glycerol combined with ascorbic acid is observed. That tonometric value which coincides with the minimal size of the blind spot is considered as the individually tolerable level of intraocular pressure. The campimetric investigation of 98 eyes in 52 glaucomatous patients showed that the tolerable intraocular pressure may be above as well as below the standard. This aids in ordering the appropriate treatment and in preventing the loss of ocular function in glaucomatous patients.


[Neuritis nervi optici--results of an etiological inquiry and therapeutical results (author's transl)]. The authors report on the results of an etiological inquiry in 71 patients from 1970 to 1977 suffering from neuritis nervi optici. The study includes also the therapeutical results. The findings demonstrate that modern examination techniques did not bring a definite progress of the clarification of the etiological relation: Approximately 50% stay without causality. The identificated causes are on all fours with those found by Rönne (1930) except the diseases following the application of modern drugs, e. g. contraceptives. Therapeutically a combination of systemic and parabulbar application of corticosteroids, drugs for stimulating the blood flow (e. g. Trental, Cosaldon retard), Vitamin-B-complex, and antibiotics are recommended.


[The entropion of the upper lid (author's transl)]. The non-cicatricial rolling-inwards of the upper lid is a rare disease. The horizontal tarsotomy by Hadija correct the entropion and eliminate the irritating trichiasis. It is not of less importance, to tauten the reduced elasticity of the fascia tarsoorbitalis. Therefore is necessary a skin resection and a separate suture of the lamina for additional strengthening and permanence of the lid eversion. The method of operation was successful in 12 from 15 cases.


[Unilateral myopia in children (author's transl)]. In cases of high unilateral myopia good prognosis for monocular visual acuity as well as binocular vision is expected if timely and cosistent therapy is administered. Therapy comprises full optical correction, amblyopia therapy, mostly occlusion, squint therapy and possibly fitting of contact lenses. The author presents 31 cases of unilateral high myopic children up to age 12 with anisometropia between 4 and 19 dioptres. Although the aniseikonia in cases of high unilateral myopia increases with contact lenses as compared to spectacles for geometric optical reasons, we obtained good results with contact lens correction. Examination show that the child's brain adapts very well to the aniseikonia. Complicate correction with aniseikonic lenses is thus neither necessary nor advantageous.


[Intravitreal gas injection in the management of selected retinal detachment (author's transl)]. Intraocular gas injection with cryotherapy is recommended in the management of selected retinal detachments. This approach is indicated in the presence of: 1) Very posterior breaks close to the macula or optic nerve. 2) Giant horseshoe tears or giant tears with mobile flaps and 3) difficult conjunctiva-sclera situations in the area overlying the break. Case reports of 5 patients are presented.


[Naevus fusco-coeruleus-ophthalmo-maxillaris (author's transl)]. The nevus of Ota (naevus fusco-coeruleus-ophthalmo-maxillaris) is demonstrated by two clinical cases. The authors describe the disease, the morphology and the problem of malignancy.


[Clinicopathological findings of melanocytomas on the optic disc (author's transl)]. Two cases of melanocytoma on the optic disc were reported, one of which was a clinically typical case and the other one showed atypical symptoms. The atypical case was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma because of increasing pigmentation, progressive visual disturbance, and the leakage in the fluorescein angiogram and the eye was, therefore, removed. Histologically, however, a melanocytoma on the optic disc was diagnosed. The cause of the clinical atypical symptom and the origin of the melanocytoma cells have been discussed histopathologically.


[Changes in the macula in retinitis pigmentosa (author's transl)]. Changes in the macula in Retinitis pigmentosa, especially the "Bull's Eye" macula, are shown with fluorescein angiograms. Functional tests complement the morphological findings.


[Saccular aneurysm of the superior ophthalmic vein (author's transl)]. The diagnostic problems of acute, unilateral exophthalmus are discussed in connection with a case of spontaneous intraorbital haematoma by the rupture of a venous saccular aneurysm.


[Incorporation of radioactively labelled phosphoglycerides into the retina after subcutaneous application (author's transl)]. Radioactively labelled phosphoglycerides were given subcutaneously to rabbits and the incorporation of these substances into the retina and other organs has been studied. In a first examination the phospholipids were labelled with 3H-oleic acid, in a second examination we used 32P for labelling. We could show, that both the fatty acids and the polar head group of the phosphoglycerides were incorporated into the retina lipids. The specific radioactivity of the retina phosphoglycerides was always higher than that of lipids extracted from other organs.


[The pressure reducing effects of pilocarpin in combination with Dipivalyl-epinephrine in glaucoma simplex (author's transl)]. We compared in two controlled studies the effect of pilocarpine 1% with the effect of pilocarpine 1% combined with 0,05% or 0,1% dipivalyl-epinephrine in patients with open-angle glaucoma. The pressure reducing effect of pilocarpine 1% was significantly increased and prolonged by the combination with dipivalyl-epinephrine. 0,1% dipivalyl-epinephrine + pilocarpine 1% did not have a more significant pressure reducing effect in our patients than 0,05% dipivalyl-epinephrine + pilocarpine 1%, but the reduction of pressure persisted longer. It is a considerable advantage in glaucoma therapy to diminish or to avoid systemic and local side effects of epinephrine due to very low concentrations of dipivalyl-epinephrine.


[Comparative study between timolol and pilocarpine in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma (author's transl)]. Timolol, a beta-blocker with special influence on aqueous humor production and less influence on outflow facility lowered the intraocular pressure after one single local application for more than 12 hours. Normal diurnal variations of the intraocular pressure were also observed. Fifty open-angle glaucoma patients from the University of Münster, Eye Clinic, took part in a comparative study between Timolol and Pilocarpine. For a period of 17 weeks the patients were given various concentrations of Timolol ophthalmic solution. The continual lowering of the intraocular pressure following Timolol application was noted in 88% of the patients, whereas the rate of success on only 56% could be recorded with Pilocarpine. Side-effects, which for the Pilocarpine-treated patients were very irritating, e. g. miosis with possible night-blindness, accommodation spasms, myopia, etc. were not observed with Timolol. Pupil diameter and pupillary reaction remained unchanged with the application of Timolol. Changes of blood pressure and pulse were not evident. A detrimental influence on the corneal transparency could not be observed in any patient.


Total body water, extracellular water, plasma volume, and total body potassium in cirrhosis of the liver. Extracellular water (EWC; 82-bromide), total body water (TBW; 3-THO), intracellular water (ICW = TBW-ECW), plasma volume (PV; 51-Cr), and total body potassium (TBK; 40-K) were studied in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (n = 12) and in controls (n = 12). ECW (39%), TBW (28%), ICW (19%), and PV (24%) increased, TBK (28%) however, decreased in cirrhosis. The results indicate that it is less the lean body mass, but rather the intracellular potassium concentration that is lowered (cirrhosis: 84 +/- 21 mmol/l ICW; controls: 115 +/- 23 mmol/l ICW). Decreased potassium per cell (mmol) and increased intracellular water are discussed as possible reasons for this. The correlation between TBK (%) and serum potassium (mmol/l) was found to be r = 0.56 (p less than 0.002). Correlations between the biochemical parameters gamma-globulins, cholin esterase, serum sodium and serum albumin (g/l PV) and characteristic fluid disturbances in cirrhosis are highly significant whereas albumin (g/kg bodyweight) was the same in both groups. We can support the 'overflow theory' of ascites formation.


[Muscle biopsy in progressive external ophthalmoplegia (author's transl)]. In skeletal muscle biopsies of nine patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia of unknown origin "ragged red" fibers can be demonstrated. The occurrence of these abnormal fibers does not correlate with clinical muscle weakness, or additional signs of the ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome. Rarely, "ragged red" fibers are seen in other neuromuscular disorders but usually these are associated with various structural alterations. Numerous "ragged red" fibers in an otherwise normal muscle provide an essential criterion in establishing the diagnosis of the ophthalmoplegia plus syndrome.


[Effect of caerulein on the exocrine pancreas function in man; examinations of dose effects and comparisons with the effect of cholecystokinin/pankreozymin (author's transl)]. The purpose of the study was to examine the secretory response of the exocrine pancreas in man to various doses of the synthesised decapeptide Caerulein (Takus), 5, 10 and 20 ng/kg Caerulein injected intravenously during an infusion of 0,5 CU/kg/h Secretin (GIH) produced a linear increase of enzyme secretion (amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin) and also an increase in the water and bicarbonate secretion of the pancreas which is induced by Secretin. The injection of 40 ng/kg Caerulein led to no further increase of the ecbolic function. The intravenous injection of 1 Ivy dog unit (IDU/kg and 20 and 40 ng/kg Caerulein have an identical effect on the exocrine pancreas, there were no statistic differences.


[Effect of hypoxia on water-electrolyte metabolism and human renal function with different degrees of motor activity]. It was demonstrated that a prolonged (24 days) bed rest at altitudes of 2200 m and 3200 m as well as at sea level was accompanied by an increased renal excretion of fluids and osmotically active substances, including electrolytes. Exercises done during bed rest indiced a smaller increase of the renal excretion of sodium and potassium. However, as bed rest continued the differences between the groups of test subjects disappeared. The levels of hypoxia and exercises used in the study proved inefficient to prevent changes in the fluid-electrolyte metabolism occurring during bed rest.


[Speech illusions and their significance for aviation and space flight practice]. The pattern of erroneous perception of intelligible and incoherent words accompanied by loud noise has been investigated. It has been found that proper interpretation of incoherent words depends at large on their rhythmic, or syllabic structure. As a rule, the words are reconstructed in the back-to-forward direction. One- and two-syllable words with predominant median and low frequencies are those which are most frequently subjected to speech illusions.


[Dietary prevention of certain changes in the human body in the presence of neuro-emotional stress]. Simulated stress conditions (rise to a simulated altitude of 8000 m, anticipation of an exposure to acceleration, mental work to be done under the conditions of time deficiency, "success" or "failure") brought about changes in the protein, carbohydrate, vitamin metabolism, heart rate, adrenal function, and peripheral blood. Nutrient ingredients (vitamins, glucose, minerals, phosphatid concentrate) added to the diet before and during stressful exposures were shown to correct the parameters studied.


[Effect of space flight conditions on deoxyribonucleoprotein and nucleic acid concentrations in rat tissues]. The spleen of rats flown for 19.5 days aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-782 showed a significant increase of polydeoxyribonucleotides and a decrease of DNP and DNA. The spleen of synchronous rats did not exhibit any differences. This suggests that the increase of polydeoxyribonucleotides in flight rats immediately post-recovery was a result of the so-called gravity stress. The liver and white blood cells did not display any significant changes in DNP or nucleic acids. The changes in the content of nucleic acids in the thymus and bone marrow were insignificant.


[Several hemodynamic indices during human breathing of oxygen under excess pressure]. The paper gives the experimental findings on the pattern and value of circulation changes in ten test subjects exposed to oxygen breathing at positive pressure of 20 mm Hg. The major parameters of central circulation were registered by the method of radioactive label (I131) dilution. During the exposure the test subjects showed an average 27% decrease in the cardiac output as compared with the control level. The test subjects who were pretrained to the exposure displayed a smaller reduction of cardiac output. It is suggested that the circulation changes found under the experimental conditions were mainly induced by peripheral changes rather than by the cardiac function. It is concluded that the reduction of cardiac output is associated with a decrease of the venous return to the heart caused by the diminished circulating blood volume and by the increased total peripheral resistance.


[Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of dogs continuously exposed to chronic low-dose gamma irradiation]. Electron microscopy of the liver of dogs exposed to chronic 6-year gamma-irradiation from the CO60 source demonstrated early changes in the hepatocyte structure at a relatively low dosage of 63 rad for 3 years. A comparative study of the submicroscopic reaction of hepatocytes of 3 groups of test dogs showed pronounced changes in the endoplasmatic reticulum: vacuolar transformation balloon dystrophy. The heterogeneity of ultrastructural changes of different hepatocytes was probably associated with a simultaneous development of processes of injury, reparation and adaptation of intracellular structures during the long-term gamma-irradiation exposure. Parallel development of these processes assured reparative biosynthesis to maintain the normal hepatic function.


Studies of hepatic mitochondrial structure and function: morphometric and biochemical evaluation of in vivo perturbation by arsenate. Ultrastructural morphometric and biochemical studies were conducted on hepatic mitochondria from control rats and rats treated in vivo with arsenate to examine changes in interrelationships between mitochondrial structure and biochemical functions. Morphometric analysis disclosed an over-all 1.2-fold increase in the relative mitochondrial volume density and 1.4-fold increase in the surface density of the inner mitochondrial membrane of arsenate-exposed rats. These structural changes were associated with a 1.5-fold increase in 14C-leucine incorporation into all mitochondrial proteins, which was primarily associated with the acid-insoluble membranous fraction. Mitochondria from arsenate-treated rats showed a marked disruption of normal conformational behavior with depression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-linked substrate oxidation and a resulting in vivo increase in the mitochondrial [NAD] to [NADH] ratio. Observed changes in mitochondrial membranes from arsenate exposure also resulted in 1.5- to 2-fold increases in the specific activities of the membrane marker enzymes monoamine oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, and Mg2+-ATPase. Activity of malate dehydrogenase, which is localized in the mitochondrial matrix, was unchanged. The results of this study demonstrate a positive quantitative in vivo correlation between mitochondrial structure and function and indicate a marked dependency upon membrane integrity for normal maintenance of the specific biologic activities performed by this organelle in vivo.


[Bichromate oxidizability as a measure of the quantitative amount of organic impurities in regenerated water]. Experiments have been carried out to study permanganate and bichromate oxidation of chemicals that may contaminate reclained water, initial and intermediate products of reclamation. Permanganate oxidability can be used as a qualitative indicator of water contamination with readily oxidizable admixtures only. Bichromate oxidability can be employed as a quantitative indicator of the total content of organic admixtures, provided that oxidation is carried out in a certain way. For the water reclaimed from the atmospheric condensate the following correlation between bichromate oxidability and the concentration of admixtures has been established: 1 mg O2 consumed corresponds approximately to 0.66 mg of organic admixtures in water.


Effects of stimulus-onset asynchrony on the dichotic performance of children with auditory-processing disorders. Dichotic stop-consonant-vowel identification was investigated in two experiments using two groups of learning-disabled children demonstrating clinical manifestations of auditory-processing disorders, and two groups of matched, control subjects. Two-item, forced-choice paradigms were used in both experiments. Overall (total) dichotic performance for the two learning-disabled groups was significantly lower than that of the control subjects in all dichotic conditions. This lower performance was attributable to the number of trials in which both stimulus items were correctly identified. Analysis of trials in which only one response was correct showed no differences between the groups in terms of magnitude or direction of ear-advantage (right). In conditions where stimulus onsets were separated by 30, 90, and 150 msec, analysis of one-correct trials demonstrated more accurate identification of the temporally lagging stimulus for all subjects. However, as the onset-time separation increased, the control group's identification of leading and lagging items approached equality. The learning-disabled group, on the other hand, showed little increase in identification of temporally leading items even when stimuli were separated by 150 msec. These data suggest learning-disabled children with auditory-processing disorders may have a reduced temporal efficiency in processing rapidly varying acoustic patterns associated with stop-consonants that is observable when speech perceptual mechanisms are stressed through dichotic competition.


Auditory-visual perception of speech with reduced optical clarity. Optical cues for visual and auditory-visual (A-V) perception of speech were varied by placing a sheet of rough-surfaced Plexiglas between talker and lipreader and systematically changing the distance between Plexiglas and talker. This distorts the optical environment in a way that is analogous to masking or filtering in the acoustic domain. In studies with normal-hearing adults and with hearing-impaired children, speech (words, sentences) was presented live under different degrees of optical distortion, and observers attempted to identify the stimuli. Visual-along (lipreading) scores dropped abruptly to the chance level as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. A-V scores were relatively high for clear conditions but diminished gradually as Plexiglas distance (blurring) was increased. Under extremely poor optical conditions, A-V scores reached a plateau. This represents essentially auditory perception without meaningful optical cues for speech. Results parallel those of previous acoustic studies that compared auditory with A-V perception of speech as a function of S/N ratio or sensation level, demonstrating a reciprocal aspect of optical and acoustic cues for speech perception. Optical distortion seems to have potential as an auditory training technique to shift attention of hearing-impaired observers to non-dominant acoustic cues during A-V perception of speech.


Evidence for left hemisphere superiority in processing movement-related tonal signals. A pursuit auditory tracking (PAT) paradigm was used to investigate asymmetric hemispheric processing and control for a sensorimotor task analogous to speech. In PAT subjects match a continuously varying target tone (ranging from 100 Hz to 2 kHz) presented to one ear with a qualitatively similar second tone (the cursor) presented to the other ear and controlled by mandibular elevation and depression movements. Twenty right-handed subjects were given the standard dichotic mode of counterbalanced target/cursor signal presentations. Another group of 16 right-handed subjects underwent, after extensive task familiarization, tracking with only the target signal presented in counterbalanced order to one ear at a time with white noise presented to the other ear. The results of the standard tracking group replicated past studies showing a statistically significant tracking advantage in favor of cursor/right ear presentations. The No-Cursor group showed a significant target/right ear advantage. These results are discussed with reference to two theoretical hypotheses to explain the tracking laterality effect--a division-of-labor hypothesis and a sensorimotor integration hypothesis.


Dissimilarity ratings of English consonants by normally-hearing and hearing-impaired individuals. Perceptual patterns in rating dissimilarities among 24 CVs were investigated for a group of normal-hearing and two groups of hearing-impaired subjects (one group with flat, and one group with sloping, sensorineural losses). Stimuli were presented binaurally at most comfortable loudness level and subjects rated the 576 paired stimuli on a 1-7 equal-appearing interval scale. Ratings were submitted to individual group and combined INDSCAL analyses to describe features used by the subjects in their perception of the speech stimuli. Results revealed features such as sibilant, sonorant, plosive and place. Furthermore, normal and hearing-impaired subjects used similar features, and subjects' weightings of features were relatively independent of their audiometric configurations. Results are compared to those of previous studies.


Multiplicative effects on sentence comprehension for combined acoustic distortions. This study was designed to explore the effect on speech comprehension of combining two types of signal distortion. A tape of clearly-enunciated sentences in quiet was distorted in each of four ways: low-pass (LP) filtering, time compression, interruption, and noise masking. Data are reported on a population of normal-hearing young men for multiple-choice answer tests of colloquial sentences of either LP filtered at 1, 2, 3, or 4 kHz, time compressed by computer at 250 words/min, interrupted (50 msec on--50 msec off), masked by speech-spectrum noise at +2 dB S/N, or given each of the 12 possible combinations of LP filtering plus the other three distortions. Individual distortion conditions were adjusted to reduce speech comprehension performance to about 90% accuracy, Low-pass filtering above 1 kHz reduced comprehension by no more than five to 10 percentage points, but when LP filtering was added to the other distortions in turn, latent effects were uncovered. The reduction in comprehension with the combined distortions was much greater than the simple additive effects of the distortion and LP filtering by themselves. For example, LP filtering above 2 kHz produced no measurable effect on sentence comprehension but this same distortion in combination with noise masking reduced performance from 89.4 to 59.7% correct (where 25% was chance). This study further validates the multiply-compounded nature of simultaneous types of distortion. The use of LP filtering extends the multiplicative principle to the simulated case of high-frequency hearing losses.


Acoustic qualities of phonation in young hearing-impaired children. Monosyllables were recorded from a group of 24 hearing-impaired and 6 normal-hearing children between three to six years of age. Tokens of the syllables /ba/ and /bo/ were placed on listening tapes and a panel of 10 experienced listeners made ratings of relative voice quality. The phonation samples were subjected to both a gross (spectrographic) and a fine (computer-aided) acoustic analysis. The following acoustic characteristics were examined: (1) mean fundamental frequency, (2) duration, (3) mean period-to-period changes in intensity and in fundamental frequency, (4) spectral energy ratio above and below 1000 Hz, and (5) intonation contour. The type of intonation contour appeared to be the most important characteristic separating the better from the poorer deaf speakers. The hearing-impaired subjects produced four different types of deviant intonation contours. In addition, two abnormalities of phonation, diplophonia and breathiness, are described.


Effects of ethyl alcohol on the contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex threshold. Contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were measured in response to 500-, 1000-, and 2000-Hz pure tones after the ingestion of a 50% alcohol solution. Acoustic reflex threshold measurements were obtained preingestion and at blood-alcohol concentrations of 0.03 to 0.10% in 0.01% increments. A linear relationship existed between acoustic reflex threshold and blood-alcohol concentration, with the greatest shift at 0.10% being 11 dB for contralateral stimulation and 7 dB for ipsilateral. No frequency effects were found. Results can be explained by the anatomical differences in the contralateral and ipsilateral pathways.


Acoustic-reflex growth and loudness.

Acoustic-reflex growth and loudness. Acoustic-reflex growth functions and loudness-balance judgments were obtained for three normal-hearing subjects with normal middle-ear function. The hypothesis that acoustic reflex-activating signals producing proportionately equal acoustic-impedance changes are judged equal in loudness was evaluated. The mean acoustic impedance and associated standard deviations were computed for the baseline (static) and activator (reflex) portions of each reflex event. An acoustic-impedance change exceeding two standard deviations of baseline was defined as the criterion acoustic-reflex response. Acoustic impedance was measured as a function of activator SPL for broadband noise and a 1000-Hz tone from criterion magnitude to the maximum acoustic impedance (or 120-dB SPL). This was defined as the dynamic range of reflex growth. Loudness-balance measurements were made for the 1000-Hz tone and broadband noise at SPL's representing 30, 50, and 70% of the individual dynamic range. The data supported the hypothesis.


Effects of three syllable durations using the melodic intonation therapy technique. Five nonfluent aphasics were presented English phrases with three syllable durations; a regular speech, non-intoned duration less than 1 sec per syllable, and two modified Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) intoned durations of 1.5 sec per syllable and 2.0 sec per syllable. All subjects had the greatest number of correct phrase productions at the longest MIT duration (p less than 0.001) and the greatest number of failures at the regular non-intoned duration. Therefore, syllable duration is an important acoustic parameter to consider when using an MIT technique with severe nonfluent aphasics.


The effects of feedback filtering on nasalization in normal and hypernasal speakers. Two groups of subjects, one with normal speech and one with hypernasal speech, spoke while hearing their voices unfiltered, low-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 1000, 500, and 300 Hz and high-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Measurements of nasalization were made with a miniature accelerometer attached to the side of the subject's nose. Both groups of subjects decreased nasalization when hearing their voices low-pass filtered with a cut-off frequency of 300 Hz. This decrease was statistically significant. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that nasalization is under feedback control.


Pattern A personality and noise-induced vasoconstriction. A perplexing question about noise-induced hearing loss is why some persons seem to be more affected by high intensity noise than others. Hawkins (1971) has shown noise-induced vasoconstriction to be implicated in noise-induced hearing loss in animals as evidenced by vascular changes within the inner ear and he asks the question: Are these changes caused by the noise itself or mediated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? Our research employed a plethysmograph to measure ANS mediated vasoconstriction during noise exposure. The subjects were stress prone males and females (Pattern A) whose behavior in noise was compared to non-stress prone males and females (Pattern B). The results indicated Pattern A males showed marked vasoconstriction in the presence of noise whereas Pattern B males did not. Pattern A females performed very much like Pattern A males with no statistical difference between these two groups. However, Pattern B females demonstrated a significant increase in vasoconstriction in the presence of noise and in this respect Pattern B females are different from Pattern B males. This difference possibly resulted from the use of a test to assess personality type which was intended for use with male subjects. The authors conclude there is strong evidence to suggest that being prone to stress in the presence of noise is a contributing factor to noise-induced hearing loss.


The effects of delayed auditory feedback and masking on the fundamental frequency of stutterers and nonstutterers. This investigation determined if fluency of the reader or type of auditory feedback changed characteristics of fundamental frequency or duration in oral reading by stutterers or nonstutterers. Mingographic tracings were made of sentences excerpted from tape recordings of paragraphs read by 15 adult male stutterers and 15 adult male nonstutterers in three conditions of feedback: normal auditory feedback (under earphones), delayed auditory feedback (0.14 sec delay), and masking (90 dB SPL). The data included 15 measures of fundamental frequency and two measures of duration. Stutterers read sentences in greater total time and with more downward inflections than nonstutterers. Comparison of the delayed auditory feedback (DAF) conditions with the normal auditory feedback (NAF) condition showed that the numbers of total, upward, and downward inflections and upward pitch shifts increased under DAF. In the DAF condition, average rates of upward and downward inflections decreased, and mean and median fundamental frequencies and total time increased. The only changes from the NAF to the masking condition were increases in mean and median fundamental frequencies.


Visual vowel and diphthong perception from two horizontal viewing angles. This study investigated vowel and diphthong lipreading performance from 0 degree and 90 degree angles of observation. Sixteen English vowels and diphthongs were placed in an /h-g/ context to form the stimulus items. Each item was presented by a speaker ten times in random order for a total of 160 items. The speaker was simultaneously videotaped from 0 degree and 90 degree angles under optimal lighting conditions. Ten normal hearing adults subjects phonetically recorded the vowel or diphtong they perceived as each item was visually presented. The diphthong stimuli were significantly easier to identify than the vowel stimuli at both angles of observation. In addition, no significant differences were found between the 0 degree and 90 degree angles in terms of percentage of correct identifications of all phonemes examined. Orderly, predictable confusions also were observed. Those confusions occurring in visual diphthong recognition tended to shift toward the stressed vowel element of the diphthong or to a vowel produced in a manner similar to the stressed element.


Relationship between pictorial interpretation and comprehension of three spatial relations in school-age children. Effects on spatial term comprehension as the result of transformations in the stimulus dimensions of six pictures containing the same three figures were explored using Piaget's concept of spatial perspective. A Modified Test of Pictorial Space (MTPS), adapted from Hudson's (1960) studies on non-Western pictorial perception strategies, was administered to 200 children, aged 6 yrs 5 mos to 11 yrs 3 mos. The purpose of the investigation was to gather data on (1) pictorial interpretation as a function of variations in perceptual depth cue complexity and transformations in conceptual perspective and (2) order of acquisition in the comprehension of two sets of spatial terms referring to perceptual object knowledge and more advanced conceptual knowledge of object relations. Significant age and IQ, but not sex, interactions were found for MTPS performance. Data analyses also supported predicted orders of acquisition and indicated that transformation of conceptual perspective better differentiated among the age span than did either perceptual depth cue complexity or comprehension of spatial terms. Findings are discussed in terms of their methodological and substantive implications for constructing and interpreting pictorially-based language comprehension tasks.


Imitative modeling as a language intervention strategy: the effects of two mediating variables. Previous research has indicated that language intervention strategies which stress the learning of abstract grammatical rules are more successful than those which emphasize specific stimulus-response associations. Accordingly, this study experimentally compared two such strategies (imitative modeling versus mimicry) to determine their relative effectiveness in teaching language-disordered children rules which they previously lacked. Moreover, two additional variables, reinforcement and whether the modeled examples originated with the clinician or with a separate, third-person model, were examined to determine their influence on the modeling process. The results suggest that modeling strategies were superior to mimicry, thereby replicating the earlier results of Courtright and Courtright (1976). In addition, it was found that neither reinforcement nor third-person models significantly increased the teaching effectiveness of modeling techniques. These results are discussed in terms of their pragmatic implications for practicing speech clinicians.


Masking level differences: auditory evoked responses with homophasic and antiphasic signal and noise. Two studies were devised to determine if objective quantification of the masking level difference is possible using the auditory evoked response (AER). In the first study, click stimuli were presented under three conditions: both the stimulus and masker in phase (SoNo); stimulus in phase, masker antiphasic (SoN pi); and stimulus antiphasic with masker in phase (S pi No). In the second study 1000 Hz puretone stimuli were presented under SoNo and S pi No phasic conditions. AER's were obtained at various intensity levels for each condition. The AER demonstrated differences in N1-P2 amplitudes evoked by the homophasic and antiphasic conditions for threshold and suprathreshold levels.


Characterization of antigenic sialoglycoprotein subunits of the placental brush border membranes: comparison with liver and kidney membrane subunits by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes were labeled by sequential treatment with periodate and (3H)-sodium borohydride, which trititates sialic acid, and by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed (125I) iodination of tyrosine residues. The labeled subunits were characterized with respect to their affinity for antisera raised against Triton X-100 extracts of placental brush border membranes. The immunochemically reactive components were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis according to a modification of the O'Farrell technique [20] enabling the assignment of estimated Mr and pI. Of the 33 3H-labeled brush border subunits present in Triton X-100-solubilized membrane preparations, 18 subunits reacted with antiplacental brush border antisera insolubilized on CNBr-activated Sepharose or in immunoprecipitates. Fourteen of these tritiated subunits were also labeled with 125I, confirming that these are glycoproteins. The plasma membranes of normal human liver and microsomes from kidney were examined for the placental brush border glycoprotein subunits by reaction with insolubilized antiplacental brush border antisera and two-dimensional electrophoresis of the reacting tritium-labeled subunits. Comparison of the two-dimensional electrophoretic maps of the immunochemically reacting glycoproteins from liver, kidney, and placenta resulted in the identification of seven placental subunits in common with liver and kidney on the basis of antigenic cross-reactivity, Mr, and pI. Four placental glycoproteins were not found in the other tissues and are potentially specific to the placenta. Three of the placental subunits were only seen in placenta and kidney. Three of the subunits ran at the dye front and could not be assigned molecular weights. One of the subunits was poorly labeled by tritiation of sialic acid and was not considered.


Regulation of the cell cycle of 3T3 cells in culture by a surface membrane-enriched cell fraction. Addition of a suspension of a surface membrane enriched fraction prepared from confluent 3T3 cells to sparse 3T3 cells in culture results in a concentration dependent and saturable decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis. The inhibition of cell growth by membranes resembles the inhibition of cell growth observed at confluent cell densities by a number of criteria: 1) In both cases the cells are arrested in the G1 portion of the cell cycle; 2) the inhibition by membranes or by high local cell density can to a large extent be compensated for by raising the serum concentration or by addition of fibroblast growth factor plus dexamethasone. Membranes prepared from sparse cultures inhibit less well than membranes from confluent cultures in a manner which suggests that binding of membranes to cells is not by itself sufficient to cause inhibition of cell growth. The inhibitory activity has a subcellular distribution similar to phosphodiesterase (a plasma membrane marker) and appears to reside in one or more intrinsic membrane components. Maximally, membranes can arrest about 40% of the cell population in each cell cycle. Plasma membranes obtained from sparse 3T3 cells are less inhibitory than membranes obtained from confluent cells. This suggests either that the inhibitory component(s) in the plasma membrane responsible for growth inhibition may be in part induced by high cell density, or that this component(s) may be lost from these membranes during purification.


Absence of effect of prenatal ethanol on adult emotionality and ethanol consumption in rats. Lower peak blood ethanol concentrations after 1 and 2 g of ethanol per kg were found in pregnant rats than in virgin females. No significant differences in adult "emotionality" or ethanol consumption were found in rats exposed to prenatal alcohol and in pair-fed and untreated controls.


Effects of ethanol on brain sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose in young rats. Young rats, on a nutrient-fortified liquid diet containing 7% ethanol, showed decreases in brain sialic acid and 2-deoxyribose within 2 weeks; action on both compounds was delayed in forebrain, but decreases were apparent there after 6 weeks.


Influence of gender on drinking in a modeling situation. In a taste-test situation, both men and women college students drank more wine when paired with an experimental accomplice who drank heavily than when paired with a nondrinking accomplice.


Alcoholics and opiate addicts. Comparison of personality characteristics. Compared with opiate addicts, alcoholics scored higher on the Hs (hypochondriasis), D (depression), Hy (hysteria). A (anxiety) and MacAndrew Scales of the MMPI and lower on the K (defensiveness). Ma (activity) and Es (ego strength) scales, but age was the most powerful discriminator between the two groups.


An application of the multidimensional model of alcoholism to program effectiveness. Rehabilitation status and outcome. Five months after treatment, five groups of alcoholics achieved varying levels of need satisfaction on measures of rehabilitation status and income, but showed no differences on measures of drinking status.


Psychocultural barriers to successful alcoholism therapy in an American Indian patient. The relevance of Hallowell's analysis. The responses of an Algonkian Indian woman during a clinical interview were found to be consistent with the pattern of emotional restraint described by A. I. Hallowell as characteristic of Northeastern Indians.


Religious affiliation and adolescent drinking. Of high-school students who attend church, fundamental Protestants are less likely to drink than are liberal Protestants and Roman Catholics; nonattenders are more likely than churchgoers to be heavy drinkers.


Mortality among men alcoholics in Iceland, 1951--74. In close to 3000 alcoholics followed up from 4 to 24 years after first contact with a treatment facility, the death rate was more than double the expected rate; the rates of death due to accidents and suicides were 4 times the expected rates.


Chlordiazepoxide and dropping out of a detoxication service. There were no significant differences in the age, sex or chlordiazepoxide therapy of patients completing and patients not completing a 7-day detoxication program.


Alcohol selection by strains of rats selectively bred for behavior. Maudsley, Roman and Tryon rats showed strain differences in alcohol intake and alcohol preference ratio, and sex differences in alcohol intake.


Limited increases in alcohol intake by rats produced by infrequent periodic access. Restricting rats' access to alcohol solution to every third or fourth day did not produce greater increases in alcohol consumption than the doubling caused by alternate-day access.