Leg extension power and muscle fiber composition. The purpose of this investigation was to relate muscle fiber composition to the isokinetic measure of peak torque production through a range of leg extension velocities. Twenty-one males were biopsied from the vastus lateralis muscle to determine their percent distribution of slow twitch (%ST) and fast twitch (%FT) muscle fibers as identified through myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity. All subjects showed a decline in peak torque with increasing velocities. Subjects with predominantly FT fibers were able to generate 11, 16, 23 and 47 percent greater relative peak torque than could predominantly ST subjects at lever arm velocities of 115, 200, 287 and 400 degrees/second respectively. Likewise the correlation between relative torque production and % FT were significant (p less than .05) and increased from r = 0.44 to r = 0.75 as velocity increased from 115 to 400 degrees/second respectively. These data suggest that muscle fiber composition becomes increasingly more related to power performance as the velocity of movement increases.


A study of the organisation of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene cluster of Neurospora crassa by means of restriction endonuclease analysis and cloning in bacteriophage lambda. 1. Total Neurospora crassa DNA was restricted with endonucleases and fragments carrying rRNA coding sequences were identified by hybridization with Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA probes. 2. The repeating unit of the rRNA gene cluster was found to be 8.6 kbp, arranged in a head-to-tail fashion. 3. Digestion with Hind III yielded fragments of 3.4 kbp and 5.2 kbp and both were cloned. 4. Digestion with Eco RI yielded fragments of 2.2 kbp, 3.0 kbp and 3.4 kbp; the 3.0 kbp fragment was cloned. 5. Sequences coding for RNA (S-rRNA)1 of the smaller subribosomal particle were found (at least 90%) in the 2.2 kbp EcoRI subfragment of the 5.2 kbp Hind III fragment. 6. The coding sequences for the major RNA species (L-rRNA) of the larger subribosomal particle were located mainly (at least 95%) in the 3.4 kbp Hind III fragment. 7. For comparison, a Hind III digest of total yeast DNA was cloned and recombinants containing a 6.4 kbp rDNA fragment were isolated.


In vitro immune response of human peripheral lymphocytes. II. Properties and functions of concanavalin A-induced suppressor T cells. Con A-stimulation of human peripheral T lymphocytes induced both suppressor and helper T cells. ConA-generated suppressor T cells inhibited PWM-induced IgG and IgM production in PBL. Lower concentrations of Con A (0.5 micrograms/ml) or shorter incubation periods (6 to 24 hr) induced mainly helper T cells, while higher concentrations of Con A (10 micrograms/ml) or longer incubation periods (at least 48 hr) induced suppressor T cells. Con A-generated suppressor T cells were sensitive to mitomycin treatment and exerted their suppressor function on the early phase of differentiation and/or proliferation of B cells but not on the final differentiation of B cells to Ig-producing cells. The identity of the MHC was not required for the expression of suppressor function. Suppressor T cells competed with helper T cells in PWM-induced Ig-production of PBL. This experimental system can be applied to estimate the regulatory function of T cells in several disease states.


[Determination of the glucose reserves in the water of the Rybinsk reservoir]. The concentrations of glucose (Km + Sn) was determined by the method of Parson and Strickland in the water of the Rybinsk and Sheksna Reservoirs. It varied from 11 to 31 mcg C per litre and reached 380 mcg C per litre in swamp waters. The rate of glucose assimilation by the microflora varied from 0.02 to 0.56 mcg C per litre per hour and reached 5--7 mcg C per litre per hour in contaminated waters.


Histoarchitectonics of the fetal thymus. A three-dimensional model study. Comparative studies on three-dimensional models give new possibilities in examination of the internal and external evolution of the thymus, phenomena that occur concomitantly with the histogenesis of the organ during the fetal life period. During the antenatal period, the invasion and burgeoning of capillaries represent a strong potential of biostimulation with a special role in organizing and determining thymus lobulation.


Trichinous nephropathy.

Trichinous nephropathy. Lesions of glomerular nephropathy were found in 5 cases of acute trichinosis, characterized by a low proteinuria and hematuria as well as by moderate deficit of the renal function. Renal biopsy revealed lesions of proliferative glomerulitis, while immunofluorescence examination showed granular deposits of IgG and beta1-C-globulin on basement membranes. Serum complement was reduced. These observations suggest an immunological mechanism in the development of the glomerular nephropathy during acute trichinosis.


Histochemical study of leucine aminopeptidase in leukemia. By means of a histochemical method, the leucine aminopeptidase activity was studied in human normal and leukemic peripheral blood. Before administration of cytostatics the enzymic activity was high in the cytoplasm of blasts and in the nuclei of segmented cells. After therapy the activity of leucine aminopeptidase in blasts decreased, while in polymorphs it became negative in nuclei and positive in their cytoplasm. The non-granular leukocytes and platelets displayed a weak enzymic activity both in normal and malignant blood cells. The erythrocytes were negative.


[Vital fluorochroming showing the effect of cyclophosphamide on the embryo]. Besides the usual methods, vital fluorochroming may globally show the extent of the cytotoxic effect of Cyclophosphamide (CP). By intravital treatment with highly diluted fluorochromes (acridine-orange, etc.) necrobiotic and dead cells, cell debris and phagosomes appear electively fluorescent. Glycosaminoglycans and various mucopolysaccharides show a somewhat weaker fluorescence. Autopods and the mesencephalon were selected for comparative assessment of the effect of other cytotoxic agents. Important results were also obtained by the repeated examination of blood (erythrocytes) and of hemopoetic foci. Cytotoxic effect within the embryo, teratogenesis and chemotherapeutic action are strongly correlated.


Spleen and lymph node changes in rats irradiated with X-rays and treated with testosterone. The authors have studied the effect of testosterone administration in male adult Wistar rats irradiated with a single total dose of 800 r X-rays. The results obtained show that testosterone exerts a double radioprotective action. This hormone prevents both the occurrence of the senile type spleen and lymph node changes and the depression of the colloidopexic capacity of the hepatosplenic macrophages. At the same time, these results suggest that testosterone induces hyperplasia of the lymphocytic elements, particularly of T lymphocytes.


Behaviour of mucopolysaccharides of Kupffer cells in experimental mercury hepatitis. A reaction of Kupffer cells with changes of mucopolysaccharides is shown during experimental mercury hepatitis. An initial diminution of the reaction intensity is followed by the increase of MPS polymerization degree. Association of effort leads to a significant increase of the A-PAS reaction. The lympho-histiocytes infiltrating portal spaces present the same MPS dynamics.


Pulmonary blastoma.

Pulmonary blastoma. A case of pulmonary blastoma in a 8-year-old girl is reported. The histopathologic analysis evidenced carcinomatous tubes with several cell layers developing into a mesenchymal cell mass with undifferentiated elements forming a dendroreticulated network with minimal endothelial, fibroblastic and collagenous differentiations. The initial tumoral formation within the lower left lobe was rapidly followed after resection by a local recidive and nine months later by a voluminous metastatic formation within the upper left lobe, radiologically treated. Discussion of the histopathologic characteristics of this case supports the hypothesis of a peculiar neoplastic entity of the lung, in which only the epithelial component of the lung was involved, while the mesenchymal mass presented an unaffected fetal structure.


Infection in vitro of the human pulmonary macrophage with Staphylococcus aureus (bacteriologic and ultrastructural observations). Alveolar macrophages from exeresis fragments taken from patients operated for pulmonary cancer were infected in vitro with Staphylococcus aureus. Part of the investigation was carried out in the presence of an antibiotic (pyopen) introduced in the culture medium. Bacteriologic seeding from an extracellular medium and from lyzed cells showed a greater intracellular multiplication rate. In the presence of pyopen there was a decrease in the number of germs due to the inhibition of multiplication. Electron microscopy revealed reduced phagolysosomal fusion, aspects of bacterial multiplication and the coexistence of intact bacteria and bacteria presenting structural alterations. The results suggest the importance of cellular parasitism in the chronic evolution of infectious bronchopulmonary processes.


Large-scale preparation of synaptosomes from bovine brain using a zonal rotor technique. A zonal rotor technique for the preparation of synaptosomes in bulk from bovine brain frontal cortex based on an impirical transformation of a small-volume discontinuous sucrose density gradient arrangement is presented in detail. The procedure yields new information concerning synaptosomes prepared in sucrose gradients. Cerebroside analysis and electron microscopy show myelin contamination to be restricted to the leading, less dense edge of the synaptosomal profile, free mitochondria to the trailing, more dense edge. Exclusion of fringe areas yields a highly purified synaptosome preparation which entirely enters the next dense layer beyond the 0.8 : 1.2 M sucrose interface. This interface collects most of the oubain-sensitive (Na+, K+) adenosine triphosphatase activity. The purified synaptosomes display very high intrinsic sialidase activity and are rich in di-, tri-, and tetrasialogangliosides, the preferred substrates for the enzyme. Up to 90% of the cholinesterase activity in the zonal rotor synaptosome preparation is specific acetylcholinesterase.


[Evaluation of the results of treatment of low backache by acupuncture or suggesting (preliminary report)]. In a group of 34 patients with lumbosacral pain acupuncture was applied in 18 cases and suggestion in 16 cases and the results of both methods were compared. The therapeutic effects were evaluated immediately after the procedure and after a series of 4 procedures. The therapeutic results were better both immediately and after a series of acupuncture. The difference in the results of treatment was statistically significant in the patients with longest duration of pains. Presence of degenerative spinal changes was without influence on the results of treatment by both methods.


Effect of thymic humoral factor on cellular immune factors of normal children and of pediatric patients with ataxia telangiectasia and Down's syndrome. Cellular immune functions of nine Down's syndrome patients and of nine was Ataxia telangiectasia vs. nine normal children and nine cord bloods, were evaluated using in vitro assays of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The in vitro assays included E rosette formation, antilymphocytic cytotoxicity by an antithymic antiserum and leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) production. The mitogens and antigens used were phytohemagglutinin, purified protein derivative, and monilia antigen. The effect of a thymic hormone (THF) on these parameters was evaluated and it was administered therapeutically to three Down's syndrome patients and to two patients with Ataxia telangiectasia. Most deficient T-cell functions were reversed to normal after incubation of the lymphocytes with THF, or after THF therapeutic administration. In two Down's syndrome cases, the clinical course was not altered by THF administration, while one seemed to benefit from it markedly. One of the Atactic patients recovered from a severe viral infection, while the other died from intractable bronchopneumonia.


Rhinophyma in tuberous sclerosis.

Rhinophyma in tuberous sclerosis. Search of the literature thus far indicates no prior description of rhinophyma occuring in tuberous sclerosis. There have been numerous reports of the usual skin lesion, adenoma sebaceum, together with the associated manifestations of severe mental retardation and convulsive seizures. In a 27-year-old woman, full-blown, severely deforming rhinophyma had its onset one year prior to her hospital admission. The family, horrified by her appearance, desired surgical intervention. The report includes a review of the literature and a description of the patient and of the surgical technique employed. The question of the desirability and difficulty involved in skin grafting is discussed, as are the microscopic findings and postoperative course. Particular attention is directed toward differential diagnosis and associated findings.


[Blood digestion and the formation of a plague block in Ceratophyllus tesquorum fleas]. The fleas of C. tesquorum are characterized by high protease activity in the epithelium and contents of the stomach, quick hemolysis of erythrocytes and low blood coagulation. Rare blockformation in C. tesquorum and its long terms under experimental conditions are apparently associated with changes in the quantity of plague microbes in the digestive tract depending on the stage of blood digestion: reduced during the hemolysis of erythrocytes and increased when it was over.


[Myxobolus tauricus sp. n., a new species of myxosporidians (Cnidosporidia: Myxosporidia) from the Crimean barbel]. While studying the parasite fauna of freshwater fishes of the Crimea (1971 to 1977) a new species of myxosporidians, Myxobolus tauricus sp. n., from Barbus tauricus (Kessler, 1887) was erected. A description, figure and differential diagnosis are given. The location sites are indicated as follows: the rivers Salgir, Alma, Bijuk-Karasu, Chernaja, Uchan-Su (the Crimea, USSR). The places of localization are indicated too: gills, fins, liver, kidneys, urinary bladder, brain, spiral cord, muscles.


[Flagellata isolated from sandflies in various zones of Turkmenia and their related cultures of the causative agents of leishmaniasis and the Leishmania of reptiles]. 188 strains of Flagella from 6 species of sand flies and 42 strains from reptiles were isolated in various landscape-geographic zones of Turkmenia. 70 and 35 strains of Flagellata isolate from sand flies were studied by means of bio-assay on white mice and by the Adler's serological method (modification of Safjanova), respectively. 64 strains of Flagellata of different origin were studied by means of "temperature" method. It has been established that the transmission of the agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis takes place nearly throughout the whole territory of Turkmenia. To identify an unknown strain of Leishmania by means of the Adler's method an antiserum for any studied "standard" strain of different species of Leishmania is enough to be used.


Changes in the capillarity of skeletal muscle in the growing rat. Capillary density (CD), capillary to fiber ratio (C/F), fiber cross sectional area (FCSA) and fiber composition were measured in the soleus and the gastrocnemius (medial head) muscles of rats weighing between 99 and 666 g. Muscle samples obtained from the anesthetized animal were rapidly frozen (-130 degrees C) sliced transversely at 16--18 micrometers, and treated histochemically by the ATPase method after preincubation at pH's of 4.0 and 4.4 to visualize capillaries and typify fibers. In both muscles the FCSA was positively related to body weight (BW) and muscle weight. At a given BW, the FCSA of the soleus was greater than that of the gastrocnemius. In both muscles CD decreased hyperbolically with FCSA (soleus: CD = 1.0613 X 10(6)/FCSA + 298.71; gastrocnemium: CD = 1.0349 X 10(6)/FCSA + 240.74). At the same time a positive linear correlation between C/F and FCSA was found (soleus: C/F = 3.92 X 10(-4) FCSA + 0.82; gastrocnemius: C/F = 2.90 X 10(-4) FCSA + 0.93). At a given FCSA, CD and C/F were greater in the soleus than in the gastrocnemius because of differences in fiber composition between the two muscles. The soleus had only oxidative fibers (STO and FTOG) whereas the gastrocnemius had 54% glycolytic fibers (FTG). The very large variability in CD and C/F values reported in the literature could, in part, be due to the differences in capillarity observed with maturation. A change in fiber composition with BW was observed in the soleus, but no systematic change occurred in the gastrocnemius.


Management of hypercalcemia.

Management of hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia calls first for supportive measures, eg, adequate hydration, movement or mobilization of the patient to the greatest amount tolerated, and reevaluation of drugs being taken. When immediate lowering of the serum calcium level is not clinically mandatory, oral administration of furosemide, corticosteroid, or phosphorus should be considered. In acute emergencies, saline loading and parenteral furosemide therapy should be tried first, except in a patient with renal failure and congestive heart failure, in whom peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis should be used instead. Calcitonin can be given for the first 12 to 24 hours to lower serum calcium concentration until a definitive management plan is formulated. Corticosteroid, if not contraindicated, should be started as soon as possible. In severe primary hyperparathyroidism with hypophosphatemia, phosphorus can be given intravenously until oral phosphate therapy can be established. Surgery, of course, should be performed as soon as possible. In most cases of neoplasia, mithramycin given according to a recommended schedule is safe and frequently effective. In desperate cases, additional use of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors probably now is justified by empirical observations. All of these therapeutic measures are used only to stabilize electrolyte balance so that the primary cause of the hypercalcemia can be treated.


Hyperphagia following intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine-, leucine- or tryptophan-methyl esters: lack of correlation with whole brain serotonin levels. The methylester hydrochlorides of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), L-leucine and L-tryptophan were intraventricularly administered to rats. All compounds produced increased food intake compared to saline administration. PCPA and leucine administration significantly decreased serotonin levels by 15--18%, while no serotonin depletion occurred following tryptophan injections. The data suggest that intraventricular injections of large quantities of neutral amino acid methyl esters may cause hyperphagia in rats through non-serotonergic effects on brain function.


Masked depressions in obstetrics and gynecology. The development of psychosomatic symptoms should not be viewed exclusively under the aspect of anxiety or defense against anxiety. In another study, we have shown that affects other than anxiety can lead to functional obstetric disturbances (2). The insight that depressions, above all masked depressions can be the basis of many psychosomatic symptoms in obstetrics and gynecology paves the way for good therapeutic possibilities in many cases that have been resistant to therapy heretofore. Antidepressants often bring prompt relief from symptoms. Psychotherapy is possible in numerous cases following success in prescribing antidepressants.


[The radiographic diagnosis of posterior dislocation of the shoulder (author's transl)]. In spite of its clinical features, the diagnosis of posterior dislocation of the shoulder is often missed. The authors considered that this is due to an inadequate analysis of the x-rays. They show that the diagnosis can be made on an antero-posterior x-ray and describe the findings in fourteen cases. They note a modification of the gleno-humera line and the features of the associated impaction fracture. A lateral view is necessary to make the diagnosis certain, an axillary view being preferred to a trans-thoracic late-femoral head or of the posterior glenoid margin.


[Elimination of partial premature epiphyseal closure by transplantation of epiphyseal cartilage. An experimental study (author's transl)]. An experimental study was made on 118 rabbits aimed at restoring bone growth after partial epiphyseal closure. In a first stage, a partial epiphyseal closure was made at the level of the lower femoral growth plate by excision of the growth cartilage and insertion of a bone graft. In a second stage, the bony bridge was removed and a segment of iliac crest growth cartilage was transplanted. It was concluded, on the basis of radiographic and histological studies that the best results were obtained when the growth cartilage was transplanted alone or with a thin layer of bone. The results were poor when the layer of bone transplanted with the cartilage was too thick.


[Plantar release in the treatment of pes cavus in childhood. Technique and indications (author's transl)]. The authors have operated on forty instances of pes cavus in children. Ten were idiopathic, nine poliomyelitic, five hemiplegic and five as a sequel of club foot. Others cases were of various neurological cause. In all cases, the plantar fasciae and ligaments were released; the technique of this procedure is fully described. In a number of cases, soft tissue release was associated with an osteotomy of the first metatarsal, a transplant of the extensor hallucis longus to the neck of the first metatarsal, an osteotomy of the calcaneus or various muscle transplants depending on the etiology of the cavus deformity. The results are analysed as are the complications. They were satisfactory in 66 p. 100 of cases. It is concluded that plantar release procedures may either avoid arthrodesis or may lead to it later but with the foot in a more satisfactory condition.


[Fatigue fracture of the patella in cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. Amongst approximately 1 500 spastic children under treatment, the authors have seen three cases of fatigue fracture of the patella. One patient was spastic and two others were athetotic. The fatigue fractures can be explained by a flexed knee gait aggravated by a contracture of the hamstring tendons. No fracture was seen in patients treated by Egger's operation. It is concluded that this procedure both prevents and cures fatigue fracture of the patella.


[The use of an articulated brace in the treatment of juvenile kyphosis (author's transl)]. The authors have attempted to assess the efficiency of an articulated brace in the treatment of juvenile kyphosis (Scheuermann's disease and idiopathic kyphosis). Two series of patients were compared. Patients in both series were treated in a first stage by a plaster cast and in a second stage by a bivalve brace in the first series and an articulated brace in the second series. The technique of treatment by a plaster cast and by the brace is fully described. It is concluded that control of the lumbar lordosis is of great importance. The results were better with an articulated brace. The indications for treatment are given depending on the age at the onset of treatment, the type of spine deformity and its severity. In some cases of severe dorsolumbar kyphosis, surgery may be indicated.


Effect of uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation on the reduced and oxidized forms of mitochondiral ATPase. A series of uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation have been studied with regard to their effect on the hydrolytic activity of the reduced and oxidized forms of isolated or membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase. Uncouplers (2,4-dinitrophenol, dicoumarol), which are also activators of the hydrolytic activity of ATPase, were more potent activators on the oxidized form of the enzyme. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (oligomycin, azide and amytal) had a more potent inhibitory effect on the hydrolytic activity of ATPase in its reduced form. Purified F1-ATPase, oligomycin insensitive in the oxidized form of the enzyme, became sensitive to oligomycin in the reduced form. An interpretation of the results suggests the presence of a mechanism that unifies the action of these different compounds on the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP catalyzed by mitochondrial ATPase.


[Current educational  practices with multiply handicpped pupils -- a problematic approach in special education (author's transl)]. The curricula of schools for the physically handicapped have, as yet, been influenced too much by those of regular schools. Which is why at special schools, too, the primary focus of all educational and therapeutic measures is placed on a qualification of the pupils. Also those pupils who, as a result of the severity of their disability, will not be able to enter vocational training are instructed on the basis of curricula modelled for the non-disabled. The purpose of the following article is to introduce this problem complex which has been present for years but not yet received satisfactory solutions. It is hoped that the described experiences gained with the three groups of pupils will stimulate the discussion.


[Attitudes of gainfully employed persons towards the vocational and social integration of the physically disabled (author's transl)]. Within the framework of a representative survey 1879 gainfully employed persons - trainees, workers, employees and supervisors - were asked about their attitudes towards the vocational and social integration of the physically disabled. The article describes the following results: 1) The majority of those who responded, particularly workers in subordinate positions, were of the opinion that firms, management and co-workers were rather unwilling to accept the physically disabled as competitive and equal employees and colleagues. 2) With regard to their personal attitudes there was a striking contrast: a high general support of the vocational resettlement on the one hand and a considerable resistance against the disabled's complete vocational and social integration on the other. 3) The degree of social distance was strongly dependent on the social situation and the type of the disability. 4) The rejection of the physically disabled seems to be mainly influenced by the following determinant psychological factors: a) the assumption that they are to blame for their disabilities b) the negative image of the disabled's personality traits, vocational performance abilities and their occupational behaviour.


Expression of the Escherichia coli cell division gene sep cloned in a lambda Charon phage. The Escherichia coli cell division gene sep, which probably codes for one of the penicillin-binding proteins, has been cloned into lambda Charon 10 to form a viable sep+ transducing phage. After infection with this hybrid phage, penicillin-binding protein 3 was overproduced and incorporated into the E. coli inner membrane.


Workers' compensation program in the 1970's. Workers' compensation has become a focus of public attention in the 1970's to a degree unprecedented in its 70-year history. Federal legislation, two national study groups, a rush of State reform amendments, and congressional hearings and bills proposing Federal standards have all contributed to the ferment of inquiry about the relevance and adequacy of the present system of State workers' compensation. Among the questions raised are: Does the system cover all the workers that should be protected? Are the benefits provided adequate? And what are the cost implications to employers of the changing program? For many years, the Social Security Administration has published estimates of the number of workers covered, the benefits paid, and the costs of workers' compensation. This article provides benchmark data to bring coverage and benefit estimates up to date and analyzes statutory provisions measuring several aspects of benefit adequacy.


Melanoma development from subcellular fractions. Amelanotic melanoma cells, RPMI-1846, were disrupted by sonic energy which caused cell membrane disruption, thereby allowing liberation of viable cellular organelles. These subcellular particles were injected into syngeneic Syrian and nonsyngeneic hamsters in six separate experiments to determine their possible growth potential. A sizable number of the injected hamsters subsequently died as a result of melanoma. In an attempt to be as certain as possible that no whole melanoma cells were injected with sonicated melanoma material, various techniques were used including collodian sections for debris analysis, phase microscopy and electron microscopy. Results of this study suggested that melanoma can be induced from particles within the melanoma cell which are liberated following cell membrane disruption. It appears that a mechanism exists for the transfer of oncogenic information that may not be dependent upon the presence of intact cells or require the participation of a viral agent.


Mechanisms of the bronchoconstrictor effects of deep inspiration in asthmatic patients. A single deep inspiration (DI) is commonly followed by transient airflow obstruction in asthmatic patients. In some patients, however, DI results in a sustained response which suggests that more than one mechanism may be responsible. We have studied the characteristics of the response to repeated DI, and their modificatiion by various pharmacological agents, by measuring specific airway resistance (sRaw) in ten subjects who showed reproducible and consistent increases in sRaw after DI. Two types of reaction were observed: type A (n = 8) had an immediate maximum and usually short persistence; type B (n = 2) had a delayed maximum with a progressive increase. In type A reactions repetition of DI showed different patterns of response--either a reproducible reaction to each DI or a plateau effect. In type B reactions the response spontaneously increased with repeated DI. Type A responses to DI were inhibited completely by a beta-adrenergic stimulant (BAS), largely by an anticholinergic drug (AC, ipratropium bromide), but in no case by disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Type B responses were inhibited completely by BAS, largely by DSCG, and partially by AC. These findings suggest that the response to DI is due to bronchoconstriction, which in type A reactions is of reflex origin, vagally mediated, and is due in part or wholly to mediator-release in type B reactions.


Cardiomegaly and heart failure in a patient with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumour. Unexplained cardiomegaly with cardiac failure was observed in a 42-year-old woman in whom a pituitary tumour had been treated by radiotherapy five years previously. She had been amenorrhoeic for 10 years. Thyroid and adrenal function was normal. Despite treatment with digitalis and diuretic, her cardiac disease progressed until she died suddenly at the age of 45. Hyperprolactinaemia was evident some weeks before death, her serum concentration of 68 ng/ml being well above both the reported normal range (2--20 ng/ml) and the concentrations in eight female controls being treated for severe cardiac failure (5--25 ng/ml). Although the association of these two disorders might merely represent coincidence, heart disease with similar features is common in acromegaly and does not correlate with plasma growth hormone concentration. Since prolactin is known to exert metabolic growth hormone-like effects in animals and in man, the possibility should be considered that prolactin hypersecretion might induce or maintain cardiac disease in some patients with pituitary tumours. A preliminary survey of 35 subjects with hyperprolactinaemia has shown five with raised blood pressure and four, two of whom were normotensive, with cardiomegaly on chest radiography.


[Critical evaluation of the results of systematic pedodontic care]. The authors present and comment upon the clinical and radiological findings obtained from 1200 children in the framework of a caries-statistical cross-sectional study. The statistical data are subdivided into: state of oral rehabilitation, extent of oral rehabilitation, frequency of the different kinds of filling and endodontic treatment measures.


Murine sera cytotoxicity toward human B cells and their effect on human mixed lymphocyte reactions. Seven murine anti-H-2 and three nonimmune mouse sera were tested for cytotoxicity toward B and T lymphocytes from a panel of human donors. One group of sera, including two anti-H-2.33 sera, exhibited cytotoxicity directed exclusively toward human B but not T cells from all donors. Absorption studies on human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) of B or T cell origin corroborated these findings. Some nonimmune sera showed similar characteristics, indicating that the observed reactions were not attributable to cross-reactivities between mouse H-2K or D specificities and human antigens coded by the HLA-A, B, or C locus. Another set of mouse sera (anti-H-2.28b and anti-H-2.31) was highly cytotoxic to both B and T cells of some donors but not of others, suggesting that activity in these sera may arise from cross-reactions between mouse and human specifities. A third set of anti-H-2 as well as normal mouse sera showed only background cytotoxicity when tested on human cells. The ability of the B cell cytotoxic mouse sera to block the human mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (MLR) was compared to that of appropriate human alloantisera with exclusive B cell activity or a rabbit serum raised against human B cells. None of the mouse sera resulted in a significant reduction in the human MLR, whereas the human alloantisera as well as the rabbit antiserum caused a significant amount of blocking at several dilutions beyond their highest cytolytic titer.


Influence of blood transfusions and matching for DR antigens on kidney allograft survival in unrelated rhesus monkeys. Kidney transplantations were performed in unrelated, immunosuppressed rhesus monkeys matched for two DR antigens and given five pretransplant transfusion of whole blood. The host-donor combinations were either reactive or nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and shared up to three A and B locus antigens with their blood and kidney donors. Although previous monkey experiments had shown a definite positive influence of DR matching as well as of pretransplant transfusions on graft survival, this was not found in the current experiments (the mean survival time for the MLC responsive group was 21.3 days for the MLC nonresponsive group 28.2 days). It appears therefore that the combination of pretransplant transfusions and matching for DR antigens does not have an additive or synergistic effect on graft survival. In fact, the prominent transfusion effect demonstrated previously may have been somehow compromised by matching for DR antigens. Alternatively, the clearly positive effect of matching for two DR antigens may have been reduced or lost as a consequence of giving the blood transfusions.


Perception and management of guinea worm disease among Ghanaian villagers. A framework for differential health education planning. A survey, resulted from the immediate need to understand the health behaviour of Southern Ghanaian villagers during an epidemic of guinea worm disease. While such problems are usually studied at a time when the epidemic has abated, this study emphasized getting into the field quickly to obtain data before the epidemic passed. If behaviour models are to have value for programme planning in the developing world, they should be amenable to such quick sample approaches. The study involved a survey on attitudes, beliefs and practices related to gent. Results showed distinctive and somewhat differing perceptions of susceptibility, seriousness, curability and preventability for the two ethnic groups within a single geographic area. The analysis of the survey results permitted suggestion of various educational strategies for both of the groups. This quick survey approach must be more refined before it has wide applicability. There appears to be a significant potential for developing a simplified checklist to be used by health workers in carrying a rapid educational diagnosis of a specific health problem for a given population.


[Role of the systems of DNA dark repair in determining bacterial and phage sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation in an ecological long-wave range]. A comparison has been made of sensitivity to far (254 nm), middle (300--315 nm) and near (315--400 nm) UV radiation of 12 strains of E. coli and 2 strains of B. subtilis differing in DNA dark repair (DR) capability. The mechanisms controlled by uvrA, uvrB, polA, recA, lon, and lexA genes are very effective in cells, irradiated by far and middle UV, but by 15--70% less effective in those irradiated by near UV. As the unirradiated bacteria poorly repair the near UV damaged phages (T7, lambda, SPPI), the low bacterial DR level after UV irradiation seems to be due to the unrepairable photoproduct formation in DNA.


[Epidemiology of stomach cancer in the Kirghiz SSR]. The incidence of gastric cancer in the Republic is characterized by some features related to local natural conditions, ethnic and socio-economic factors. These features comprise variations in the gastric cancer incidence in separate climatic-geographical zones. A higher morbidity rate was noted in Chuisk valley in the north of the Republic. The lowest morbidity rate was recorded in Osha Province. The index of the gastric cancer morbidity among Russian population is higher than among Kirghiz and Uzbek nationalities. During recent years there is a tendency to the reduced morbidity and mortality due to cancer of the stomach in the Republic.


[Vitamin B1, PP and C allowances of weight lifters and their requirements during training and competition periods]. Supply of the organism with vitamins C, B1 and PP during various periods of the training cycle was studied in 25 top-class athletes. All of them showed a decreased supply with vitamins, specifically low levels being recorded during competitions. Recommendations are offered with respect to dosage of the vitamins and duration of their administration in order to assist in correcting vitamin deficiency revealed.


[Analysis of the copper and manganese body allowances of athletes]. Forty-eight sportswomen of various qualification and 19 women not engaged in the sports were under observation. The total losses of copper and manganese excreted with feces, urine and sweat in the sportswomen under conditions of muscular training proved higher than in the untrained women. During summer the copper and manganese content in a day diet of the sportswomen corresponded to the recommended standards while during winter the copper content was below the normal. Starting the active training in the beginner sportswomen is attended by the copper and manganese accumulation in the blood cells. Meat and weat food stuffs in the Yaroslavi region are rich in copper, with vegetable products showing the highest content of manganese, and dairy products having a low content of copper and manganese.


[Isolation of strains of the Hong Kong complex (H3N2) influenza virus from Nyctalus noctula bats in Kazakhstan]. Four antigenically related hemagglutinating agents were isolated from pools of lungs and tracheas of Nyctalus noctula bats in chick embryos. Identification of the isolates by the hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase activity inhibition and double immunodiffusion methods revealed close antigenic relationships with A/Port Chalmers/73 virus.


[The surgical treatment cavernous haemangioma of the soft tissues in the orofaciale region (author's transl)]. The experience gathered in therapy of 85 cavernous haemangioma allows to make the following conclusions: -The therapy of canernous haemangioma is very flexible. Localisation, expansion, increasing, aesthetical and functional troubles determine the indication for the therapeutical way. -Cavernous haemangioma must be operated in early infancy. The complete excision is the best method. The conservative control only with the outlook of a spontanremission is unsafe. -Big haemangioma will be treated by a combined treatment (destroying of blood vessels + surgical therapy). After injection of sclerosing solutions it is possible to exstirpate the haemangioma completely. -Extensive plastic and reconstructive operations will be done first after age of twenty years. The use of adjacent flaps shows suitable results.


[Changes at different ages in the epithelium of the human oral mucosa of the hard palate and cheek (author's transl)]. This paper describes the results of observation by optical microscopy of the changes in structure of the epithelium of the human oral mucous membrane between birth and old age. The intraepithelial regulatory mechanism of the oral mucous membrane can be disturbed by exogenous and endogenous factors, as a result of which it is possible for the mucosa to lose part of its resistance to external influences. Sex hormones are considered to play an important role in this connection. In the intrauterine state, the epithelium has no stratum corneum. However, a stratum corneum can be seen to develop, in the form of a parakeratosis, already shortly after birth. During puberty, there is observed the capacity to develop, on the palate and gingiva, a protective layer of anuclear horny lumps. At the beginning of the climacteric, the palatal epithelium can be seen to undergo changes in the direction of the prepuberal condition or intermediate stages. The buccal epithelium is invariably free from keratinization and does not usually show such pronounced changes with aging.


[Investigations into ways of improving the ultimate strength of ceramic dental materials (author's transl)]. Despite major improvements, ceramic dental materials, as albite glasses, still show unsatisfactory strength properties. It has been found that the combination of Keradens type dentinal compounds with aluminum-oxide-containing core materials, because of internal stresses, results in a higher ultimate strength than is suggested by the strength values of the single components. In addition, it has been found that wetting the surface of the ceramic test specimen results in a significant decrease in ultimate strength.


[Studies of parodontal results obtained for selected teeth and groups of teeth with particular reference to their predictive potential regarding an overall assessment (author's transl)]. With the support of a Cluster Analysis and other statistical methods we have found out the relative efficiency of some periodontal partial recording selections. Overrating or underrating evaluations arise from the registration of periodontal symptoms and signs by partial recording of special teeth or groups of teeth. The results of our investigations have demonstrated the higher quantitative and qualitative coincidence of the RAMFJORDS teeth with the periodontal status as the frontal region of the lower jaw.


[The preparation trauma of the pulp and its reactive behavior (author's transl)]. The postpreparative pathophysiological reactions of the blood circulation are shown by vital microscopy examinations of the pulp of the incisors of living rats.--After twenty-four hours from the experimental preparation of cavities, functional changes are characterized by acutely inflammatory reactions. With the passage of time (seven-day check), the damage is compensated for by extensive regeneration (re-formation and new formation of vessels, functional adaptation of the circulation of blood, anastomosing), although irreversible alterations can be seen to remain in the incisors of rats.--A comparison with the results of histological reexaminations of human teeth shows that careful preparation usually avoids lesions being left behind after the fading away of localized acute inflammations.


[Effect of serotonin on processes of elaboration and fixation of heterogeneous temporary connections]. The effect of serotonin (5-OT) level in the brain on the elaboration and retention of heterogenous conditioned reflexes was studied in the experiments on rats and mice. Redundancy of 5-OT deteriorated the retention of defensive and alimentary conditioned reflexes and almost fully prevented the fixation of drinking conditioned reflexes. The reduction of 5-OT led to less pronounced disorders in the retention of conditioned reflexes. With a prolonged delay of electrocutaneous reinforcement (from 5 to 10 s) the control animals showed slower elaboration of two-side avoidance reflexes, while their retention was uneffected. The redundancy of 5-OT in these conditions accelerated the elaboration but at the same time deteriorated the retention as in case of 5-second delay. A conclusion is made that with the changed level of 5-OT the impairment of conditioned reflexes retention doesn't depend on the changes in the speed of their elaboration. The "point of application" of changes in 5-OT content lies in the process of the temporary connection consolidation. The degree of 5-OT participation in these processes depends on the characteristics of elaborated conditioned reflexes.


[On the acid solubility of the dental enamel of rabbits after internal administration of various antibiotic substances (author's transl)]. Sections of etched enamel and dentinal surfaces were examined to compare the acid solubility of normal hard tissue and determine the effects of various antibiotic substances. Considerable differences were observed, of which the correlation with cariogenesis and with the progression of caries are being discussed in detail. The results of this study show that treatment with antibiotics may lead to reductions in quality in infants, young children, and nursing mothers.


Mode of action of dantrolene sodium in spasticity. The mode of action of dantrolene sodium was studied in 11 multiple sclerosis patients with spastic paresis of the legs by measurements of changes in electromyographic and mechanomyographic proprioceptive reflex responses and in voluntary power. Dantrolene sodium 0.5 mg per kg body weight given intravenously clearly reduced monosynaptic reflex twitch tension, but voluntary power only moderately so. The electromyographic reflex responses were unchanged or slightly increased. The mode of action of the drug on spindle function is discussed on the basis of the present findings and the literature. It is concluded that dantrolene sodium does not reduce spindle stretch sensitivity, but probably reduces activity in group II and tonic 1a afferent fibers.


Matrix formation in the mandibular condyle of the rat (35S) - sulfate incorporation studies. The matrix formation activity of the mandibular condylar cartilage was investigated using radioactive sulfate incorporation. The condylar cartilage was studied at various developmental stages; as an autotransplant, in situ and on a chemically defined medium. An initial decrease in the cpm/DNA was followed by an increase, until a maximum was attained for all groups, between the 14th and 17th days. Thereafter, the matrix formation activity decreased. There was a surprising likeness in the patterns of activity for all the samples investigated. This tends to support the hypothesis that cartilagenous growth seem to be regulated, at least to some extent by one or more humoral factors.


Cytostatic effect on tumour cells induced in human monocytes by mediators from BCG-stimulated lymphocytes and MLC. Human monocytes activated by mediators (lymphokines) from BCG-stimulated, sensitized lymphocytes (from BCG-vaccinated donors) were cytostatic to a human cell line. Mediators from allogeneic lymphocytes activated the cytostatic ability of monocytes to the same degree as mediators from autologous lymphocytes. Mediators from BCG-stimulated lymphocytes from tuberculin-negative donors not vaccinated with BCG, activated the monocytes only to a small extent. Culture of lymphocytes in a membrane chamber (MC) proximate to monocytes, or incubation of monocytes with filtered supernatants of lymphocyte cultures, were equally effective procedures for inducing cytostatic ability in monocytes. Supernatants of sensitized lymphocytes cultured on BCG for four hours did not activate the monocytes, while supernatants collected after 24 hours activated the cytostatic ability to the same extent as 72-hour supernatants. Supernatants of mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) collected after 24 hours did not activate the monocyte cytostatic ability at all. Forty-eight and 72-hour supernatants of MLC showed a small but increasing activity. There was no significant difference between BCG-stimulated lymphocytes and MLC in their maximum DNA synthesis or in the kinetics of their DNA synthesis. Thus, the DNA synthesis and secretion of lymphocyte mediators may be independent phenomena resulting from the same stimulus.


The human mixed lymphocyte reaction responder and stimulator capacities of highly purified T- and non-T cells and the role of monocytes. E-rosette sedimentation with AET treated sheep red blood cells and human lymphocytes provieded a source of highly purified T- and non-T cells. Together with unseparated cells these were tested for responder and stimulator capacities in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and it was found that the non-T cells were weak, but consistent responders only when T cells were present as stimulators. On the other hand, T-T combinations always exhibited weak proliferation demonstrating that T cells possess stimulator capacities. Adherent cells grown on Petri dishes were found to exert a dual function: as helper cells in low, and suppressor cells in high concentrations.


Cytological events in allo-stimulated lymphocytes triggered by exposure to stimulatory alloantigens. II. Changes in the areal density of cytoplasmic vacuoles and in the subcellular localization of acid phosphatase. H-2b lymphocytes were sensitized against H-2d alloantigens by lymphocyte culture reaction and incubated with H-2d mastocytoma cells. The interaction between lymphoid cells and mastocytoma cells was stopped by fixation with glutaraldehyde. The areal density of the cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as the subcellular localization of acid phosphatase in lymphocytes were examined by electron microscopy. Two populations of lymphocytes were observed, small lymphocytes with heterochromatic nuclei and larger lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) with euchromatic nuclei. Only the lymphoblasts showed change following interaction with target cells. The vacuole area in percent of cytoplasmic area (vacuole areal density) of sensitized lymphoblasts increased during the first 30 minutes and from the third to fourth hour of interaction with target cells. Acid phosphatase staining was observed in the Golgi apparatus of the lymphoblasts after 30 minutes of interaction. Multivesicular bodies showed acid phosphatase staining within 20 minutes of interaction with target cells. After 20 minutes of interaction, phagosomes containing myelin figures were formed. These phagosomes also showed acid phosphatase staining and during the next hours of interaction their number increased over the number of multivesicular bodies.


An assessment of occupational therapists' roles and attitudes toward sexual rehabilitation of the disabled. Sexual adjustment is believed to be a fundamental aspect of the medical and psychosocial rehabilitation of the disabled and chronically ill. A sample of 26 occupational therapists involved in adult rehabilitation services were given a list of specific tasks identified in the literature to be related to medical (physical) aspects of sexual rehabilitation. The results indicated that a small percentage of occupational therapists participate in these tasks. The majority believed that the tasks were important in occupational therapy but that their preparation to perform the tasks was inadequate. The subjects, as a group, held positive attitudes toward sexual rehabilitation and considered it a legitimate aspect of health care for which an appropriate content should be integrated into the basic curricula in occupational therapy.


Occupational therapy roles and functions in the education of the school-based handicapped student. This article presents current roles and functions of the school-based occupational therapist that were identified through data analyses of surveys conducted during 1978. The major roles emerging from data are evaluation/screening, program planning, implementing intervention programs, supervision, and consultation. Functions of occupational therapy educational management for each of the roles are specified. The findings will be used in the development of competency-based educational programs to prepare the occupational therapist with the specialized competencies needed in the provision of services within school systems.


Comparison of the size of the arterial vascular bed to the right ventricular mass in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hearts from patients dying with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were examined for right ventricular mass and coronary arterial vascular bed size. Normal hearts obtained from patients dying of other causes were also examined for comparison. The relationship between the size of the vascular bed and ventricular mass was examined and a definite but low correlation was found. Severe obstructive coronary artery disease was excluded, and chronic hypoxemia did not alter the results. The arterial vascular bed supplying the right ventricle of male patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease appears to undergo a compensatory increase in size as the ventricular mass enlarges, but this is highly variable and incomplete.


Myocardial oxygen supply in left ventricular hypertrophy and coronary heart disease. Coronary arteriolar dilation adjusts blood flow according to local fluctuating metabolic needs of the myocardium. Because of high extravascular compression during systole, the subendocardial layer of the left ventricle is especially dependent on the duration and the perfusion pressure of the diastolic period. In patients with obstructive coronary artery disease, regional arteriolar dilation is utilized to compensate for focal arterial stenoses. Coronary blood flow may be compensated with the patient at rest, but loss of reserve arteriolar dilation limits further adjustment to superimposed transient increases in metabolic needs. Subendocardial perfusion in the region supplied by the stenosed artery is especially vulnerable to shortened diastolic time during tachycardia. In patients with chronic aortic valve disease, the metabolic rate of the left ventricle is increased in proportion to the increases in myocardial mass and work. Coronary blood flow and metabolic rate per gram of the hypertrophied myocardium are normal when the patient is at rest, at the expense of diminished coronary arteriolar reserve. High tissue pressure relative to the diastolic perfusion pressure probably contributes to the diffuse subendocardial ischemia that occurs in these patients during tachycardia.


Occurrence and distribution of muscle spindles in masticatory and suprahyoid muscles of the rat. The occurrence and distribution of muscle spindles was studied in histochemically and conventionally stained serial cross sections of 6-week-old and adult rat masticatory and suprahyoid muscles. Spindles were present in moderate to large numbers in jaw closers, but they were absent in jaw openers and two of four muscles of an accessory suprahyoid group. In jaw closers, 67% or more of the total spindle population was concentrated relatively distant from the temporomandibular joint, in muscle portions which contained large numbers of extrafusal fibers reacting strongly for oxidative enzymes. Because of their location, spindles in these portions should be stretched more and, subsequently, should respond with a greater afferent discharge at any given muscle length than spindles situated nearer to the joint. Spindles in jaw closers, especially the medial pterygoid and deep masseter, often occurred in clusters and complex forms near the terminal branching of intramuscular nerve trunks. No such concentrations were seen in the two muscles of the accessory suprahyoid group that had spindles. The association in jaw closers of spindles with extrafusal fibers high in oxidative enzyme activity is consistent with the view that spindles are the sensory component of a reflex system that recruits these fibers for finely-graded contractions in response to small internal length-changes of the muscle (Botterman et al., '78); however, in jaw openers and two muscles of the accessory suprahyoid group, the absence of spindles, coupled with the presence of large populations of extrafusal fibers high in oxidative enzyme activity, is not easily reconciled with this concept.


The effect of trisomy 21 on the patterns of polypeptide synthesis in human fibroblasts. In addition to direct gene dosage effects, the deleterious phenotypic consequences of aneuploidy may result from secondary regulatory effects on the production and degradation of gene products coded for by other chromosomes. In an initial test of the hypothesis that extensive secondary effects play an important role in the phenotypic consequences of aneuploidy, we have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with radioautography to look for such secondary effects among the polypeptides synthesized by human fibroblasts grown in vitro. The polypeptide patterns of fibroblast strains from four trisomy 21 subjects and one trisomy 21/normal mosaic were compared to those from five matched normal subjects. Of approximately 850 polypeptides visualized, only four show a pattern of variation which may be related to trisomy 21. Additional differences in polypeptide concentrations were found among the strains, attributable to genetic heterogeneity between donor individuals and differences in tissue of origin. These results indicate that, at least in fibroblasts in vitro, trisomy 21 does not cause major regulatory changes in the rates of production and degradation of a large number of polypeptides.


Paternal age and Down syndrome.

Paternal age and Down syndrome. The frequency of Down syndrome (DS) in infants of older fathers has been examined in two sets of data. The effect of maternal age was controlled by single years of age. Lack of tight control has been an important weakness of other studies on this subject. Data obtained in metropolitan Atlanta by an intensive case-ascertainment program showed no overall excess of DS infants born to older fathers. Nor was there evidence of such an effect in recent birth certificate data made available by the National Center for Health Statistics. The Atlanta data suggest an increased number of DS infants born to older fathers who had children by women less than or equal to 34 years. However, there was a small deficiency of DS infants born to older fathers by women greater than or equal to 35 years. The possibility of a paternal-age effect remains open, but the available data suggest that, if it exists, it is quite small.


The distorted shell method for clustering for syndrome classification. Syndrome classification may be described as the arrangement of individuals into groups on the basis of their phenotypic resemblance. This paper describes how phenotypic resemblance may be quantified and demonstrates a numerical method called distorted shell clustering, which isolates groups of phenotypically similar individuals representing syndromes. This new method takes into consideration apparent biological properties of syndromes. It allows for overlapping phenotypes between syndromes, and differing character association and variability within syndromes. This method is compared to four other clustering methods by using suspects for a syndrome of known etiology (Down syndrome). The numerical results based on the phenotype then can be compared with the actual diagnosis. Only the distorted shell method classifies patients, without error, into two major clusters: the Down and the non-Down, while maintaining a high level of efficiency.


Performance characteristics of preschool Down's syndrome children receiving augmented or repetitive verbal instruction. Young Down's syndrome children were compared on their ability to respond to typical preschool learning tasks when given either augmented or repetitive verbal instruction. Augmented verbal instruction began with (a) a verbal prompt followed, as needed, by (b) verbal instruction, (c) verbal instruction plus modeling, and (d) verbal instruction plus manual guidance. Repeated verbal instruction involved the verbal repetition of task directions up to three times after the initial verbal prompt. A groups of age-matched nonretarded children served as a contrast group. Results indicated that Down's syndrome children experienced serious acquisition problems despite either the augmented verbal-instruction series or the repeated verbal-instruction series.


Incidence of pain among women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization by electrocoagulation, the spring-loaded clip, and the tubal ring. Data analyzed from five comparative studies show a relationship between the technique of tubal occlusion and pain experienced by patients both at the time of the procedure and during the recovery period. During the procedure, the spring-loaded clip is the technique least likely and the tubal ring the technique most likely to be associated with pain. During the recovery period, both the spring-loaded clip and the tubal ring are associated with higher rates of abdominal or pelvic pain than is electrocoagulation. Differences in pain that occurred during the recovery period did not persist to the early follow-up visit.


Ocular rosacea.

Ocular rosacea. Ocular rosacea was diagnosed in 49 patients. The most common signs and symptoms were foreign body sensation, burning, superficial punctate erosions, chalazia, and belpharitis. Less common but dangerous to the vision was corneal thinning, vascularization, and infiltrates. Three new associated symptoms were found. These were mapdot subepithelial opacities, recurrent erosions, and moderately severe foreign body sensation, pain or burning with minimal associated signs. Of the 49 patients, 37 were treated with 250 mg of oral tetracycline four times a day, which resulted in improvement in almost all patients from four to 17 days after initiation of therapy. Most of the patients have been able to taper, or taper and stop therapy without recurrence of their symptoms. Those patients with foreign body sensation, burning, and pain required the most prolonged therapy in order to taper or stop treatment with tetracycline.


Normative data on low back mobility and activity levels. Implications for neuromuscular reeducation. Low back mobility and electromyographic movements were performed in 121 normal subjects, grouped by age and sex. Women tended to show greater ranges of motion for straight leg raising, trunk rotation and lateral bending while vertebral separation (forward flexion) was greater in men. A sex-age interaction was observed only in lateral bending, thus implying that for other mobility measurements, data within the age groupings employed in this study can be combined for men and women. Electromyographic data were integrated and quantified using EMG biofeedback equipment for unilateral or bilateral recordings made primarily from the erector spinae muscle between lumbar 3-4 and lumbar 4-5 levels, three centimeters lateral to the spinous processes. Dynamic (trunk flexion-extension, lateral rotation-standing, stooping) and static (quiet sitting, rotation-sitting) movements were performed over a ten second interval. Data analyses verified previous electromyographic studies by demonstrating the trunk extensor function of the erector spinae and the relatively greater unilateral activity when turning to the opposite direction in the erect posture. EMG silence was seen during full trunk flexion. Noticeable sex-age interaction were observed for all dynamic movements but not for static activities. Therefore, it is suggested that EMG data during dynamic movements in a normal population cannot be grouped for men and women within a specified age distribution. These data represent one series of baselines to which mobility and movement patterns in a back pain patient group can be compared. Suggestions are offered for the use of EMG biofeedback during dynamic lower back movements as a possible method of alleviating the pain state, perhaps by altering the patient's posture.


[A contribution to the experimental procedure for testing anaesthetic drugs in the Göttinger minipig (author's transl)]. An experimental procedure is described for collecting base line data in awake, non-premedicated swine under standard conditions. We implanted catheters into the common carotid artery and in the external jugular vein, which were used either for taking blood samples or for access to the heart for a tip manometer and a flow-directed catheter. One week later we implanted an electromagnetic flow probe at the aortic root. With this preparation, the influence of one, two or several drugs on the heart, blood circulation and respiration can painlessly be demonstrated.


Activation of nasal cilia in immotile cilia syndrome. Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 5 normal subjects and from 7 patients with immotile cilia syndrome. Of the latter, 3 had Kartagener's syndrome, one had Kartagener's forme fruste, and 3 had bronchiectasis and sinusitis. An in vitro motility test was used to assess ciliary movement. Exogenous adenosine triphosphate and adenosine triphosphatase activated the immotile cilia to levels equal to or slightly greater than the spontaneous activity seen in normal subjects. Absence of dynein arms on ciliary peripheral microtubule doublets was a consistent finding in the patients' specimens and is suggested to be the basic defect in this syndrome that is responsible for immotility and absence of mucociliary clearance.


NIH conference. Systemic lupus erythematosus: evolving concepts. Systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease of unknown cause and protean manifestations, continues to excite substantial investigational interest. These papers bring together recent advances in concepts of its immunopathogenesis, evidence for a major genetic role in the causation of the process, developing systems for the morphologic assessment of its often fatal nephritis, and data from ongoing trials of cytotoxic drugs in its management.


Pigmentation of osteoma cutis caused by tetracycline. Blue nodules developed in the skin of a patient with acne concomitant with the start of tetracycline therapy. When removed, these nodules were brown and histologic examination revealed a lamellate structure compatible with bone. Under ultraviolet light, these osteomas fluoresced yellow, indicating the presence of tetracycline. This suggests that tetracycline, combined with new bone formation, causes pigmentation of osteoma cutis.


Long-term effects of interval laparoscopic sterilization by bipolar electrocoagulation on menstruation. We studied the menstrual patterns of 258 patients before and after laparoscopic sterilization by bipolar diathermy. The observed changes were obtained were mainly related to the kind of contraception used before sterilization. The frequency of menstrual disorders after sterilization were compared to those in a control group of non-sterilized women matched for age and parity: 12--42 months after the operation, the sterilized women did not have more irregular cycles, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, hysmenorrhea or dyspareunia than the control group but the sterilized women did have a slightly higher incidence of polymenorrhea (p less than 0.05) and menses lasting less than 3 days (p less than 0.01). We conclude that interval laparoscopic sterilization by bipolar diathermy can be recommended for patients with normal menstrual cycles.


Detection of prethrombotic and thrombotic states. Newer methods for detecting subclinical thrombosis are discussed. Uses of radionuclides for thrombus localization are reviewed. Laboratory tests suitable for nonspecialized laboratories are highlighted. The serial use of functional antithrombin III and ethanol gelation assays are recommended to follow the effect of anticoagulant therapy. The use of heparin therapy in low dosage is discussed.


Improved immunosuppression for cardiac transplantation: immune monitoring and individualized modulation of recipient immunity by in vitro testing. These studies demonstrate that immune monitoring and individualized modulation of recipient immune reactivity using a quality-controlled preparation of rabbit antithymocyte globulin can improve results of cardiac transplantation. The most valuable assay in individualizing drug doses was the serial measurement of T-cell levels using a complete lymphocyte profile technique and monitoring with phytohemagglutinin to rule out false low T-cell levels. Using this system, the incidence and severity of early rejections were markedly reduced and no grafts were lost to rejection in the first month. The recent first-year graft survival has been about 60%, an improvement largely related to a reduction in early rejection and infection. This technique of immunosuppression appears quite promising for improving the results of future cardiac transplantations.


[Electrocardiographic evolution of severe medically treated hypertension]. Electrocardiographic finding were studied in 34 severe hypertensions submitted to antihypertensive therapy. The duration of the survey was between 2 and 6 years. No significant correlation was observed between the changes in pressure and the changes in electrocardiogramm: normalisation of blood pressure could be associated with abnormalities in the electrocardiogramm, concerning especially ST segments and T waves. In the latter case, a high frequency of coronary insufficiency was observed. The results suggested that cardiac factors, independent of the pressure level, could determine the electrocardiographic changes during antihypertensive therapy.


Desmoid tumors and mesenteric fibromatosis in Gardner's syndrome: report of kindred 109. Kindred 109, from which Gardner's syndrome was first described, now has 224 members, 28 of whom have inherited the syndrome. Among the group of 28, desmoid tumors or mesenteric fibromatosis or both have developed in eight (29%). In four patients, the fibrous dysplasia appeared to originate in postsurgical abdominal incisional scars; in two of these cases, the mesenteric involvement resulted in death. In one patient, the process was present in the mesentery at the original operation. In three patients, the fibrous dysplastic lesions were extraincisional, with no known trauma associated with their occurrence.


Experimental allergic uveitis: clinicopathologic features associated with varying doses of S antigen. Considerable differences were observed in the experimental autoimmune disease elicited by retinal S antigen, depending on the immunizing dose. An inoculum of 50 microgram produced a massive panophthalmitis containing many polymorphonuclear leukocytes, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells. A less severe endophthalmitis was seen in animals receiving 25 microgram of antigen. Animals receiving between 5 and 10 microgram of antigen developed a disease characterized by a granulomatous uveitis. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted primarily of mononuclear and epithelioid elements and appeared virtually identical to that seen in sympathetic ophthalmia. One microgram of S antigen produced primarily a nongranulomatous posterior uveitis composed chiefly of mononuclear cells. The principal change in the character of the disease occurred at dose levels between 10 and 25 microgram. This change consisted of the disappearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils at the lower dose levels. These histopathologic changes suggest that at higher dose levels an immune complex disease may be superimposed on or replace a presumably cell-mediated hypersensitivity response.


The uncA gene codes for the alpha-subunit of the adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli. Electrophoretic analysis of uncA mutant strains. Four mutant strains of Escherichia coli which lack membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase activity were shown by genetic-complementation tests to carry mutations in the uncA gene. A soluble inactive F1-ATPase aggregate was released from the membranes of three of the uncA mutant strains by low-ionic-strength washing, and purified by procedures developed for the purification of F1-ATPase from normal strains. Analysis of the subunit structure by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the F1-ATPase in strains carrying the uncA401 or uncA453 alleles had a subunit structure indistinguishable from normal F1-ATPase. In contrast, the F1-ATPase from the strain carrying the uncA447 allele contained an alpha-subunit of normal molecular weight, but abnormal net charge. Membranes from strains carrying the uncA450 allele did not have F1-ATPase aggregates that could be solubilized by low-ionic-strength washing. However, a partial dipolid strain carrying both the uncA+ and uncA450 alleles formed an active F1-ATPase aggregate which could be solubilized by low-ionic-strength washing of the membranes and which contained two types of alpha-subunit, one of which was normal and the other had abnormal net charge. It is concluded that the uncA gene codes for the alpha-subunit of the adenosine triphosphatase.


Properties of membranes from mutant strains of Escherichia coli in which the beta-subunit of the adenosine triphosphatase is abnormal. Five uncoupled mutant strains of Escherichia coli carrying mutations in the uncD gene have been studied. In each of these mutant strains the beta-subunit of the F1 portion of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase is abnormal. In one of the mutant strains (carrying the uncD12 allele) in F1-ATPase aggregate was formed which was purified and found to have low ATPase activity. ATPase activity was absent in the other four strains and the abnormal beta-subunits were tightly bound to the membranes. However, membranes from these strains exhibited various proton permeabilities as indicated by NADH-dependent atebrin-fluorescence quenching and bound different amounts of normal F1-ATPase. The amounts of reconstitution of energy-linked reactions after the addition of normal F1-ATPase also varied depending on the mutant allele. It is apparent that considerable phenotypic variations can occur between strains carrying mutations in the same unc gene.


Effect of a single injection of lincomycin, spectinomycin, and linco-spectin on early chick mortality caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The efficacies of lincomycin (L) and spectinomycin (S), alone and in various combinations (L/S), were determined against Escherichia coli (EC) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) of avian origin, both in vitro and in vivo. L contributed significantly to L/S activity against SA, while S contributed significantly to L/S activity against EC, and L/S (2.5 mg L + 5.0 mg S) was more effective than either L or S against SA and EC. The suggested optimum dose for controlling early chick mortality caused by SA and EC is 2.5/5.0 mg of L/S per chick.


Phage-typing results of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry in Japan and Europe. Phage typing was performed on 795 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry, a turkey, pigeons, and birds of prey in Japan and 4 countries in Europe, using the avian phage set of typing phages plus 6 others. Six hundred and seventy-three (89.1%) of 755 strains from poultry were typable by one or more of the phages, 617 strains at routine test dilution (RTD) and 56 strains at 100 RTD. Of these typable strains, 494 (73.4%) belonged to group I, 90 (13.4%) to group II, 50 (7.4%) to group III, 29 (4.3%) to group IV, and 10 (1.5%) to mixed types. There was no significant relation between staphylococcal phage types and the origin of the strains, such as types of disease. Type I strains were commonly found in staphylococci isolated from poultry farms regardless of districts or countries, and thus they were considered to be distributed widely among poultry in Japan and Europe. On the other hand, type III or IV strains were obtained from very limited farms or areas. Four (66.7%) of 6 strains of S. aureus isolated from birds of prey were typed by the additional phage CH39 at RTD. None of 33 pigeon and 1 turkey strain was sensitive to any of the avian phages used.


Serum-serum interactions in autoimmune mice. Sera from a majority of old, sick mice of the MRL/l strain interact with other MRL/l sera to form visible immunoprecipitates and fix complement. The mouse sera can be divided into two sets such that interset interactions are far more common than intraset ones. The reactive principle in each mouse serum is IgG in the form of an intermediate-sized complex. Reactivity between sera is dependent on IgG anti-IgG specificities.


[Influence of local anaesthetics on isolated muscle cells in culture (author's transl)]. A comparative study was performed on the influence of a series of chemically defined local anaesthetics such as procaine, nicotinoylprocaine and butacaine on isolated skeletal muscle cells and heart cells in culture. About 30 min after addition of local anaesthetics to cell cultures vesicles appear in the cells. These formations are reversible and need a minimum concentration of 13(-3) mol/l procaine, 10(-4) mol/l nicotinoylprocaine, or 10(-4) mol/l butacaine, respectively. Soon after addition of local anaesthetics a reduction of oxygen consumption is measurable in both cell types. The degree of this reduction depends on the chemical structure and the concentration of local anaesthetics and on the kind of cells. After daily addition of local anaesthetics to cell cultures metabolic parameters were studied. The local anaesthetics, except for butacaine, produce an increase of protein concentration, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity per sample and an increase of the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase. These increases depend also on the concentration of local anaesthetics and on the kind of cells. These results support the hypothesis of local anaesthetics action via membrane lipids.


[On the effect of methane-bis--phosphonate in vivo (author's transl)]. After s.c. injections of methane-bis-phosphonate into rabbits, calcified incrustations developed around the injection sites. These incrustations were less radiolucent than the surrounding tissues. They appeared to have a good crystalline apatite structure in X-ray diffraction. The findings agree with our previous in vitro studies but disagree with the findings in the literature that ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethyle-nediphosphonate (Cl2MDP) inhibit crystal growth of apatite already formed.


Ocular changes in rabbits with corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension. Rabbit eyes with steroid-induced ocular hypertension were investigated in order to evaluate the histochemical abnormalities in the chamber angle region. The right eye of 14 rabbits was treated by dexamethasone 1% 3 times daily for 3 to 5 weeks. The eyes were stained by haematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid Schiff, fibrin, colloidal iron, and alcian blue with and without hyaluronidase. All treated eyes developed elevated intraocular pressure up to 4 weeks after treatment. These globes showed alcian-blue-positive hyaluronidase-sensitive staining in the amorphous material adjacent to Schlemm's canal and in the cytoplasmic granules of trabecular endothelial cells. There was no increase in incorporation of radioactive thymidine into nuclei of endothelial cells as seen by autoradiography. These results provide further support for the idea that there is abnormal accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides in the chamber angle in steroid-induced ocular hypertension.


Mechanism of actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase. Evidence that adenosine 5'-triphosphate hydrolysis can occur without dissociation of the actomyosin complex. We have investigated the steps in the actomyosin ATPase cycle that determine the maximum ATPase rate (Vmax) and the binding between myosin subfragment one (S-1) and actin which occurs when the ATPase activity is close to Vmax. We find that the forward rate constant of the initial ATP hydrolysis (initial Pi burst) is about 5 times faster than the maximum turnover rate of the actin S-1 ATPase. Thus, another step in the cycle must be considerably slower than the forward rate of the initial Pi burst. If this slower step occurs only when S-1 is complexed with actin, as originally predicted by the Lymn-Taylor model, the ATPase activity and the fraction of S-1 bound to actin in the steady state should increase almost in parallel as the actin concentration is increased. As measured by turbidity determined in the stopped-flow apparatus, the fraction of S-1 bound to actin, like the ATPase activity, shows a hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration, approaching 100% asymptotically. However, the actin concentration required so that 50% of the S-1 is bound to actin is about 4 times greater than the actin concentration required for half-maximal ATPase activity. Thus, as previously found at 0 degrees C, at 15 degrees C much of the S-1 is dissociated from actin when the ATPase is close to Vmax, showing that a slow first-order transition which follows the initial Pi burst (the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state) must be the slowest step in the ATPase cycle. Stopped-flow studies also reveal that the steady-state turbidity level is reached almost instantaneously after the S-1, actin, and ATP are mixed, regardless of the order of mixing. Thus, the binding between S-1 and actin which is observed in the steady state is due to a rapid equilibrium between S-1--ATP and acto--S-1--ATP which is shifted toward acto-S-1--ATP at high actin concentration. Furthermore, both S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi (the state occurring immediately after the initial Pi burst) appear to have the same binding constant to actin. Thus, at high actin concentration both S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi are in rapid equilibrium with their respective actin complexes. Although at very high actin concentration almost complete binding of S-1--ATP and S-1--ADP.Pi to actin occurs, there is no inhibition of the ATPase activity at high actin concentration. This strongly suggests that both the initial Pi burst and the slow rate-limiting transition which follows (the transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state) occur at about the same rates whether the S-1 is bound to or dissociated from actin. We, therefore, conclude that S-1 does not have to dissociate from actin each time an ATP molecule is hydrolyzed.


Magnesium ion dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of heavy meromyosin as a function of temperature between +20 and -15 degrees C. The hydrolysis of Mg2+-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) by heavy meromyosin has been studied between +20 and -15 degrees C, especially in the low-temperature range, in a medium containing 30% (v/v) ethylene glycol by fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and potentiometric measurements. The time course of the fluorescence changes of the enzyme during the reaction depends markedly on the temperature in consequence of large differences between the activation energies of the various steps. The observed kinetics have been analyzed according to the simplified scheme of Bagshaw & Trentham [Bagshaw, C. R., & Trentham, D. R. (1974) Biochem. J. 141, 331-349]. The following results have been obtained. (1) The rate-limiting step of the reaction changes in this temperature range; at 20 degrees C M**.ADP.Pi is the predominant steady-state complex, and M*.ADP predominates at -15 degrees C, with a half-life of approximately 10 min. (2) As expected, on the basis that it is the dissociation of the M*.ADP complex which becomes rate limiting at low temperature, one observes, in the pre-steady-state below 0 degrees C, both a proton burst and a lag phase in ADP release. (3) At low temperature, the equilibrium M*.ATP in equilibrium M**.ADP.Pi is displaced to the left All the kinetic data obtained in this study are compatible with a simple pathway for the Mg2+-ATP hydrolysis by myosin and with sequential release of the reaction products.


Light-induced Mg2+ ATPase activity of coupling factor in intact chloroplasts. Intense illumination isolated, intact, spinach chloroplasts triggers the well known proton-pumping Mg2+ ATPase activity of coupling factor, which can be assayed in subsequently lysed chloroplasts by monitoring ATP-driven quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence. The light-triggered ATPase activity decays slowing in the dark and is inhibited by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. After osmotic lysis and washing of the chloroplasts, preillumination no longer triggers maximal proton-pumping ATPase until methylviologen and dithiothreitol are added to the medium. It is suggested that intact organelles contain soluble or loosely bound cofactors necessary for light-triggering of coupling factor ATPase. On osmotic lysis, these endogenous cofactors are diluted or inactivated and must be replaced by addition of a dithiol reagent and an electron acceptor.


Correlation between ATP synthesis and the decay of the arotenoid band shift after single flash activation of chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. ATP synthesis and the acceleration of the decay of the carotenoid absorption band shift after single flash excitation of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata chromatophores were compared. The two processes behave similarly with respect to: (1) ADP and Pi concentration; (2) inhibition by efrapeptin and venturicidin, and (3) inhibition by valinomycin/K+ and by ionophores. Taken together with earlier evidence for the electrochromic nature of the carotenoid band shift the data support the contention that positive charge moves outwards across the chromatophore membrane during ATP synthesis and justify the method for determination of the H+/ATP ratio (Petty, K.M. and Jackson, J.B. (1979) FEBS Lett. 97, 367-372). The ability of nucleotide diphosphates in the presence of Pi and Mg2+ to give rise to the acceleration of the carotenoid shift decay closely correlates with the rate of phosphorylation of the nucleotides in steady-state light. Nucleotide triphosphates enhance the decay in parallel with their rate of hydrolysis. Adenylyl imidodiphosphate is itself without effect on the decay of the carotenoid shift and it does not prevent the ADP-induced acceleration. The analogue does prevent the ATP effect but only after repeated flashes.


Coupling factor ATPase complex of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Purification and characterization of an oligomycin and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive (Ca+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. An ATPase complex sensitive to the energy transfer inhibitors oligomycin, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and venturicidin has been solubilized from Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores with Triton X-100 and further purified by centrifugation on a glycerol gradient. The partially purified RrFo . F1 contains 13 distinct polypeptide subunits, as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, including the subunits of the oligomycin-sensitive, water-soluble RrF1 ATPase. The ATPase activity of RrF0 . F1 as that of the membrane-bound enzyme complex depends on Ca2+ or Mg2+ and from detailed kinetic studies it is concluded that the divalent cation-ATP complex is the substrate for both ATPase complexes. Free ATP and free Mg2+ act as competitive inhibitors, with Ki values of 1 mM and 7 muM, respectively. The subunit composition of the purified RrFo . F1 and its similarity to the membrane-bound ATPase with respect to cation dependence and sensitivity to energy transfer inhibitors suggests that it contains all the subunits of the R. rubrum coupling factor-ATPase complex.


Localized energization of the mitochondrial inner membrane by ATP. Studies were made to determine whether the energy-dependent binding of ethidium to the mitochondrial inner membrane reflects the membrane potential or the energization of localized regions of the membrane. The number of binding sites of ethidium in mitochondria energized with ATP was 72 nmol/mg protein and decreased with increase in the amount of the ATPase system (F1 . F0) inactivated by oligomycin. These findings clearly show that the energy-dependent binding of ethidium to the mitochondrial inner membrane energized with ATP does not reflect the membrane potential, in good accord with the previous conclusion (Higuti, T., Yokota, M., Arakaki, N., Hattori, A. and Tani, I. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 503, 211-222), but that ethidium binds to localized regions of the energized membrane that are directly affected by ATPase (F1), reflecting the localized energization of the membrane by ATP.


The biogenesis of rat liver mitochondrial ATPase. Subunit composition of the normal ATPase complex and of the deficient complex formed when mitochondrial protein synthesis is blocked. 1. An ATPase complex containing 12 subunits was isoalted from rat liver mitochondria. 2. In vivo inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by the chloramphenicol analogue thiamphenicol leads to the formation of an oligomycin-insensitive membrane-bound ATPase complex in mitochondria of regenerating rat liver. 3. This oligomycin-insensitive, membrane-bound ATPase was isolated by the same procedure as the ATPase complex from regenerating livers of untreated animals. 4. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of in vivo labelled ATPase complexes from control and from thiamphenicol-treated rats reveals that three subunits out of the 12 are not synthesized or assembled when the mitochondrial translation activity is blocked. 5. From the subunits synthesized and assembled when mitochondrial pror (Fo) of the ATPase complex (subunit 5). 6. The oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein seems absent in the ATPase complex formed in the presence of thiamphenicol.


Optimization of the purification of mitochondrial F1-adenosine triphosphatase. A simple technique of purification of the soluble pig heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase is described. It consists of removal of extrinsic proteins from mitochondrial membranes before extraction with chloroform and ammonium sulfate fractionation. A high degree of purity, an excellent stability and a good yield are attained after gel filtration through an Ultrogel ACA 34 column equilibrated in the presence of 50% glycerol. The tested properties of the F1-ATPase prepared by this method are similar to those of the same enzyme extracted by sonication. The enzyme is virtually devoid of tightly bound nucleotides. In addition, some characteristics of the behaviour of the beta subunit are shown.


Localisation of adenine nucleotide-binding sites on beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase by photolabelling with 8-azido-ADP and 8-azido-ATP. 1. In addition to the previously studied 8-azido-ATP, 8-azido-ADP is a suitable photoaffinity label for beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1). 2. Photolysis at 350 nm of 8-azido-ADP in the presence of isolated F1 leads to inactivation of ATPase activity. Both ATP and ADP (but not AMP) protect against the inactivation. 3. In the absence of Mg2+, 8-azido-ADP binds almost equally to the alpha and beta subunits of F1, whereas in the presence of Mg2+ the alpha subunits are predominantly labelled. 4. The ATPase activity is completely inhibited when two molecules of 8-azido-ADP are bound per molecule F1. 5. 8-Azido-ATP and ATP are competitive substrates for F1, indicating that in the presence of Mg2+ 8-azido-ATP binds to the same site as ATP. 6. The amount of tightly bound nucleotides in F1 is not significantly changed upon incubation with 8-azido-ATP either in the light or the dark. 7. 8-Azido-ATP is also a suitadrial particles, photolabelling leading to inactivation of ATPase activity. 9. Oxidative phosphorylation and the ATP-driven reduction of NAD+ by succinate are also inhibited by photolabelling Mg-ATP particles with 8-azido-ATP. 10. In contrast to the uncoupled ATPase activity, where the two ATP-binding sites do not interact, cooperation between the two sites is required for ATP hydrolysis coupled to reduction of NAD+ by succinate.


The relationship between membrane ATPase activity in sugarcane and heat-induced resistance to helminthosporoside. 1. Heating of susceptible sugarcane leaves (4 h at 35 degrees C) renders them resistant, for 24 h, to the effects of helminthosporoside. Membrane ATPase activity is reduced by 50% as a result of the heat treatment. When the leaves again become susceptible (after 24 h), membrane. ATPase activity is fully restored. 2. Inhibitors of membrane ATPase activity protect susceptible leaves from the effects of helminthosporoside (KF, EDTA, and octylguanidine). 3. Helminthosporoside activates (30%) membrane ATPase in microsomes from susceptible, but not heat-treated (resistant) leaves. Once heat-treated leaves again become susceptible, helminthosporoside activation of membrane ATPase activity resumes. 4. A plot of the production of helminthosporoside-induced symptoms, and membrane ATPase activity as a function of the reciprocal of the absolute temperature reveals that both have sharp breaks at 32 degrees C. 5. Protoplasts of susceptible cane are rendered insensitivity to the effects of the toxin in a medium deficient in K+ and Mg2+. When these ions are added, cell sensitivity to the toxin is restored. Since K+ uptake in plants is mediated by membrane ATPase, a connection with this enzyme activity can be made to cell sensitivity to the toxin.


Mitochondrial DNA from various organisms does not contain internally methylated cytosine in -CCGG- sequences. Mitochondrial DNAs from yeast, Neurospora, rat and calf do not contain internally methylated cytosine in -CCGG- sequences.


Substituent effects on the electron transfer reactivity of hydroquinones with laccase blue copper. Stopped-flow kinetic studies of the anaerobic reduction of Rhus vernicifera laccase (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) type 1 copper by 25 mono- and disubstituted hydroquinones (H2Q-X) have been performed at 25 degrees C and pH 7.0 in 0.5 M phosphate. All of the data are compatible with a mechanism involving rapid enzyme-substrate complex formation followed by rate-limiting intra-complex electron transfer. ES complex formation constants (Qp) for many substrates are strikingly insensitive to the electronic characteristics of the substituent X, falling within the range 5--50 M-1. It is shown that this result may be accounted for if only the singly ionized forms of the substituted hydroquinones are bound by the enzyme. All of the substrates exhibiting exceptionally high Qp values (greater than 50 M-1) have X groups capable of functioning as ligands; substituents with lone pairs of electrons may facilitate enzyme-substrate complex formation by enabling hydroquinone to function as a bidentate bridging ligand between the type 2 and type 3 copper sites. Intra-complex electron transfer rate constants for most substrates are remarkably insensitive to the thermodynamic driving force for the oxidation of H2Q-X to the corresponding semiquinone, the average value for ten substrates being 30 +/- 10 s-1. The electron transfer reactivity of polyphenols with laccase blue copper therefore appears to be controlled largely by protein-dependent activation requirements rather than by the oxidizability of the substrate.


Transient state kinetic studies of phosphorylation by ATP and Pi of the calcium-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum. The ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is phosphorylated by ATP in the presence of Ca2+. A rapid phosphorylation was observed when the enzyme was preincubated with Ca2+ prior to the addition of 0.1 or 1 mM ATP. The rate of phosphorylation was decreased when Ca2+ was omitted from the preincubation medium and added with ATP when the reaction was started. The rate of phosphorylation by ATP was further decreased when Pi was included in the preincubation medium without Ca2+. In this case, the enzyme was phosphorylated by Pi during the preincubation. When Ca2+ and ATP were added, a burst of phosphorylation by ATP was observed in the initial 16 ms. In the subsequent incubation intervals, the phosphorylation by ATP was synchronous with the hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme formed by Pi. The rate of hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme formed by Pi was measured when either the Pi concentration was decreased 10 fold, or when Ca2+, ATP or ATP plus Ca2+ was added to the medium. Upon the single addition of Ca2+, the time for half-maximal decay was in the range 500--1000 ms. In all other conditions it was in the range 70--90 ms.


Isolation of F-actin filaments. Comparison of F-actin filament preparations from normal and dystrophic mouse muscle. To investigate the dystrophic influence on the characteristics of actin, a method for the isolation of F-actin filaments from the skeletal muscle of small sizes, i.e., less than 0.5 g, was devised. In this method, minced muscle was treated with collagenase and hyaluronidase, and the isolated filaments were washed with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Upon examination in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the ATP-washed filaments showed a protein component identical in mobility to actin in untreated myofibrils or to that prepared by the conventional method. Electron microscopic appearances of the filaments were similar to those of F-actin filaments described in the literature. The dimensions of the filaments were 0.5--2.5 micrometer in length and 60--70 A in diameter. The ability to activate the Mg-adenosine triphosphatase or myosin was found to be Ca2+ independent. In all aspects of the above characteristics, the filaments from leg muscles of 129/Re dydy dystrophic mice and their litter mates were observed to be identical.


Auxiliary spinal networks for signal focussing in the segmental stretch reflex system. In continuation of a previous paper, the auxiliary signal focussing properties of more complicated spinal neuronal networks are considered here. Special emphasis is put on the distributive function of the recurrent feedback system of alpha-motoneurones, but also the inhomogeneous distribution of excitatory and inhibitor input to motoneurones is taken into account as an essential prerequisite for signal focussing. Simple hypothetical calculations for steady-state conditions yield a more vivid insight into the interaction of the two types of neuronal circuitry contributing to signal focussing.