[Determining the cause of clicking from clinical, roentgenological, and histological results (author's transl)]. A cause of clicking is described. Results of clinical, roentgenological, and histological examinations show that clicking may be considered to be due to overstraining of the lateral ligament of the temporomandibular joint or of a muscle lying between the tuberculum articulare and the collum mandibulae, respectively. Straining is triggered by a connective-tissue and bony protuberance produced by mechanical irritation on the lateral capitulum mandibulae.


[Experiences clinical tests to prove value of GRF wound dressing in the treatment of patients suffering from haemophilia (author's transl)]. Experiences are reported on the use of Gelatine-Resorcin-Formalin (GRF) wound dressing obtained in clinical tests. The treatment has been turned out to be thoroughly satisfactory in 27 cases of patients suffering from haemophilia and those suffering from Willebrand-Jürgens-Syndrome. Generally, treatment may be carried out without hospitalization of applying coagulator substituting medicaments.


Antimicrobial activity of quaternary ammonium salts of some saturated heterocycloalkyl amines [1]. Antimicrobial activity of N-alkyl-N-dodecylpiperidinium bromides and N-ethyl-N-dodecylheterocycloalkyl ammonium bromides (pyrrolidine, morpholine, perhydroazepine) determined on grampositive and gramnegative bacteria, yeasts and moulds, presented as minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Comparison of the effect of change of structure: lengthening of alkyl chain, change of heterocyclic ring. Change in the length of alkyl chain markedly affects the antimicrobial activity, change of heterocyclic ring has no substantial effect. The most active compounds were N-heptyl-and N-hexyl-N-dodecylpiperidinium bromides.


[Results of the use of bone and cartilage transplants in maxillofacial surgery (author's transl)]. This paper reports the results of using autogenous, allogeneic, and xenogeneic bone grafts in 176 patients with maxillofacial diseases. In all, the number of complications did not exceed 5 percent. The allogeneic and xenogeneic grafts were used in the form of small chips of bone. They formed connecting and filler elements for small losses of bones without breaking the continuity of their union. In this group, the number of complications was in the region of 2.5 percent.


[On the surgical therapy of basaliomata and carcinomata of the facial skin]. Following surgical therapy, skin carcinomata as well as basaliomata require strict aftercare. Most careful attention should be given especially to dedifferentiated, nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomata that usually show a higher rate of relapsing and metastasizing. (2) The relatively high rate of metastasizing of 10 to 20%, which is evident from the literature and could be confirmed by the author for his own patient stock, requires uncompromising removal of the dependent lymphatic region in the form indicated for tumors with the formula T1 N1-2 Mo, T2-3 No Mo, for relapsing carcinomata, and for histologically evident nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomata. Only very old age or a poor general condition admit of exceptions to be made.


[On the influence of the time of surgical operation upon dentural development in the case of gnathoplasty, palatoplasty, and uraniscoplasty with simultaneous osteoplasty (author's transl)]. In patients with cheiloschisis, gnathoschisis, palatoschisis, and uranoschisis, who underwent plastic operations when between four and six years old, maxillary models were biometrically analyzed in the tenth and eleventh years of age. It has been found that the different choice of the time of reparative operation has no influence whatsoever upon maxillary development during childhood. This is of great practical importance especially from a phoniatric and logopedic point of view.


[Clinical and exfoliative-cytology studies made prior and subsequent to the action of antiovulatory agents upon oral and vaginal mucous membranes (author's transl)]. Clinical as well as oro- and vaginocytological results obtained from 92 female patients aged 16 to 48, to whom ovulostatic drugs were administered, have been analyzed. Variations in cell composition of the mucosal surface could be detected by exfoliative cytology in the vaginal and oral regions.


[The human dental pulp as viewed through a scanning electron microscope (author's transl)]. The human dental pulp was examined using a scanning electron microscope. The odontoblasts are pear-shaped and have a fine-grain surface structure. Tomes' process divides into fine branches before entering the predentin. Very few fibroblasts were found. These had stronger cell processes at the two terminal poles. Adhering to their surfaces were fine fibers. Collagenous and nerve fibers could not be accurately identified in the rich fibrillary network of the pulp. Stronger nerve fasciculi were readily observable through longitudinal sulci. Thinner fibers were seen to spread out in branches from some nerve bundles. The capillaries were observed to be surrounded by a sheath of fine fibrils.


[Vital microscopic examination of the periodontal blood circulation of incisors in rats (author's transl)]. This paper describes a method of making microscopic in vivo examinations of the periodontal blood vessels of the lower incisors in rats. On an anesthetized animal, part of the lower jaw is laid open by a U-shaped skin incision and the ligament joining the halves of jaw is cut through. After macrosopic and microscopic preparation, the circulation of blood in the exposed marginal gingiva or in the windowed periodontal space may be observed in vivo by transmitted-light microscopy. The standardized biological model enables the structure and function of the periodontal blood vessels and their normal and disturbed mechanisms of regulation to be examined and compared with conventional histological findings. The functional and morphological parameters are representative of the human periodontium.


[Peak-to-valley height measurement and scanning electron microscopy of cavity walls (author's transl)]. Using a feeler type of cutting mechanism and a scanning electron microscope, cavity walls were examined subsequent to the preparation thereof with various types of working tools. The combination of these two methods of examination allows results to be obtained which are far better than those achieved with the use of one of these methods alone. The most unfavourable configuration of the cavity wall is obtained using a turbine (diamond). It is especially in the case of inlay preparations that it is necessary for the walls of cavities prepared using a turbine to be retreated by means of a normal-speed type of instrument. Smoothest surfaces are generally obtained with the use of a finisher.


[Biological responses to filling materials with special reference to the composite material evicrol--an experimental study (author's transl)]. The biological responses to the composite filling material Evicrol were tested by temporarily differentiated implants in rats. Type and degree of the inflammatory reaction as well as the intensity of connective tissue fiber formation were used as criteria for evaluation of the histocompatibility of the subcutaneous implants. As compared to other composite filling materials, Evicrol was found to produce a relatively severe irritation of the tissue. In comparison with silicate cements and also with silicopolyacrylate cement, composite materials including Evicrol were responded to by for less pronounced chronically toxic effects.


[Experience with evicrol splints after eighteen months of use (author's transl)]. The authors, after discussing the general importance of the use of splints in parodontological therapy, give a detailed description of the manufacture of composite splints. The experience and results obtained after eighteen months of use of fifteen splints are discussed and compared with data reported in the international literature.


[Possibilities to improve the classification of partially edentulous dental arches by the view of morbidity statistics (author's transl)]. With regard to the planning of treatment capacities in prosthetic dentistry the authors try to find a practicable classification for partially dentulous arches. They make explanations on the classifications, which are known yet. The combination of the EICHNER and KENNEDY classifications as well as an own modification of the KENNEDY system seem to be the best methods for morbidity analysis in this moment.


[Levels of immunoglobulins and numbers of lymphocytes in the venous blood from the neighbourhood of oral carcinomas Relations to short-time-prognosis (author's transl)]. Lower levels of immunoglobulins A and G than in a cubital vein were found in the venous blood from the neighbourhood of non-metastatic oral carcinomas. The authors these results interprete as an increased connection of antibodies to the receptors of tumor-cells. It is evident that the receptors are saturated in metastatic carcinomas. Favourable shorttime-prognosis is often connected with an increased number of lymphocytes in blood of tumour- and cubital-vein.


[Variability of the microfloral makeup of the pathological focus in suppurative infection]. During the period of hospital treatment a change in the composition of would microflora in 145 patients was found to occur, which affected the characteristics of microflora in respect of species, types and strains. This change consisted in the appearance of new (secondary) species, variants and strains and in the disappearance of some original (primary) ones. The populations of staphylococci were found to vary in the level and spectrum of their resistance to antibiotics (resistovars) and in the degree and spectrum of their sensitivity to staphylococcal typing phages (phagovars). Changes in the populations of staphylococci were caused mainly by the cange of S. aureus or by the additional appearance of their new variants which belonged, as a rule, to phage group II, had multiple resistance to antibiotics and corresponded to the phagovars of the hospital flora. The development of hospital variants in open wounds led to an increased general level of resistance of staphylococcal populations to antibiotics.


A simple technique of measuring liver blood flow--intrasplenic injection of 133Xenon. Intrasplenic injection of 133Xe was studied as an inert gas clearance technique for measuring liver blood flow in 13 dogs. This was done by comparing technique with intraportal injection of 133Xe (n = 41), and with electromagnetic flowmeter measurements of total liver blood flow. Very good correlation was obtained against the two latter techniques, the correlation coefficients being 0.99 and 0.90 respectively. The comparisons were made over a range of liver blood flow rates from 37 to 297 ml 100 g-1 min-1. The technique is potentially suitable for preoperative measurements, and may be particularly convenient when performed in conjunction with splenoportovenography.


A prospective psychological and cytogenetic study of three girls with mosaic mongolism. Three girls with mosaic mongolism (46, XX/47, XX, +21) were followed cytogenetically and psychologically from the time of diagnosis at 8, 17 and 32 months of age, respectively, to the age of 13--15.5 years. All showed muscular hypotonia and hyperflexible joints at the time of diagnosis, but otherwise the physical characteristics of Down's syndrome were weakly expressed. The percentage of trisomic cells in the peripheral blood decresed with time, but were still higher in lymphocytes than in skin fibroblasts at the last investigation. Developmental milestones were delayed in all cases, and the developmental and intelligence quotients were decreased. Mental retardation was only slight in one of the cases (I.G. = 65 at the age of 14 years 8 months). The intelligence quotients showed declining trends with time. Social ability and school results tended to be better than could be expected from the test results.


Cation-induced immunosuppression: the effect of lithium or Arthus reactivity, delayed hypersensitivity and antibody production in the rat. Arthus reactivity and delayed skin sensitivity to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and anti-BSA antibody production were markedly impaired in female Wistar rats repeatedly injected with lithium chloride.


Characterization of reactive and suppressive cells in the mouse embryonic liver by peanut agglutinin (PNA). Embryonic liver cells suppressed the MLC response of adult mouse spleen cells and reactivity to mitogens Con A, PHA and LPS. Suppression was exerted by cells agglutinated by PNA (PNA+ cells). Cells reacting to LPS and to DxS were found in the nonagglutinated (PNA-) cell fraction. The PNA+ fraction did not react to DxS nor did it reduce the response of sdult spleen cells to this mitogen.


Comparative effects of drugs on four paw oedema models in the rat. The development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs (AID) has been claimed to be dependent on the discovery of models of inflammation that differ from those currently used for drug screening, e.g. carrageenen paw oedema and u.v. erythema. We have thus evaluated the effect of a variety of drugs in a number of novel models of inflammation in the rat produced in the hind paw. We have utilized kaolin, zymosan, anti-rat IgG (anti-IgG) and the Reversed Passive Arthus (RPA) reaction to produce these oedema models. We found that the non-steroidal AID's, e.g. aspirin, flufenamic acid, indomethacin, naproxen, and phenylbutazone, were active in all four tests. Of the nine novel AID examined, levamisole and tetramisole demonstrated considerable activity in all four tests and dapsone was especially active in the anti-IgG and RPA tests. In contrast, the anti-rheumatic d-penicillamine was inactive in all four models. Each of the ten compounds tested which has been claimed to influence complement function, was active in the RPA but not in the kaolin model. These results are discussed in the context of the aetiology of each oedema and the suspected mode of action of the various drugs.


A model for establishing occupational therapy and physical therapy services in the public schools. One procedure for the establishment of therapists in public schools and on management and administration teams in the State Department of Public Instruction, Division for Exceptional Children is discussed. A significant aspect of the procedure is a model for a working relationship between the Division for Exceptional Children and the Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy Divisions in the Department of Medical Allied Health Professions in a School of Medicine.


Educational mainstreaming of physically handicapped children. The therapeutic and educational needs of 31 children who, after attending a private pre-school for the physically handicapped, were mainstrained in public schools are described in this paper. Their adjustment was followed for one to three years. Information was gathered through questionnaires and interviews with parents, children, and classroom teachers on how successful and to what extent the children had been mainstreamed, as well as what physical, academic, and social problems were encountered. Patterns and trends of relative educational abilities and disabilities of children with spina bifida and cerebral palsy are discussed in view of the literature and the problems encountered by this population. Questions that teachers frequently asked of health professionals who are experienced in dealing with the effects of handicapping conditions as well as a procedure for providing this information are also discussed. Successful mainstreaming depends on cooperative work and mutual advocacy among health professionals, parents, and educational personnel.


The school therapist and vocational education. Students with disabilities are now placed in regular industrial arts and vocational training programs in secondary schools. Vocational educators agree that teachers need assistance in serving these students with special needs. This paper explores the contributions school occupational therapists can make to vocational education for handicapped students. Recommendations are included for therapists interested in moving into new roles in this field.


Back pain: mechanical or inflammatory?

Back pain: mechanical or inflammatory? The majority of patients with a recent onset of back pain that developed rapidly over a few hours have nonspecific spinal disease. The disorder is likely to be self-limited. In contrast, patients presenting with an insidious onset of pain that has lasted for several weeks may have ankylosing spondylitis. Since management differs for the two types of disease, the correct diagnosis is mandatory. The diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis is confirmed radiologically.


Loss of thick filaments from fast-twitch glucolytic muscle fibers of the pigeon pectoralis after chronic administration of dantrolene sodium. Adult pigeons received dantrolene sodium, a skeletal muscle relaxant which blocks the release of calcium during excitation-contraction coupling, for 12 to 16 weeks. The pectoralis muscles of these birds were analyzed for changes occurring in the various fiber types of the muscle. Both histochemistry (ATPase and SDH activity) and electron microscopy (mitochondrial and lipid volume percentages) differentiated two fiber types. The two fiber-types consisted of fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (FG) and fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers. After dantrolene treatment some FG fibers showed little or no ATPase activity. Dantrolene treatment also produced a disappearance of thick filaments in some FG fibers. We infer that the fibers without thick filaments are the ones lacking ATPase activity. The FOG fibers were nearly normal. Since drug-fed birds lose weight, a few birds were starved to determine whether the filament loss was related solely to the bird's loss in weight. No fibers in starved birds showed reduced ATPase activity or loss of thick filaments. In fibers that showed thick filament disappearance, the I-bands remained organized and intact, suggesting that the I-band maintains its integrity without interaction with the thick filaments. Changes in activity patterns may cause loss of thick filaments by inhibiting either their synthesis or assembly.


Influences on measured intelligence in Down's syndrome. The measured IQ and parental educational level of 57 children with Down's syndrome were compared. The phenomenon of decreasing IW with increasing chronological age in Down's syndrome was considered in the data analysis. There was no trend toward better cognitive performance by children of higher-educated parents. Thirty-one of the children had attended an early, continuous stimulation program. This experience accounted for most of the observed IQ variance.


Hypercalcemia associated with neuroblastoma. We studied two children with neuroblastoma in whom hypercalcemia developed as the initial manifestation in one and during the course of therapy in the other. Serum parathyroid hormone activity was elevated in the patient in whom the test for it was performed. Mithramycin controlled the hypercalcemia in one patient and tumor resection with radiation therapy and chemotherapy was sufficient for control of this complication in the other.


Regulation of hepatic free fatty acid metabolism by glucagon and insulin. The roles of glucagon and insulin in the direct short-term regulation of hepatic free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism were studied in hepatocytes isolated from fed, fasted, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In fed animals, the principal metabolic product of palmitate metabolism was triglyceride, whereas ketones were the major product in fasted and diabetic animals. Glucagon at physiological concentrations increased ketogenesis and decreased triglyceride synthesis from palmitate in hepatocytes from fed rats at FFA concentrations 1.0 mM or less. Insulin had no effect on FFA metabolism when present as the sole hormone, but could antagonize the actions of submaximal concentrations of glucagon. The metabolism of palmitate in fasted or diabetic hepatocytes was unaffected by either hormone. Ketogenesis from octanoate was also unaffected by hormone addition in all cell types. These data are consistent with a locus of hormonal regulation at a step prior to beta-oxidation of fatty acid. Glucagon and insulin may modulate FFA metabolism by both intrahepatic and extrahepatic mechanisms.


Efficacy of metronidazole in dracunculiasis. A clinical trial. In a clinical trial of metronidazole for dracunculiasis (75 cases), the drug was effective in giving symptomatic relief but had no preventive or vermicidal action. It was well tolerated. No difference was observed in the results of two dose schedules (200 mg or 400 mg three times daily for 10 days).


Axillofemoral bypass: a critical reappraisal of its role in the management of aortoiliac occlusive disease. Two hundred twenty-four consecutive patients (361 graft limbs) who underwent bypass grafting with the USCI Sauvage filamentous velour Dacron arterial prosthesis for aortoiliac occlusive disease over the 9 year period 1970 to 1979 are reviewed. Eighty-four axillofemoral (23 percent of patients), 210 aortofemoral (47 percent of patients), and 67 femorofemoral grafts (30 percent of patients) had cumulative patency rates of 72.1, 91.1, and 86.4 percent, respectively. Experimental and clinical factors influencing the patency of axillofemoral  grafts are discussed, and the concept of an improved porous Dacron prosthesis specific for the axillofemoral site is presented.


Flow wave form analysis in vascular surgery. An analysis of 82 limbs subjected to femoropopliteal bypass grafting demonstrated that electromagnetic flow wave forms of the reconstructed vessel are a reliable indicator in predicting the outcome of surgery. On the basis of this knowledge, postoperative follow-up study of patients who had undergone reconstructive surgery was carried out. Early occult occlusive lesions were detected in 5 of 56 limbs examined, and 3 of these patients underwent successful reoperation with satisfactory restoration of blood flow. Follow-up study using flow wave form analysis is a useful method of detecting occult changes in arteries and leads to early treatment.


Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of the peripheral arterial circulation. This review summarizes the principle, advantages, and limitations of Doppler ultrasound flowmeters, and discusses the possibilities of applying these systems in evaluating the functional state of the peripheral arterial circulation. This discussion is not limited to the assessment of blood flow velocity and poststenotic arterial pressure with Doppler flowmeters, but includes among other things the recordings of flow patterns, the determination of the transit time of velocity wave forms, and the imaging of the arterial circulation.


[Multiple hepatic cysts in rat rendered diabetic by streptozotocin and treated by islets of Langerhans grafts: the role of streptozotocin]. This study is based on the investigation by light and electron microscopy of hepatic biopsies from 14 rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin and treated by portal embolization of islets of Langerhans. Macroscopically, voluminous projecting cysts were observed, sometimes occupying a whole lobe. By light microscopy, the cysts were lined with canalicular-type epithelium. Ultrastructural studies confirmed the canalicular nature of these cells and cilia were frequently observed. The presence of identical cysts in rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin but not treated by embolization proves that this product is the agent responsible for the induction of this adenomatosis.


Histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity in bovine ruminal epithelium. A fine-structural histochemical technique was used to localize magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) activity in ruminal mucosa. Precipitate appeared on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasmalemma in cells of the upper stratum spinosum, the stratum granulosum, and the deepest layer of the stratum corneum. This ATPase activity was sensitive to glutaraldehyde fixation and possibly to ouabain, but was unaffected by sodium and potassium. The preponderance of Mg-ATPase activity in bovine ruminal epithelium may make it impossible to detect sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na + K)-ATPase) activity histochemically. A Mg-ATPase activity also occurred in mitochondria of the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. None of the ruminal sections hydrolyzed adenosine diphosphate, inosine triphosphate, or beta-glycerophosphate when these compounds were used as substitute substrates for adenosine triphosphate. When adenosine-5'-monophosphate was the available substrate, a reaction product appeared in the same layers as Mg-ATPase activity, but the reaction product was confined to the intercellular space.


Immune complex disease in guinea pig lungs: elicitation with pigeon serum. Immune complex- and T cell-mediated reactions to organic antigens appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in humans. Because pigeon serum is one of the reagents used by clinicians to diagnose this disease, we assessed its potential to elicit immune complex-mediated pulmonary inflammation in guinea pigs. Animals were immunized with different concentrations of pigeon serum protein emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant, and serums were collected at 4-day intervals after the booster injection. The largest amounts of tissue-fixing (IgG1) and complement-fixing (IgG2) antibodies to pigeon serum were detected in guinea pigs immunized with 1.0 mg of pigeon serum protein 20 to 24 days after the secondary immunization. Therefore, the responses of these animals and of recipients of serum from these animals to aerosol challenge with either homologous (pigeon serum) or heterologous (bovine gamma globulin) immunogen was investigated. Actively and passively immunized guinea pigs developed pulmonary inflammation only after exposure to aerosolized pigeon serum. However, lesions were not observed in the lungs of complement-deficient recipients of immune serum that had inhaled homologous immunogen. These observations suggest that such pigeon serum-elicited pulmonary inflammation in guinea pigs is a manifestation of a complement-dependent, humoral-immune mechanism of pathogenesis and thus is consistent with an immune complex disease.


Kinetics of the enzymatic pattern in the testis. I. Stage dependence of enzymatic activity and its relation to cellular interactions in the testis of the Wistar rat. The "morphology" of the enzymatic activities of thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase), acid phosphatases (ACPases), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and steroid-3 beta-ol dehydrogenase (St-3 beta-ol DH) has been described using as a basis the classification of the seminiferous epithelium of the rat into 14 stages as proposed by Leblond and Clermont (1952a, b). It was demonstrated (Figs. 1, 2) that 1. the kinetics of the enzymatic pattern is correlated with the developmental stages during spermatocyto- and spermiogenesis, and that therefore the chemocytostructure, especially of the germ cells, shows characteristic changes. 2. the enzymatic pattern yields information on the chemohistostructure of the testis, and thus indicates interactions between the germ cells and the coordinated somatic cells. This is valid especially for the behaviour of the "marker enzymes" TPPase and ACPases. Initially the activity of both enzymes is distributed in the cytoplasm: TPPase appears in stage VII in the preleptotene spermatocytes, and ACPases appear in stage VII in the pachytene spermatocytes. In the following stages the activity of TPPase and ACPases increases and becomes more and more concentrated, i.e. from stage IX to XIV and thereafter from stage I to XIII in the case of TPPase, and from stage I to XIII in the case of ACPases. Finally the enzymatic activity of both TPPase and ACPases is arranged in spherical bodies near the nucleus of the spermatocytes. Thus the late pachytene and diplotene spermatocytes, as well as the spermatocytes in diakinesis, are characterized by deeply stained spherical dots covering the region of the Golgi apparatus. Both enzymes disappear during the maturation divisions--parts of the cytoplasm of the II-spermatocytes during interphase react weakly positive--, reappear in the Golgi region of the newly formed spermatids in stage I, remain there up to stage V in the case of ACPases, and up to stage VII in the case of TPPase. From stages VIII to XIV TPPase is weakly positive in the Golgi apparatus of the elongating spermatids, moving within the cytoplasm from the head region towards the tail. Finally they appear in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells: (1) ACPases appear in the borderline region between the Sertoli cells and the elongated spermatids in stages XII to XIV (2) TPPase first appears in the basal region of the Sertoli cells in stages XI to XIV, and becomes positive in the subsequent stages I to IV as "streamer like" bands from the basement membrane up to the heads of the elongated spermatids. Both enzymes disappear gradually during stages I to III and IV to V respectively. Stage dependence of ATPase can be observed in the apical region of the Sertoli cells around the heads and the middle pieces of the elongated spermatids. ATPase appears for the first time in stages IX to X, and becomes increasingly more and more concentrated and condensed up to the point when the newly formed spermatozoa are released in stage VIII...


Clinical indicators of left main coronary artery disease in unstable angina. Two hundred consecutive catheterized patients with unstable angina pectoris were reviewed to find clinical and noninvasive indicators of left main coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 50% lesion). Thirty-five patients (17.5% of total) had left main coronary artery disease. There were no differences between patients with and without left main coronary artery disease in age, sex, results of resting electrocardiogram, congestive heart failure, dyspnea during pain, duration of longest pain, arrhythmias, response to medical therapy, or other risk factors. Crescendo angina pectoris (worsening of pre-existing angina), transient ST-segment depression with pain, simultaneous anterior and inferior ST changes during pain, and fluoroscopic calcification of the left main coronary artery were all significantly more common in patients with left main coronary artery disease. However, low sensitivity or low predictive value, or both, limit the usefulness of these clinical predictors. Left main coronary artery disease cannot be reliably predicted in patients with unstable angina pectoris before coronary arteriography.


Autoantibodies and the spectrum of Sjögren's syndrome. In studies reported recently, the sera of patients with Sjögren's syndrome were found to contain precipitating antibodies to nuclear antigens that can be identified by immunodiffusion analysis. These precipitating autoantibodies have been termed SS-A and SS-B antibodies. We show that identification of these autoantibodies helped in establishing the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in 12 of 30 patients in whom the diagnosis had not been considered at the time of the physician's initial examination. The reasons for this were related to lack of spontaneous complaints of keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia and prominence of symptoms associated with arthritis, myalgia, pulmonary fibrosis, and cardiac disease. This study re-emphasizes the importance of multisystem disease in Sjögren's syndrome and shows that specific serologic assays for autoantibodies aided in diagnosis.


The chronicity of symptoms and disability in Reiter's syndrome. An analysis of 131 consecutive patients. To assess the natural history of Reiter's disease, we evaluated 131 consecutive patients at a university clinic or at a community center. One hundred twenty-two patients (93%) were available for follow-up at a mean of 5.6 years. The results showed that there were no major differences between patients at the two centers; at follow-up, 101 (83%) had some disease activity, 27 (22%) had annoying symptoms, 42 (34%) had sustained disease activity, 19 (16%) had had to change jobs, and 13 (11%) were unemployable; there were no major differences between the 19 (15%) females and 112 (85%) males or between the HLA-B27-positive (83%) and -negative (17%) patients, except for increased prevalence of sacroilitis and chronic uveitis in HLA-B27-positive patients; and, at entry, only increased heel disease differentiated those destined to have a poor prognosis. Most patients with Reiter's syndrome have persisting symptoms that can lead to chronic disability.


Preliminary observations on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in the sea urchin embryo. A method based on the degradation by enzymes and nitrous acid of isotopically labelled glycosaminoglycans has been employed to study the synthesis of these compounds in normal, animalized and vegetalized sea urchin embryos. According to standard criteria, these organisms synthesize dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronate and keratan sulfate. The hyaluronate seems to be slightly sulfated, it may thus be mucoitin sulfate. The preliminary results obtained suggest a conspicuous difference between animalized and vegetalized embryos: the synthesis of dermatan sulfate is suppressed in the former, while proceeding normally in the latter. The synthesis of heparan sulfate is not affected by our experimental conditions, but the isotope incorporation in hyaluronate and in keratan sulfate is decreased, more in the vegetalized than in the animalized embryos.


Allergic contact hypersensitivity to nickel, neomycin, ethylenediamine, and benzocaine. Relationships between age, sex, history of exposure, and reactivity to standard patch tests and use tests in a general population. A study population of 1,158 paid adult volunteers was obtained. Prior to patch testing, a history of previous exposure to four allergens also was obtained. Prevalence of positive reactions to patch tests was nickel, 5.8%; neomycin, 1.1%; ethylenediamine, 0.43%; and benzocaine, 0.17%. Nine percent of women reacted to nickel compared with 0.9% of men. There was a strong correlation of nickel sensitivity with a history of pierced ears, earlobe rash, and jewelry rash. Ten of 12 neomycin-positive subjects used neomycin for one week or longer on an inflammatory dermatosis, compared with six of 36 age-, race-, and sex-matched controls. By history, 85% were exposed to benzocaine, 48% to neomycin, and 15% to Mycolog (ethylenediamine). Of 127 patients referred to clinics for evaluation of contact dermatitis, 11% yielded positive tests to nickel, 6.3% to neomycin, 3.1% to ethylenediamine, and 1.6% to benzocaine. Data obtained from testing contact dermatitis patients are not applicable to the general population.


Idiotype-related cellular events during the anamnestic immune response to Salmonella typhi in rabbits. Himalayan rabbits of a closed colony were immunized with injections of heat-killed Salmonella typhi and antiidiotypic antibodies against the induced anti- S. typhi antibodies were produced in rabbits of the same colony as well as in random-bred rabbits. Rabbits of the closed colony showed no proliferative response in a mixed lymphocyte culture of peripheral blood. Antiidiotypic sera from Himalayan rabbits recognized the idiotype in the corresponding immunizing sera alone, while one of sera from random-bred rabbits showed a cross-reaction with 8 out of 10 anti-S. typhi sera of Himalayan rabbits but not with any of 10 anti-S. typhi sera of unrelated random-bred rabbits. The cross-reactivity of the antiserum remained intact after absorption with unrelated immune precipitates. With this antiidiotypic serum the immunizing serum formed a bimodial arc at beta-gamma mobility and all other anti-S. typhi sera containing the cross-reactive idiotype a single arc at beta mobility. Solubilized immune precipitates of cross-reactive idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction could bind radiolabelled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from S. typhi, but this anti-LPS activity was not revealed in an isoelectric focusing analysis. Gel analysis showed that the cross-reactive idiotype was located mainly in the macroglobulin fractions. The idiotype in the serum of the immunizing rabbits diminished and then was undetectable following the 2nd and the 3rd immunizations. When 3H-TdR uptake was examined in a mixed cell culture of peripheral blood from immunizing and antiidiotypic rabbits, there was a fluctuation in the proliferative response with two peaks occurring at a 4-week interval. An analysis of such a proliferative response was carried out by separating leukocytes and plasma from blood of the immunizing and the antiidiotypic rabbits. Mixed culture of cells alone did not produce a proliferative response, while culture of cells from the immunizing rabbit together with antiidiotypic plasma resulted in a potent reaction, irrespective of the presence of plasma from the immunizing rabbit. Presence of cells from the antiidiotypic rabbit in the culture inhibited this proliferative response. A fluctuation in the proliferative response to antiidiotypic serum was also observed with peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from rabbits producing the cross-reactive idiotype, while the antiidiotypic serum did not stimulate cells from rabbits which had been similarly immunized with S. typhi but did not produce the idiotype. PBL from the immunizing rabbit where the idiotype production ceased following the tertiary immunization were found to suppress definitely the proliferative response induced by the cross-reactive idiotype-anti-idiotype reaction. The suppressive activity was lost in PBL from the same rabbit after a cortisone treatment and the following antigenic stimulation of the animal led to reappearance in the serum of the idiotype. These results support the immune regulatory model which involves idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions.


Tinea versicolor with regard to seborrheic dermatitis. An epidemiological investigation. This is a retrospective study of 232 patients, and a prospective survey of 48 patients, regarding susceptibility factors in tinea versicolor, particularly in association with seborrheic dermatitis. In both surveys, a higher (10.4%) than expected (3.8%) percentage of association with seborrheic dermatitis was found.


Granular layer induction following the topical application of proliferating agents. Evidence is provided for a possible dermal influence on the epidermis. Topical vitamin A stimulates a number of dermal cells with different enzyme reactions, and these invade the epidermis at about the time a granular layer is induced in mouse tail scale epidermis. N-hexadecane also induced a granular layer formation in the tail scale epidermis but the application of this agent only results in the invasion of the epidermis by non-specific esterase cells. These non-specific esterase cells are present in the follicular zone where a granular layer is usually present. It appears that dendritic cells may be responsible for the formation of a granular layer and that these cells in some way influence the keratinocytes to discharge their lyosomal enzymes and thus form a granular layer. It appears unlikely that the dendritic cells actually contribute their own acid hydrolases to the cell cytolysis necessary for the production of granular layer.


The feasibility of replacing antibiotics by quaternary ammonium compounds in topical antimicrobial acne therapy. Determinations of the minimum inhibitory concentrations for various antimicrobial surfactants with reference to the bacteria P. acnes, P. granulosum, and St. epidermidis are reported. The results show that quaternary ammonium compounds can display minimum inhibitory concentrations corresponding to those of relevant antibiotics. With the especially effective substance fractionated dimethylcocobenzalkoniumchloride )ARQUAD DMMCD-B), it could be further shown that with in vivo application in 70% isopropanol or in an ethanol-containing film mask ointment suppression can be obtained of P. acnes, all propionibacteria added, and all pilosebaceous duct bacteria which can be cultured under anaerobic conditions. The studies may point out a way of replacing antibiotics in the antimicrobial therapy of acne by quaternary ammonium compounds.


Five year study of tissue reaction to synthetic sutures. Sutures were implanted in the abdominal wall muscles of rabbits and specimens recovered at intervals from six month to five years. Tissue reaction around Nylon and Dacron was minimal. The reaction of Teflon coated Dacron was increased because of shedding of the Teflon. The polypropylene sutures showed fragmentation in 4% of the sutures examined and the perisutural formation of bone, cartilage or both in 2.6%.


Concurrent feline immune-complex nephritis. Tubular antigen-positive and renal amyloidosis. We describe tubular antigen-positive immune-complex nephritis in a case of feline renal amyloidosis. Amyloid deposition was observed in mesangial area, and thickening of capillary walls was shown in the majority of the glomeruli. This case was also characterized with typical fluorescent granular depositions of cat IgG and C3 along the glomerular capillary walls as seen in human membranous glomerulonephritis. The fluorescent pattern of tubular antigen was identical with that of IgG and C3. Electron micrograph showed the thickening and irregularity of glomerular basement membranes, fusion of foot processes, and deposits of electron-dense or sometimes translucent materials, mostly in the intramembranous location. The causal sequence of the coincidental deposition of amyloid and immune complexes is discussed.


Race and sex as variables affecting reactions to disability. Several aspects of reaction to disability were compared across samples of rehabilitation patients which differed in race and sex. Subjects included 28 black men, 14 white men, 19 black women, and 19 white women who had a range of different disabilities and who were patients at a large public hospital and a small rehabilitation center in a southeastern metropolis. Losses attributed to disability were found to vary for men and women, except that inability to work was missed most by all subjects. Only black men emphasized themselves, their jobs, and other persons as reasons for their disability. All subjects were most likely to cite mystical causes for their disability and to believe that mystical sources would most help them to improve.


Quantitative transcutaneous arterial velocity measurements with Doppler flowmeters. A controlled in vitro and in vivo comparative evaluation of four Doppler ultrasonic blood velocimeters was performed to evaluate their ability to measure fluid velocity throughout a wide range of flow rates and velocity profiles, during both steady and pulsatile flow. The instruments tested were the Versatone Bidirectional Doppler M-9, the Sonicaid BV380, the Parks 806 B, and the Delalande DUD 400. All instruments responded linearly to velocities of from 5 to 70 cm/s, and were accurate to within 5% through a wide range of in vitro changes in velocity, pulse frequency, and cross-sectional velocity profile. Quantitative velocity measurements and their derivatives are an inexpensive, simple, and useful tool in the evaluation conditions of patients with peripheral vascular disease, and widespread clinical trials of their value are appropriate at this time.


A comparison of rapid-healing prosthetic arterial grafts and autogenous veins. The patency rates and healing characteristics during a nine-month period of internal velour Dacron grafts, external velour Dacron grafts, and Sparks-Mandril grown grafts were compared with autogenous jugular veins when used to bypass short segments of the canine femoral artery. Graft thrombosis occurred in three of 11 external velour grafts, in six of 11 internal velour grafts, and in three of 11 Sparks-Mandril grafts, None of 33 autogenous veins occluded. Graft thrombosis was not correlated with the degree of graft healing but rather with a hyperplastic proliferative intimal lesion observed at the proximal anastomosis of the occluded grafts.


[Anatomo-surgical considerations on the inguinal region. I. The external oblique muscle]. In the light of recent publications where common hernia repair techniques are defined as unanatomical and unphysiological, a study of the anatomy of the inguinal region has been undertaken layer by layer on cadavers. The first note analyses the most superficial layer of the inguinal region, namely the external oblique muscle. Having described the dissection technique, the most significant data regarding this formation are examined. Although the correctness of the data given in anatomy textbooks is confirmed in the majority of cases, study of necroptic findings highlights a number of factors which are misunderstood or have been insufficiently analysed. Findings included vibices of the external oblique aponeurosis, to which no pathogenetic importance is attributed with respect to inguinal hernia, as well as the presence of an internal tunic of Lauth's ligament which was not easy to strip away from the posterior surface of the external oblique muscle and, finally, localization variations of the external inguinal ring. The secondary involvement of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle in the genesis of inguinal hernia is confirmed along with its importance as a reinforcement in hernia repair operations, the containment function proper being performed by the posterior wall. A subsequent note will deal with this.


Correlation of liver growth and function during liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis. We have previously studied some parameters of rat liver activity and compared the kinetics of cell proliferation (normal growth or after partial hepatectomy) with some specific hepatic enzymes. The mutually exclusive relationship between division and tissue function, their specific circadian rhythm as well as the "chalone effect" have been used to characterize the normal homeostatic regulatory mechanism in the liver. The same parameters have been recently determined during chemical carcinogenesis. Adult rats, fed long term with diethylnitrosamine (DENA, 10 mg/kg/day) develop liver carcinoma after 90 days of carcinogen administration. The results show that the relationship between the above parameters is progressively disturbed during the second month of treatment. A minimum of 4 weeks of continuous DENA feeding is found to be necessary for the induction of liver cancers. Giving the carcinogen for a second month decreases the delay before death with cancer. Protracting the treatment after the second month has no further effect either on survival or on cancer induction. The mechanism of carcinogenesis is explained by postulating that preneoplastic lesions evolution would closely depend on the homeostatic control disturbances.


Comparison of the acute toxicity of clioquinol, histamine, and chloroform in different strains of mice. The oral LD50'S of clioquinol, histamine and chloroform and the intravenous LD50 of histamine were determined separately in male and female mice of the Tif : MAGf (SPF), Tif : MF2f (SPF), C3H/Tif Bomf, DBA2/J Bomf, C57Bl/6J/Bomf and A/J Bomf strains. Mice of the Tif : MAGf (SPF) outbred strain and the Tif : MF2f(SPF) hybrids tended to be more resistant than the inbred strains, with exception of C57Bl/6J/Bomf, which proved least susceptible to the lethal effects of the tested preparations. The toxicity of chloroform was more pronounced in the males than in the females, and C3H/Tif Bomf proved more susceptible than all other strains. The toxicity of clioquinol and histamine was not related to sex.


[Anatomo-surgical considerations on the inguinal region. II. The internal oblique muscle and transverse muscle]. Following a previous note on the musculus obliquus externus, attention is now directed to the obliques internus and the transversus in an assessment of the anatomical formations of the groin, in the light of doubts concerning their constitution expressed in the recent literature, and in a critical appraisal of the hernioplasty techniques proposed. Data from the cadaver, which appear to be of particular interest, show muscle-aponeurosis fissures in both the obliquus parvus and the obliquus externus; these may be the cause of recurrent hernias. The differences in the extent of the muscle and aponeurosis portions of the obliquus internus and the greater or lesser area of the trigonum inguinale, which is covered by aponeurotic fibres of the transversus, are regarded as important factors in the genesis of inguinal hernia.


[Drug-induced bullous dermatitis - Lyell's syndrome]. Three section observations of drug dermatitis which had developed against the background of treatment of acute respiratory diseases (Lyiell's syndrome) with sulphamides, antibiotics, and aspirin are presented.


Current status of sterilization.

Current status of sterilization. About 50 per cent of child bearing women in Australia are being sterilized. The selection of patients for the procedure requires careful counseling in order to avoid the risk of regret. Factors increasing the risk of regret are enumerated. Laparoscopy is the most popular method for sterilization, but mini laparotomy is a reasonable alternative for patients not having access to skilled laparoscopists. Clips and rings provide a greater chance of successful reversal of sterilization, and are recommended for use in younger women. The sequelae of sterilization are slight, with failure of technique, infection and temporary regret being the commonest. Serious psychological or physical sequelae are rare. If reversal is required the microsurgical technique is recommended.


Comparison between saphenous vein and Dacron Velour grafts for femoropopliteal bypass. One hundred and thirty-eight femoropopliteal grafts were performed for arteriosclerotic occlusive disease of the femoral artery in a five-year period. One group of patients who had 81 saphenous vein grafts was compared with a similar group who had 57 Dacron Velour grafts. At three years 90% of the vein grafts were patent, compared to 45% of the Dacron Velour grafts. Twenty-seven per cent of all patients presented with threatenened limb loss. Amputation was averted in all but 5%. Intraoperative flow measurement did not prove to be a reliable indicator of long-term patency.


Axillofemoral arterial bypass grafts.

Axillofemoral arterial bypass grafts. The results of 24 axillofemoral arterial bypass grafts performed over a five-year period are presented. This extraanatomical technique of arterial reconstruction is valuable following removal of an infected aortic Dacron graft and for limb salvage or severe intermittent claudication in selected poor-risk patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease. There were few early patency rate was excellent, but the long-term success of the operation is uncertain.


Quantifying auditory handicap. A new approach. This report describes a new audiovisual test procedure for the quantification of auditory handicap (QUAH). The QUAH test attempts to recreate in the laboratory a series of everyday listening situations. Individual test items represent psychomotor tasks. Data on 53 normal-hearing listeners described performance as a function of the message-to-competition ratio (MCR). Results indicated that, for further studies, an MCR of 0 dB represents the condition above which the task seemed too easy and below which the task appeared too difficult for normal-hearing subjects. The QUAH approach to the measurement of auditory handicap seems promising as an experimental tool. Further studies are needed to describe the relation of QUAH results (1) to clinical audiologic measures and (2) to more traditional indices of auditory handicap.


Aortoiliac occlusive vascular disease: a prospective study of patients treated by endarterectomy and bypass procedures. Aortiliac occlusive vascular disease is very common and very disabling. A prospective study of 150 patients with the disease causing severe claudication and rest pain was begun in 1972, with a mimimum follow-up period of three years. An operative mortality of 2% and hospital morbidity of 14% can be obtained with attention to the broad principles of arterial reconstruction and a meticulous technique, provided that there is excellent anaesthetic, operative, and postoperative support. Severe complications or adverse episodes have occurred in 44% of patients who continued to smoke after their operation, as opposed to 28% in those who stopped. Frequent follow-up visits of 96% of patients have led to the early detection of significant vascular disease elsewhere in some patients, and this may be of importance in determining the eventual prognosis of this serious disease.


Psychological and social aspects of the evaluation of acquired hearing impairment. From the literature, it is clear that handicap secondary to acquired hearing impairment has received limited research attention, and that the available studies are limited both in their choice of subjects, and in the adequacy of their audiological information. However, despite obvious deviations of these samples from what is known of the incidence and distribution of acquired hearing impairment, the generalisations of the investigators have in most instances been continued without comment or reservation by those citing their results. The implications of this limited viewpoint are discussed.


A surgical technique for the collection of cervical mucus in the ewe. A technique for collecting cervical mucus in ewes is described. By a surgical procedure, the cervix was fixed to the ventral abdominal wall to enable mucus to be collected continuously into a container attached to the ewe. Mucus was collected successfully by this method for up to 14 months.


Relationship of raised atherosclerotic lesions to fatty streaks in coronary heart disease and hypertension. The abdominal aortas and right coronary arteries removed during autopsies were gathered from over 18,000 subjects in 19 location-race groups. Sudanstained intimal surfaces were graded for the percent as raised lesions (R) and fatty streaks (F). The proportions of all types of lesions (ATL = F + R) that were raised (RaL = R divided by ATL) were examined. The difference between the observed RaL (in subjects having atherosclerosis-related conditions) and the expected RaL (in age-, sex-, and ATL-matched subjects without such conditions) measured the excess of RaL, which by inference indicated the tendency for an excess of raised lesions to be produced in place of fatty streaks. In cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), a large excess of RaL was found consistently on the average. The coronary arteries and aortas of hypertensive subjects, compared with those of nonhypertensives, had only a small and inconsistent excess of RaL. Both CHD and hypertension were characterized by a marked tendency for severe involvement by ATL, including extensive fatty streaks, leaving only small remnants of normal intima. Some factors (Class A) act to form fatty streaks and also to continue advancing them into raised lesions. Once the fatty streaks are formed, some new factors (Class B2) convert them into raised lesions. We concluded that hypertension is almost, if not entirely, a Class A type of atherogenic agent, and that CHD is promoted by exceptionally strong effects of both A and B2 types of causation. This conclusion exposes a biological priniciple that, if the assumptions of the model are true, is of considerable importance: Some of the more important causes of atherosclerosis (Class B causes) begin to act only after the fatty streaks have formed.


[Distribution of Mg-activated ATPase activity in the sensorimotor cortex (electron-cytochemical study)]. The localization of Mg-activated ATPase was studied by the lead method. The reaction product was seen in the nuclei and nucleoli of the cells. Five types of its distribution in the nuclei, typical for different types of cells and characterizing their functional activity were distinguished. The reaction to ATPase was also determined in the ribosomes, lipofuscin granules and some oval areas of the cytoplasma of cellular bodies and axons. The precipitate in the brain mitochondria was detected only after the administration of aminazine (15 mg/kg), i. e. in conditions of increased membrane permeability. The presence of ATPase reaction products in axo-dendrite synapses of different types, where it is mainly bound with postsynaptical consolidation and reflects the size of zone activity contacts, may have a direct relation to the conduction of the nervous impulse. The reaction product is also constantly present in the basal membrane of blood vessels.


[Chronic arsenic poisoning].

[Chronic arsenic poisoning]. A case of chronic arsenic intoxication due to ingestion of contaminated water for several years is reported. The main symptoms were keratosis palmaris et plantaris, confetti - Like dyschromias in chest, post - necrotic liver cirrhosis multiple intraepithelial epidermoid carcinomas and invasive epidermoid carcinoma. The epidemiologic study showed high concentration of arsenic in the water of the well used by the patient; likewise, chronic arsenicalism was found in the whole family and in several neighbors who consumed water from the same well.


Blood volume in angina pectoris.

Blood volume in angina pectoris. Blood volume was measured in 60 consecutive male patients with disabling angina pectoris undergoing preoperative investigation for coronary bypass surgery. Of these patients, 58 had a lower blood volume than predicted. There was a decrease in blood volume of 21% (1.3 litres) from the predicted normal value (P less than 0.001). Seventeen per cent of the patients were on diuretics, 30% were on digitalis, and 48% were on beta-blocking drugs at the time of the study. There was no correlation between this medical treatment and the deviation in blood volume. In patients without signs of myocardial insufficiency the decrease in blood volume was most prominent, while in those with an enlarged heart and a raised left ventricular preload (at rest) the deviation was less.


Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with sudden death during marathon racing. An experienced marathon runner died suddenly during a competitive race. At necropsy, ventricular hypertrophy but no asymmetrical septal hypertrophy was found. Histological studies showed features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The coronary arteries were normal. We propose that the runner died from myocardial ischaemia, precipitated by marathon running on a background of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Excess cardiac work, induced by marathon running in the presence of mild congenital cardiac defects, could have contributed to the development of the cardiomyopathy.


Heart size and function in acromegaly.

Heart size and function in acromegaly. Cardiac size and function was studied in 23 acromegalic patients using echocardiography and systolic time interval measurements. Thirteen patients (56%) had increased left ventricular mass, and in the 20 treated patients this correlated well with the mean of the recent basal growth hormone levels. It is suggested that myocardial hypertrophy may regress in proportion to the degree of control of growth hormone levels. The ejection fraction was normal in all patients except one, and increased left ventricular mass was not associated with detectable impairment of left ventricular performance. Thus, most acromegalic hearts function normally even when their mass is considerably increased, though the long-term effects of this are unknown, Echocardiography will be valuable in the serial monitoring of the cardiac effects of acromegaly.


Relationship between hypertension and angina pectoris. 1 Many factors are of importance in the relationship between angina pectoris and hypertensive heart disease. Vascular resistance modifies the oxygen supply, whereas the oxygen demand is influenced by the systolic and diastolic BPs, the diastolic filling time and wall tension, the duration of systole and transmural pressure and the sympathetic stimulation to the heart. 2 The treatment of angina pectoris in patients with hypertensive heart disease should aim to reduce myocardial ischaemia, and it is suggested that beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are most suitable, as they reduce BP, heart rate and myocardial contractility and thus oxygen demand.


Thiamphenicol and lupus nephritis. The effects of long-term therapy on kidney function and pathology: a pilot study. NZB x OUW F1 hybrid mice were treated with thiamphenicol at 25, 50 and 250 mg/kg/day from the time of their first positive antinuclear antibody test until their death. Untreated mice fed the same diet served as controls with body weight, mortality and renal disease patterns conforming to published reports of the biology of the BW mice. Regular testing of urine and bloodm and detailed postmortem examinations showed (a) that with increasing drug dose levels heavy proteinuria was almost eliminated and blood urea concentrations significantly lowered; (b) that in treated and untreated mice moderate to severe anaemia developed, apparently unrelated to the degree of uraemia; (c) that changes in renal function did not correlate with antinuclear antibody activity, nor did the drop in packed cell volume correlate with fixed or free circulating antierythrocyte autoantibody positivity; (d) that histological analysis of renal changes showed that at the highest dose level glomerular lesions were minimal. Thus the prolonged treatment with thiamphenicol reduced the severity of the spontaneous renal disease and resulted in a significant extension of lifespan.


The effect of topically applied progesterone on sebum excretion rate. There is evidence that anti-androgens may help in the treatment of acne vulgaris. We therefore performed a double-blind trial to assess the effect of topically applied progesterone on sebum excretion rate. Thirty-eight patients took part in the trial which was for 3 months. The preparation had no effect in males. However, a significant reduction in sebum excretion rate was found in females, the effect being maximal at the end of the second month. There was a significant loss of effect at the end of the third month and this was not related to deterioration of the progesterone preparation.


An improved rabbit ear model for assessing comedogenic substances. A simplified comedogenic assay is described in which test materials are applied for 2 weeks to the ears of rabbits just external to the ear canal. Excised tissue is thus immersed in water at 60 degrees C for 2 min, yielding a sheet of epidermis with microcomedones attached. The magnitude of follicular hyperkeratosis is extracted with the stereomicroscope. Sixteen materials were evaluated by the new and old model which required histological sectioning. Agreement was excellent.


Bone lesions in systemic acne (acne fulminans). An 18-year-old West Indian male presented with severe sternal pain and an exacerbation of facial acne. Radiographs of the sternum revealed several lytic lesions which appeared as hot areas on successive technetium bone scans. Painful areas over the right iliac crest and left greater trochanter likewise appeared as transient hot areas on successive scans. Histology of affected bone revealed reactive changes only. High dose prednisolone provided rapid alleviation of pain, which recurred on reducing the dose to less than 10 mg daily. Auto-immune complex disease has been considered the most likely aetiological mechanism of systemic acne (acne fulminans), but lytic lesions of bone have never previously been reported in auto-immune disorders.


The effect of topical crude coal tar treatment on unstimulated hairless hamster skin. Topical treatment of hairless hamster skin with crude coal tar has been shown to induce epidermal thickening, an increased labelling index in the basal cell layer, an elevation in NADP-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity throughout the epidermis, an increased squame count, comedo formation, and atrophy of the sebaceous glands. Ultraviolet light fluorescence microscopy of sections of treated skin suggests that the hair follicle is an important route for skin penetration by coal tar.


Tryptic proteolysis of coupling factor-latent ATPase from mycobacterium phlei. Theoretical modeling of structure-function relationships. Trypsin treatment of solubilized coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei alters its subunit structure and functional properties. This coupling factor exhibits ATPase activity following trypsin treatment. Concurrently, both the ability of the enzyme to rebind to membranes depleted of coupling factor and its capacity for coupled phosphorylation are lost. The native alpha (64 000 dalton) subunit undergoes limited proteolytic digestion, and the delta (14 000 dalton) subunit is partially lost. During the course of tryptic  proteolysis, the coupling factor molecule may exist in one of ten unique structural state (e.g. the native, ATPase-inactive molecule exists in the alpha alpha alpha state). Rigorous analysis of the experimental data by theoretical modeling provided information concerning the intermediate structural states leading to the fully ATPase-activated alpha" alpha" alpha" state under different conditions of trypsin treatment. The theoretical models of structure-function relationships that best-represented the experimental data predicted that the native coupling factor molecule contains three copies of the alpha (64 000 dalton) form of the alpha subunit, that the alpha" (58 000 dalton) alpha subunit species contributes maximally and the alpha' (61 000 dalton) form about half-maximally to ATPase activity, that membrane rebinding ability is proportional to the number of native alpha subunits in the enzyme, and that at least one native alpha subunit/molecule is required for full expression of coupled phosphorylation. These results indicate an essential role for the alpha subunit in the regulation of ATPase activity and in the ability of the solubilized coupling factor to rebind to depleted membranes.


Lipid protein interactions in mitochondria. VII. A comparison of the effects of lipid removal and lipid perturbation of the kinetic properties of mitochondrial ATPase. We investigated the kinetics of mitochondrial ATPase in bovine heart mitochondria and submitochondrial particles upon treatment with phospholipase A2, or upon addition of n-butanol to perturb the lipid protein interactions. The changes observed are the following: (1) Lipid removal or perturbation with butanol is accompanied by loss of ATPase activity with decrease of both V and of the KM for ATP. (2) There are changes of activation energy of ATPase activity at temperatures above the discontinuity normally observed for membrane-bound enzymes in mitochondria. In particular, butanol abolishes the discontinuity, and induces a constant activation energy of about 32 kcal/mol in the range 8--37 degrees C. (3) Butanol modifies the pH dependence of ATPase shifting the pH optimum from around 10 to less alkaline values. The optimum for Mg2+ concentrations is increased by the solvent. (4) Treatment with phospholipase A2 results in a removal of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase, whereas butanol addition prevents oligomycin inhibition of ATPase. (5) In beef heart mitochondria, a spin-labelled analog of the inhibitor, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, did not show any change in environment upon butanol addition, unlike that found in mitochondria from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Limited proteolysis of coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. Effects of different enzymes and modifying agents. The activation of the coupling factor-latent ATPase enzyme by tryptic proteolysis may resemble the activation of many proenzymes by limited proteolysis. The beta (53 000 dalton) subunit of solubilized coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei was selectively lost in some trypsin-treated samples. Since a concomitant loss of ATPase activity was not observed, the beta subunit may not be essential for ATPase catalytic activity. Treatment of solubilized coupling factor with chymotrypsin rapidly produced an A'-type (61 000 dalton) species from the native alpha (64 000 dalton) subunits with partial activation of the APTase enzyme. Secondary chymotryptic cleavage yielded an A"-type (58 000 dalton) species and a less-active enzyme. Storage of fresh coupling factor samples at -20degreeC in the presence of 4 mM MgCl2 with several freeze-thaw cycles resulted in loss of ATPase activity without apparent change in alpha subunit structure. Storage at 4 degrees C in the presence or absence of MgCl2 both decreased ATPase activity and generated A'-type alpha subunit species. Since presence was suspected. The peptide bonds first cleaved by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and the unknown protease are all apparantly located within the same small segment of alpha subunit polypeptide chain.


Stabilization of rat liver mitochondrial F1-adenosine triphosphatase during chloroform-induced solubilization. 1. Isolation of ATPase from rat liver submitochondrial particles by chloroform treatment requires the presence of ATP or ADP during enzyme solubilization. In the absence of adenine nucleotides the enzyme activity is very low although all protein components of F1-ATPase are released. The low concentrations of ATP or ADP required (5 microM) indicate that the high affinity nucleotide-binding sites are involved in enzyme stabilization. Other nucleotides tested (ITP, GTP, UTP, CTP) were found to be less effective. 2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion in agar plates revealed that in the absence of adenine nucleotides a fraction of F1-ATPase released by chloroform treatment is split into fragments. The part of the dissociated enzyme molecule has a molecular weight identical with that of a beta-subunit of F1-ATPase. 3. Dissociation of the F1-ATPase molecule could also be prevented by aurovertin. 4. Crude F1-ATPase solubilized by chloroform treatment can be further purified by Sepharose 6B gel filtration. Specific ATPase activity of the purified enzyme was 90 mumol Pi/min per mg protein and the enzyme was composed of five protein subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon) with molecular weights 58 000, 55 000, 28 000, 13 000 and 8000, respectively. 5. Chloroform-released F1-ATPase from rat liver mitochondria displayed immunochemical cross-reactivity with that isolated from beef heart mitochondria.


Purification and properties of the latent F1-APTase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The latent coupling factor (F1)-ATPase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus has been purified to homogeneity as determined by a number of criteria including, nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, crossed immunoelectrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. By inclusion of 1 mM phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, a serine protease inhibitor, in the shock-wash step of release of F1 from the membranes, the spontaneous activation of both crude and purified ATPase by endogenous membrane protease(s) can be prevented, thereby yielding a highly latent ATPase preparation. Equilibrium ultracentrifugation of the latent ATPase gave a molecular weight of 400 000. The ATPase contained five different subunits alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and espsilon and their molecular weights determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 60 000, 54 000, 37 000, 27 000 and 9000, respectively. The subunit composition was determined with 14C-labelled, F1-ATPase prepared from cells grown on medium containing [U-14C]-labelled algal protein hydrolysate. Within the limitations of this method the results tentatively suggest a subunit composition of 3 : 3 : 1 : 1 : 3.


Inactive to active transitions of the mitochondrial ATPase complex as controlled by the ATPase inhibitor. The hydrolytic and phosphorylation activities of the ATPase complex of bovine heart mitochondria are regulated by the ATPase inhibitor of Pullman and Monroy [1]. The inhibiting action of the peptide on ATPase activity can be overcome by a proton-motive force. Submitochondrial particles that contain the inhibitor, either intrinsically or externally added, show a lag that precedes phosphorylation. Particles devoid of the inhibitor, of particles that are in an 'active' state fail to present the lag. Accordingly, the data indicate that, prior to the onset of phosphorylation, the ATPase complex undergoes a transition to an active state through a process that involves the inhibitor. The transition depends on the concentration of ATP, 50 microM ATP giving 50% inhibition of the proton-motive force-induced transition.


Involvement of phosphate-modified ATP analogs in the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation. Various analogs of adenosine 5'-triphosphate with a modified terminal phosphate group have been tested in energy-requiring reactions with intact mitochondria and submitochondrial particles. It is shown that the fluorophosphate analog ATP(gamma F) is a strong inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and of energy requiring reactions which involve the participation of high energy intermediates, generated aerobically by the respiratory chain. On the other hand, ATP(gamma F) does not affect the ATPase activity of intact or disrupted mitochondria and is less effective in inhibiting ATP-driven reactions. The imidophosphate analog AMP-P(NH)P also inhibits the partial reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, but does not affect ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi. In contrast to ATP(gamma F), it is strong inhibitor of both soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPases. The biological implication of the complementary effects of ATP(gamma F) and AMP-P(NH)P on mitochondria-catalysed reactions is discussed while suggesting the use of such nucleotide analogs as specific tools for the study of ATP-forming and ATP-utilizing reactions in mitochondria.


Sulphydryl groups in photosynthetic energy conservation. V. Localization of the new disulfide bridges formed by o-iodosobenzoate in coupling factor of spinach chloroplasts. 1. Chemical modification by o-iodosobenzoate of soluble chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) during heat activation resulted in inhibition of its Ca-ATPase activity and in the formation of two new intrapeptide disulfide bridges as suggested by: (a) the disappearance of three out of four accessible thiol groups, two from gamma and one from a beta subunit as a consequence of CF1 modification by o-iodosobenzoate; (b) the total free sulphydryl groups of CF1 were reduced from 8 to 4 after modification of CF1 by o-iodosobenzoate. Two groups disappeared from beta and two from gamma subunits; (c) a second heating step of CF1 in the presence of 10 mM dithioerythritol reversed the inhibition of the ATPase and reduced both the newly formed disulfide bridges and those present in native CF1. 2. Modification of chloroplasts in the light with o-iodosobenzoate resulted in the inhibition of photophosphorylation and ATPase. CF1 isolated and purified from these chloroplasts had its Ca-ATPase activity inhibited and two new disulfide bridges. The total number of free sulphydryl groups was reduced from 8 to 4 and three accessible groups disappeared from beta and gamma subunits.


Activation of Thermus phosphofructokinase by monovalent cations. The presence of the monovalent cations Tl+, NH+4, K+, Rb+ or Cs+, in decreasing order of potency, produce a marked equivalent increase in the specific enzyme activity of phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) purified from extreme thermophile, Thermus X-1. By contrast, the monovalent cations Li+, Na+ or CH3NH+3 produce no detectable catalyitic activation at concentrations up to 100 mM. The relative potency of these cations suggests that each polypeptide chain in the tetrameric enzyme possesses a cationbinding site having tetragonal symmetry and that the protein ligands are principally hydroxyl or carboxylate oxygens. Only the enzyme-cation complex and not the enzyme by itself exhibits cooperativity with respect to the dependence of catalytic rate on the concentration of the substrate, fructose 6-phosphate. In the presence of subsaturating but not saturating concentrations of substrate, the catalytic activation produced by monovalent cations is also cooperative. Exclusion chromatographic measurements indicate that the enzyme remains tetrameric at catalytic concentrations in the presence or absence of an activating monovalent cation.


On the specific interaction between the lysine-binding sites in plasmin and complementary sites in alpha2-antiplasmin and in fibrinogen. Plasminogen and plasminogen derivatives which contain lysine-binding sites were found to decrease the reaction rate between plasmin and alpha2-antiplasmin by competing with plasmin for the complementary site(s) in alpha2-antiplasmin. The dissocwation constant Kd for the interaction between intact plasminogen (Glu-plasminogen) and alpha2-antiplasmin is 4.0 microM but those for Lys-plasminogen or TLCK-plasmin are about 10-fold lower indicating a stronger interaction. The lysine-binding site(s) which is situated in triple-loops 1--3 in the plasmin A-chain is mainly responsible for the interaction with alpha2-antiplasmin. The interaction between Glu-plasminogen and alpha2-antiplasmin furthermore enhances the activation of Glu-plasminogen by urokinase to a comparable extent as 6-aminohexanoic acid, suggesting that similar conformational changes occur in the proenzyme after complex formation. Fibrinogen, fibrinogen digested with plasmin, purified fragment E and purified fragment D interfere with the reaction between plasmin and alpha2-antiplasmin by competing with alpha2-antiplasmin for the lysine-binding site(s) in the plasmin A-chain. The Kd obtained for these interactions varied between 0.2 microM and 1.4 microM; fragment E being the most effective. Thus the fibrinogen molecule contains several complementary sites to the lysine-binding sites located both in its NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal regions; these sites are to a large extent.


Some properties of Physarum actinin. A regulatory protein of actin polymerization. A factor termed Physarum actinin was isolated and partially purified from plasmodia of a myxomycete, Physarum polycephalum. When Physarum actinin was mixed with purified Physarum or rabbit striated muscle G-actin in a weight ratio of about 1 actinin to 9 actin and then the polymerization of G-actin induced, G-actin polymerized to the ordinary F-actin on addition of 0.1 M KCl. However, it polymerized to Mg-polymer on addition of 2 mM MgCl2. The reduced viscosity (etasp/C) of the Mg-polymer was 1.2 dl/g, about one-seventh of that of the F-actin (7.4 dl/g). The sedimentation coefficient of the Mg-polymer was 22.8 S, almost the same as that of the F-actin (29.4 S). The Mg-polymer showed the specific ATPase activity of the order of 1 . 10(-3) mumol ATP/mg actin per min. It was shown that Physarum actinin copolymerized with G-actin to form Mg-polymer on addition of 2 mM MgCl2. The molecular weights of Physarum actinin were about 90 000 in salt-free or slat solutions and 43 000 in a dodecyl sulfate solution. The range of salting out with ammonium sulfate was 50--65% saturation, which was different from that of Physarum actin (15--35% saturation). Physarum actinin did not interact with Physarum myosin or muscle heavy meromyosin. When the weight ratio of actinin to actin increased, the flow birefringence of the formed Mg-polymer decreased, and it became almost zero at the weight ratio of 1 actinin to 5 actin. ATPase activity reached the maximum level (2.2 . 10(-3) mumol ATP/mg actin per min) at the same ratio. On the addition of Physarum actinin to purified Physarum F-actin which had been polymerized on addition of 2 mM MgCl2 the viscosity decreased rapidly, suggesting that the F-actin filaments were broken in the smaller fragments or that they transformed to Mg-polymers. A factor with properties similar to Physarum actinin was isolated from acetone powder of sea urchin eggs.


Studies of soluble rat liver mitochondrial acid ATPases. II. Structural and immunological properties of ATPase 1. We described previously the existence of a soluble ATPase activity in rat liver mitochondria [1]. The purification and catalytic properties have been described [2]. In a continuation of these experiments, we have studied the immunologic and structural properties of one molecular form of this enzyme : ATPase I. We have prepared the antiserum anti-ATPase I and demonstrated the purity of our enzyme preparation by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. An immunohistochemical method also confirmed the localization of ATPase I in the soluble fraction of mitochondria. The molecular weight of ATPase I was measured by G 100 Sephadex gel filtration and was found to be 18,400; electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels gave a value of 18,600. The pHi of ATPase I was found to be 7,2. Amino acid analysis showed high amounts of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and glycine. The molecular weight calculated from the total amino acid residues was found to be 17,000. Alanine is the NH2 terminal amino acid. The peptide maps obtained after degrading ATPase I with cyanogen bromide or trypsin are in accordance with the methionine, lysine and arginine residues we found in the ATPase I molecule. ATPase I does not appear to be a glycoprotein.


[Transmembrane potential formation upon ATP hydrolysis in sarcoplasmic reticulum]. Fluorescent cyanine (diS-C3-(5), diS-C2-(5), diO-C3-(5)) and oxonol (diBA-C4-(5)) potential-dependent dyes appeared to be extremely effective in detecting and studying the potential formed on the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane under Ca2+ transport When [Ca2+] less than 5 X 10(-7) M ATP hydrolysis leads to formation of transmembrane potential (positive inside vesicules) caused by the Ca-independent ATPase activity. The potential is formed by a monovalent ion, presumably by H+, and possibly by Mg2+ ions. Ca-dependent ATPase activation by Ca2+ makes the potential to drop sharply and successive Ca2+ transport proceeds at low potential value. When Ca2+ has been accumulated by vesicules the Ca-independent ATPase restores positive potential. The potentials generated by both Ca-independent (10--30 mv) and Ca-dependent (-20 divided by -40 mv) ATPases have been estimated on the basis of the Nernst's equation with the help of positive and negative diffusion potentials formed by MgCl2 and CaCl2 gradients. The Ca2+ transport is shown not to be due to transmembrane electrophoresis but Ca-dependent ATPase action. The results suggest quite clearly that Ca-dependent ATPase operates as electrogenic Ca2+/H+, Mg2+-exchanger. The functional role of Ca-independent ATPase is, possibly, in compensation of charge effects when Ca2+ ions are passing through the membranes. The model illustrating the electrogenicity of Ca-independent and Ca-dependent ATPases action during Ca2+ transport in SR membranes has been proposed.


Current status of biomaterial's clinical applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The use of biomaterials as replacement parts is not new. The concept has fascinated physicians for thousands of years. Using gold plates to reconstruct defects in the skull over 3000 years ago constituted the early record in the literature of use of biomaterials in implantology. The recent advances in space age technology and in clinical biocompatibility has been a major contributing factor in introducing new materials for use as implantology polymers. However, the ideal implant is still not there, and whenever a major reconstruction is required consideration should be given first to the use of autogenous substitutes; when that is not available, then we should resort to inorganic substitutes.


Preliminary histologic evaluation of a biocompatible mesh for tracheal reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a porous Dacron - urethane mesh tracheal prosthesis in large dogs with surgically created discontinuous defects of the cervical trachea. Some protheses were carbon coated in an attempt to improve biocompatibility. Histology was performed on 2 dogs. The mucosa regenerated entirely covering the prosthesis. Respiratory epithelium was formed over a large central portion of the tracheas.


[Stereological study of the absolute total volumes of the structural components of the myocardium in hypertrophy]. Wistar rats weighing 200 g were exposed in a low pressure chamber to daily adaptation to altitude hypoxia 8 hours long at an "altitude" of 8000 m. On the 40th experimental day the weight of the left heart ventricle was 41.5% higher as compared to controls. The volumetric and surface density of structural components of the myocardium were determined stereologically by light and electron microscopy, with their absolute total amounts and surfaces being calculated with respect to the ventricle on the whole. The total amount of myofibrila was shown to be steadily increased under hypertrophy, while the amount of mitochondria remained unchanged. However, the total mitochondrial surface augmented in parallel to an increase in the muscular component amount. It is suggested that myofibrillar amount and mitochondrial surface area may be viewed as controllable parameters in heart hypertrophy.


[Quantitative determination of the epidermal G2-chalonelike factor in rat tissues by means of radial immunodiffusion]. A high-molecular glycoprotein (epidermal G2 chalone) shown to be homogeneous by electrophoresis and immunochemistry was isolated from rat skin. It exerts a strong tissue-rather than species-specific antimitotic effect on the keratinizing epithelium. The paper is concerned with its quantitative immunodiffusion determination in some tissues by means of monospecific antiserum. A clear-cut correlation between the mitotic index and the epidermal G2 chalone level in the mucosa is shown with special reference to vaginal epithelium of rats during the estrual cycle.


A study of changes in the spine in weight lifters and other athletes. The present study was undertaken in sportsmen of those groups of sports activities where weight training exercises constitute a major part of the training. Two groups consisting of 25 weight-lifters and 25 track and field athletes were studied to find out the effect of sports activities and lifting weights on the spine. 84% weight-lifters and 72% track and field athletes suffered from varying abnormalities. Incidence of backache in 25 weight-lifters was 40% and in 25 track and field athletes 48%. Radiological changes were more common in weight-lifters (84%) than in athletes (72%). Reduction in lumbar lordosis was found in three cases (12%) in both the groups. Obtuse angle deformity of vertebral margins was found in 11 cases (44%) amongst weight-lifters and six cases (24%) amongst athletes. Osteophytic formation was found in six cases (24%) in weight-lifters and four cases (16%) in athletes. Schmorl's node were noticed in five cases (20%) amongst weight-lifters and seven cases (28%) amongst athletes. The incidences of spondylosis and Schmorl's node were found only in those cases who had been doing weight training exercises for more than four years.


A comparison of xenon-133 clearance with electromagnetic flowmeters and an indicator dilution method for the measurement of liver blood flow. Measurement of liver blood flow has been carried out by three different methods in 14 dogs to assess the accuracy of xenon-133 clearance following portal vein injection. Electromagnetic flowmetry with flow probes on the hepatic artery and portal vein resulted in a mean value of 121.9 +/- 39.3 ml min-1 100 g-1. An indicator dilution study utilizing chromium-51-labelled red cells gave a mean value of 119.4 +/- 31.4 ml min-1 100 g-1 and the xenon-133 clearance following portal vein injection, 120.3 +/- 33.8 ml min-1 100 g-1. One-way analysis of variance showed no statistically significant variation between these three groups. There was a close correlation between xenon-133 clearance and electromagnetic flowmetry and between xenon-133 clearance and the indicator dilution technique. These data suggest that xenon-133 clearance following portal vein injection gives an accurate assessment of liver blood flow and this technique (as well as direct parenchymal injection) can be adapted for clinical use.


Sparks mandril, velour Dacron and autogenous saphenous vein grafts in femoropopliteal bypass. Ninety-nine consecutive vascular reconstructions with femoropopliteal bypass performed during 1973--6 have been reviewed. A Sparks mandril was used in 11 patients, reversed autogenous saphenous vein in 30 and velour Dacron prostheses in 58. The indication for operation was severe ischaemia in 79 per cent. The overall patency rate at 12 months was 70 per cent for autogenous vein, 46 per cent for velour Dacron prosthesis and 18 per cent for Sparks mandril. When the distal anastomosis was located above the knee the patency rate was 100 per cent and 87 per cent for autogenous vein and velour Dacron graft respectively, while the corresponding figures for distal anastomosis below the knee were 58 per cent and 11 per cent. At follow-up 60 per cent of the patients showed improvement owing to the vascular reconstruction.


Monitoring 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the brain of the freely moving unanaesthetized rat using in vivo voltammetry. The possibility of using in vivo voltammetry to monitor 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release from brain tissue in freely moving unanaesthetized rats has been examined. A potential (+0.2 to +1.0 V) was applied to a micrographite electrode stereotaxically placed within a specific brain region and current changes following the oxidation of electroactive compounds in the vicinity of the electrode tip were recorded. Administration of p-chloroamphetamine (5 mg/kg) produced a large increase in current in the striatum and this could be prevented by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg X 2) to deplete brain 5-HT or Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) which prevents the uptake of p-chloroamphetamine by 5-HT neurones. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) caused a small but long lasting increase in current. Stimulation of the median raphe nucleus produced a marked and rapid rise in current in the hippocampus but a much smaller one in the striatum. This response could also be prevented by 24 h pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg). Seven days after p-chlorophenylalanine administration raphe stimulation again produced an increase in current. Rats under barbiturate anaesthesia showed no clear increase in current either after p-chloroamphetamine or raphe stimulation, indicating that barbiturates may affect neurotransmitter release. The results suggest that 5-HT release can be monitored in the freely moving unanaesthetized rat using in vivo voltammetry, and that a moderate decrease in brain 5-HT concentration leads to a substantial inhibition of drug or stimulation induced release of 5-HT.


[Blood pressure and mesenteric blood flow in rats during the infusion of biogenic amines. Effect of supralethal irradiation]. The action of biogenic amines (noradrenaline, dopamine), infused at different concentration into the aorta of the urethane anesthetized control and irradiated rats for 2 min., was followed on the basis of systemic blood pressure and mesenteric blood flow. The mesenteric blood flow was measured by means of an electromagnetic flow meter. The changes observed i.e. after dopamine an increase in pressure and flow, after noradrenaline an increase in pressure and a decrease in flow with an increase after infusion had been stopped, correspond to those obtained in larger animals. In many, but not in all cases, the response is proportional to the log of the concentration of the amine infused. Irradiation with 2 kR, i.e. a dose which causes the animals to die from the gastrointestinal syndrome after 3 days, modified the response to dopamine and noradrenaline. The changes are, for noradrenaline, a greater pressure and a lower flow responses and for dopamine a greater pressure response at low and middle doses.


[Immediate effects of desoxycorticosterone of vasomotor properties of noradrenaline and isoprenaline in rats]. In the rat, desoxycorticosterone (3 to 10 mg p. kg) does not modify the systemic vasoconstriction provoked by noradrenaline even in presence of an excess of sodium chloride. This mineralo-steroid reduces the vasodilatation induced by isoprenaline. Sodium chloride in excess potentiates this inhibition.


[Proprioceptive feedback and temporal regulation in cats]. Temporal regulation in cats was studied using operant conditioning techniques; milk was delivered according to either a two-lever response duration schedule or a two-lever DRL schedule. After an equal number of experimental sessions, the subjects on the DRL schedule reached larger delay values than the subjects on the response duration schedule. Hypotheses concerning the intervention of proprioceptive feedback in the temporal regulation of motor behavior are discussed.


[Relationship between lipemia and sensitivity to arachidonic acid in rabbits]. The hypotensive effect of arachidonic acid in the rabbit increases simultaneously with the fall of the plasmatic unesterified fatty acids (NEFA), after treatment with nicotinic acid or heparin. In the case of nicotinic acid sensitization, which occurs in 10 minutes, the fall of NEFA occurs immediately. The sensitization by heparin appears only after 40 minutes following the injection; during this latency, the NEFA are enhanced; after the fall of NEFA, the rabbit becomes more sensitive to arachidonic acid. Mechanisms of heparinic sensitization are discussed.


Effects of midbrain raphe lesions or systemic p-chlorophenylalanine on the development of kindled seizures in rats. Previous research has suggested that brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) neurons inhibit epileptiform seizure activity. To test further this possibility, experiments were performed to determine if brain 5-HT depletion would enhance the occurrence and/or magnitude of seizures "kindled" from the amygdala or neocortex of rats. Two modes of 5-HT depletion were used: (1) radiofrequency heat lesions of the midbrain dorsal and median raphe nuclei, and (2) systemic injection of the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA). Both modes of 5-HT depletion reliably enhanced the strength of motor convulsions kindled from the cortex. Systemic pCPA also reduced the duration of after-discharges (ADs) in cortically-stimulated rats. However, pCPA reduced rather than enhanced convulsions kindled from the amygdala. In contrast to this, raphe lesions appeared to sensitize rats to the effects of amygdaloid kindling, i.e., lesions lowered AD thresholds, AD durations and number of ADs to elicit motor convulsions. Viewed together, these data support the hypothesis that 5-HT neurons can serve to inhibit seizures. However, the lack of robustness across parameters of epileptogenesis as well as discrepant findings related to 5-HT depletion mode additionally suggest that kindled seizures affect other neuronal populations in addition to those under serotonergic influence.


[Hypotensive action of arachidonic acid, slow acting analphylactic substance (SRS-A) and thromboxane A2 in rats]. In the rat, diethylcarbamazine, imidazole and L 8027 do not modify the hypotensive activity of PGE2 and arachidonic acid. The formation of SRS-A from arachidonic acid does not compete with the synthesis of PG in the cardiovascular system of the rat. The thromboxane A2 does not participate in the hypotensive activity of arachidonic acid in the rat.


[Effect of age on the sensitivity of mouse spermatogonia to mutagenic action]. Male BALB/c mice were whole body exposed to 0, 100, 200 or 300 R of X-rays or were given an i.p. injection of 5 mg/kg of thio-TEPA at 3 months or at 12 months of age. One hundred days after treatment the testes were examined for the presence of reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonia and detectable in the dividing spermatocytes. Our results show that ages does not influence the yield of scorable chromosome rearrangements.


[Transport of metanephrine in vitro in rat renal cortex]. In vitro, accumulation of metanephrine is described in renal cortex of the rat (tissue/medium ratio greater than 5). This accumulation is saturable and energy dependent.


[Effect of exogenous progesterone and estradiol on the process of embryonic implantation in lead intoxicated female mice]. Exposure of female mice to high doses of lead from the first day of pregnancy inhibits embryonic implantation. Animals exposed to 0.5% of lead in diet received injections of progesterone and estradiol, from day 4 to day 7 or from day 5 to day 8 of pregnancy. Such treatments induced implantation in respectively 50 and 80% of the mice. In controls, implantation was observed in 60% of the animals. In animals exposed to lead but not hormone-treated, no implantation was observed. The inhibition of implantation caused by lead seems thus to be due mainly to an action of this metal on the hormonal balance of the exposed mother, and this confirms our earlier results.


[Lead toxicity in mice embryos].

[Lead toxicity in mice embryos]. Administration to female mice before coïtus and to pregnant female mice of an alimentation containing 0.1 p. 100 lead acetate imparied the fertility. Studies on the changes of the ultrastructure of the embryos during the first stages of development do not allow to detect lesions unless on day 7 where lead inclusions are detected in the mitochondria.


[Inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis of C3H/f mice with broparestrol]. Administration of bromotriphenylethylene to C3H/f female mice implanted with a pituitary under the kidney capsule produce an inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis with high doses (20 ppm or 200 ppm in the diet). With a diet containing 2 ppm no inhibition is observed.


[Comparison of the sweating rate under thermal constraint equivalent at rest and during exercise]. Subjects exposed to tolerable thermal constraints of equal intensity at rest and during exercise start sweating at lower mean body temperatures during exercise and the sweating rate increases faster during exercise than at rest.


[Kinetic properties of an alkaline phosphatase from honeybee intestine determined by a new rigorous algebraic method]. The Hill-parameters : max. velocity (VM), affinity constant (K) and resultant reaction order (n) of an alk. phosphatase (Mol. Weight 100 to 130,000) from guts of foraging worker-bees, have been calculated according to new algebraic equations allowing a rigorous determination without any extrapolation. The parameters determined from 2 strains of the same race, at 3 years interval, do not differ, and the Hill coefficients (n) are significantly lower than 1, namely : n = 0.621 +/- 0.014 (3 detn.) and n = 0,600 +/- 0,016 (t detn.) which suggest the hypothesis of a negative cooperative mechanism.