Intra-SA-nodal pacemaker shifts induced by autonomic nerve stimulation in the dog.

Pacemaker shifts in the canine heart were inferred during stimulation of thoracic cardiac nerves and following norepinephrine from changes in the initial site of activation of bipolar electrodes sutured over the rostral, middle, and caudal regions of the sinus node, over the internodal pathways, and His bundle. During control periods, pacemaker activity was localized within the sinoatrial (SA) node 87% of the time, with the middle electrode most frequently showing initial activation. Stimulation of the right-sympathetic nerves enhanced sinus node pacemaker dominance, shifting it rostrally within the node. Right-vagal stimulation shifted the pacemaker caudally within the SA node, to nonnodal sites, and to the lower atrioventricular node and His bundle. Left-sympathetic stimulation shifted the pacemaker caudally within the sinus node and enhanced pacemaker activity in the vicinity of the internodal pathway electrodes and His bundle. Dispersion of pacemaker activity was particularly apparent during stimulation of the ventrolateral cervical cardiac nerve. Stimulation of the left-vagal nerves produced effects similar to those of the left-sympathetic nerves. Norepinephrine enhanced pacemaker activity particularly in the rostral region of the sinus node. Slight shifts in pacemaker activity within the sinus node produced changes in pattern of atrial excitation.


Hypothalamic map of stimulation current thresholds for inhibition of feeding in rats.

The rat hypothalamus was mapped for the purpose of identifying regions at which electrical  stimulation caused the feeding behavior of a hungry animal to be inhibited. At each inhibitory site a determination was also made of the minimal stimulation current necessary for the inhibition of feeding. The results indicated that the inhibitory sites with the lowest current thresholds tended to form a discrete cluster in the lateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and the adjacent neuropil bordering it ventrolaterally. A few low thresholds were also found in the anterior hypothalamic area. The higher thresholds formed an orderly ascending gradient radiating away from the ventromedial nucleus and its ventrolaterally situated anatomical projections. In areas related to ascending monoamine  pathways, including the lateral hypothalamus, preoptic region, and arcuate nucleus, as well as in the mammillary bodies, stimulation usually failed to suppress feeding behavior. Implications bearing on neuroregulatory models of feeding behavior are discussed.


An analysis of the time course of gustatory neural adaptation in the rat.

Neural responses were recorded from the rat chorda tympani nerve following stimulation of the tongue with several concentrations of NaCl. These responses were integrated using a fast time constant (47 ms), and the time course of the decline in neural discharge from the peak of the transient response was computer analyzed. The time course of the adaptation process was described by a constant term and two exponentially decaying components, which most likely reflect the existence of two separate mechanisms contributing to the adaptation process in taste. The constant term and the amplitude of the second gradual exponential decay were correlated with NaCl concentration, whereas the amplitude of the initial rapidly declining exponential component was independent of stimulus intensity. The initial transient response of the chorda tympani nerve may be a function of the rate of stimulus adsorption, whereas the gradual second decline in the neural response may reflect an adaptive mechanism of the taste receptor cell.


Vascular volume-distensibility characteristics of the isolated dogfish gut.

The vascular capacitance and volume distensibility of the isolated dogfish gut and segments of dogfish arteries and veins were investigated. The volume-distensibility curves for dogfish arteries and veins are very similar to comparable curves derived from arteries and veins of dogs or man. The vascular volume-distensibility curve of the gut, however, shows a greater distensibility at higher systemic pressure than at lower pressure. Evidence is presented that significant amounts of fluid leave the vascular compartment at a lower systemic pressure than in an isolated dog hindlimb preparation. However, this alone does not explain the atypical vascular volume-distensibility curve obtained from the dogfish gut. It is suggested that in the dogfish capillary filtration pore enlargement takes place at a very low capillary pressure or volume (compared to mammals) and this complicates the construction of a volume-distensibility curve because initial vascular volume is not constant.


Factors affecting O2 transfer in sheep and rabbit placenta perfused in situ.

In these experiments we have studied three factors that affect placental O2 transfer. The fetal artery of an isolated cotyledon of the sheep placenta (or one of the umbical arteries in flow studies in rabbits) was perfused in situ with blood of varying PO2 and at different flow rates while the ewe was administered varying inspired O2 concentrations. Measurements were made of the PO2 of inflowing and outflowing umbilical blood, and the O2 transfer rate was calculated by the Fick principle. Changes in individual factors could be studied, since most compensations tending to maintain normal O2 delivery were not operative in the isolated preparation. Results indicate that a 20% change in umbilical arterial PO2, a 14% change in umbilical blood flow, and a 20% change in maternal arterial PO2 would be equivalent in causing a 10% change in placental O2 transfer. Small changes in umbilical arterial PO2 are sufficient to maintain the rate of placental O2 transfer equal to the rate of fetal consumption. Maternal arterial PO2 becomes progressively more critical to fetal oxygenation as its level falls. The experimental results are compared to those predicted by a mathematical model of placental exchange.


Measurements of dog blood-brain transfer constants by ventriculocisternal perfusion.

Ventriculocisternal perfusions of mongrel dogs were performed for 1-6 h with solutions containing isotopically labeled compounds. At the conclusion of the perfusion period, serial brain samples were taken from the caudate nucleus and analyzed for radioactivity. Tissue concentration profiles were constructed from the data, and apparent tissue diffusion and capillary exchange coefficients were determined. The tissue diffusion constant of sucrose was 3 X 10(-6) cm2/s, which is approximately 45% of its free-water value. The permeability of the brain capillary complex to creatinine, sodium, and mannitol was so low that it could not be accurately measured by this technique. Capillary transfer coefficients, expressed as half-times, were determined for water, urea, and ethylene glycol; the t1/2 values were 1.5, 15, and 17 min, respectively. These numbers were converted to PS products and compared to other published values. This work suggests that the exchange of these compounds between blood and brain is partially (water) or nearly completely (urea and ethylene glycol) limited to membrane permeability.


Lipid and glycogen metabolism in the hypoxic heart: effects of epinephrine.

The metabolism of cardiac lipids and glycogen in hypoxic and well-oxygenated perfused rat hearts was studied in the presence or absence of epinephrine. Heart lipids were pre-labeled in vivo with [1-14C]palmitate. Triglyceride disappearance (measured chemically and radiochemically) was observed in well-oxygenated hearts and was stimulated by epinephrine (4.1 X 10(-7)M). Utilization of tissue triglycerides was inhibited in hypoxic hearts in the presence or absence of added epinephrine. Hypoxia resulted in a small increase in tissue 14C-free fatty acids and inhibition of 14C-labeled triglyceride fatty acid oxidation. Epinephrine had no stimulatory effect on fatty acid oxidation in hypoxic hearts. Utilization of 14C-labeled phospholipids (and total phospholipids) was similar in well-oxygenated and hypoxic hearts with or without added epinephrine. These results suggested that the antilipolytic effects of hypoxia were predominant over the lipolytic effects of epinephrine. Glycogenolysis was stimulated threefold by epinephrine in well-oxygenated hearts. Hypoxia alone was a potent stimulus to glycogenolysis. Addition of epinephrine to perfusates of hypoxic hearts resulted in a slight enhancement of glycogenolysis.


Mathematical and mechanical modeling of stress-strain relationship of pericardium.

Several mathematical expressions (models) were compared for use in describing the stress-strain (sigma - epsilon) relationship of pericardium. The expression sigma = alpha[ebeta epsilon - 1] was preferred because of its simpler form, theoretical consistency, and "good fit" of experimental data. A method was developed for estimating the precisions of the estimates of the parameters alpha and beta. This approach can have general usefulness in assessing the significance of a change in stress-strain relationship of various soft tissues following different interventions. A mechanical model was formulated for the pericardium which consisted of springs representing the collagen and elastin fibers connected in parallel. It could be simulated by the above equation and could describe the behavior of the pericardium.


Sympathetic afferent nerve activity of right heart origin.

Six mongrel dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide were studied on total cardiopulmonary bypass. This study verified the existence of right heart mechanoreceptors whose afferent nerves traverse the upper thoracic white rami communicantes. these mechanoreceptors were studied by observing changes in average maximum, and total nerve spike frequency when right atrial and right ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures were altered by means of intracardiac balloons. Receptors that responded to volume and pressure changes were found in both the right atrium and right ventricle. Nerve activity in these afferents increased with increasing right atrial and right ventricular pressures. These mechanoreceptors were more responsive in the upper physiological ranges of right heart pressures. In most nerve fibers studied, maximum activity occurred during both right atrial and right ventricular diastole.


Distributions of spike bursts in cat duodenum.

The histograms of spike bursts over short distances were examined in the isolated cat duodenum with multiple electrodes arranged circumferentially and longitudinally. At a single cross section of the duodenum, spike bursts occurred simultaneously in any single slow-wave cycle, but all eight monitored sites in the circumference participated simulatenously only in a bout 25% of the spike-burst cycles. There also were wide variations in the incidence of spike bursts at different locations in a planar cross section. In a longitudinal section, net level of activity over short distances varied widely. Also, spike bursts were out of phase in the longitudinal axis, appearing to spread caudad; 80% of spike burst groups involved less than an average of 5.5 consecutive electrode sites (spaced at 5-mm intervals). Since spike bursts seem to be correlated with ring contractions of the circular muscle, the fact that they appear sequentially in time along the duodenum indicates that such contractions must always be peristaltic. An estimated 80% of such contractions sweep less than about 3 cm. Records of spike bursts from a single electrode do not accurately reflect activity beyond that one point site.


Brainstem loci for activation of electrodermal response in the cat.

Brainstem loci from which electrodermal responses could be elicited were systematically explored by direct-stimulation techniques in chloralose-anesthetized and decerebrate cats. Reactive sites of the greatest amplitude were found to extend from the rostral border of the posterior hypothalamus, through the ventrolateral reticular formation of the pons and the medulla, to the cervical cord. Stimulation of these sites elicited stable, reproducible electrodermal responses of 10-30 mV in amplitude. In addition, it was found that stimulation of the ventrolateral extent of the lower brainstem evoked similar responses in the decerebrate preparation. Electrodermal responses could not be elicited from the dorsal medulla, the posterior commissure, or the midline region. The electrodermal response could be elicited from an apparently hypothalamus through the ventrolateral brainstem.


Cellular basis for reversal of hyperkalemic electrocardiographic changes by sodium.

We examined the hypothesis that reversal of hyponatremic hyperkalemic electrocardiographic changes through the infusion of saline solutions was due to the action of sodium ion in increasing the action potential rising velocity which is depressed when the cell is exposed to increasing concentrations of potassium. Using standard microelectrode techniques, the rising velocity of canine ventricular cells was shown to increase by 21%, whereas conduction time between two microelectrodes decreased 17% when the sodium concentration of the perfusate was increased from 120 to 163 mM in 2.7 mM potassium solution. When these cells were exposed to identical increases in sodium concentration in a 7.7-mM potassium solution, rising velocity increased 55% (P less than 0.005), whereas interelectrode conduction time decreased 33% (P less than 0.05). Similar changes were noted in experiments on human ventricular cells. These experimental findings are consistent with the hypothesis stated above.


Influence of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis on the canine pulmonary vascular bed.

The effects of two chemically dissimilar inhibitors of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on vascular resistance and responses to pressor and depressor hormones were evaluated in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Indomethacin or meclofenamate, 2.5-5 mg/kg iv, increased lobar arterial pressure. Since lobar blood flow was held constant and left atrial pressure did not change, the rise in pressure reflects an increase in vascular resistance. The rise in lobar pressure after indomethacin occurred in the absence of a change in lobar venous or translobar airway pressure. This agent enhanced the response to angiotensin but not to norepinephrine. Meclofenamate decreased responses to both agents. Indomethacin enhanced the dilator response to PGE1 and both indomethacin and meclofenamate increased the response to PGF2alpha. These data indicate that the rise in resistance after indomethacin or meclofenamate was the result of vasoconstriction in vessels upstream to the small veins, presumed to be small arteries. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that under resting conditions synthesis of a dilator prostaglandin may be important for the maintenance of the pulmonary vascular bed in a dilated state. However, results of the present study are not consistent with the postulate that prostaglandins modulate responses to norepinephrine but suggest that indomethacin and meclofenamate interfere with the inactivation of PGF2alpha and PGE1 in the lung.


Differential labeling with orotic acid and uridine in compensatroy renal hypertrophy.

Using [5-3H]orotic acid and [5-3H]uridine as precursors, we compared the efficiency of labeling and the localization of labeled RNA during compensatory hypertrophy of the mouse kidney. [5-3H]orotic acid in tubules labeled RNA 15 times more intensely that [5-3H]uridine, presumably because of greater incorporation of orotic acid into tubular cells. Of the orotic acid label, 97% was in tubular cells, mostly in the proximal tubules. Only about 80% of the uridine label was in the tubules; the ratio in proximal tubules compared with that in distal tubules was 2:1. No changes in distribution within the nephron were produced during compensatory hypertrophy. [5-3H]uridine should be used as the precursor of generalized labeling is desired, but [5-3H5orotic acid is the better precursor of RNA for many studies of compensatory hypertrophy since it is more efficient and concentrates in the segments of greatest biologic activity.


Metabolic background for glucose tolerance: mechanism for epinephrine-induced impairment.

Turnover rates of blood glucose in rats were calculated from the decay of [14C]glucose. A glucose load suppressed glucose appearance and this was reversed by epinephrine or glucagon. Incorporation of [14C]bicarbonate into liver glycogen and blood glucose demonstrated that these hormones did not alter gluconeogetic rate but, rather the proportion of glucose recovered in the two products. The glucose enhanced by glucagon, probably through increased insulin secretion. In contrast, epinephrine decreased peripheral glucose uptake.


Adrenergic receptor and epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance.

Intravenous glucose tolerance in fasting rats was improved by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, and diminished by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent. These effects of adrenergic blockers were dependent on the action of insulin, secretion of which is controlled by an adrenergic mechanism. Epinephrine caused by hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance. Both actions of epinephrine were partly inhibited by either an alpha or beta blocker and completely abolished by combination of both blockers in normal rats. However, in rats treated with anti-insulin serum or 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, a potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, both actions of epinephrine were blocked by propranolol alone, but not by phentolamine. It is concluded that beta-receptor-mediated inhibiton of peripheral glucose utilization is primarily responsible for epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia and impairment of glucose tolerance. Furthermore, the reduction of glycemic action of epinephrine observed after alpha blockade is due to the hypoglycemic action of insulin secreted by the stimulation of beta receptors in pancreatic beta cells.


Uptake and supply of purine compounds by the liver.

We have analyzed for purine compounds entering and leaving the liver in lightly anesthetized rabbits and rats and for the export of utilizable purine from liver perfused with oxypurine. The in vivo results indicate that roughly 80% of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and urate is removed in a single passage of blood through liver. Conversely, the adenosine concentration of hepatic venous blood is increased 10-fold over portal or arterial levels. When the liver is isolated and perfused with hypoxanthine there is significant release of adenosine, whether measured quantitatively by microbiological assay or qualitatively by analysis of the radioactive purines released from liver that has been prelabeled with [14C]hypoxanthine. These results provide direct evidence for the clearance of hydroxylated purines and the release of utilizable adenine derivatives by liver.


Effect of lactate infusion on myocardial FFA metabolism in diabetic dogs.

The effect of elevated arterial lactate concentration on myocardial free fatty acid (FAA), acetoacetate (AcAc), and beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-OHB) uptake was studied in alloxan-diabetic dogs under control conditions and following the constant infusion of Na-L-(+)-lactate. Only minor changes in hemodynamic parameters were observed. During lactate infusion, arterial lactate increased and FFA, AcAc, and beta-OHB decreased. The extraction ratio and myocardial uptake of both AcAc and beta-OHB diminished. No significant change of myocardial FFA oxidation was noted. While myocardial lactate uptake was very small under control conditions, it increased considerably during the infusion of lactate. The fraction of myocardial CO2 production derived from FFA oxidation was unchanged during lactate infusion, while the fraction derived from ketone bodies decreased and that derived from lactate increased. Thus, during hyperlactacidemia a larger fraction of myocardial substrate was derived from lactate and a smaller fraction from ketone bodies than were derived under control conditions.


Autoregulation of renal blood flow in the puppy.

The ability of the immature kidney to autoregulate blood flow was investigated. Renal blood flow was measured by electromagnetic flowmeter. In six puppies, selective blockade of the intrarenal effects of angiotensin II (AII) by [1-sarcosine, 8-alanine]angiotensin II (anti-AII) administered into the renal artery did not change renal blood flow. During selective renal AII blockade, intravenous AII raised perfusion pressure from 76 +/- 2 to 100 +/- 6 mmHg. Renal blood flow increased from 1.59 +/- 0.29 to 1.98 +/- 0.59 ml/g kidney per min, but returned to control levels within 40 s in spite of persistent arterial pressure elevation. In another group of seven puppies, renal blood flow remained constant despite reduction of renal perfusion pressure by aortic constriction to 60 mmHg. In two of these seven puppies intrarenal anti-AII did not abolish autoregulation. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurs in the puppy and is not influenced by inhibition of angiotensin. The renin-angiotensin system does not appear to be involved in the normal regulation of renal blood flow in the puppy.


Transalveolar transport of large polar solutes (sucrose, inulin, and dextran).

The in vivo transalveolar transport of three large polar solutes, sucrose, inulin, and dextran (mol wt 60,000-90,00), was compared with the transport of urea in saline-filled dog lung. Apparent permeability coefficents (p', in cm X sec-1 X 10(6)) were as follows; urea: 2.4 +/- 0.28 (SD) greater than sucrose: 0.64 +/- 0.31 (P less than 0.001) greater than inulin: 0.12 +/- .05 (P less than 0.001)--not different from dextran (mol wt 60,000-90,000): 0.08 +/- .02 (P greater then .01). Calculation of the resistance of the alveolar epithelium compared to total barrier resistance for the various solutes indicates that approximately 90% of the total resistance resides in the alveolar epithelium. Comparison of the ratio of permeability coefficients to the ratio of free-diffusion coefficients in water shows similar values for the three large polar solutes, suggesting that permeation through the alveolar epithelium occurs by means of water-filled channels. The values for permeability coefficients of alveolar epithelium fit into the spectrum of values reported for other epithelial structures (including gall bladder, frog skin, and toad bladder); it seems to have a system of channels with a small number of  wide "pores" (greater than 80 A) that permit permeation of large polar solutes and is not a relatively homogeneous structure.


The need for intervention: a further delineation.

Clinical material from experimental tape sessions is used further to delineate a crucial variable in psychotherapy research: the degree to which the therapist meets the patient's need for intervention. Several discrete needs for intervention are identified, how they were (later) met by a therapist is observed, and the outcome of each is assessed.


Child-rearing patterns of poverty.

The author feels that the perpetuation of poverty is not adequately explained by the popular theories of recent years, that is, social oppression and cultural deprivation, including maternal deprivation. Impaired verbal development and a lack of inner controls are products of specific child-rearing patterns which create fear and rage, and stifle verbal self-expression.


Gestalt encounter in the treatment of hospitalized alcoholic patients.

The Gestalt approach with alcoholics is different from other, traditional approaches. Its emphasis on growth, awareness, and self-support is aided through some simple guides. Several guides are suggested which have been used with this population and specific examples from therapy are provided to show how they were used and what the effects may be.


Resistance interruption in programmed psychotherapy.

Research Interruption in Programmed Psychotherapy introduces a directive intervention into personally maladaptive patterns of behavior while supporting constructive alternatives. Observations, results, and follow-up on 50 patients are given. Benefit related to this handling of resistance in psychotherapy is suggested.


Brief or crisis-oriented therapy in a city hospital setting.

The philosophy of brief therapy in a city hospital setting is outlined. Therapists frequently resist a brief and active approach and offer rationalizations against it. Most patients, however, seek only symptom alleviation or problem solving, and not insight psychotherapy. Specific treatment goals and foci must be established early when the treatment contract is formulated. Transference and countertransference play a significant role.


Psychotherapy of love loss.

Abandonment in love brings with it considerable psychiatric casualty. Although time usually heals, it may also reinforce psychopathologic attitudes. The main task of psychotherapy is to offer an explanation, stretched over time, which is emotionally acceptable, protects self-esteem, and diminishes the fear of new alliances.


A psychiatrist moves his office.

This paper describes a therapist's experience in moving his analytically oriented psychotherapy practice from an exclusive private setting to the psychiatric floor of a busy general hospital. The ways in which different patients react to this similar experience are described and the dynamic implications discussed. A feature common to most patients is highlighted and its implications for psychotherapy generally are examined.


Facilitating ego mastery in brief psychotherapy with medical students.

Four related techniques for doing brief psychotherapy with medical students are described, which capitalize on styles of ego adaptation and defense characteristic of this population. These styles involve use of intellectual mastery and intellectualization. The therapeutic use of a frequently occurring form of positive ego-ideal transference is also discussed.


Therapist and patient after hours.

A patient in brief psychotherapy told of a sexual advance made to her now by a former psychotherapist. Computer testing predicted her motivation and behavior accurately. A number of related issues in professional ethics and in dynamic psychology are discussed. Legal cases are cited.


The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. I. Longitudinal studies on populations in a low incidence area of El Salvador.

Serologic profiles were established using the indirect fluorescent antibody test in a longitudinal study of six villages in an interior area of El Salvador. Positive serologic responses as well as active cases found through the voluntary collaborator posts occurred primarily in adult males, suggesting that much of the malaria experience in the study area resulted from exposure of this segment of the population in more malarious areas where they traveled to engage in temporary agricultural labor. Malaria incidence was generally low but transmission potential apparently varied markedly even over relatively small distances. Serologic profiles reflected the malaria experience in the population sampled, but many localities were widely dispersed and samples taken from village centers were found in some cases not to be representative of the entire locality population in terms of malaria exposure. The indirect fluorescent antibody technique was found to reflect the malaria experience in the population segments examined. When these data were correlated with the surveillance data from the voluntary collaborator posts, the epidemiology of malaria in the study area was more thoroughly understood.


The seroepidemiology of malaria in Middle America. II. Studies on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica.

Serologic studies for malaria using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique suggest that active transmission is either absent or very low in 6 villages on the Pacific side of Costa Rica. Positive titers (1:20 or higher) were seen in the under-15-year age group in three of the study localities, but only 5 such responses were encountered among 249 people examined in this age range. In the adults (15 years and over) from the same 3 villages there were 68 positive titers among 161 examined. There were 43 positive responses in 189 adults from the remaining 3 villages where none of 307 persons under 15 years of age showed a titer of 1:20 or higher to any of the 3 malaria antigens tested (Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae). These data suggest that the positive responses in the latter villages are more likely to be associated with old or imported cases than with current local transmission. Serologic responses of 1:80 or higher to the P. falciparum antigen suggested the continued presence of this parasite in the population in spite of the paucity of positive blood smears with this species in recent years. Positive titers with the P. malariae antigen suggest that this parasite is probably still present in the area. Such serologic studies help to indicate areas where malaria transmission is active and provide information on parasite reservoirs in particular populations.


Clinical trials with metronidazole in human balantidiasis.

Therapeutic activity of metronidazole against Balantidium coli was evaluated by using two drug regimens in 20 human cases of balantidiasis. All patients also harbored Trichuris trichiura. Children received a total amount of drug that varied from 2.5 g during 5 days to 7.5 g in a period of 10 days. Adults were given 5 g in 5 days or 12.5 g during a period of 10 days. In all patients B. coli disappeared after the 4th day of treatment. Frequent posttreatment stool examination remained negative. All patients tolerated the drug well and there were no side effects.


Incidence of intestinal obstruction in children infected with Ascaris lumbricoides.

The most serious consequences of infection with the large roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, are complications requiring surgical intervention, particularly intestinal obstruction caused by a bolus of worms. A study was conducted to estimate the incidence of this complication among infected children in an area of the southeastern United States where ascariasis is endemic. A chart review at three rural Louisiana public hospitals revealed that 21 patients had been hospitalized with intestinal obstruction secondary to ascariasis over a 3-year period. The prevalence of ascariasis in three parishes (counties) served by these hospitals was calculated from the results of 2,360 stool examinations performed by the State Health Department and one hospital laboratory. The prevalence of ascariasis in 1- to 5-year-old children was similar to that in 6- to 12-year-olds and ranged from 8% to 28% in the three parishes. Prevalence rates were three times higher for blacks than for whites. It was found that most cases of intestinal obstruction occur in children in the 1- to 5-year age group and that this incidence approximates two such complications per 1,000 infected children per year.


A quantitative post mortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. II. Evolution and epidemiology.

Further analysis of the data obtained from 190 unselected autopsies at the University of Cairo (Faculty of Medicine) hospitals reinforces our conclusion that a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis leads to infection intensity causing severe uropathy and mortality, both directly and by way of complications and sequelae. Based on histological study, two stages of urinary schistosomiasis must be considered in epidemiological work: "active disease", characterized by significant egg excretion; and "inactive disease", in which eggs are excreted rarely. The proportion between active and inactive cases is progressively reversed with advancing age, while mean tissue egg burdens rise, plateau, and ultimately decrease, most sharply beyond 50 years of age. A model of the progression of active disease has been derived from the relations of individual organ egg burdens to overall infection intensity, showing that both the onset and the termination of oviposition probably begin in the urinary bladder and spread centrifugally. Therefore, extravesical activity may persist longer than bladder activity. Severe uropathy and mortality occur at all stages of the disease and depend principally, but not exclusively, on egg burden, i.e., on infection intensity. Correlations of infection intensity with degree of uropathy show that severe disease is quantitatively separable from incidental disease by its tissue egg burdens and lesions. However, the factors determining death from urinary schistosomiasis are only partly understood. They include bilateral upper obstructive uropathy and, probably, focal egg concentrations leading to rapid obstruction, such as aberrantly high egg burdens in the left ureter relative to those in the bladder. Analysis of epidemiologically homogeneous population groups reveals close mutual relationships between the total frequency of infection (active plus inactive), the intensity of infection, and the frequency of severe uropathy. A statistical model predicts that any rise in frequency beyond a 30% threshold will result in a linear increase in the frequency of severe disease, whereas below that threshold the bulk of infections will be incidental. These insights, applicable only to pathological material, must be complemented by efforts to establish clinical and laboratory criteria defining the severity and stages of urinary schistosomiasis in living patients, and to examine their population dynamics, so that effects of therapeutic and preventive measures may be evalulated more precisely.


Anticholinergic properties of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone.

The effect of the antischistosomal drug hycanthone on the motor activity of Schistosoma mansoni was studied in vitro. Hycanthone stimulates motor activity at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-5) M, and partially blocks the paralytic effects of carbachol and physostigmine. Lucanthone, a closely related although less active congener of hycanthone, does not produce these same effects in vitro. Some blocking of acetylcholine can also be produced by atropine, although this drug is less active in this regard than is hycanthone. These findings suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of hycanthone may be related to interference with acetylcholine receptors in schistosomes. Hycanthone is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) from S. mansoni, but is less effective against ACHE of mammalian origin. In contrast, physostigmine inhibits the mammalian enzyme more effectively than it does the helminth enzyme. These observations suggest that schistosome ACHE differs from the mammalian enzyme with respect to the configuration of the active center, and that hycanthone may have a selective affinity for schistosomal cholinergic systems.


Treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni and japonica in baboons with tubercidin given by direct intravenous injection.

Baboons (Papio cyanocephalus and P. anubis), infected with Schistosoma mansoni or S. japonicum, were treated with single doses of tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine; Tu), 1, 3, and 5 mg per kg of body weight, administered by intravenous drip. Crystalline Tu was dissolved in sterile 0.9% NaCl solution (1 mg per ml), and the solution was delivered at a rate of 4 ml per minute. Detectable short-term host toxicity was limited to the 5 mg per kg dose, mainly in the form of reversible mild to moderate kidney damage. Only this 5 mg per kg dose administered to baboons with relatively heavy S. mansoni infections was capable of completely suppressing fecal egg excretion for 6 to 8 weeks, eliminating the female worms, and terminating active disease, as indicated by histopathological findings. Comparable effects were achieved following the administration of the 3 mg per kg dose to baboons with moderate to heavy S. japonicum infections.


Comparative sensitivity and specificity of the Casoni intradermal and the immunoelectrophoresis tests for the diagnosis of hydatid disease.

The Casoni intradermal (ID) test, using two antigens, was compared with the immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) test for diagnosis in 47 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease and 73 non-hydatid persons. An antigen prepared from boiled hydatid cyst fluid (HF) was markedly more sensitive in the ID test than another prepared from whole HF but both produced false-positive reactions in three persons with other disease conditions. The IEP test yielded no false positives and its sensitivity was similar to the ID test using the more sensitive boiled HF antigen. Some patients were ID-positive and IEP-negative and vice-versa. Diagnostic sensitivity of both tests varied according to the localization and condition of the cyst. A detectable immune response was more frequent in patients with liver cysts than in those with lung cysts. Regardless of cyst localization, lowest diagnostic sensitivity was observed in patients whose cysts were intact and of the hyaline type, whereas recently broken cysts were associated with the most consistently detectable immune response. The limitations of the ID test are discussed and it is suggested that, until more specific antigens are available, there appears to be little value in utilizing this test where the more specific serological techniques are available.


Laboratory studies of transovarial transmission of La Crosse and other arboviruses by Aedes albopictus and Culex fatigans.

Transovarial transmission of La Crosse virus by experimentally infected Aedes albopictus females to 2.7% of their F1 generation offspring was demonstrated. Progeny of both sexes were infected. Mean virus titers in parent mosquitoes and infected F1 generation adults were 10(4.6) and 10(3.4) plaque forming units/insect, respectively. The La Crosse-infected offspring were randomly distributed among the female parents. After two serial passages in A. albopictus, a marked change occurred in the plaque morphology of the virus but this had no apparent effect on the subsequent vertical transmission rate. In contrast, transovarial transmission did not occur in La Crosse-infected Culex fatigans or in A. albopictus and C. fatigans infected with vesicular stomatitis-Indiana, Cache Valley, Batai, Arumowot, and Itaporanga viruses. Results of this experiment suggest that the La Crosse model might be useful in studying the mechanism of transovarial transmission in additional mosquito species.


Host preferences of Aedes trivittatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in central Iowa.

The vertebrate host preferences of Aedes trivittatus mosquitoes were studied to gain an insight into the possible hosts of trivittatus (TVT) virus (California encephalitis group) in Iowa. Engorged mosquitoes were collected with a Malaise trap and Dry Ice-baited CDC miniature light traps. The origin of mosquito blood meals was determined by the capillary tube precipitin test. Of 600 A. trivittatus blood meals tested, 409 (68.2%) reacted positively with anti-rabbit serum. The incidences of mosquitoes feeding on other vertebrate species ranged from 0.2% to 2.5%. The vertebrate host preferences of A. trivittatus suggest a close association between this mosquito species and the eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) in central Iowa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the eastern cottontail rabbit may be an important host for TVT virus in Iowa.


A technique of anaesthesia in haemorrhagic shock. Illustrative case histories and a discussion.

The anaesthetic management of patients in haemorrhagic shock is described. The principles are those of initial resuscitation with electrolyte solutions and alleviation of metabolic acidosis, combined with early induction of anaesthesia to permit control of bleeding as soon as possible. The anaesthetic technique depends on pre-oxygenation, intravenous anaesthesia, muscular relaxation and ventilation with pure oxygen. Earlier cases were induced with thiopentone and maintained with intermittent suxamethonium, but intravenous ketamine was later employed for induction and intramuscular ketamine for maintenance; this use of ketamine is now the author's method of choice. The use of a central venous pressure line connected to a cannula in the internal jugular vein is recommended.


Immediate care after aspiration of vomit.

The diagnosis of aspiration can be made from the characteristic clinical features. Management is then based on the measurement of the pH of the gastric contents, blood gases and acid-base values, the serial measurement of pulse blood pressure and central venous pressure, and the haemoglobin and haematocrit. If available measurement of the plasma or blood volume, pulmonary artery and wedge pressure and cardiac output may also be of value in diagnosis and guiding treatment. The following treatment should be carried out: Head down in right lateral position to drain vomit from airway. Suction. Laryngoscopy to clear the airway. Bronchoscophy if asphyxiated by solid material. Endotracheal intubation if liquid. High inspired oxygen. Artificial ventilation if the PO2 is low. Steroids Hydrocortisone 200 mg intravenously and 100 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours; or Dexamethasone 10 mg intravenously and 5 mg intramuscularly every 6 hours. Aminophylline if bronchospasm is severe. Plasma or plasma substitute for hypotension and hypovolaemia. Correct acidosis.


The role of hospital medical teams at a major accident.

Despite an apparently adequate major accident plan which has been used successfully on two previous occasions, considerable difficulties were experienced by the mobile medical teams at the scene of the Moorgate tube train accident. The authors have attempted to describe the role and organisation of mobile medical teams placing particular emphasis on a simple and flexible plan.


A local complication of intravenous induction of anaesthesia.

A triple response resulting from true intraluminal injection into constricted wrist veins is described and its nature discussed.


[Cardiovascular effects of the new inhalation anaesthetic isoflurane in man (author's transl)].

Cardiovascular responses to isoflurane (forane)-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia were studied in seven older premedicated patients. Anaesthesia was induced with the new non-barbiturate induction agen etomidate. All patients were intubated and mechanically ventilated to maintain normal PaCO2. Clinical concentrations of isoflurane (0.75 and 1.5 vol.-% inspiratory) decreased mean arterial pressure 22%-42%. Only small reductions in cardiac output and stroke volume were seen. Heart rate, central venous and pulmonary artery pressure remained nearly unaffected. The major cause of the arterial hypotension was a fall in total peripheral resistance by 36% as anaesthesia deepened. Left ventricular maximum dp/dt and load data indicated that isoflurane also possesses negative inotropic properties. Tension-time-index and total body oxygen consumption decreased by 47% and 20% respectively. AVDO2 values remained within the normal range. We take this to mean that the oxygen supply was adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body as a whole. This was corroborated by the finding that base excess did not change significantly. Conclusions considering the use of isoflurane in patients with diminished cardiovascular reserve are drawn.


[Epinephrine injection with enflurane anaesthesia: incidence of cardiac arrhythmias (author's transl)].

Two hundred patients, primarily A.S.A. status I and II, were prospectively divided into two groups of 100 each. One group received nitrous oxideoxygen-enflurane anaesthesia and subcutaneous infiltration of adrenaline in lignocaine for haemostasis, while the other received enflurane but not adrenalin. Patients were continuously monitored with a cardioscope. Epinephrine dosages were limited to those recommended for safe use with halothane anaesthesia. No patient in the control group experienced an arrhythmia, and only one patient in the study group developed a burst of premature ventricular contractions following adrenaline injection. The authors conclude that adrenaline may be given subcutaneously for hemostasis in patients under enflurane anaesthesia provided the safeguards established for halothane are observed.


[Haemodilution and cerebral blood flow (author's transl)].

Cerebral blood flow has been estimated in 10 patients during acute haemodilution and during the consecutive operation. Cerebral blood flow showed a lasting increase during the time of haemodilution, but this increase did not parallel the decrease of haematocrit value. The increase of cerebral blood flow became pronounced only, when the haematocrit become lower than 30%. Assumably the elevation of cerebral flow is mainly due to autoregulative mechanisms of cerebral blood flow to sustain oxygenation. It is concluded, that haemodilution below values of 30% hc might be dangerous in patients suffering from cerebral sclerosis.


[Sodium and water balance in the dog under halothane and methoxyflurane anesthesia (author's transl)].

In our model of volume expanded dogs with an equilibrium between input and renal output of sodium and water halothane anesthesia (1,5 Vol.-% insp.) was performed. In deepening halothane anesthesia we found a progressive decrease of mean aortic pressure, GFR and renal sodium and water excretion. There was a strong correlation between GFR and sodium excretion. With a high GFR significantly more sodium was excreted under halothane, whilst reduction of GFR led to an overproportional decrease of sodium excretion. Urine osmolality, too, depended on GFR under halothane. The results of methoxyflurane anesthesia were quite similansion. Concentrations of inorganic fluoride in serum and urine, which we measured in these experiments, did not result in visible changes of sodium or water balance, compared with the conscious state.


[Serum electrolytes during neuroleptic analgesia and spinal anaesthesia (author's transl)].

Spinal anaesthesia is particularly suitable for operations on the prostate in geriatric patients. We investigated the effects of spinal anaesthesia, using Bupivacaine 0.5%, on electrolyte metabolism in 12 patients and compared these with the effects of neuroleptanalgesia in 13 patients. Neuroleptanalgesia did not affect electrolytic concentrations, whereas spinal anaesthesia was associated with a temporary slight fall in potassium concentration.


[An unusual intubation (author's transl)].

Report of an unusual intubation in a patient who had had resection of maxilla and exenteration of the orbits. Because of a lock jaw the intubation had to be performed through the orbita.


[Side effects of nitrous oxide (author's transl)].

When nitrous oxide is breathed the alvolar partial pressure will cause it to diffuse into the blood, tissues and gas-containing spaces within the body until equilibrium is reached. At the same time nitrogen will be excreted from tissues and blood to alveolar gas. There is a 35 fold difference in the blood-gas partition coefficient between nitrous oxide (0.47) and nitrogen (0.013). For every molecule of nitrogen that is removed from the aircontaining space in the body, 35 molecules of nitrous oxide are transferred from the blood to the air space. This differential solubility of nitrogen and nitrous oxide results either in an increase in the volume of the gas space if the space is compliant (gastrointestinal tract, pneumothorax, air embolus, cuff of the endotracheal tube), or in an increase in the pressure if the space is non-compliant (pneumencephalography, middle ear, sinus). The clinical significance of these side effects of nitrous oxide and experimental studies are discussed.


[The influence of volatile anaesthetics on drug metabolism in the liver (author's transl)].

In Vitro experiments with rat liver microsomes (difference spectra, p-nitroanisol-demethylation) and in vivo experiments with rats (tritium release from 3H-mestranol) suggest an inhibition of the metabolism of certain drugs (type-1-substrates) by competition for the binding site of cytochrome P-450 under anaesthesia with diethyl ether, halothane, enflurane and methoxyflurane.


[Central venous pressure and orthostasis in the postoperative period (author's transl)].

In 18 postoperative patients (1st to 10th day) of both sexes, aged 26 to 74, the relation was studied between the CVP and arterial BP measured in the horizontal and in a partly upright position (45 and 60 degrees respectively). Patients with higher CVPs in the horizontal position generally showed a lesser orthostatic drop of the BP. The fall of CVP which we observed simultaneously in all patients was, however, significantly more marked in the patients with the higher horizontal CVP values, irrespective of the angle of inclination. The cause of these findings appears to be the dependence of the venous hydrostatic indifference point upon the intravascular volume.


[Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 1% (Marcaine, Carbostesine heavy) for hemi-spinal anaesthesia in orthopedic (author's transl)].

A report is given on 170 orthopedic operations performed under hemi-spinal anaesthesia. The anaesthetic agent used was hyperbaric bupivacaine 1% (Marcaine, Carbostesine). Of these cases 92 were total hip joint replacements and 78 other operations of the lower extremities. Generally, the patients were classified as category three risks (A.S.A.) Their average age was 63 years. The anaesthetics and postoperative courses were smooth. In the total prosthetic hip joint operations hypotension during the implantation of acelabulum--or femur--cement was not observed. With doses of 1 ml of the local anaesthetic the average duration of analgesia was 3 hours and 10 minutes, and with added vasoconstrictor 4 hours.


[The in vitro influence of dehydrobenzperidol (droperidol) on lymphocyte transformation (author's transl)].

Droperidol, an agent which is used in neurolept anaesthesia was tested in vitro for its effect upon the lymphocyte transformation test. Using peripheral blood of healthy volunteers droperidol was added simultaneously with PHA (phytohaemagglutinin) respectively after the lymphocytes had been incubated with PHA already for a period of 47 hours. Lymphocyte transformation was not impeded significantly when the first method was used, when clinically comparable concentrations were administered. When droperidol was added after PHA even lower concentrations caused an inhibition. The significance of these different modes of testing is discussed. It is concluded from these results that droperidol in clinical concentrations as used in Neurolept anaesthesia does not have a distinct and lasting influence upon lymphocyte transformation and thus has no considerable immunosuppressive effects.


[The psychological effects of intensive care (author's transl)].

After some twelve years experience as a Consultant Anaesthesist in Intensive Therapy Units the author suffered a catastrophic illness which required a period of artificial ventilation in the I.T.U. in which he worked. He found that much of what he and others had written about the psychological effects on the patient of intensive therapy was mistaken. The main psychological problems were anxiety, disorientation and exhaustion and communication difficulties. The methods used by the author to achieve recall of these distressing events and suggestions as to how such problems may be alleviated are discussed.


Pulmonary fat embolism in the traumatised patient: development of a prophylactic programme in a city accident hospital.

Low molecular weight plasma expanders, proteinase inhibitor and phosphatidilcholine have been used in a city accident hospital prophylactically against fat pulmonary embolism (F.P.E.) in traumatised patients. Their routine use in patients at risk has shown a decrease in the frequency of this syndrome, suggesting the validity of such treatment.


[Provocation of an epileptic seizure during induction of NLA (author's transl)].

We report about a case in which the induction of NLA produced an epileptic seizure. The seizure was checked by relaxation, intubation and controlled ventilation. During the following anaesthesia the EEG-monitoring did not show any increased disposition to cramps. The operation was finished without complications.


Scanning electron microscopy of the articular surfaces of the hip joint disorders.

The specimens from 19 femoral heads with various abnormalities are observed with scanning electron microscopy, comparing with light microscopic findings. Villi and plica appearance implies the fibrillated surface of degenerated cartilage with fibrous tissue proliferation. Beside these findings, craters with their associated undulations of concentric circles or guitar-shaped figures are visualized in the areas histologically showing the exposed cartilage of the deep zone. The undulations are correspondent to the fine clefts of the shredding surface. From the observations reported here, the existence of the lamellar system around the chondrocyte lacuna is proposed in the deep matrix of the articular cartilage.


Cytochemical differentiation of muscle fibers by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the respiratory muscles of an air-breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch).

1. A cytochemical study on the succinic dehydrogenase activity of the respiratory muscles of Channa punctatus reveals that the Adductor mandibularis is made up entirely of white muscle fibers. 2. The Adductor, Dilator and Levator operculi are composite muscles and composed of white as well as red fiber bundles. However, these composite muscles are dominated by white muscle fibers. 3. The interior of the Protractor hyoideus is dominated by red and medium fibers whereas its superficial part is dominated by white muscle fibres. 4. The muscles innervated by the branches of V trigeminal nerve (Adductor mandibularis, Dilator operculi) are dominated by white fibers, whereas those innervated by the VII facialis (Adductor and Levator operculi and Protractor hyoideus) show dominance of red fibers.


The effects of changes of water balance on the renal pelvic epithelium of the rat. The fine structure of the various epithelia which line the renal pelvis was investigated in five hydropenic rats and five rats undergoing a water diuresis. In the former, the thin epithelium which covers the outer medulla showed dilated intercellular spaces and an increased number of cytoplasmic vacuoles whereas the intercellular spaces were tightly closed and there were few vacuoles in the diuretic rats. It was considered that these changes indicate an exchange of water and solute between pelvic urine and the outer since medulla they are similar to those occurring in epithelia elsewhere which are engaged in transport of salt or water. Similar but less marked changes were found in the papillary epithelium. Changes in the transitional epithelium were similar to those which have previously been described elsewhere in the urinary tract.


Contribution to the study of functional architecture of ligamentum venosum in adult man.

Seventeen specimens, removed at necropsy from adult individuals, were submitted to different methods: a) dissection under stereomicroscope; b) 100 mum panorganographic sections stained by Azan, Weigert's resorcin-fucsin; c) total preparations to be examined under polarized light; d) 10 mum thick histological sections stained by Verhöff-van Gieson; e) silver impregnation after CAJAL-DE CASTRO. The AA. refer the constitution of the ligament as an integration of two opposite directed systems which are made up by collagenous and mioelastic elements disposed like a twisted cord in the middle portion and enlarged like a fan toward more or less extensive areas of the left branch of portal vein and of the ensemble formed by left hepatic vein and inferior vena cava. The bundles are mainly spread by the most external layers of these vessels, and also it has been observed fibrous components that from the vessels directed to the ligament. They call attention for the amount of nerves and nerve fibers in that structure. The AA. remark, on functional bases, taking as probable the participation of the ligament on the control of the changes in the bend made up by portal vein, "pars transversa trunci sinistri" and "pars umbilicalis trunci sinistri".


Increased fructolysis of kallikrein-stimulated human spermatozoa.

Significant stimulation of human sperm motility by kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, was observed to occur in semen specimens with reduced sperm motility during an incubation period of 24 hours at 22 degrees C. Parallel to an increase of the total sperm motility an increase of the fructose utilization was measured after addition of a single dose of kallikrein (1 KU/ml) within the same incubation period.


[The effect of perorally administered DDVP and malathion on spermatogenesis and Leydig cells in the juvenile rat].

Immature male rats receive orally DDVP 20 mg/kg on the 4th and 5th resp. 10 mg/kg on the 4th to the 24th day of life or malathione 40 resp. 20 mg/kg. At defined days the testes are examined histologically. The body weight does not change. The testis weight, tubular diameter, number of Sertoli cells, and of A-spermatogonia per tubular cross section as well as the number of Leydig cells is diminished. Malathione produced more  severe alterations, they disappear, however, until the 50th day of life. Refering to the metabolic mechanisms of both the phosphatic esters a local lack of testosterone causing the disturbances is discussed.


[The correlation of morphological and biochemical factors in human ejaculate in various andrological diagnoses. I. Relationship between ejaculate volume, number, motility and morphology of the spermatozoa with regard to age].

This first report from a study conducted to determine correlations between morphological and biochemical parameters in human ejaculate presents the results based on the measurement of predominantly morphological criteria in patients of various clinical diagnosis groups. The allocation of the 525 patients, who were recruited into the study during the period 1972/73 in the Department of Andrology, Hamburg-Eppendorf, to the diagnosis groups normozoospermia (196), asthenozoospermia (92), oligozoospermia (181) and azoospermia (56) was performed in accordance with the Recommendations for Andrological Nomenclature (1970). The following data were evaluated for this report: height (cm), weight (kg), age (years), ejaculate volume (ml), number of spermatozoa (mill./ml), motility (percentage of highly motile, motile and non-motile spermatozoa), round cells (mill./ml), morphology (percentage of normal-shaped/pathological spermatozoa), changes to the head, middle and tail sections (percentage of the pathological spermatozoa). Relationships between a dependent biological variable (y) and a variable to be assumed independent (x) were obtained by adaptation of polynomials of the 3rd degree: y = b0 + b1 + b2x2 + b3x3. The coefficients (b) which did not differ significantly (p greater than 0.05) from zero were eliminated step by step in regression analyses with breakdown and the resulting mean curves within the ranges covered by the sample depicted graphically. For the time being, the relationships found are described only in the sense of a collection of material. The increased occurrence of pathological spermatozoa in advancing age together with lower values for highly motile spermatozoa could be regarded as a result of a lower organ effectiveness of testosterone, which is protein-bound to an increased extent with advancing age. At the present time there is no explanation for the larger numbers of spermatozoa found with increasing age. The positive correlation between higher sperm counts and high motility, and between high motility and a lower percentage of pathological forms corresponds to expectations from earlier studies. The number of changes to the head, middle and tail sections increase proportionally in keeping with an increasing percentage of pathological forms. When the changes to the head, middle and tail sections are placed in relationship to the diagnosis groups normozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and oligozoospermia a disproportional percental participation becomes noticeable.


[The structure and function of the vena spermatica interna--the etiology of varicocele].

From 60 male corpse in the age of 13 to 77 both venae spermaticae internae were completely removed. On the basis of these specimens we investigated the incidence, localization, form and scale of the venous valves in the vena spermatica interna. All venous valves were remodeled and examined for their sufficiency on the basis of these date. In the left vena spermatica interna we found in 83% and in the right vena spermatica in 97% of the cases one or more valves. On the average the left vena spermatica contains 3.5 and the right 3.8 valves. From each vein a drawing was made, showing the remification, the localization of the valves and the valvular function. On the basis of this drawing and reconstructions of valves in the left vena spermatica interna for 90% of the cases and in the right vena spermatica for 75% of the cases a retrograde flow of the blood is possible. The absence of a varicocele can be explained by the presence of a sufficient venous valve on the left side in only 10% and on the right side in 25% of our cases. For the development of a varicocele therefore further facts are of importance.


Stimulation of sperm motility by kinins in fresh and 24 hours aged human ejaculates.

Kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, significantly stimulates human sperm motility in fresh ejaculates with primarely reduced sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) as well as in 24 hours stored ejaculates with reduced sperm motility resulting from post-ejaculatory aging processes. adiition of a kininogen source (serum) further significantly improved sperm motility of kallikrein-stimulated ejaculates. In contrast to the 24 hours lasting stimulation of kallikrein, enhancement of sperm motility by kinins is limited to 2 hours after addition of a single dose of kallidin (1 ng/ml).


The effect of epididymal and testicular fluids on the fertilising capacity of testicular and epididymal spermatozoa.

It is possible that the fertilising capacity of spermatozoa in the epididymis is influenced by the epididymal secretion. We have studied this problem by obtaining spermatozoa before entry into the epididymis and after passage through it, incubating both types of spermatozoa in fluids from the rete testis and cauda epididymidis and then checking their fertilising capacity. While spermatozoa from the rete testis were infertile, rete testis fluid did not decrease the fertilising capacity of epididymal sperm from the cauda epididymidis. Fluid from the cauda epididymidis did not promote the fertilising capacity of testicular spermatozoa. These results are discussed in the light of the current understanding of epididymal physiology.


Separation of X- and Y-bearing human spermatozoa with the sephadex gel-filtration method.

By means of the Sephadex gel filtration method we were able to separate a fraction rich in X-bearing human spermatozoa, in contrast with the method of Ericsson et al. (1973), which allows to obtain a fraction rich in Y-bearing sperm. The method, which is simple and not time-consuming, may allow control of sex in cases of expressed sex desire in off-spring.


Determination of sperm-antibodies in sera of sterile women by affinity-chromatography (affinity-chromatography of sperm-antibodies).

The total amount of humoral sperm antibody protein is determined following its isolation by affinity-chromatography on spermatozoa. Serum proteins are eluted by Sorensen phosphate buffer. Antibodies attached to spermatozoa suspended in Sephadex G 75 columns resist elution by Sorensen buffer. They can be quantitatively washed out by 8 ml Tris HCl-buffer pH 8,9 and be determined as proteins by the Folin-Ciocalteu method.


A.I.D.-couples: psychological and psychopathological evaluation.

This study is focused on the sexual-psycho(patho)logical factors of the acceptability by the couple. It is a three year research of a selected group (relative or absolute infertile) of 98 patients. The study shall attempt to weigh and answer the following questions: - What does it mean for the man, for the woman, for the couple when the physician diagnosis the man's biological relative or absolute infertility? - What does such an affirmation mean for the marital relation and how strong must this relation be for satisfactory adaption, vz., that the couple can choose as a couple: the positive choice of childless married couple, adoption, foster-family, donor-insemination. - What is expected of the doctors (gynaecologist, andrologist) who participate in giving expert advice concerning A.I.D.? (importance of the medical relation: doctor(s)-couple). The clinical findings outline the strength of the psychosexual dynamic around A.I.D. (with implications for forming relationship between the partners).


Effect of androgen on different biochemical constituents of human semen.

Changes in the levels of fructose, sialic acid, ascorbic acid, cholesterol and acid and alkaline phosphatases in the semen were studied in eight azoospermic volunteers during administration of testosterone propionate over a four week period. In order of responsiveness, elevations were observed in the levels of acid phosphatase, fructose, sialic acid and alkaline phosphatase during androgen therapy. No changes were seen in the levels of cholesterol and ascorbic acid.


Sexual impotence in man.

An analysis as to etiology and complaints of 486 cases of male sexual impotence was performed and is presented. Psychological factors are dominant in 68%. Physico-organic or iatrogenic causes accounted for deviations in 26% of the patients examined. Educational factors took an important part mainly in ejaculation disturbances. Primary anejaculation as a consequence of educational flaws occurred in 15% of the patients. Erection disturbances were often the consequence of physico-organic affections. The loss of libido was a real complaint in 19% of the patients.


Caffeine- and kallikrein-induced stimulation of human sperm motility: a comparative study.

Stimulation of human sperm motility by caffeine and kallikrein was compared in the same semen material. Caffeine, a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, induced an immediate stimulation of sperm motility the intensity being relatively constant during the first two hours of incubation. Kallikrein, a kinin-releasing proteinase, induced a similar enhancement of total sperm motility, but showed a delayed type of reaction with maximum stimulation at 2 hours of incubation. In contrast to the effect of caffeine lasting some hours, enhancement of sperm motility induced by kallikrein was observed 24 hours. Simultaneous addition of serum (kininogen source) and kallikrein to semen samples led to a sitmulation of total sperm motility with higher mean values than those obtained by caffeine of kallikrein alone. However, the ratio of spermatozoa with very good forward progression was highest during caffeine stimulation. Simultaneous addition of caffeine and kallikrein led to a further improvement of sperm motility which was significantly above that produced by caffeine or kallikrein alone. This observation and the finding of a different response of the spermatozoa of two ejaculates towards caffeine of kallikrein indicate that caffeine (cyclic AMP) interferes quite differently in comparison to kallikrein (kinins) in stimulating sperm motility.


Incidence of hypospadia and epispadia in chromatin-positive men.

There are described some results of examination of three patients with a Klinefelter's syndrome two of whom had a heavy form of hypospadia, and one suffered from epispadia. The disturbances of penis development are explained, with respect to findings in adult age, by the insensibility of target tissues to the effect of testicular androgen. This insensibility was already acting in the third month of intrauterine life of the fetus.


Evaluation of acupuncture anesthesia: a psychophysical study.

Four volunteers judged eight levels of thermal stimuli induced by a Hardy dolorimeter, varying in intensity from extremely painful to a low level seldom even perceived. Half of the 406 stimuli were applied during acupuncture and half either before insertion or after removal of the needles. The experimental design minimized or eliminated factors other than the needles themselves, i.e., no medication was given, the subjects were scientists accustomed to objectivity and, on a preceding day or days, all had become experienced in assigning numbers (individually chosen) to the sensations produced by the different stimuli. Galvanic skin resistance was also tested. The results did not show any influence of acupuncture on perception of pain or on galvanic skin resistance.


Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and catecholamine levels in anesthetized dogs following acute hemorrhage.

Because dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is released from storage vesicles in adrenergic nerves and the adrenal medulla along with catecholamines, determination of circulating levels of this enzyme might serve as an index of sympathoadrenal activity. This hypothesis has been studied in dogs anesthetized with cyclopropane, isoflurane, and thiopental that were subjected to a single acute hemorrhage and followed for 5 hours. Plasma DBH activity and catecholamine levels were determined before and every 30 minutes after the hemorrhage. Changes in DBH activity did not correlate well with changes in levels of circulating catecholamines in the dog in response to this form of stress.


Local effects of anesthetics on regional hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

The hypothesis that halogenated anesthetics and N2O locally inhibit hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) was tested. Selective ventilation of the left lower lobe of the lung with N2 in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital caused blood flow to the lobe to decrease 55.5 +/- 2.0 per cent and lobar vascular resistance to increase 148 +/- 8 per cent. Responses to hypoxia were remeasured during administration of various MAC multiples of inhalation anesthetics to the left lower lobe and following systemic administration of intravenous anesthetics. Isoflurane and fluorexene progressively inhibited and finally almost extinguished the vasoconstriction response as anesthetic concentration increased to 3 MAC. N2O moderately diminished HPV. Halothane had little, and intravenous anesthetics had no, significant effect on HPV. It is concluded that N2O, isoflurane, and fluroxene locally inhibit regional HPV and via this mechanism may increase total venous admixture.


Halothane-epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias and the role of heart rate.

The authors previously showed that cyclopropane-epinephrine-induced bigeminal arrhythmias can best be explained by a re-entrant mechanism. They have now obtained evidence for reentry in bigeminal arrhythmias during infusions of epinephrine (.5-3 mug/kg/min) in dogs anesthetized with .8 per cent halothane. Both a critical level of blood pressure and a critical increase in heart rate were necessary for arrhythmias to be induced in any given animal. Artificial elevation of the blood pressure during infusion of a subthreshold dose of epinephrine could induce bigeminy, and the arrhythmia could be aborted by a sudden reduction of blood pressure. The heart rate accelerated approximately 40 beats/min prior to the onset of bigeminy, and atrial pacing at similarly increased rates during subthreshold infusion of epinephrine could induce bigeminy. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut right cervical vagus reduced heart rate and converted bigeminy to sinus rhythm. Bradycardia was not the sole mechanism of the vagal effect since conversion to sinus rhythm could also be achieved with more rapid stimulation of the vagus when the heart rate was maintained constant by atrial pacing. Under these conditions further acceleration of the heart rate could reinstate a bigeminal arrhythmia that was again sensitive to further increases in the frequency of vagal stimulation, and it is concluded that the vagus acts on the spread of the re-entrant impulse. This is best shown with cyclopropane anesthesia, because AV-nodal block occurs more easily with halothane. In addition, very brief periods of increased heart rate caused prolonged periods of bigeminy, which indicates that changes in heart rate may alter the electrophysiology of the halothane-sensitized myocardium to promote bigeminal arrhythmias by a re-entry mechanism.


Lymphocyte transformation and changes in leukocyte count: effects of anesthesia and operation.

The transformation of lymphocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation was investigated in 77 patients undergoind anesthesia with and without coincident surgical operation. A depression of lymphocyte transformation apparent immediately following major operations was related primarily to the extent of tissue trauma and not to the  anesthetic agent or technique. No depression of lymphocyte transformation followed anesthesia for treatment of pain or for minor operations. The total leukocyte count increased following general anesthesia for prolonged, traumatic operations, primarily because of an influx of neutrophils into the circulation. The leukocyte count did not increase after comparable operations performed with regional anesthesia. Postoperative depression of lymphocyte transformation is primarily due to nonspecific stress, perhaps because of associated sympathetic and adrenocortical stimulation. The depressant effect of anesthesia alone is minimal.


Hypoxic ventilatory drive in dogs during thiopental, ketamine, or pentobarbital anesthesia.

The ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hypercapnia were studied in seven chronically tracheostomized dogs awake and during anesthesia with pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, iv), ketamine, or thiopental (10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively, followed by infusion). Isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory drive (HVD) was expressed as the parameter A such that the higher the A, the greater the hypoxic drive. HVD(A) was significantly reduced from 259 +/- 28 (mean +/- SEM) in awake dogs, to 96 +/- 14 after pentobarbital, 161 +/- 27 after thiopental, and 213 +/- 23 after ketamine. Hypercapnic ventilatory drive (HCVD) as measured by S (slope of the VE-PACO2 response curve) was significantly reduced from 1.3 +/- .32 in awake dogs to 0.4 +/- .13 after pentobarbital, 0.5 +/- .12 after thiopental, and 0.6 +/- .11 after ketamine. In addition, hypercapnia-induced augmentation of hypoxic drive was markedly diminished by the two barbiturates but was unaffected by ketamine. Therefore, ketamine at this dose level afforded greater protection during exposure to hypoxia than did barbiturates. (Key words: Ventilation, hypoxic response; Hypoxia, ventilation; Oxygen, ventilatory response; Carbon dioxide, ventilatory response; Anesthetics, intravenous, ketamine; Anesthetics, intravenous, thiopental; Hypnotics, barbiturates, pentobarbital.)


Differential membrane effects of general and local anesthetics.

The authors studied the effects of varying Na+ and Ca++ concentrations and of replacing H2O with D2O in Ringer's solution upon the actions of general and local anesthetics on isolated frog sciatic nerves. This experimental model was used to study whether general anesthetics affect excitable membranes in a manner similar to that of typical membrane stabilizers (local anesthetics). Procaine (2.5-7.5 mM), halothane (9, 18, and 36 mM), enflurane (8 mM), and ketamine (0.15 and 0.73 mM) raised threshold and lowered spike amplitude, and their effects were facilitated by reducing Na+ concentration in the Ringer's solution. The local anesthetic effects of procaine (2.5-7.5 mM) and ketamine (0.73 mM) were antagonized by Ca++, while the axonal depressant effect of halothane was facilitated by increasing Ca++ concentration in the Ringer's solution, indicating a different mode of action. General anesthetics also differed from local anesthetics in their interaction with water: replacement by D2O of H2O in the Ringer's solution selectively increased the axonal depressant effects of halothane and enflurane but not those of ketamine or procaine. Since D2O differs from H2O in its greater ice-likeness, these results are consistent with the view that general anesthetics stabilize excitable membranes via stabilization of the water-biopolymer lattice, as predicted by the hydrate-microcrystal theory of anesthesia. In contrast, local anesthetics may stabilize excitable tissues by binding to the same fixed negative charges of the membrane to which Ca++ is normally bound. (Key words: Theories of anesthesia, hydrate-microcrystal; Nerve, mode of action of anesthetics; Anesthetics, volatile, halothane; Anesthetics, volatile, enflurane; Anesthetics, local, procaine; Anesthetics, intravenous, ketamine.)


Nitrogen analyzer adaptation for use in the presence of halogenated anesthetics.

Interposition of activated carbon between a nitrogen analyzer needle valve and gas mixtures containing halothane, methoxyflurane, enflurane, or isoflurane eliminated the interfering effects of these agents, but added sampling delays. Placement of a carbon-filled Swinney adaptor in the sampling line between the needle valve and analyzer also eliminated the interference. Linearity of response (range 0 to 80 per cent N2) and sampling delay (40 msec) were unchanged. The 90 per cent fall time (step change 80 to 0 per cent N2) increased from 35 to 100 msec. This adaptation allows rapid analysis of nitrogen concentrations during general anesthesia.


[Dicrocoelium dendriticum in sheep in the Democratic Republic of Germany district of Frankfurt/Oder].

In the district of Frankfurt/Oder of the German Democratic Republic, faecal examinations of 143 sheep stocks revealed a 31.3 percent infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum. In different territories of the district, the intensity of the infection with Dicrocoelium dendriticum varied remarkably. Detailed investigations demonstrated, that the parasite was limited to pastures with Brownearth soil. Routine examinations revealed the fact, that the egg-output of Dicrocoelium dendritcum was very variable during the pasture season. During the whole time of the examinations, the authors found eggs in the faeces of sheep belonging to Dicrocoelium dendriticun. In the German Democratic Republic, this helminth species is not restricted to hills with limestones. It occurs also in lowlands with small amounts of lime like the Brown-earth zones of the district Frankfurt/Oder.


[Aggregation behavior of Blattela germanica].

1. The adult males of the German cockroach Blattella germanica are less strongly aggregated in their resting period than the adult females; they seldom stay below the common hiding place. This tendency decreases in the course of a day.--2. The nymphs aggregate in the first days of their lives below the hiding places of the adults where they had left the oöthecae. Later the nymphs seek hiding places that are better adapted to their body size. An olfactory stimulus (aggregation pheromone) which is going out from the adult induces the nymphs to go back again to the adults in the course of a day. This tendency decreases more when the nymphs become older. At the same time the number of nymphs which are absent from hiding places increases.--3. A positive chemotactic and a positive thigmotactic reaction are responsible for this behaviour of the cockroaches. A phototactic negative reaction is less important.


[The minimum effective dosages of repellents].

Method of thin-layer chromatography was used to estimate threshold dosages of diethytoluamide, benzoylhexamethylene, dihexamethylenecarbamide, diethilamide of phenoxyacetic acid and dimethylphthalate for repelling of mosquitoes (Aedes hexodontus, Aedes vexans, Aedes caspius caspius), simuliids (Simulium venustrum), midges (Culicoides obsoletus) and sand-flies (Phlebotomus papatsi). Maximum sensitivity to all the preparations studied was shown by sand-flies (Phlebotomus papatasi, and most sensitive to repellents, out of all the studied species of mosquitoes, were Aedes caspius caspius. Giving recommendations on pellents one must take into consideration the level of sensitivity to repellents of dominating species of blood-sucking arthropods.


Administering allergy injections at linear rates of increase.

Administering allergy injections with constant volume increases to build immunity, such as from .05 to .5cc, cause actual dosage effects on the body to vary from injection to injection, from no increase to 100% increase. A simple table shows appropriate volumes for constant increases of 25%, 35% and 50%.


The social worker's interview in chronic urticaria.

Ten patients with chronic urticaria were interviewed by a psychiatric social worker as part of the clinical examination. The information obtained was evaluated in comparison with the allergist-internist's history by the allergist-internist, psychiatrist and social workers. The social worker's interview offered relatively little help to the managing physician or patient in this setting.


Comments on self-assessment programs.

Self-assessment programs have assumed an important position with respect to continuing medical education. Despite certain deficiencies, they subserve a number of functions in motivating meaningful study, in delineating for the individual and for those responsible for devising graduate courses, home study courses and study devices those areas or aspects requiring additional attention. Many efforts to improve their efficacy and significance are under way.


Serum IgE levels in normal subjects and allergy patients among the Chinese in Singapore.

Serum IgE was determined in four groups of Singapore Chinese consisting of 292 normal subjects, 15 patients with atopic dermatitis, 39 with drug allergy and 14 with bronchial asthma. The results were compared with the findings of similar groups in western countries. In the normal subjects the range and means (numerical and geometrical) of serum IgE were four to seven times higher in the Singapore Chinese than reported in the western countries. However, the circulating levels in atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma patients were comparable. In drug allergy moderate IgE elevation was noted. The serum IgE levels of the normal subjects and patients with atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma were markedly lower than those found in nearby Papua New Guinea. The significance of these observations is discussed.


[Methods of isolation and determination of urinary 4-thio-6-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4 d)pyrimidine in patients treated with thiopurinol].

Oxithiopurinol, [4-thio-6-hydroxypyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine] has been caracterized in urines of patients treated with Thiopurinol : the principle involved is the precipitation of both oxithiopurinol and uric acid in combination with cupric hydroxide. The urinary oxithopurinol content is determined by means of anion and cation exchange resins. 56 to 70 per cent of the daily dose of Thiopurinol are eliminated in urine as oxithiopurinol.


[Automatic assay of blood sugar by Trinder's method].

An automated method for determining blood "true glucose" has been adapted to the single channel "AutoAnalyzer". The action of the glucose-oxidase peroxidase system is directly coupled with an oxygen acceptor chromogen. The validity for accuracy, contamination and the absence of interferences by certain compounds have been tested. Experimenters proceeded then with a thorough examination of the relation existing between the "true glucose" determined by the present method combined with the Hexokinase method and the "true guclose" determined with the Beckman "Glucose Analyzer".


[Haptoglobin assay using the LKB 8600 reaction rate analyzer].

The reaction rate analyzer LKB 8 600 is used in a new haptoglobin evaluation method. This technique involves formation of peroxidatic complex between haptoglobin and horse or human hemoglobin (human hemoglobin is easier to prepare), then oxidation of gaiacol with registering of optical density rise. Results fit completely with those of the classical Technicon autoanalyzer technique. The method is accurate, fast, easy to perform, and appliable to large series, while necessitating only 10 mul of serum.


Evaluation of xylazine as a sedative and preanesthetic agent in horses.

Xylazine administered intramuscularly (IM) to horses at the dose level of 2 mg/kg was an effective sedative and preanesthetic for thiamylal sodium narcosis or thiamylal sodium and halothane anesthesia. Evaluation of response of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic function did not indicate serious untoward effects, although cardiac and respiratory rate decreased, calculated vigor of left ventricular contraction decreased, calculated peripheral vascular resistance increased, and transient innocuous cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Effects of the anesthetics used on respiratory function (blood gases and pH), using xylazine as a preanesthetic, were comparable with those observed when promazine was used. The onset of action of xylazine given IM was at least as rapid as that occurring when promazine was given intravenously; e.g., 5 minutes for first observable effects, and 15 to 20 minutes for maximal effect. Recovery, times from anesthesia when using xylazine administered IM as a preanesthetic agent were comparable with those reported after promazine was given intravenously; moreover, horses given xylazine were more calm during recovery and seldom tried to stand before they were able.


Effects of acetylpromazine on ventilatory variables in the horse.

The influence of breathing various concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen upon minute volume, tidal volume, and respiratory rate were examined in acetylpromazine-tranquilized horses. Responses in the horses before (control period) and after tranquilization were qualitatively similar to increases in carbon dioxide and to alterations in oxygen. The quantitative responses to these changes were less in tranquilized horses than in the same horses studied in the untranquilized state. Tranquilization had its most prominent effect upon respiratory rate in horses breathing room air.


Morphologic alterations of Anaplasma marginale in calves after treatment with oxytetracycline.

The morphologic features of Anaplasma marginale were determined after treatment of infected calves with oxytetracycline. By light microscopy, anaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were enlarged and vacuolated, small and dense, or comma shaped. Several degenerated forms of anaplasma bodies were observed by electron microscopy. There was a blending of the 2 membranes surrounding initial bodies, aggregation of nucleoprotein at the periphery of the subunit, and vacuolation. A 2nd form of degeneration was coalescence of subunits in marginal bodies. A 3rd form of degeneration was unification of subunits of anaplasma bodies and clumping of nucleoprotein. A 4th form of degeneration was the persistence of an anaplasma body as a solitary, irregularly shaped mass containing electron-opaque clumps.


Clinical infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle fed organic iodine and urea.

The feeding of ethylenediamine dihydriodide (EDDI) at the dose levels of 50 and 500 mg/animal/day and urea at the dose level of 45 g/animal/day did not affect duration of clinical signs, body weight gain, magnitude or duration of fever, serum concentration of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, packed cell volume, and differential white blood cell counts in feeder cattle experimentally infected with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus. However, coughing and abundance of nasal discharge were significantly greater in calves fed EDDI before and during primary IBR virus infection. Those calves fed 500 mg of EDDI/day coughed more, had greater nasal discharge, and exhibited greater lacrimation than did those given the smaller dose. These 3 clinical signs were considered to reflect both the expectorant action of EDDI and the pathogenic effects of IBR virus. In all calves, including controls, the coughing, nasal discharge, and lacrimation were most prominent during the period of peak infection (7 to 14 days after the calves were given intranasal inoculation) of the IBR virus. Total serum iodine concentration became maximal (mean of 1,400 ng/ml) in 8 calves after they had been fed the larger dose of EDDI for 2 weeks. This value was maximal (about 300 ng/ml) in another 8 calves after 3 weeks' feeding of the smaller dose (50 mg/day). When EDDI exposure was maintained at the dose level of 50 mg/day for 5 weeks longer, mean serum iodine values remained at about 275 ng/ml, and those of control calves averaged 140 ng/ml.


Serum biochemical and electrophoretic values from four deer species and from pronghorn antelope.

Serums from 4 species of deer and 1 species of antelope were analyzed for various components in order to define an animal disease model for sickle cell disease in people. Animal species included black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon), fallow deer (Dama dama), and pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana). The mean serum values for total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes were similar in all species and were in the normal range for human beings. Cholesterol and uric acid values for all animals were lower than those for people. Alkaline phosphatase values in the 4 cervid species were higher than in the pronghorn antelope. Values for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase were lower in the cervids than in the pronghorn antelope. Lactic dehydrogenase values were similar in the 5 species. High activities for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase in the 5 species probably related to muscle mass and great muscular activity.


Efficacy of Fenbendazole against gastrointestinal parasites of sheep.

Lambs severely parasitized by Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum, and Nematodirus were treated with fenbendazole (methyl 5-(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate) given at 3 dose levels: 3.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight. Efficacies against these genera, except Haemonchus and Nematodirus, were 100% at the 3 dose levels. Efficacies for the 3 doses against Haemonchus were 93.4, 95.3, and 99.8%, respectively, and against Nematodirus, 99.5, 99.6, and 100%. Efficacies for the doses against Trichuris were 69.1, 83.6, and 98.2%. Toxicosis due to the durg was not seen in these lambs, although they were severely debilitated.


Survival of chromium-51-labeled autologous and homologous erythrocytes in goats.

Apparent half-survival time of 51-Cr-tagged caprine erythrocytes after autotransfusion was 8 days. The 51Cr-tagged homologous caprine erythrocytes disappeared from circulation very rapidly, thereby indicating that it is not possible to produce sustained polycythemia in goats by hypertransfusing them with homologous erythrocytes without appropriate matching.


Surface ultrastructure of pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes in the Basenji dog.

The scanning electron microscope was used to study the surface morphologic features of erythrocytes from a Basenji dog with hereditary hemolytic anemia due to a pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes (RBC). Cells from this dog were compared with RBC from normal dogs and from dogs with regenerative anemias unrelated to pyruvate kinase deficiency. Demonstration of spherical RBC with uniform spicules on their surface (spheroechinocytes) may provide a morphologic explanation for the shortened erythrocytic life-span previously reported in congenital hemolytic anemia of Basenji dogs. Spherical, spiculated RBC were not found in blood from normal dogs or from anemic dogs with reticulocytoses. The surface of reticulocytes from all dogs with regenerative anemia was roughened, with pronounced folding of the cell membrane.


Comparison of bioavailability of two chloramphenicol preparations in dogs after intramuscular injection.

Aqueous chloramphenicol glycinate was compared with propylene glycol solution of chloramphenicol after equivalent intramuscular doses (22 mg/kg) were given to 10 normal, healthy dogs in a crossover study. Duration and magnitude of plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol were significantly longer and higher with the glycinate than with the propylene glycol solution.


Phytomitogen- and antigen-induced blast transformation of feline lymphocytes.

A semiautomated microassay of blast transformation of feline lymphocytes was developed and used in a study of the response of normal cats to phytomitogen- and antigen-induced stimulation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from defibrinated blood by ficolldiatrizoate gradient centrifugation and incubated at a concentration of 1 X 10(5) cells/culture. Blast transformation was measured by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine, to which the cells were exposed during the last 18 hours of incubation. Phytomitogens induced maximal transformation after 3 days' incubation. Greatest stimulation produced by 10 mug of concanavalin A (38- to 183-fold) followed by 4 mug of pokeweek mitogen (nine- to 51-fold), and finally phytohemagglutinin-P (three- to sixfold). Three of 4 cats sensitized to keyhole limpet hemocyanin responded when exposed to 50 mug of keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vitro, maximal transformation occurring after 4 days' incubation. Lymphocyte blast tranformation provides a convenient technique to assess lymphocyte function serially during experimentally induced immunologic alterations in the cat.


Pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats.

Pathogenesis of tularemia in nonimmune rats given (intraperitoneal inoculation) virulent strain (SCHU S4) or vaccinal strain (LVS) of Francisella tularensis and in immune rats given SCHU S4 is described. Both LVS and SCHU S4 caused pyogranulomas in liver and spleen of nonimmune rats. Nonimmune rats given 10(4) SCHU S4 organisms did not survive beyond 72 hours, but immune rats given challenge inoculum of 10(8) SCHU S4 organisms developed lesions and survived. Larger doses of LVS resulted in earlier onset of characteristic hepatitis and splenitis in nonimmune rats. Periportal lymphocytic infiltrates were present in the liver 48 hours after SCHU S4 challenge inoculation of immune rats and 96 hours after inoculation of LVS in nonimmune rats and were associated with intense macrophage aggregation. These changes indicate that the pathogenesis of tularemia is a result of the interdependency of the dose and virulence of the causative agent with the immune status of the host and that cellular immunity has a significant role in the response of the rat to tularemia.


Ultrastructure of Anaplasma marginale after freeze-fracture.

Stained thin sections and freeze-fractured replicas of Anaplasma marginale-infected bovine erythrocytes were examined by electron microscopy. Freeze-fracture replication not only verified basic Anaplasma ultrastructure, but also allowed visualization of structures not previously reported. Because of the partial 3-dimensional views obtained with freeze-fracture replication, a new structure that appears as a protruding tip was discernible. Also, the surface of Anaplasma's limiting membrane was less granular than the fractured surface of host erythrocyte. A corrugated surface with a periodicity of 10.5 nm was seen when the limiting membrane was fractured.


Antigenicity of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with or without 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate in the adult cow.

Multiple intramuscular injections of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with or without 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate were not antigenic in the cow, as measured by anaphylactoid response or delayed hypersensitivity.


A clinical comparison of CT1341, ketamine, and xylazine in cats.

The new anesthetic agent CT1341 was compared to ketamine and xylazine in experimental and clinical situations with cats. Anesthesia with CT1341 was characterized by fast recovery times, good muscle relaxation, eyelid closure, occasional vomition, defecation, or urination during induction and recovery, generally smooth induction, and occasional hyperreflexive recoveries with much sneezing. The agent was moderately hypotensive, but caused little change in heart rate, central venous pressure, arterial pH, or blood gases.


Effect of aflatoxin on susceptibility of hamsters to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

After oral administration of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis to hamsters, the organism passed the epithelial barrier of the intestine, and infection was established in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes. The addition of aflatoxin to the ration of hamsters did not increase their susceptibility to M paratuberculosis but, rather, seemed to decrease susceptibility to the bacillus. Hamsters not treated with aflatoxin and infected with M paratuberculosis had higher bacterial counts in intestinal tract and mesenteric lymph node on necropsy than did infected hamsters that had been treated with aflatoxin. Aflatoxin-treated hamsters grew slowly, had an unthrifty appearance, and developed lesions of megalocytosis regardless of whether they were infected with M paratuberculosis.


Leukocyte response of bovine mammary gland to injection of killed cells and cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus.

Injection of mammary glands of cows with heat-killed staphylococcal cells, staphylococcal cell walls, or distilled water induced leukocytosis. The magnitude of leukocytic response to staphylococcal antigens in cows of each treatment group depended on the extent of previous experience with staphylococcal cell materials. The 2nd intramammary injection produced greater reactions than did the 1st, and the 1st injection in cows previously parenterally vaccinated with killed cells in oil-water adjuvant produced responses comparable with those elicited by the 2nd intramammary injection in nonvaccinated cows. The implications that these changes have toward understanding the pathogenesis of, and immunity to, staphylococcal mastitis were discussed.