Steady-state concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in rat brain parts during a constant rate infusion of deuterated choline.

An intravenous infusion of deuterated choline at constant rate for 6 min (5 or 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1) significantly increases the concentration of choline in plasma, occipital cortex and striatum. Both 5 and 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1 increase the concentration of acetylcholine in cortex but only 25 mumoles kg-1 min-1 increases the acetylcholine content in striatum. In contrast, 1 mumole kg-1 min-1 does not change the choline or acetylcholine content in cortex or striatum. A single pulse injection of choline (200 mumoles kg-1) causes a significant increase in the concentration of choline in striatum 30 sec following injection. The choline content returns to normal values within 2 min. These studies show that when a pulse injection of a non-tracer dose of radioactive choline is used to measure brain acetylcholine turnover rate the maintenance of steady state must be verified within seconds after the pulse injection of radioactive choline. When constant infusion of deuterated choline is used to measure turnover rate of acetylcholine in the brain of rats, a dose of 1 mumole kg-1 min-1 appears to be a maximal infusion rate.


Spinal neurinomas.--a comprehensive clinical and statistical study on 47 cases.

Based on an unselected material forty-seven cases of intraspinal neurinomas treated in a period of seven years, this report presents a comprehensive, clinical and statistical analysis. Divergences from the literature in respect of case history, distribution and frequency are pointed out. Attention is paid to the difficulties of early diagnosis. Problems of surgical treatment and the importance of microsurgical dissection are discussed.


[Variation in the dimensions of the cerebellomedullary cistern after ventriculo-cardiac shunting].

Various morphological changes of the skull and brain were observed after surgical treatment for internal hydrocephalus. An interesting variation is described by the authors, at the site of the cisterna magna, the size of which can vary. Generally it is the last one to dilate when an internal hydrocephalus occurs, but it is the first to regress after inserting a drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid. This behavior of the cisterna magna is discussed, illustrated and reviewed in the literature, after presentation of three clinical histories. From a physiopathological point of view the cisterna magna is considered to be an intermediate formation between the ventricular and the subarachnoid systems.


Aspirating subdural effusions, so called brain stem shock.

A shift of blood into the head during negative pressure aspiration of subdural haematomas in an infant has been demonstrated, and also that aspiration may restart bleeding. An estimate of the elasticity of a 47 cm circumference skull has been obtained. It is suggested that the observed changes in distribution of blood are sufficient to explain the occasional deaths of infants after aspiration of subdural haematomas and that so-called "brain stem shock" need not be invoked.


Results of the treatment of hydrocephalus with ventriculo-jugular shunts.

260 children with hydrocephalus were treated with a ventriculo-jugular shunt. We compared the complication - rate between Holter-shunts and Pudenz-shunts. As far as we could verify 58 children died from several causes. 190 revisions were done in 114 patients, 110 revisions in 71 children with a Holter - valve and 80 revisions in 43 children with a Pudenz - valve. The complication-rate was 112 in 176 Holter - valves and 84 in 84 Pudenz - systems. In our hands the use of the Holtersystem gives better results. As one can conclude from these figures and those from others (Tsingoglou and Forrest 1971), the treatment of children with hydrocephalus is still far from ideal.


[Dorsal stabilization in dislocated fractures of C-1 and C-2 vertebrae with Palacos and wiring].

During 1 year 6 patients with dislocated fractures of C-1 and C-2 vertebrae (fractures of the odontoid process) and 1 patient with a pseudarthrosis of the odontoid process have been treated. 6 patients have been treated surgically by internal fixation of the arch of C-1 and C-2 spinous process by wiring and plastic material (Palacos). No complications occurred. The advantage of the method was early mobilization of the patients and reduction of hospitalization. Clinical and radiographic follow-up studies showed stable fusion on Flexion-extension X-rays and boney union of the fracture of the odontoid process.


On the development of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery.

The development of an aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery within a 12 year interval is documented angiographically in a 49-year-old female patient suspected of having a meningioma of the medial wing of the sphenoid.


[Telemetry of intracranial pressure (preliminary report) (author's transl)].

The authors report the application of a telemetric system for continuous recording of intracranial pressure.


Protein bound radioactivity in neuronal and glial fractions following intra-carotid 3H-leucine perfusion.

Brain proteins in one cerebral hemisphere were labeled by means of intracarotid perfusion with 3H-leucine by a 40 s pulse. Recirculating precursor contributed little to the protein bound radioactivity. This radioactivity reached a peak level 30 min after perfusion. Fractions enriched in neuronal perikarya and glial cells showed a similar time course of labeling, but the neuronal fraction demonstrated the highest level of protein bound radioactivity. Subcellular fractions from whole brain were studied by the same system. The highest protein bound radioactivity was observed in the nuclear and microsomal fractions. The brain entry of the precursor by means of a controlled intracarotid pulse of short duration offers particular advantages in short-term experiments since the systemic metabolism of the labeled precursor is largely avoided. The easily achieved high labeling of proteins facilitates assay of the radio-activities in different cellular and subcellular fractions and also allows analyses of relative turnover rates in electrophoretically separated proteins.


Measurement of protein in cultures of nervous tissue grown on collagen substrate.

The microchemical method of Bonting & Jones was found to detect the amount of protein present in tissue culture explants without measuring protein of collagen substrate. The protein contents of chick spinal cord explants at different points during a 1-month culture period were studied using this method.


Size and density of oligodendroglial nuclei in rats with CCl4-induced liver disease.

The nuclear size and density of oligodendrocytes in corpus callosum were investigated in rats with CCl4-induced hepatic encephalopathy. An increase in density (15 per cent) of oligodendroglial nuclei was found after 8 weeks of CCl4-administration. Measurements using an electronic image analysing system demonstrated a simultaneous decrease (13 per cent) in the nuclear size. It was concluded that these changes were due to an increase in the number of oligodendrocytes with small, dark nuclei. The corpus callosum did not show significant signs of axonal or myelin degeneration. In the cortical and subcortical grey matter degenerated neurones were observed; the oligodendroglial proliferation could, possibly, be a reaction to neuronal degeneration.


Effects of synthetic tripeptide on the differentiation of dissociated cerebral hemisphere nerve cells in culture.

Dissociated cells from 7-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were cultivated on collagen in Falcon Petri dishes in the presence of various concentrations of fetal calf serum and of a chemically synthesized tripeptide Gly-His-Lys. Four different culture conditions were employed in the composition of the nutrient medium in which the cells were cultivated: a low serum concentration of 1, 2 or 5% (group A), a low serum concentration with 200 ng/ml tripeptide (group B), a serum concentration of 10 to 20% (group C) and a serum concentration of 10 or 20% with 200 ng/ml tripeptide (group D). Within the first 24 h of cultivation the cells settled on the collagen substrate and outgrowth of neuronal processes started in all four culture conditions. After 48 h in culture, differences between the groups became evident. In group A most isolated nerve cells had disappeared and glial cells proliferated from the remaining clumps. In group B the neurons had differentiated in absence of glial cells, the proliferation of which was greatly suppressed. In group C and D a differentiation of neurons occurred in a similar way to group B, but in addition the glial cells had proliferated. After 7-8 days in culture the cells in group A and B suddenly degenerated. In group C and D the nerve cells maintained for up to 3 weeks. The optimum concentrations of tripeptide in which the neuroblasts grew fibers and maintained in culture during 7-8 days were in the range of 100-400 ng/ml. The role of the tripeptide in the differentiation and maintenance of nerve cells is discussed.


Effect of essential fatty acids on proliferation of two neural tumor lines.

A combination of linoleic and linolenic acids has been shown to be able to partly replace serum in maintaining cell division of neural tumor lines. Addition of essential fatty acids to C-6 rat astrocytoma cells grown in serum-deprived medium increased the rate of cell proliferation and restored morphological appearance. Essential fatty acids also restored the rate of 3H-thymidine uptake by N-18 neuroblastoma cells grown in a serum-deprived medium. In the complete absence of serum, neuroblastoma cells were unable to proliferate despite addition of essential fatty acids. These studies indicate the importance of essential fatty acids in controlling the rate of neural tumor proliferation.


Sialoglycoprotein synthesis in developing rat brain.

The postnatal developmental profiles of the protein-bound sialic acid content and the activities of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-AcNeu) synthetase (EC 2.7.7.43) and glycoprotein sialyltransferase, enzymes involved in sialoglycoprotein biosynthesis, were estimated in the rat brain. The sialoglycoprotein level appeared to increase 2-fold from birth to about 20 days of age, which correlates with the outgrowth of the cell processes in this period. In contrast, the activities per g wet tissue of the enzymes were highest at birth and showed decreasing tendencies during maturation. This revealed that, at least at a certain stage during development, the sialyltransferase is present in structures other than synaptic membranes, since the new-born rat brain is devoid of these membranes. The developmental profile of the endogenous, sialic acid accepting molecules was very similar to that of the sialoglycoproteins. It was concluded that cerebral sialoglycoprotein biosynthesis during postnatal development is not limited by the activities of the synthetase and the transferase, but may largely depend on the production of the endogenous acceptors, which are presumed to be the natural precursors for the sialoglycoproteins.


Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebellum of the lurcher (Lc) mutant mouse.

The activity and distribution of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the cerebellum of adult lurcher (Lc) mutant mice and of their normal littermates was investigated using biochemical assay and light microscopic histochemistry. The biochemical assay demonstrated an approximate two-fold increase of enzyme activity in the lurcher cerebellum compared to the values obtained for the normal controls. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebellum of the normal adult mouse was predominantly evident in the granular layer, corresponding to the location of the glomeruli. In contrast, the lurcher cerebellum exhibited enzyme activity in both molecular and granular layers. In the molecular layer the staining appeared to be associated with ectopic granule cells. In both normal and lurcher mice, the Golgi cells, subcortical white matter and deep nuclei also showed varying degrees of staining for acetylcholinesterase.


[Changes in the plasma magnesium content in patients subjected to cardiopulmonary bypass].

Changes in plasma magnesium content in 17 patients operated in extracorporeal circulation are reported. Values were low at the end of the operation, but rose at the end of the first day to achieve spontaneous resolution of the condition within 3 days. No close relationship between such loss and immediate postoperative arrhythmia could be discerned. Attention is, however, drawn to 3 cases in which ventricular fibrillation was not resolved until electric shock treatment was preceded by the administration of magnesium sulphate.


[Cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas].

After a synthetic review of the different kinds of pancreatic cysts, a particular consideration to the proliferative cysts, is given and a case of pa-papillary cystoadeno-carcinoma of the tail and body of the pancreas is reported. Stress is laid on the diagnostic difficulties of these malignant tumors and on the necessity of a radical surgical treatment.


[Agenesia of the gallbladder and the cystic duct. Apropos of 2 personal cases].

After a survey of the literature on gall bladder and cystic duct agenesia, two personally observed cases are described. Stress is laid on the aetiopathogenesis, physiopathology and clinical aspects of the malformation.


[Role of the intestinal flora on the severity of essential-fatty-acid-deficiency symptoms in the quail (Coturnix cot. jap.)].

Two groups of quails, one germ-free and one non-sterile, were fed the same diet free of essential fatty acids (EFA-deficient diet). Analyses of body fat at 4 weeks indicated that the ratio trienoic:tetraenoic acid was 1.9 times higher for germ-free than for non-sterile animals, due to the lower level of arachidonic acid.


Effect of vitamin D on serum cholesterol and arterial blood pressure in infants.

91 children suffering from rickets, most of them less than 2 years old, were divided into four groups and treated with different doses of vitamin D. After 1 month the arterial blood pressure and the serum cholesterol had risen in all groups and in all but one of them significantly so. It is suggested that the reason why children in one group gave a poor response to vitamin D in spite of receiving a high dose was that they had kwashiorkor with low serum albumins and abnormal livers.


The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid biosynthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate in rat liver.

The effect of dietary protein levels on the rate of lipid synthesis from glycerol-3-phosphate was studied in the rat. Optimal conditions for studying this metabolic reaction were established by measuring the entry of sn-14C-glycerol-3-phosphate into lipid in vitro. The rate of glycerol-3-phosphate incorporation into lipid in animals fed a 10 percent protein diet for 6 days was significantly less than for those given diets containing 20 or 30 percent protein while the converse was true after 26 days. The results indicate that the response of this particular metabolic step in lipid formation to dietary protein should be considered when attempting to explain the influence of dietary protein on lipid concentration in various tissues.


Calcium and phosphorus change of the Apollo 17 crew members.

In association with the 12.6-day lunar flight of Apollo 17, calcium and phosphorus intake and excretion were determined for the crew members before and during the mission. The study showed increased urinary and fecal phosphorus and increased fecal calcium during weightlessness. The calculated mean calcium "loss" for the three crew members was 0.2 percent of estimated total body calcium and phosphorus "loss" was 0.7 percent of estimated total body phosphorus. The ratio of phosphorus lost compared to calcium indicated a reduction in both bone and soft tissue. These changes may be attributed not only to the hypogravia of the lunar and circumlunar environment, but possibly also to disturbances in gastrointestinal absorption.


Histidinemia produced in the rat by treatment with nitromethane1.

Metabolic effects of in vivo administration of nitromethane, a histidase inhibitor, were studied in the rat. Histidinemia produced by feeding a 5-percent histidine diet to the rat was included for comparison. Rats injected subcutaneously with nitromethane every other day appeared to be histidinemic, with a plasma histidine level of 43 mumol/100 ml (control 9.2 mumol/100 ml) after 12 days of treatment. Histidine concentrations in the brain, liver, kidney, and urine of the nitromethane-treated rats were also increased. Liver histidase activity was decreased about 78 percent after nitromethane administration, and the rate of in vivo CO2 production from histidine was also depressed. No abnormal change in liver and kidney sizes was observed in these animals. Rats fed the 5-percent histidine diet showed markedly higher plasma histidine concentrations (99 mumul/100 ml) than the nitromethane-treated rats. The magnitude of increase in plasma histidine in the histidine-fed rats was considerably greater than that observed in humans with histidinemia. Furthermore, the liver histidase activity was decreased only by about 20 percent, and a significant increase in liver and kidney sizes was noted in the histidine-fed animals. These findings indicate that histidinemia produced by nitromethane administration is a better model for studies of the genetic disorder than histidinemia induced by high levels of histidine in the diet.


Effect of repletion with dietary calcium on composition and mechanical properties of bone of calcium-deprived rats.

Four groups of rats were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02%) and two groups a normal calcium diet (0.50%). After 2 weeks one group from each dietary calcium level was sacrificed and the femurs examined. The remaining three groups which had been kept on the low-calcium diet were then given diets richer in calcium: 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5%. The remaining group on the normal calcium diet continued receiving it. After two more weeks all animals were sacrificed and their femurs examined. Rats fed the low-calcium diet lagged behind in weight gain; ash content, breaking strength, and modulus of elasticity of their femurs were much lower than those of animals on the normal calcium diet. Feeding diets with increasing calcium content increased bone ash and improved mechanical properties. However, improvement of breaking strength and elasticity did not parallel strictly increases in mineralization. Repletion with a normal calcium diet (0.50%) failed to increase bone ash to normal levels but mechanical properties were improved by repletion with substantially lower dietary calcium levels. Maximal breaking strength was obtained by repletion feeding with a dietary calcium level which failed to increase bone ash. It seems that factors other than mineralization determine breaking strength and elasticity of bone recovering from calcium deprivation.


Farnsworth 100-hue test in diagnosis of ethambutol-induced damage to optic nerve.

In patients treated with EMB, disturbances in colour vision may be the first and only symptoms of the onset of toxic damage to the optic nerves. Owing to its sensitivity, the Farnsworth 100-Hue test is of great value in the ophthalmic control examinations. Moreover, it permits observation of the dynamics of the toxic process. The three reported cases of damage to the optic nerves confirm the great importance of colour vision examinations, as regards the detection of the complications of EMB treatment.


Preliminary results about a new remotely controlled projection campimeter.

A newly remotely controlled projection campimeter is described. The instrument can be remotely controlled either automatically by a minicomputer or manually by an operator. The introduction of the computer allows the elimination of the systematic errors due to the operator. Moreover, the campimeter is enabled to choose the optimal strategy for target presentations. The last task of the computer consists in the memorization of the graphical results, their comparison and their quantification.


Extraocular observations in episcleral sponge implants.

The follow-up of 262 cases of retinal detachment operated on after the Custodis-Lincoff method in combination with cryopexy permitted the following observations:  (1) The implant protruded in a number of cases under an intact conjunctiva and Tenon's capsule without discomfort to the patient. This protrusion depended mainly on the size and the manner of fixation of the implant, the distance of the point of fixation from the limbus and the condition of the conjunctiva. (2) Changes were observed in the conjunctiva in the fixation area, such as subconjunctival haemorrhage, cystoid degeneration of the conjunctiva and rupture with extrusion of the sponge. Subconjunctival haemorrhages were observed in 3.4% of the cases and were either absorbed or led to an inflammation. Cystoid degenerations occurred in 2.2% of our cases. These were limited to the edge of the sponge proximate to the limbus and involved only cases of radial fixation. Rupture of the conjuctiva and extrusion were noticed in 3.4% of the cases. (3) An inflammation due to the sponge was observed in 4.1% of the cases. Its time of onset varied between 3 days and 22 months. According to the time of onset the patients were divided into three groups. The gravity of the inflammation was proportionate to the earliness of the time of onset. Predisposing factors for the above complications were mentioned and discussed.


[The future of cataract surgery].

In relation with the 1974 course of 'pseudophakia' organised by C. D. Binkhorst and J. G. F. Worst the following conclusions occur as regards the future of cataract implants. Probably during the following 10 years many cataract patients will ask for lens implants. This operation is safe with small risk only in best hands. The standard cataract surgery (without lens implantation) should be still a part in training of an eye surgeon. The implantation surgery should not be a part of basic training of an eye surgeon.


The emmetropic and the iseikonic implant lens: computer calculation of the refractive power and its accuracy.

The preoperative calculation of the power of a lens prosthesis and the resulting aniseikonia is given, as well as diagrams for reading the emmetropizing and the iseikonizing power of the lens. The consequences of an inaccuracy in the measurement of the dimensional and refractive properties of the eyes are calculated. It can be concluded that the main determinant for an accurate prediction of the power of the intraocular lens prosthesis is the axial length measurement. Since this measurement is carried out by means of ultrasound biometry, it is necessary to emphasize the adequate application of this technique. The problem as to whether an emmetropizing, or an iseikonizing lens should be implanted may be solved with the data supplied by the computer program. A flow chart for this program is given in an appendix.


Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis.

Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis is a disease of adults that should be distinguished from true disk space infection. It is due to a hematogenous seeding (either venous or arterial) of the subchondral bony elements of the vertebral body. The disk space is involved secondarly, later in the course of the disease. The underlying bacteremia is from another focus of infection, frequently in the urinary tract. Disk space infection in adults is caused by direct violation of the disk, most commonly at the time of surgical excision of the nucleus pulposus. The bony elements of both adjacent vertebral bodies are secondarily involved. The clinical feature common to both types of infection is back pain that generally begins insidiously and then gradually increases in severity and becomes continuous and is accompanied by marked muscle spasm. The sedimentation rate is always increased; it decreases only with resolution of the infection. The diagnosis of vertebral infection is often not suspected because fever and leukocytosis generally are absent. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus, although gram-negative bacterial infections also occur. Bacteriologic diangosis should be sought in each case by blood cultures (generally negative with postoperative disk space infection) or percutaneous needle biopsy. Soft tissue abscesses may require open débridement and drainage. Treatment of both types consists of rest, immobilization, and specific antibiotic treatment. The prognosis for resolution of the infectious process within six to nine months, with adequate treatment, is excellent.


Granulomatous infections of bones and joints.

Infections of bone or joints that present histologically as granulomas may be grouped together, include both bacterial and fungal etiologies. These infections are uncommonly encountered. Hence, there is rarely a standardized approach to the establishment of the diagnosis or the choice of therapy. From a practical standpoint, it is useful to maintain this classification, which is based on the histologic appearance, because if the frozen section shows a granuloma at the time of open biopsy, appropriate studies may be initiated.


Anaerobic infections.

An increased awareness of the importance of anaerobic organisms in human infections and improvements in culture techniques are probably responsible for the apparent increasing incidence of anaerobic infections. Clostridial infections are medical emergencies. Prevention is the first step in treatment, and close adherence to the well-established prinicples of trauma surgery with thorough débridement of all devitalized and necrotic tissue is of paramount importance.


Total knee arthroplasty after septic arthritis.

Total knee arthroplastie were performed as salvage procedures in 1- patients with irreversible knee destruction secondary to bacterial arthritis. All now have functioning knees that are pain-free and average 85 degrees of motion. None has evidence of clinical infection at present. These patients are not yet regarded as cured. They may remain at risk for the development of late reinfections. This procedure is not advocated as the operation of choice for patients with knee joint destruction secondary to bacterial arthritis. We emphasize the risk involved and the necessity for obtaining the informed consent of the patient before proceeding with total knee arthroplasty when there has been previous infection.


Common and uncommon infections of the hand.

Most serious hand infections are preventable at this time if proper prophylaxis is maintained with regard to the hands and if the precursor conditions-mild inflammations and infections-are quickly and appropriately treated. In those few serious hand infections that still occur, a judicious combination of medical, surgical, and rehabilitative measures should preserve normal or at least reasonable function in practically all instances.


Contamination of the operative wound.

A study of the bacteriologic environment of the conventional operating rooms in the hospitals used by the Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgical section revealed several areas of potential contamination of the surgical wound. Such areas included the back table and the unsterile suction receptacle. Use of an impermeable hood with a large mask diminished contamination of the instruments and the wound originating in direct fallout from members of the surgical team. Irrigation of the operative wound with 0.1 per cent neomycin solution for brief periods was not as effective as previously thought. The  level of airborne bacterial contamination in the operating room can be reduced by limiting the traffic and controlling the activity and the number of operating room personnel. Although none of these factors could be directly related to operative wound sepsis in any of our studies, their potential was obvious. They can be controlled by the methods we have described.


Actions and uses of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of musculoskeletal infections.

The antimicrobial therapy of musculoskeletal infections does not differ in basic principles from the therapy of any infection. However, the chronic nature of certain of these infections and the need for long-term treatment make essential the proper selection and monitoring of the antimicrobial agents. This can be done only by obtaining proper specimens for microbiologic identification and, in many cases, by in vitro susceptibility tests of the infecting organisms. Thus, the least toxic, effective antimicrobial agent can be selected and administered without inadequate therapy or toxic side effects.


Antibiotic management of acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children.

Optimal antibiotic management of children with acute bone and joint infections depends on early clinical diagnosis, careful search for the infecting organism, and institution of vigorous surgical therapy. Because antibiotic treatment must be initiated before confirmatory laboratory data are available, clues to the bacteriologic etiology must be sought. Knowledge of the patient's age, the clinical circumstances of the infection, and the associated physical findings may provide a presumptive bacteriologic diagnosis. Gram-staining of the surgical aspirate or tissue may provide immediate information about the nature of the pathogen. Definitive culture results and antibiotic sensitivities may be useful in modifying therapy, if necessary. It is advocated that antibiotics be given parenterally for the full course of therapy because of the seriousness of the infection and the importance of high blood and tissue levels. To determine a response to therapy, frequent careful physical examinations along with periodic roentgenograms and sedimentation rate determinations are indicated. Because long-term, high-dose antibiotic-therapy can produce side effects, it is essential that studies be done to monitor any potentially harmful effects on organ systems.


Hematogenous pyogenic osteomyelitis in children.

Early diagnosis of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is difficult. The diagnosis can be positively established only by isolation of the organism from bone or by histologic confirmation. The diagnosis should always be suspected when clinical signs are suggestive. In these cases aspirated material should be obtained for culture and the patient should be treated with antibiotics and observed closely. If the clinical response is good and no bone destruction occurs, surgical intervention may not be necessary. If the clinical response is not satisfactory or if bone destruction occurs, surgical treatment should be carried out to drain the area and to identify the etiologic organism. When osteomyelitis is associated with joint involvement, the prognosis is poor, and our data show no obvious improvement even with long-term antibiotic therapy. The key is prevention by early recognition and treatment. If culture fails to isolate a pathogenic organism, the prognosis appears to be good. Overall, in recent years the prognosis of hematogenous osteomyelitis has continued to improve, probably as a result of early detection and better antibiotic therapy.


Disk space infections in children.

The present review of disk space infection in children agrees with that carried out in 1962.12 The physician who encounters a child with back or hip pain, irritability, and a change in walking pattern should always suspect an infection of the vertebral column, particularly in the presence of limited spine motion, spasm, and an elevated sedimentation rate. S. aureus still is the usual primary infecting agent. Treatment consisting of rigid immobilization of the spinal column during the acutely painful phase appears to be adequate therapy. The use of antibiotics is not generally recommended. Because of this, hospitalization is usually not prolonged unneccessarily. The rationable for the use of antibiotics in one atypical case included recurrence of clinical signs and symptoms despite immobilization. These included persistent pain and spasm associated with a high sedimentation rate. Disk space aspiration probably is no longer necessary or desirable in the usual patient in whom immobilization is generally effective. The prognosis for most patients is good. Occasionally spinal fusion should be considered in this young age group if mechanical backache persists after the infection has been cured. The findings and recommendations regarding management of this disease in children should not be applied to the adult.


Osteomyelitis in the adult.

The acute form of osteomyelitis in the adult is distinctly uncommon except for that seen in the vertebrae. A significant increase in osteomyelitis due to gram-negative rods has been observed. The proper choice of antibacterial drugs is essential. Surgical treatment is still required for removal of infected and scarred tissue. Inadequate removal will lead to treatment failure. However, the defect produced in soft tissue and bone may tax the surgeon's ingenuity.


Treatment of infections occurring in total hip surgery.

The chronology of infections after total hip arthroplasty has been categorized and described. Occurring at various time intervals after operation, the three phases of the infected total hip arthroplasty are as follows: (1) the acute complications with either a fulminating infection or a hematoma with potential or actual infection; (2) low-grade, creeping infection that is recognized early and treated with antibiotics alone, treated by débridement, with components left in place, or treated by débridement with removal of the components; (3) reimplantation of components after a previous hip infection. The methods for treating each of these phases are presented together with rationale for such treatment.


Advances in surgery of the tip: intact rim cartilage techniques and the tip-columella-lip esthetic complex.

There is no one technique best for all noses. The sensitive, versatile, and experienced cosmetic surgeon should select from his choices the combination of modalities best tailored to the needs of each patient. Among these modalities should be cartilaginous septal transfixion combined with the three techniques for changing the quantity and shape of the tip cartilages. The most important factor in choosing from the three tip techniques is the decision as to where the rotation points and major thrusts should be. Then come the choices as to tip width and infratip lobule length and the fine points of cartilage incision levels and directions and cartilage excisions or morselization. The decision to detach or not detach the septal strut below the cartilaginous septal transfixion incision is predicated mainly on tip-columella-lip esthetic complex requirements. Proper selection of these methods and attention to the tip-columella-lip esthetic complex should allow the surgeon to construct pleasing, relatively natural looking profiles with fewer radical hump removals and nostril base resections and with rare complications from nostril notching or collapse. No magic is involved in rhinoplasty; the surgeon's incision, removals, and additions, plus scar formation and contraction, produce the results.


Septorhinoplasty.

Pathologic, physiologic, and esthetic problems are considered in the patient desiring and needing septorhinoplasty. Usually there is a one stage operation. Unusual circumstances of age, or severe traumatic residuals, may occasionally be better corrected by a two stage operation. Occasional revision of a planned one stage operation is sometimes necessary. The variety of nasal deformities of congenital, developmental, and traumatic origin is multitudinous. Expertise in septorhinoplasty necessitates a methodology and planning of the surgery to bring the nose and face into good esthetic definition as well as satisfactory functional usefulness. Such techniques are described.


Reconstructive surgery of the injured nose.

A method of reconstructing healed injuries of the nose in the adult and young growing child is presented. The actual surgical technique is relatively simple and may be acquired easily during the period of residency or in many of the excellent postgraduate courses that are presented. Emphasis should be placed on restoration of function and form. A basic understanding of septal anatomy and physiology provides a good foundation in the treatment of this organ. Appreciation of the fundamental inter-relationships of the bone pyramid and the cartilaginous vault and lobule provides the foundation of proper treatment of the external nose. When both elements of the nose require attention, combined septal and rhinoplastic techniques should produce the best result.


Psychiatric evaluation of patients seeking rhinoplasty.

The number of people requesting cosmetic surgery has been increasing. Both objective and subjective motivational factors are involved. Since the face is the most important physical representative of our emotions and the nose isthe most prominent part of the face, not infrequently subconscious and unconscious personality factors are equated with some real or imaginary anatomical defect of the nose or face. Most commonly inadequacy feelings are involved in individuals with predominantly subjective complaints and are often intimately involved in the indivudual's sexuality and "identity." The nose may become a scapegoat for these confused feelings. Three categories of patients whose emotional state and personality should be recognized are: the hysterical personality, the depressed menopausal female, and the paranoid personality. Motivational patterns may be divided into two groups: (1) external motivations (including the need to please others), career or social ambitions, and the need to avoid cultural conflicts (e.g. avoidance of alien stereotype) and (2) internal motivation, including paranoid ideation, long standing feelings of deficiency in one's physical appearance, general inadequacy or low self-esteem in one's worth or ability, resentment of aging, or actual lack of a special identity due to conflicting parental identification. In selecting a patient for thinoplasty, an evaluation of medical, sociocultural, psychological, and environmental factors should be considered.


Adjunctive measures in rhinoplasty.

Modern day rhinoplasty demands more than a plan for a new nose. It requires consideration of the individual in terms of a new facial image. Adjacent skeletal and soft tissue weaknesses must be evaluated along with the primary nasal deformity. Frequently facial disharmonies may be corrected with relatively simple operative procedures or with cosmetics. When the procedure does not measurably increase the operative time, postoperative morbidity, or financial cose of the rhinoplasty, it will be more readily accepted by the patient. These criteria are considered in the suggested methods of chin augmentation with alloplastic implants and reduction mentoplasty, utilizing the intraoral subapical horizontal osteotomy of the mandible. At times, simple methods of camouflage will be inadequate. Significant jaw disharmony with unacceptable occlusion requires the interdisciplinary teamwork of the orthodontist, the surgeon, and possibly the prosthodontist. In these cases rhinoplasty waits upon skeletal and dental realignment. Almost without exception, the rhinoplasty patient appreciates and profits from the surgeon's concern over her general appearance. Advice regarding skin care, makeup, hair styling, and facial rejuvenation frequently aids that person in attaining a happy and satisfying rhinoplastic experience.


Postoperative care of the rhinoplasty patient.

Postoperative care for the patient following rhinoplasty begins with the taping, packing, and splinting of the nose. In the immediate postoperative period the patient is encouraged to rest with the head in an elevated position, to take fluids by moutn, and to apply ice water compresses to the eyes. An analgesic sufficiently potent to ablate the pain as well as an evening sedative is prescribed, if needed. The systemic administration of enzymes, antibiotics, and steroids is not utilized by the authors in the postoperative care of rhinoplasty patients. Careful attention to maintaining the position of the nasal dorsum and the removal of any hematoma is essential in the first two postoperative weeks. During the first year following rhinoplasty, participation in contact sports and exposure to the sun are discouraged.


Spiroergometric and telemetric investigations during the XXI International Stoke Mandeville Games 1972 in Heidelberg.

Spiroergometric and telemetric investigations were carried out on 100 paralysed athletes during the XXI International Stoke Mandeville Games in Heidelberg, 1972. The technical and organisational difficulties in carrying out these measurements were engendered by the disabilities of subjects. The maximum oxygen uptake observed and the oxygen pulse were lower than in non-disabled persons. There were no differences in the peak heart rates (180-200 beats/min.) as compared with non-disabled athletes during particular competition situations. Sports characterised by quickness, dexterity and strength are not able to train the cardiopulomnary system substantially. Swimming is recommended as beneficial. Psychological and training physiological considerations suggest that long-distance wheelchair races should be adopted as a Stoke Mandeville event.


Paraplegia in spondylitis: results of operative treatment.

Thirty patients with spondylitis were treated by decompression of the cord (31 operations). The spondylitis was tuberculous in 28 of septic unspecific aetioloty in two cases. The results with respect to the neurological symptoms were complete recovery in 24 cases, imcomplete recovery in four cases, and failure in three cases, or in ten per cent. Transthoracic anterior decompression was found to be the safest and quickest way to obtain restitution. Out of the ten patients treated by this method, nine recovered completely. One post-operative death from pulmonary embolism occurred. One patient died because of adrenal insufficiency due to adrenal tuberculosis which could not be diagnosed during life. There were no other serious complications attributable to the operative interventions.


Urinary flow and flow pattern in paralegics.

In 34 paraplegics with neurogenic bladder dysfunction 108 uroflowmetries were performed using the uroflowmeter described by Garrelts and Strandell. Paraplegics show according to their pathophysiology of bladder emptying characteristic flow pattern. Their urinary flow rates are diminished. The decrease as compared with healthy people is nearly similar for patients with automatic and with autonomous areflexic bladders. Some pathophysiological aspects for these findings are discussed. One may conclude that decreased urinary flow and altered flow pattern, as changes of urodynamics in general, can be regarded as one of the factors causing recurrent bacteriuria and urinary infections in paraplegics.


Transstadial transmission of Theileria annulata through common ixodid ticks infesting Indian cattle.

Transstadial transmission of Theileria annulata with Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, H. dromedarii and H. marginatum isaaci, and Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides haemaphysaloides and Boophilus microplus was determined. It was found that the infection was successfully transmitted by H. a. anatolicum from larva to nymph and nymph to adult in all attempts. When larvae were fed on an infected calf the succeeding adults transmitted the infection when the intervening nymphs fed on a rabbit (non-susceptible host) but not when fed on a calf (susceptible host). Infective adult ticks transmitted the parasite during the first 24 h of feeding on a calf. When the feeding was interrupted after 24 h, and the tick transferred to another calf, the infection was transmitted to the latter as well. H. dromedarii successfully transmitted the infection from larva to nymph and from nymph to adult. Larvae of H. marginatum isaaci did not feed on calves but the infection was successfully transmitted from nymph to adult. Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus h. haemaphysaloides and Boophilus microplus did not transmit Th. annulata from larva to nymph to adult.


Effect of gamma-irradiation on oocysts of Eimeria necatrix.

Effect of gamma radiation on oocysts of Eimeria necatrix was investigated. It was observed that oocysts exposed to 200 kR or above did not sporulate. Irratiation at 10-150 kR caused a progressive decrease in sporulation. Irradiation affected normal development of unsporulated oocysts as the zygote protoplasm divided into unequal masses or was shattered into granules. Increase in the intensity of irradiation of sporulated oocysts resulted in the progressive decrease in severity of the resultant infections in chicks and their effects - mortality, type of lesions developed, total oocyst production and immunity produced - were comparable with infections induced by decreasing the number of unirradiated oocysts. Infection produced by 1000 unirradiated oocysts was comparable with that resulting from 50 000 oocysts irradiated at 25 kR. Infection obtained with 20 000 unexposed oocysts approximated to that produced by 50 000 oocysts irradiated at 2-5 kR. It was concluded that irradiation abolished infectivity of the oocysts/sporozoites rather than bringing about attenuation of the parasite.


In vitro suppression of segmentation in Echinococcus multilocularis with morphological transformation of protoscoleces into monozoic adults.

When protoscoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis were cultured in vitro, under axenic conditions in either monophasic or diphasic media, segmentation was suppressed in most organisms, some 70-80% of which developed into unsegmented, monozoic forms with a complete set of sexually mature male and female genitalia. The most striking feature of monozoic worms was the large lateral swelling produced by the cirrus sac the effect being to produce organisms with an unusual asymmetric shape. Worms which did not become monozoic either (a) underwent some somatic growth, developed two sets of genitalia and became 'pseudo-segmented', i.e. with the inter-proglottid membranes absent or poorly defined, or (b) became vesicular or abnormal. The mechanisms which could be involved in the suppression of somatic growth and the induction of the monozoic condition, are examined in terms of cell lineage. The possible significance of these results in understanding the evolution of the cestodes is discussed.


An experimental study of the survival characteristics, activity and energy reserves of the hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta.

Similar survival characteristics were demonstrated for hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta incubated in Tyrode's solution with or without a glucose supplement (0-50 mg/ml). The survival rate of hexacanths in all media tested was shown to be age-dependent and led to a maximum life-span of approximately 11 h. The amount of energy reserves, as measured by microdensitometric determination of PAS+ material, declined rapidly in time to a plateau at approximately 8 h. Residual PAS+ matter present beyond that period was interpreted as structural and thus non-utilizable material. The rate of activity as measured by hook movements declined more rapidly, and continuous hook cycles were rarely observed after 2 h and ceased after 4 h. A close correlation was demonstrated between the decline in PAS+ material and the total number of hook cycles completed per unit of time. The quantitative results on survival, energy reserves and activity are discussed in relation to the penetration of hexacanths into the haemocoele of the intermediate host.


Genetic control of immune responses to parasites: immunity to Trichuris muris in inbred and random-bred strains of mice.

A comparison has been made of the responses of random-bred CFLP and inbred NIH mice to infection with Trichuris muris. Random-bred mice showed greater variation in worm burdens and less uniformity in worm expulsion. Irradiation prior to infection reduced variation, but did not increase the mean level of infection above that shown by the most susceptible unirradiated mice. In NIH mice, however, irradiation raised the level of infection in all mice. The factors responsible for variation between CFLP mice and for the level of infection in NIH mice came into play after the fifth day of infection and were inactivated by cortisone acetate. It is suggested that these factors are immunologically mediated and under direct genetic control. Uniformity of infection and expulsion in NIH mice is therefore seen as a consequence of genetic uniformity; variability in CFLP mice as a consequence of genetic variation. The time of worm expulsion was found to differ markedly between inbred strains of mice. Hybrid progeny showed the expulsion time characteristic of the parental strain with the most rapid expulsion; greater resistance was therefore inherited as a dominant characteristic. The genetic control of immunity to T. muris is discussed in the context of the antibody- and cell-mediated components of the expulsion process.


Secondary infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in mice: effects of varying worm burdens in primary and secondary infections.

In one (1 c) and six (6 c) cysticercoid primary infections of Hymenolepis diminuta in NIH (inbred) and CFLP (outbred) male mice 6 +/- 1 weeks old greater than 85% of the worms established but were rejected (destrobilated or expelled) subsequently. Rejection occurs more quickly in 6 c infections than in 1 c infections. Considerable worm growth occurs in 1 c and 6 c primary infections but worms from 6 c infections weighed less than worms from 1 c infections on all days studied. Expulsion of H. diminuta does not occur more rapidly in secondary infections than in primary infections; loss of 6 c secondary worms occurs at the same rate as 6 c primary worms but 1 c secondary worms survive longer than 1 c primary worms. Although worms are not lost more quickly in secondary than in primary infections, they are affected at an early age by the immune response which stunts their growth. Increasing the intensity of primary and secondary infections increases the severity of stunting of secondary worms. The results are discussed and it is suggested that immune responses to Hymenolepis spp. in rodents are common but that thresholds of worm numbers exist below which appreciable worm loss does not occur. Stunting due to crowding, which generally is attributed to inter-worm competition, may be in part immunologically mediated. For future immunological studies attempting to induce secondary responses to H. diminuta in mice, worm growth, not survival, is the criterion to evaluate.


Infrequency of gross skin lesions among Panamanian forest mammals with cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Natural leishmanial infections among feral mammals in the Republic of Panama were studied in relation to gross skin alterations. Three dermatotropic species of Leishmania, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. hertigi, isolated from 230 sylvatic animals of 5 mammalian orders were involved. In 205 (89%) of the cases there were no gross skin alterations. Cryptic infections of all three leishmanial species among wild animals were confirmed by culture and hamster inoculation. This type of infection was always present in the sloths, Choloepus hoffmanni and Bradypus infusatcus, infected with L. braziliensis and in the porcupine, Coendou rothschildi, infected with L. hertigi. Suggestive skin alterations were encountered in 10 (4%) of infected animals. Only 15 (7%) of infected animals exhibited typical leishmanial lesions. It was possible to correlate skin depigmentation with the course of leishmanial infection in one animal, a young kinkajou, Potos flavus.


Schistosoma mansoni: tail loss in relation to permeability changes during cercaria-schistosomulum transformation.

The hind-body region of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae observed in the scanning electron microscope demonstrates various stages of contraction which may be compared with those of living larvae which are secreting the acetabular gland contents. No evidence for an extensive lesion was found in cercarial bodies which had shed their tails under experimental conditions. Experiments on the permeability of the larvae to sodium fluoride, methylene blue and amino acids demonstrated that tail loss significantly affects the permeability of the bodies although the effect is greater immediately after decaudation than at later times. Subsequent increases in permeability may be correlated with a change in the general body surface.


Carbon dioxide fixation in trypanosomatids.

Fixation of carbon dioxide has been demonstrated for extracts from Crithidia fasciculata, Trypanosoma mega and Trypanosoma brucei brucei bloodstream and culture forms. The enzymes involved in this fixation were found to be ADP-stimulated phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32), 'malic' enzyme (E.C. 1.1.138-40) and pyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 6.4.1.1). The subcellular localization of these enzymes has been investigated in all three organisms. Products of short and long term fixation experiments were separated and identified. The importance of carboxylation reactions is discussed in relation to the maintenance of oxidized and reduced coenzyme levels.


[Bacteroides and appendicitis (author's transl)].

Bacteroides fragilis is frequently recovered from cases of appendicitis with perforation and from infections developing secondary to appendicitis. In order to assess the part played by B. fragilis in the aetiology of appendicitis, quantitative aerobic and anaerobic culture studies of the contents of 49 inflammated appendices were performed. Anaerobic gram-negative non-sporing rods were cultivated from 43 appendices in the range 10(3)-10(9)/g. A total of 1,473 isolates was differentiated by biochemical methods, and 1,374 cultures were found to belong to the saccharolytic species of the genus Bacteroides (B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, B. distasonis etc.). B fragilis was detected in 31 appendices; the species predominated in 18 samples. B theraiotamicron, recovered from 27 samples, was prevalent in 4 appendices. In one sample, B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron outnumbered the other appendicular bacterial. B. vulgatus was cultivated from 12 appendices, but did once constitute the prevalent group. It has been previously shown that B. vulgatus (43% of intestinal isolates) and B. thetaiomicron predominate in the normal narge bowel flora. On the other hand, approximately 80% of pyrogenic Bacteroides strains belong to B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron accounting for 19% and B. vulgatus being virtually absent. From these striking differences in species distribution the conclusion was drawn that B. fragilis possesses the highest virulence for man. Species distribution within the 1,374 appendicular isolates of saccharolytic Bacteroides (percentages of 62, 19 and 4.3 for B. fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus, respectively) was very similar to that encountered in clinical specimens. From the results obtained it becomes evident that pyrogenic Bacteroides, in particular B. fragilis, plays an important role in nearly 50% of cases of appendicitis.


Carcinoma and cirrhosis of the liver in A X C male rats with one kidney ingesting 0.025% N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide.

The role of the kidneys in hepatic carcinogenesis was studies in inbred A X C strain male rats ingesting 0.025% N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide. The experimental groups consisted of male rats with both kidney intact and male rats that had the left kidney removed. The incidence of hepatic carcinomas and the number of rats with large carcinomas, multiple carcinomas, poorly differentiated and undifferentiated carcinomas, and metastases was greater in rats with a left nephrectomy. The incidence of cirrhosis was the same in animals in both groups; however, cirrhosis was more severe in degree in the rats with the left kidney removed. Some animals in the latter group also developed carcinosarcomas of the salivary glands. The animals with one kidney apparently were not able to excrete the active metabolites of N-2-fluorenyldiacetamide as readily as the animals with both kidneys intact. The metabolites were then returned to the liver and salivary gland.


Psychogenic and neurogenic effects on the intact forearm vein of man.

By means of an elegant venous preparation the behavior of intact veins of man can be studied decisively. The superficial veins of man are extremely sensitive to the environment and the autonomic and central nervous systems. This report illustrates the response of an isolated venous segment of the forearm to various psychogenic and neurogenic stimuli, with change in tone of the smooth muscle of the venous segment being reflected by change in segmental venous pressure. It is shown that the superficial forearm veins can be conditioned and that they are extremely dynamic and certainly not passive conduits for returning blood to the heart.


School phobia.

Pediatricians and other primary care providers are in an ideal position to prevent, to diagnose and to treat children with school refusal. Detection requires recognition of high risk situations, and delineation of possible reality factors or environmental hazards. The physician will find school refusal associated with perceived or actual physical illness, debility, or vulnerability, family stresses including illnesses and marital problems, over-protective mother-child interaction patterns, and previous difficulties in achieving mother-child independence and separation. Confirming the diagnosis depends on interview with family members. Positive indicators are dysfunctional patterns of family communication, parental emphasis on illness, and manipulative behavior on the part of the child. Data from the school on absenteeism need to be supplemented by the school's observations of individual achievement and ability measures, grades, and teacher observations of peer and adult interaction. Treatment techniques center around returning the child to school by involving the child, the family, and the school in this process. Specific counseling techniques and principles aim to recognize each individual's feelings and to stress the active role of the parents in solving problems together. Follow-up is based upon assessment of clearly understood short-term and long-term goals. Referral should be rare, and should not be undertaken before proper evaluation has been completed. Making a referral "stick" depends greatly upon the degree of rapport and trust which has been established with the family. In most school refusal cases, management by the pediatrician or primary physician can be a rewarding, stimulating experience which provides a high degree of parent and physician satisfaction.


A note on conditional reflex studies of schizophrenia in France.

In France, beginning with 1946, the method of Ivanov-Smolenski was used to study schizophrenia, but after 1957, sensory conditioning procedures have been employed (EEG sound-light, evoked potentials in children, SAE conditioning in adults) and more recently eye blink and operant conditioning.


Chronobiology.

Several fundamental principles of chronobiology are discussed. The importance of biological rhythmicity in (1) the every day interpretation of data, both descriptive and experimental, and (2) the design of scientifically accurate experiments, is the main theme of this presentation. Examples of circadian rhythms in a variety of physiological, psychological, and biochemical variables of the rodent and man are given.


Adopted children in their adoptive families.

The adoptive process can produce unusual stresses on the child, and biologic and adoptive parents, from prenatal to postnatal life, and through the various phases of physical and pscyhological development. Because of the possibility of these children and their families falling into the "at risk" category with greater potential for psychological and social problems, the pediatrician is of primary importance in diagnosis and counseling. The pediatrician can be of major help in properly diagnosing emotional, behavioral and/or learning problems occurring in adopted children. There must be a thorough evaluation of the child and his family to understand and properly treat symptomatic behavior. The pediatrician can give advice regarding developmental milestones, and especially help the adoptive parents in appreciating their conscious and unconscious attitudes so as to enhance attachment behaviors. Pediatricians are the consultants to whom parents turn for advice regarding the timing of telling about adoption. This advice needs to be individualized according to the specific child's needs. Using a developmental conceptual framework, the pediatrician is in the best position to help the parents and their adopted children with their feelings about societal attitudes and how these can most appropriately be handled. Along this line, the pediatrician can give help and advice when and if the adoptee decides to search for his biologic parents. There is a need to clarify laws which seal the original birth certificate permitting those adoptees who wish to attain a knowledge of potentially related disease processes and an identity with his own genealogical past to do so. This would also allow the adoptee to offer his own children information about their own genetic pool and an awareness of adoption as one of the most valuable and historically significant child rearing practices.


Integration of information in a clinical judgment task, an empirical comparison of six models.

Six models were compared for their effectiveness in reproducing six clinical psychologists' judgments of 38 patients on intelligence, ability to establish contact, and control of affect and impulses. In two of the models, subjective weights were used in the prediction of a judge's ratings. The judges based their judgments solely on verbal protocols from the Rorschach, a sentence completion test, and the Thematic Apperception test. The stability of the linear aspect of the judgment process was very high but decreased as the depth of interpretation of the rating variable increased. The nonlinear aspect of the judgment process had considerably low stability. In general, a model based on subjective weights was most effective in reproducing the judges' ratings.


Relationship of autonomous imagery and creative self-perceptions.

107 Marshall University students were categorized as less, moderate, and more autonomous imagers according to the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control. More autonomous imagers obtained higher mean creative perception scores than moderate and less autonomous imagers, and moderate imagers obtained higher scores on creative perception than less autonomous imagers as measured by Something About Myself.


Effects of training on dynamic stereo acuity performancy by males and females.

Dynamic stereo acuity thresholds were obtained for 30 male and female Ss at speeds of rotation of 120 degrees/sec. after pretraining at either O degree, 60 degrees, or 120 degrees/sec. Under conditions of no pretraining females showed significantly larger discrimination errors than males. Pretraining, however, resulted in comparable threshold performance between males and females. Socio-cultural factors responsible for these differences are suggested.


Auditory discrimination, intelligence, and reading achievement at grade 1.

To determine the relations of auditory discrimination and intelligence to reading achievement in first grade the California Test of Mental Maturity, the California Achievement Test (reading), and the Buktenica Modification of the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test were administered to 78 first grade students. Correlations suggested a stronger relation between auditory discrimination and reading than between IQ and reading as measured here; however, range of reading scores were restricted. Results support Wepman's developmental theory. The methodological approach includes simultaneous consideration of effects of auditory discrimination and intelligence.


Comparison of automated and standard administration of the Purdue Pegboard with mentally retarded adults.

Standard and automated administrations of the Purdue Pegboard to 32 mentally retarded adults were compared in a test-retest paradigm. The automated administration involved videotape and audio input. Both types of administration yielded equivalent scores except on the assembly portion of the test where the difference favored the automated presentation. Spearman rank-order test-retest correlations over a 2-mo. period showed both types of test administration to be equally reliable.


Dichotic word-perception of aphasic and normal subjects.

The present investigation examined the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in linguistic perception following a left cerebral insult which had resulted in aphasia. Auditory dichotic procedures were utilized to investigate the ear-preferences of 30 aphasic Ss, grouped relative to the amount of time since the onset of left cerebral insult, and a group of 10 normal control Ss. An oral-response task and a pointing-response task were given. Statistical analyses showed a significant left-ear preference for aphasic Ss who were more than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult; however, Ss less than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult did not demonstrate a significant ear-preference under auditory dichotic stimulation. In contrast, a significant right-ear preference was noted for the normal controls. Significant differences were not shown for the aphasic or control groups on the oral and pointing tasks.


Human sex differences in extreme isolation.

This report compares the responses of male and female adult subjects in the water-immersion sensory-isolation environment. Endurance, subjective time estimates, and heart rate were dependent variables. Duration under water, with voluntary termination possible, was an average of about 4 hr. for both males and females. Subjective estimate of total time in isolation averaged about 3 1/2 hr. for females and almost 4 hr. for males. Subjective time estimate of consecutive 30-min. time intervals was a bit more than 30 min. for males and about 33 min. for females. Mean heart rate (beats/minute) averaged in the 80s for both groups. None of these differences is statistically significant. This study clarifies the mixed findings reported in the literature as to sex differences in isolated environments.


Training in musical rhythm and field dependence of children.

The present experiment investigated the effects of musical rhythm training on field dependence in children. An experimental group of 12 Ss showed significant improvement on the Children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test after training, while a matched control group did not improve. Pretest scores on the children's Embedded-figures Test and the Rod-and-frame Test were not correlated.


Perceptions of height and self-esteem.

Although no relationship was found between the actual height of 69 young adolescent males and their self-esteem, positive and significant relationships were found between their own, peers', and teacher's perceptions of their height and self-esteem. These results are discussed with reference to the relationship between body morphology, behavior, and personality.


Serial processing shown by mutual masking of icons.

In a procedure called mutual masking, two compound words were tachistoscopically exposed successively at the same location. Perceptual accuracy for both words was examined. With fixation at the center of the arrays, Ss often identified the component at the left within the temporally first word and at the right within the second. These results imply a left-to-right serial processing. With fixation on begining or end component, Ss tended to identify the component away from fixation of the first word and the fixated part of the second. This implies scanning from periphery toward fixation. Therefore, sequential processing of iconic information was obtained, with direction of processing determined by specific conditions.


Sex differences in expected guilt reactions to hypothetical behaviors of sexual, hostile, and moral substance.

Differences between male and female guilt reactions to hypothetical guilt-inducing situations of a sexual, hostile, and moral nature were investigated. Two independent samples of Ss (56 men, 56 women; and 34 men, 62 women) reported the intensity of their anticipated guilt reactions to 60 hypothetical behavior situations presented in sentence-completion format through the use of scaled response alternatives. Across both samples there were specific behaviors, in which stable sex differences were evidenced, i.e., females' reactions were more intense for those behaviors reflecting sexual transgressions. However, males and females were highly similar in their reactions to hostile and moral guilt-provoking situations. Implications of these results for research on trait-guilt were discussed.


Note on Fitts' law for manipulative temporal motor responses with path constraints.

This paper presents a first-order version of an earlier model by Kvålseth (1973) of manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with different types of movement-path constraints. This model represents a generalization of Fitts' law. Comparisons are also made between experimental movement times obtained and predetermined and motion-time systems predictions.


Judgment error in category vs magnitude scales.

The effects of a variety of experimental conditions on the judgments (length of lines) of 16 normal and 16 mentally retarded observers were examined using category and magnitude scaling techniques. Using error and variability of judgment as criteria for measuring response bias, for normal subjects knowledge about the stimulus range, whether learned or provided, had as much to do with resulting judgments as the type of scale used. Judgment error of the retarded group was significantly greater than the normal group and appeared to be related to their limited ability to assign categories or proportions to the simuli used.


Change over training sessions of relationship between locus of control and voluntary heart-rate control.

The present study investigated the effects of locus of control on learning to accelerate and decelerate heart over a number of training sessions. 15 Ss who scored internal in locus of control and 15 who scored external were trained to change their heart rates. Ss were given two training sessions in speeding heart rate and two in slowing heart rate. Results indicated that during the initial training sessions, internals were better able to increase their heart rates than externals; the externals were better able to decrease their heart rates than internals. However, this association diminished to nonsignificance when additional training sessions were provided. These results argue for routinely conducting a number of training sessions to avoid any premature statement of a relationship between personaltiy measures and learned control of heart rate.


Factors involved in visual capture.

Visual capture was explored using three types of vision-"touch" conflicts. The results indicated that the amount of visual capture differed for the three tasks. In one task (slant judgments) strong, but incomplete, visual capture occurred, in another (a length judgment task) an approximate compromise between the two modalities was found, and in the third task (texture judgments) a trend toward touch capture occurred. In two additional experiments using the slant task, the effects of brief training with one of the competing modalities and the effects of manipulating certain aspects of the stimulus display were explored. The bried training did not alter the resolution of the conflict but varying visual clarity and felt texture of the rod whose slant was being judged did affect visual capture.


Short-term memory for intonation.

Ss were presented with lists of 16 words, each word spoken in one of four intonations. The final word was a repetition of one of the first 15 words, 40 Ss having to judge whether it was spoken in the same intonation as its earlier occurrence. A control group of 40 Ss did a similar task, ignoring intonation. Retention of intonation was significantly poorer, indicating that intonation is an additional load not normally retained. This argues against acoustic or articulatory encoding in short-term memory and in favor of an abstract-verbal encoding mode. Results are also interpreted as supporting the position that verbal and motor short-term membory obey similar laws.


Preferred tempo in performance of repetitive movements.

Within- and between-S variability in performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. Male and female Ss (Ns = 75) performed 36 consecutive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo. Differences between Ss' selected tempos of performance were considerably greater than the amount of variation in Ss' motor response times, indicating that individuals have preferred tempos of voluntary movement which differ from those of other individuals. No sex differences were evidenced in either preferred tempo or consistency of performance.


Clarity, controllability, and emotional intensity of image: correlations with introversion, neuroticism, and subjective anxiety.

Clarity, controllability, and associated affect of visual imagery were intercorrelated with measures of neuroticism, extraversion, and state-trait anxiety for 43 men and 66 women undergraduates. Resulting coefficients indicated high neuroticism, introversion, and anxiety were all associated with poor clarity and controllability of image. Results were interpreted to suggest that anxiety acts as a mediating variable for clarity and controllability of image.


Assessing the attitude of veterans toward a smoking cessation program in a hospital setting.

110 male patients in a V. A. Hospital were surveyed in regard to their smoking behavior, attitudes toward smoking, and their willingness to participate in a treatment program designed to eliminate smoking. Some of the more important findings were that 68% of the patient population smoked as compared to 50% for the ggeneral male population. Only 57% of the smokers felt that smoking was harmful to their health. Many of the smokers (60%) had tried to stop smoking but were unsuccessful. 58% of the smokers stated that they would participate in a smoking treatment program. The results of this survey are interpreted to indicate the need for hospital and institutional treatment programs for elimination of smoking.


"Shaping" of frequency discrimination performance using only intrinsic reinforcement.

This experiment compared two modes of practice at a difficult frequency discrimination, i.e., one in which the frequency difference was initially correctly discriminated only 65% of the trials in a two-alternative forced-choice task. One group of Ss (N = 13) was assigned to a progressive-practice group, in which the frequency difference to be discriminated was progressivley changed from a large, easy, difference to the difficult, small, difference. The other group of Ss (N = 13) received the same amount of practice as the first, but all at the difficult discrimination. Only the progressive-practice group improved their discrimination performance. Since no feedback was given, the effect of progressive practice is interpreted as "shaping" Ss' attentional response by virtue of the information provided by the successively more difficult discriminations. This "shaping" process is potentially available as a learning mechanism for other fine discriminations.


Role of nonverbal communication in the perception of leadership.

A 2 X 3 design was used to assess effects of nonverbal communication and sensory modality of presentation of stimuli on 107 undergraduates' perception of leadership. Nonverbal communication and modality of presentation had a significant effect on perception of leadership. These results suggest that nonverbal cues should be seen as essential in impression-formation.


Comparison of visual-discrimination ability of brain-injured and non-brain-injured children of normal intelligence.

A set of 106 multiple-choice geometric designs were administered to 23 children diagnosed as minimally brain-damaged and 23 control children. All children were between the ages of 4 and 12 yr. and were matched for age and intelligence. Differences between the two groups suggest that, although rotation and reversal errors significantly discriminate the groups, factors which lead to distractions are more discriminative. The data suggest the possibility of an easily administered and objectively scored instrument which is relatively independent of motor development in children.


Eye movement in perception of another person's looking behavior.

Eye contact is a non-verbal behavior category of major concern in the study of social interaction. Within this category many behaviors are included which serve a wide range of functions. It was hypothesied that (1) one of the important stimulus properties that distinguish these behaviors is the movement pattern of the eye and (2) that people use different criteria to judge whether another person is looking at them, depending upon whether the other person is displaying a dynamic or static eye presentation. Data are presented to support these hypotheses.


Comparison of Rorschach anatomy responses from psychosomatic out-patients and a matched group of psychiatric controls.

35 out-patient Ss with demonstrable psychosomatic symptoms were matched with 35 psychiatric out-patients with "milder" forms of psychopathology, i.e., neurosis, personality disorders and latent schizophrenia. The psychosomatic group showed significantly more anatomy responses on the Rorschach but there was much overlap, leading to the conclusion that anatomy does not directly reflect simply psychosomatic disturbances but, rather, is associated with psychodynamics which tend to underlie psychosomatic illnesses.


Role of stimulus modality in rating ordinary and derived word strings.

Four types of word strings were presented either visually or auditorily and rated for grammaticality and meaningfulness. The string types were normal sentences, syntactically deviant strings, semantically deviant strings, and strings both syntactically and semantically deviant. Results for the auditory mode conform to expectations based upon the linguistic competence of the native speaker but results for the visual mode do not. The results are discussed in terms of the inferiority of visual over auditory short-term memory for verbal information and attentional strategies.


Immediate effects of cigarette smoking as related to different smoking habits.

A questionnaire concerning interactions between the need to smoke and the external situation was used to select 8 "low-arousal smokers" and 8 "high-arousal amokers." The former were smokers who generally experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations, characterized by e.g., monotony or boredom, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations, characterized by, e.g., anxiety or excitement. Members of each group were examined under smoking and nonsmoking conditions in a low-arousal situation, i.e., performing a vigilance-type sensorimotor task, and in a high-arousal situation, i.e., performing a complex sensorimotor task. It was shown that the two groups reacted differently to smoking in the two situations. In low-arousal smokers performance and general well-being were favourably affected by smoking in the low-arousal situation only. Conversely, performance and well-bing of the high-arousal smokers were enhanced by smoking in the high-arousal situation only.


Motor and perceptual determinants of performance on the Bender-Gestalt and the Beery Developmental Scale by retarded males.

The Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test and Beery's Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration were administered to 51 educable mentally retarded boys ranging in age from 72 to 161 mo. These scores were compared with scores boys received on three gross motor tasks by computing simple correlation coefficients and multiple regression coefficients with Bender and Beery's tests as dependent variables. The simple rs were similar but order of inclusion of independent variables in the regression analysis suggests differences.


Synchronization error in bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows.

Using 7 left- and 7 right-handed subjects, the difference in time between left and right arms in the initiation of bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows (synchronization error) was measured under three conditions: response to a sound stimulus with a warning signal, response to a sound stimulus without a warning signal, and self-initiated trial (option). The absolute value of synchronization errors depended upon experimental conditions. In conditions 'with warning' and 'option' the dominance shown in performance of left-handed subjects was the mirror-image of that shown by the right-handed subjects. The right biceps muscle responded faster in left-handed subjects and vice versa. Right-handed subjects showed rather a constant value in their dispersion of synchronization errors.


Note on relation of autonomic perception to voluntary control of heart rate.

Relationships between subscores of the Autonomic Perception Questionnaire and ability to raise and lower heart rate voluntarily were examined in 40 subjects. Subscores which reflected autonomic awareness in anxiety and pleasure states were not predictive of degree of cardiac control, while the subscore specific to reported awareness of heart functioning during pleasure states only was positively correlated with ability to raise heart rate.


MMPI correlates of extreme field independence and field dependence in a psychiatric population.

34 male and 34 female hospitalized psychiatric patients were divided into field-independent and field-dependent groups on the basis of rod-and-frame test performance and their MMPI scores were compared. A multiple discriminant analysis followed by a series of 2 X 2 factorial analyses of variance was used to assess the results. As in previous studies, more similarities than differences were found between the two cognitive styles. However, field-independent subjects tended to be more unconventional, aggressive, antisocial, and perhaps defensive than field-dependent subjects. Explanations of results were explored in reference to previous findings.


Failure of conservation training of disadvantaged black teenagers: a neo-Piagetian interpretation.

From a structural point of view, conservation tasks resemble Witkin's field-dependence situations. According to our neo-Piagetian theory, therefore, the failure of certain disadvantaged black teenagers to profit from conservation training may be related to their field dependence.


Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion during physical conditioning of older individuals using leg-weight loading.

Use of leg weights for physical conditioning was evaluated in 8 middle-aged male Ss; four Ss of similar age served as a control group. Pre- and post-training evaluation consisted of heart rate and oxygen uptake responses to five submaximal work loads which involved either level walking or cycling. Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion elicited for each work load were: a local muscular rating; a central or cardio-pulmonary rating; and an over-all or general rating. Submaximal heart rate decreased 6 to 9 beats/min. from pretraining values for all work load after training. The differentiated ratings for training generally reflected a reduced strain on the cardiovascular system and also improved functioning of the working muscles with training. However, when one set of sensations dominated the exertional perception the others appear to have been perceptually de-emphasized. Local muscular factors seemed to dominate the exertional perception for cycling, but central factors appeared to play a more important role for treadmill walking, at least within the range of velocities investigated.


Developmental aspects of auditory and visual scanning.

60 Ss from Grades 1 through 6 were administered an auditory and visual scanning procedure and 27 of those Ss were given arithmetic and reading achievement tests. Data indicated scanning ability increases linearly with grade in school and the relationship between the scanning measures also increases sharply with grade. Auditory scanning was related to academic achievement; visual scanning only approached significance with arithmetic achievement but was unrelated to reading achievement.


Factor analysis of attitudes toward abortion.

700 Ss rated the concept abortion on a series of bipolar adjectives. Factor analysis of the ratings suggested (a) that Ss judged the concept along four orthogonal dimensions, immoral-repelling, cruel-destructive, emotional-serious, and rational-impulsive and (b) that males and females had similar factor structures. Polarity analysis showed that abortion was seen as immoral, repelling, bad, cruel, destructive, ugly, sinful, emotional, serious, rational and impulsive. Although this is highly unfavorable compared to the results of previous research, it appears to represent a liberal trend.


Nursing behavior of infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina): preferences for nipples.

Nursing behavior of 56 singleton infant pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) was monitored. Infants over 1 mo. of age showed strong preferences for one of their mothers' nipples, while few infants less than 1 mo. old did so. The infants which had the lowest birthweights for each sex showed no clear preference even though they were older than 1 mo. A trend toward lateral preference (for the right nipple) was identical for male and female infants. Analysis of the development of preference for nipple may provide useful information of assessing development progress.


Directionality in four Bender-Gestalt figures: III.

Two predictions, viz., that for Austrian non-clinical school children whose left-right reading-writing habits parallel an assumed innate left-right drawing tendency, a clear preference for left-right execution of 4 Bender-Gestalt figures (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6) would be attained at an earlier age and no plateau would be observed in contrast to Israeli non-clinical school children whose right-left reading-writing habits are in a direction opposite to the assumed innate drawing tendency, were confirmed at significant levels of confidence. In a sub-sample of the Austrian population investigated fathers' educational/occupational level as well as the child's position in his sibship as measures of attention and stimulation in the home do not appear to have any significant influence on preference for direction of drawing.


Indian students' perceptions of the ideal self, the ideal leader, the ideal teacher, Indira Gandhi and the business executive.

The Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to three samples drawn from a population of graduate students at an Indian university. Results indicated a high positive relationship among the perceptions of the ideal self, ideal teacher, and ideal leader. Likewise, the consensual profile of Indira Gandhi was found to be quite similar to the ideal self cluster (r = .96). The collective perception of the business executive, however, was only remotely similar to the other two character profiles.


Automated reinforcement of head posture in two cerebral palsied retarded children.

A transistor radio activated by a mercury switch was used to reinforce head posture in two retarded children with severe cerebral palsy. Under the contingent music condition dropping the head forward automatically terminated the broadcast (music). A comparison of baseline and treatment phases showed that head orientation was strongly controlled by contingent music.


Comparative study of verbal originality in deaf and hearing children.

Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 181 deaf and 236 hearing Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. The hearing Ss scored significantly higher than the deaf Ss. Significant main effects for age were found but not for sex. The only significant interaction was found for hearing status and age. Deaf Ss became more productive as age increased, while performance of hearing Ss relative to age fluctuated.


Cross-cultural comparison of physical education majors.

The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 20 Ss from Montana and the personality scores compared to those of a similar sample of New Zealand students. Results indicated that cross-cultural differences do exist, the present group being more dominant, less expedient, and considerably more conservative than their New Zealand counterparts.


Sensory integration and single-modality scanning.

An auditory scanning, visual scanning, and auditory-visual integration test was administered to 72 children from grades 1, 2, 3, and 5 to determine whether increases in sensory integration skills could be accounted for by increases in skills of single modalities. Using a multiple regression model, the results indicated that increases in integrative functioning occur independently of developmental changes in individual modalities. Implications for future research are presented.


Disruption of performance of a lab-born orangutan after introduction of irrelevant foreground cues.

Discrimination performance of the three great ape genera has previously been shown to be differentially influenced by the introduction of irrelevant foreground cues, with accuracy of performance of orangutans significantly more disrupted than chimpanzees or gorillas. This disruption may be species-related to how arboreal or terrestrial the subjects would be in their natural habitat. The tendency of the organgutan toward disruption of performance following the introduction of visual foreground cues is not dependent upon an early arboreal environment, because the performance of the lab-born orangutan tested in similar conditions in the present study was commensurate with the performance of previously tested wild-born orangutans.


Conjugate lateral eye movement and latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions.

24 left movers, 24 right movers and 24 mixed movers, categorized on the basis of their conjugate lateral eye movements, were measured on latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions. The predicted superiority of right movers in speed of response did not occur nor did interference with habitual direction of conjugate lateral eye movement affect results. However, the mixed group took longer to response to a second series of questions than did the left and right movers. This post hoc finding may indicate inefficient hemispheric competition within the mixed group when subjects are asked to add another task to that of arithmetic problem-solving.


Identification of letterlike distortions by preschool children.

In two experiments preschool children chose one of two test forms that looked like previously exposed distortions of a letterlike-form. In Exp. I a distance metric was defined to measure the physical discrepancy between forms. It was found that the distance relationship between distortions and particular test forms did not designate the children's choice behavior. In Exp. II the children were able to choose previously exposed distortions when particular test forms contained novel features. The results are related to distinctive feature and prototype hypotheses to account for children's performance in recognizing forms.


Effect of a mid-series anchor on absolute judgments of duration by schizophrenics, neurologically impaired, and normals.

36 normal, 36 schizophrenic, and 36 neurologically impaired Ss were compared for their ability to temporally discriminate brief auditory stimuli. The experimental task was the absolute judgment of 3, 5, or 9 stimuli ranging in duration from 0.10 to 1.90 sec. Half of the Ss in each group were "assisted" by the presentation of a repeated mid-series anchor. The interval between the presentation of the anchor and the variable stimuli was varied. With the addition of a mid-series anchor, normal Ss demonstrated an increase in information transmission and a decrease in response stereotypy; schizophrenics demonstrated a slight decrease in information transmission and a slight increase in response stereotypy; neurologically impaired Ss were essentially unaffected. Changes in interstimulus interval on the anchored judgment task did not influence information transmission.


Psychological dynamics and self-perceptions of vasectomy candidates.

Growing concern with population control has focused attention on various methods of contraception including vasectomy. Psychological research on this topic is scant, however. In this study, 9 vasectomy candidates who were undergoing the operation were compared to 9 husbands whose wives were about to have a tubal ligation. Their responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Adjective Check List were compared. Most of the data showed no significant differences except on one scale of Counseling Readiness. The results, and others, indicate that vasectomy candidates may have a tendency to deny the anxiety connected with the operation due to its irreversible nature.


Some personality correlates of self-rated academic success.

Using subjects' own ratings of their academic performance, a group of american university students were divided into academically successful (n = 312) and unsuccessful (n = 170) subgroups. A comparison of mean scores of the two groups on nine personality variables convered by Eysenck's PEN Inventory and Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory showed that academic success, as rated by subjects themselves, is associated with low psychoticism, neuroticism, and discomfort but high extraversion and defensiveness.


Field-dependence, extraversion and perception of the vertical: empirical and theoretical perspectives of the rod-and-frame test.

Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that "what has...been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity."


Effect of neutral conditioning on racial attitudes of children.

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of classical conditioning procedures in reducing negative evaluative responses, i.e., attitudes, toward pictures of Afro-American people. Ss were 73 Euro-American kindergarten children who received either 0, 1, 4, or 8 conditioning sessions of 36 pairings of the color black with neutral words. Two racial attitude scales were employed to measure amount of change in Ss' racial attitudes after exposure to the conditiong procedures. Parish's (1972) Revised PRAM II did not detect any change, but Williams' (1971) PRAM II demonstrated a significant reduction in anti-Afro-American attitudes for those Ss who received 8 conditioning sessions.


Perception of rate-altered sentential approximations by normal and aphasic children.

25 4-word, first, and second-order sentential approximations were presented to 18 aphasic and 18 normal children. The material was taped and altered to represent 5 speaking rates: 140 (normal); 75 and 105 (expanded); and 180 and 205 (compressed) words per minute. Order of presentation was randomized. The major difference between the children was that the second-order material was perceived best by normals regardless of rate, while the aphasics showed this preference only at the normal rate.


Profile of perceptual-cognitive traits and personality style of possible relevance to creative productivity.

The amount of illusory movement perceived on the autokinetic test, manifestations of primary process expression on the Rorschach, and creative productivity as measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, were collected from 47 volunteer college students. Those individuals who expressed primary process thinking as blatant affect and the fusion of images, and elaborated on a stimulus pictorially, had extensive movement on the autokinetic test (P less than .05). We further delineated certain personality characteristics of these individuals employing a 26-item bipolar questionnaire. They are among other things, active, striving, assertive, in touch with and free to express emotion, rebellious, incautious, self-determing, productive, motivated to influence others, and excelling in producing objects or ideas which are unique.


Directional scanning and cerebral asymmetries in processing visual stimuli.

A perceptual exploration task involving three horizontal linear arrays of stimuli was administered to 167 children ranging in age from 3 to 7 yr. It was found that the well organized, predominantly right-to-left responses of very young children were eventually replaced by left-to-right patterns. A tachistoscopic test showed that Ss who gave right-to-left responses to the linear arrays showed hemispheric asymmetry of perception. The results were interpreted as supporting the view that directional response tendencies are related to hemispheric asymmetry.


Comparisons of personality for selected groups of fifteen-year-old males.

Cattell's High School Personality Questionnaire and Gough's Adjective Checklist were administered to 73 15-yr.-old boys to compare personality for groups selected on the basis of extreme scores on maturation (skeletal development, age at achievement of peak height velocity), body type (body somatotype, body skinfolds), performance (body reaction time), strength, physical fitness and socioeconomic status. Multiple discriminant analyses indicated that the only significant difference in personality between groups was for early versus late maturers (skeletal development) on Cattell's scale. The personality scores for the remaining extreme groups did not differ on either of the scales, Cattell's or Gough's.