Angiography of retroperitoneal tumors. A review.

Abdominal aortography and selective angiography of the branches, large and small, of the abdominal aorta were used systematically to establish the diagnosis in 45 consecutive cases of primary retroperitoneal tumor. No angiographic features peculiar to tumor types were elicited, probably because of the great variety of histologic material encountered. Angiography, nonetheless, proved most helpful for the surgical approach, whether radical removal or an exploratory operation with biopsy was contemplated. In 80 per cent of cases the tumor margins were demarcated, the details of the blood supply defined, and the nature, benign or malignant, correctly diagnosed.


Radionuclide bone images in hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.

Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy (HPO) can be differentiated from osseous metastasis on conventional bone images using technetium 99m radiopharmaceuticals. Periosteal new bone formation appears as symmetric circumferential deposition of radionuclide in the diaphyseal cortex of tubular bones. In contrast, asymmetrical deposits in the medullary canal are indicative of metastatic disease. The etiologies of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy are discussed.


Brain scan in cerebrovascular "Moyamoya" disease.

Brain scans were abnormal in 2 of 6 patients with cerebral "Moyamoya" disease. The spatial and temporal scan patterns were analogous to those described in conventional cerebral infarction. Cerebral infarction due to emboli resulting from mural thrombi may explain  the uptake of radioisotope. None of the scans was abnormal in 4 adult patients in which the disease was complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage.


Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermato-arthritis). An erosive polyarthritis with distinctive clinical, roentgenographic and pathologic features.

Detailed analysis of the progressive roentgenographic changes found in complete serial skeletal surveys of 2 men with multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) have been correlated with pathologic finds and compared to features preivously reported. The lesions of MR predominate in skin and synovium and result in the following characteristic features: (1) sharply circumscribed, rapidly progressive, strikingly bilaterally symmetric erosions spreading from joint margins to articular surfaces; (2) interphalangeal joint predominance; (3) early and severe atlanto-axial involvement; (4) disproportion between severity of joint destruction and mildness of symptoms; (5) absent or minimal periosteal reaction; (6) absent or disproportionately mild osteoporosis compared to the severity of erosions; and (7) prominent, uncalcified soft tissue nodules. Since arthritis often  precedes cutaneous manifestations, careful roentgenologic evaluation may play key role in early diagnosis.


Anatomical and neurohistological observation of the heart of the jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica (Latham.).

Anatomy, histology and innervation of the heart of the jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica have been described. The cardiac conducting system is well developed except the atrioventricular node. The sinuatrial node is located at the cephalic end of the interatrial septum and comprised of a large number of specialised muscle fibres enclosing a few small nodal arteries. A few syncytial cells could also be observed. The atrioventricular node is small, rounded and compact mass present at the ventrocaudal end of the interatrial septum. The node is not enclosed by any connective tissue sheath. Atrioventricular bundle is quite conspicuous and a special left bundle branch descends from it and extending to the left ventricle. The presence of special left bundle branch probably helps in pumping the pure blood of left ventricle with a great force. The heart of the jungle bush quail is richly innervated. Large number of nerve fibres and ganglion cells are present at the sulcus terminalis and atrioventricular sulcus. Fine nerve fibres are also present in the mass of sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and its branches. Nerve cells are found to be absent in the conducting system. A nervous connection exists between the sinuatrial node and atrioventricular node. Nerve fibres are also seen in the ventricular myocardium and at the sites of aortic arches.


Arteria intercarotica caudalis and its homologue in the domestic animals.

The arteria intercarotica caudalis was observed to be present in the dog, horse and cat but was reticulated in the case of cattle, sheep, goat, and pig. The latter structure was a homologue of the former and represented an important intercarotid communication present in most of vertebrate.


Presence of the arteria caroticobasilaris in the horse.

The consistent presence of the caroticobasilar artery was observed and discussed in view of the anatomical normalities in the horse. The persistence of the above vessel was correlated with the developmental changes in the cranial and cerebral arteries.


The morphological and functional differentiation of the alimentary canal of the pig during ontogeny. I. Development and differentiation of the fundic portion of the stomach.

Several periods of intensive growth are observed in the development of the fundus of pig's stomach: at the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd month of embryogenesis, the periods shortly prior to and after birth, and between the 10th and 20th day following birth. The gastric pits are formed at about the 45th day of embriogenesis. At the beginning of the third month the fundic glands are formed. The parietal cells first differentiate and are found in 60-day old embryos. The mucous neck cells are differentiated at the beginning of the 3rd month but secretion of mucoid substance starts on about the 45th to 50th day of the prenatal development. With increasing age of the pigs the quantity of PAS-positive substances in the surface epithelium, as well as in the mucous neck cells gradually increases. The differentiation of the chief cells rich in RNA occurs approximately on the 90th day of the prenatal development.


[Lymph flow following ligation of the ductus thoracicus in dogs].

Already few hours after artificial occlusion of the thoracic duct of dogs different communications appear between the lymphatic and the venous system: 1. Lymphovenous communications in the cervical area leading to the right venous angle. 2. Lymphovenous communications at heart level leading to the right venous angle. These lymphovenous communications seem to be preformed anastomoses, which are opened by an increase of the intralymphatic pressure.


Coronary arterial predominance or balance on the surface of the human cardiac ventricles.

Normal hearts obtained from suicide victims were studied after injection of gelatin containing red or blue pigment and a radiopaque substance into each coronary artery. Schlesinger's types of coronary artery unilateral predominance or bilateral balance were identified and their incidence determined. The relation to general factors of anatomical variation was also pointed out. Physiologic and clinical features were discussed on the basis of the morphologic pattern, diverse results recorded in the literature were pointed out, and some discrepancies explained. Hearts with right coronary artery predominance (73.5%) prevailed over left predominance (19.4%) and over the balanced hearts (7.1%). An evaluation of both the blood supply and drainage of the heart as a whole, not restricted to the superficial parietal arteries of the ventricles, would better meet the requirements of clinical cardiology.


Alkaline and acid phosphatase in the digestive system of two teleost fishes.

Alkaline and acid phosphatases are distributed in the stomach, intestine, liver and pancreas of Heteropneustes fossilis and Cirrhinus reba. In oesophagus and rectum they are found in traces only. In the stomach of Heteropneustes, the phosphatases are confined to the mucosa and gastric glands. In the omnivorous fish, Heteropneustes the intestine is shorter and the activity of the enzymes is higher where as in the herbivorous form Cirrhinus with long and coiled intestine, the enzymes are comparatively weak and distributed from the intestinal bulb to the posterior portion of the intestine. In Heteropneustes the enzymes are concentrated in the duodenum and anterior region of the intestine only. This regional difference in the distribution pattern may be correlated to the site of absorption of the metabolites.


The morphological and functional differentiation of the alimentary canal of the pig during ontogeny. II. Development and differentiation of the jejunum.

Morphological development and differentiation of the pig's jejunum during ontogenesis were studied. It was found that villi intestinalis are formed on about the 40th day of embryogenesis. The differentiation of absorptive epithelium, goblet cells and argentaffine cells as well as the formation of the Lieberkühn's crypts, and muscularis mucosae, occur by the end of the 2nd and at the beginning of the 3rd month of the prenatal development. The Paneth cells are found in the period around birth. After birth there is an adaptive rearrangement of the mucosa of jejunum affecting both the epithelium and the propria: the rearrangement is conditionally divided into two periods - from birth to the 3rd day, and from the 10th to the 20th day.


[Studies on the development of the albino-rat notochord (author's transl)].

The development of the notochord of the albino-rat takes place in the period between 8 days 10 hours and 9 days 3 hours. The notochord appears as a thickness of the entoderm in the ventrally region of the antimesometrial cavity. At the stage of 8 days 10 to 14 hours p. c. there are observed differenciated processes of the primitive flattened entodermal epithelium to high cylindrical cells which form a plate. The closed structure of the basement membranes round the notochord of the rat, as it is observed lightmicroscopically reveals new aspects in connection of the frequent discussed supposition the notochord possibly to be a factor for the origin of other structures e.g. the somites. The developmental mode of the notochord of the albino-rat differs from that of the mouse.


[Experience with the written examination (multiple choice test) in the teaching of anatomy].

All students (400 each winter-term) receive extensive information at the beginning of the course "anatomical propedeutics": a timetable with recommendations for learning, a list of instructional objectives and of terminology and an instruction for that type of test, the students never had experienced before. Feed-back is given by computer-output containing comments on the objective related to a wrong answer and indicating sub-test scores. Correlation of scores with results in the following dissection course seems to be acceptable. Questions of the multiple-choice test were compared by pairs with questions asked for in confrontation with the anatomical object. A strong coherence was found in answering correctly the multiple choice questions and the related oral exam. Over-all experience with a multiple choice test administered in Austria for the first time was rather encouraging.


A comparative study of the intestinal anatomy of deer.

The intestinal anatomy of fallow deer (Dama dama), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and elk (Alces alces) was studied. Special attention was given to the spiral loop of the ascending colon and the proportional length of the small and large intestines. The spiral loop of the ascending colon is wound 3-3 1/2 turns in the fallow deer, 2-3 turns in the white-tailed deer, 5 1/2-7 turns in the reindeer and 3-4 turns in the elk. The distal half of the last centrifugal turn of the spiral loop, regularly has one additional loop in the ventro-caudal quadrant of the mesenterial disc in the white-tailed deer, and one, or sometimes two such loops in the reindeer. In the elk this part of the gut usually constitutes a greater part of the spiral loop than the coil proper, and runs in several irregular loops and small coils between the coil proper and the jejunal attachment. Irregular patterns of the coil proper are common, and occur in all four species. The mean relative length of the large intestine was about 52% of the small intestine in the reindeer and 55-57% in the other species, which indicates, that significant differences in gut proportions do not exist in the deer species studied, perhaps with an exception for the reindeer.


[A special form of double vena cava inferior].

In 231 cases the frequency of double inferior Cava in postrenal part is determined at 0.5%. The importance of double inferior Cava is discussed. This variation is the most frequent of V. cava inferior. The genesis is by persistence of left sacro-cardinal-vein (supracardinal-vein) over the six embryonical week. The casus, here mentioned, has an anastomosis overmore. This anastomosis cross Aorta and A. mesenterica inferior ventral, combines both inferior Cavae and must be interpreted as a second inferior Anastomosis intersubcardinalis.


[The primary optical projection in albino and pigmented rats].

1. We have studied by silver degeneration methods in transversal and horizontal brain series the pathways and the terminal nuclei of the primary optic system in albino and pigmented rats. 2. About 90% of the retinal axons are crossing in the Chiasma opticum. Differences between albino and pigmented rats are small. At the level of the lateral geniculate body (l.g.b.) the axons ramify. One branch is going in the optic tract or in the transversalsystem to the pretectum and tectum. The other branch goes as a collateral in the longitudinal system of the dorsal l.g.b. and ends here. 3. The optic fibers project--especially contralateral--to the following nuclei: veutral l.g.b. (lateral half), dorsal l.g.b., nucleus of the optic tract, Nc. olivaris praetectalis, Ncc. praetectales anterior et posterior and superior colliculus (laminae I-III). In the nuclei of the pretectal region are ipsilateral only a few degenerating fibers. 4. Especially in the dorsal l.g.b. but also in the superior colliculus the pigmented rats show ipsilateral an larger retinal input. 5. The ipsilateral fibers project to a special region in the dorsal l.g.b. This region is also innervated by contralateral axons. 6. In both the albino and pigmented rats the dorsal l.g.b. shows no lamination in the cytoarchitectonical picture and the ipsi- and contralateral input regions overlap. Therefore in the rat we can not speak from a laminated dorsal l.g.b. We have here--prepoperantly functional caused--a simple form of l.g.b. 7. The accessory optic system is only decussated. It includes the Fasciculus inferior tr. opt. accessorius, who projects only and direct to the median terminal nucleus and the Fasciculus superior tr. opticus accessorius. The last goes off from the optic tract at the level of the pretectal region and innervates all the 3 accessory optic nuclei. 8. In a few preparates we found references for a direct retino-hypothalamic connection (Nc. suprachiasmaticus and Nc. arcuatus hypothalami).


Contribution to the clinical anatomy of the vertebral column. Considerations on the stability and the instability at the height of the "vertebral units".

Based on the findings with human cadaver material and the literature data, the concept of "vertebral unit" is discussed as a basic morphofunctional and pathogenic unit of the vertebral column. The vertebral structures collaborating to the stabilization of the vertebral units are described and a review is made of the possibilities of installation of a vertebral instability. An attempt is made to define the vertebral stability and instability.


An experimental study concerning the accessory nerve in the chicken and turkey.

The retrograde degeneration consecutive to accessory nerve transection proved that the real origin of this nerve in the chicken and turkey is represented exclusively by the ipsilateral dorso-central motor column described by BECCARI (1943). This nucleus, with a moniliform aspect, extends into the first two cervical neuromeres and enters the bulb, where it is continuous with the alpha subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. The accessory nerve of the two species of birds is homologous with the external ramus of the same nerve in mammals. An internal ramus is absent in birds.


The ligation of the male reproductive organs and the role of the spermatic cyst.

The effects of ligation of the vas deferens, the corpus epididymis and the vasa efferentia on spermatozoa and testicular morphology were studied in sexually mature rats. Following the ligation of the vas deferens, headless and immotile spermatozoa were observed on the second day in the vas deferens. Decapitation occured in more than ninty per cent of the spermatozoa on the sixth day and the motility became almost zero. On the contrary, in the epididymis normal spermatozoa were observed for a relatively long period. Even three weeks after the vas ligation, more than ninty per cent of spermatozoa showed normal morphology. Spermatic cyst formation was observed so early as four days following ligation of the vas. By the third week cysts were observed in most rats, either unilaterally or bilaterally. In addition, ligation of the corpus epididymis resulted also in the formation of a spermatic cyst on the proximal site of the ligature. A strong correlation was observed between spermatic cyst formation and the occurrence of morphological changes in the testis, as well as the motility and the normality of spermatozoa. When the spermatic cyst was formed, the testis showed almost normal morphology for a long period as well as spermatozoa in the ductal system. When a spermatic cyst was not formed, degenerative changes took place promptly and abnormal spermatozoa were observed in the ductal system. These observations suggest that the seminiferous tubules may be very sensitivie to the increase in intratubular pressure and in such instances the spermatic cyst acts as a "shock absorber" to prevent the abnormal increase of pressure within the ductal system, especially the seminiferous tubules. In addition, the result suggests further that a need for caution and careful follow-up are necessary in the vasectomized man.


Sterility of three brothers in connection with a disturbed carbohydrate metabolism in semen.

Sterile semen of three brothers was investigated biochemically. Most strikingly was the strong similarity of both the amino acid and the carbohydrate composition of the semen. Inside the spermatozoa much more fructose and glucose was present than normally is found. It could be shown that in the seminal plasma peptides and proteins were present all containing more or less beta-alanine and all able to bind glucose and fructose. After incubation with labelled glucose it was evident that inside the spermatozoa enzymes requried for formation of lactic acid were lacking or inactive. Moreover labelled tyrosine and serine was found. Treatment with proviron did not improve carbohydrate metabolism but the amounts of present glucose and fructose inside the spermatozoa had strongly decreased. It is supposed that the sterility of the men is due to a disturbance in spermatogenesis.


Fertility and post-thawing characteristics of deep frozen boar spermatozoa.

Eight-nine gilts were inseminated with deep frozen boar spermatozoa thawed in seminal plasma, filtrate of seminal plasma, skimmed milk and isotonic glucose solution. The most favourable fertility results were obtained when seminal plasma was used as thawing diluent. It was shown that a relationship exists between the post thawing acrosome morphology, the post thawing GOT-release and the fertility of frozen spermatozoa.


Increased serum FSH levels correlated with low and high sperm counts in male infertile patients.

Serum FSH, LH and testosterone were measured in 57 (42) normal men and in 80 male infertile patients. In the former, mean (x) FSH was found to be 2.5 ng/ml with a range (x +/- 2 SD) from 0.25 ng/ml to 5.3 ng/ml, mean LH was 2.2 ng/ml with a range from 0.5 ng/ml to 5.6 ng/ml, and mean testosterone was 540 ng/100 ml with a range from 190 mg/ml to 890 ng/100 ml. Immunoassayable FSH was found to be elevated in 17 out of 42 presumably infertile males with sperm counts below 20 million/ml, and in 5 out of 12 men with sperm counts above 120 million/ml. There was no correlation between testosterone and sperm number, motility, and seminal fructose content. The concurrence of depressed spermatogenesis and elevated FSH levels seems to be a relatively good indicator for the presence of organic disorders of the testis.


Changes in areolar size in boys during the growth phase and pubertal development.

The areolar size was measured in a group of 755 school boys, aged 7 to 20 yrs. At the onset of puberty a sudden increase in areolar size has been noted, with a gradual increase in areolar size as pubertal development proceeds. The increase in areolar size must be seen as a pubertal phenomenon, resulting from a peripheral influence of sexual hormones, but a significant positive relationship to body size during this period of life must also be taken into account.


On the transportation of spermatozoa in the vas deferens.

In this report the intraluminal pressure of the vas deferens was measured in vivo in male cross-bred dogs. The measurement of the pressure elucidated that the vas deferens repeated autonomic contraction. This contraction was not the so-called peristalsis but the entire portion of the vas deferens contracted simultaneously. Stimulation of the hypogastric nerves resulted in a prominent elevation of the pressure in the proximal portion of the vas deferens, i.e., the portion approximate to the epididymis, followed 5-10 seconds later by a rise in the distal portion, i.e., the portion approximate to the prostate. These results suggest that the spermatozoa present near the proximal end of the vas deferens are transported littly by little by the autonomic movements of the vas deferens and that on ejaculation the spermatozoa are pressed forward from the proximal end of the vas deferens to its peripheral end by the stimuli through the hypogastric nerves.


Impermeability of sertoli cell junctions to prolonged exposure to peroxidase.

The competence of the occluding junctional complexes between Sertoli cell has been studied after continuous exposure of the testis to a high concentration of peroxidase for periods of 30 minutes to 4 hours. Horseradish peroxidase in buffered saline solution (10 mg/ml) infused through an indwelling polyethelene tube implanted interstitially in the testis becomes widely distributed throughout the organ via the extensive system of lymphatic sinusoids. All the components of the testicular interstitium become heavily infiltrated. A large amount of peroxidase accumulates in the acellular layers of the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules. Some traverses patent intercellular clefts between myoid cells and enters the interspaces of the basal compartment of the epithelium. The Sertoli cell junctions effectively prevent any further penetration of peroxidase toward the adluminal compartment and in no case was the tracer observed in the tubular lumen. The present study extends previous observations based on brief exposure to tracers and confirms the conclusion that the occluding Sertoli cell junctions are highly impermeable to small tracers and constitute the main structural component of the blood-testis barrier.


Plasmatic testosterone values in 105 Klinefelters.

Clinical, spermiologic and karyologic examinations and determinations of plasmatic testosterone were performed in a group of 105 chromatin-positive patients aged 16 to 45 years. A comparison with a control group of 108 somatosexually well developed and fertile men at the age of 21 to 55 years has established that in the Klinefelter's syndrome the male sex hormone level in the blood was highly significantly lower. Whereas in the control group the male sex hormone values in the blood were dependent on age, it was not possible to prove any dynamic changes in the process of ageing between 21 and 45 years in chromatin-positive patients. A comparison of some phenotypical and laboratory findings in the various chromosomal variants of Klinefelter's syndrome shows that comparatively the least changes were found in patients with a mosaic of 46,XY/47,XXY.


Recovery and simulated driving after intravenous anesthesia with thiopental, methohexital, propanidid, or alphadione.

Recovery from anesthesia was assessed in a double-bind manner in 40 healthy volunteer students after intravenous anesthesia with thiopental (6.0 mg/kg), methohexital (2.0 mg/kg), propanidid (6.6 mg/kg), or alphadione (Althesin), 85 mul/kg using a driving simulator 2,4, 6, and 8 hours after injection of the drugs. Clinical recovery was faster after propanidid and methohexital than after thiopental or alphadione. Driving performances remained significantly (P less than 0.05) worse than in a control group for 6 hours after thiopental and for 8 hours after methohexital, and reaction times 8 hours after thiopental remained worse than in the control subjects. After alphadione driving skills were impaired at 6 hours only. Propanidid produced no impairment in driving skills at any time during the experiment. It is concluded that after the doses used in this study patients should not drive or operate machinery for at least 2 hours after propanidid and for at least 8 hours after alphadione. After methohexital and thiopental patients should probably not drive for 24 hours because of the severity of the disturbances at 8 hours.


Interaction between sedative premedicants and ketamine in man in isolated perfused rat livers.

Premedication with diazepam, hydroxyzine or secobarbital significantly increased ketamine-induced sleep time (137 +/- 3.5 min, 135 +/- 9.2 min, 128 +/- 4.7 min) over that of unpremedicated controls (98.5 +/- 4.4 min) in man. The corresponding mean plasma half-lives (t1/2) of ketamine were longer in patients premedicated with diazepam or seconbarbital (57.8 +/- 4.9 min, 46 +/- 3.2 min) than in controls (36 +/- 1.8 min). Ketamine t1/2 in the perfusate of isolated, perfused rat livers was prolonged 30 to 50 per cent by addition of diazepam, secobarbital, or hydroxyzine. The data suggest that these commonly used premedicants decrease the rate of ketamine metabolism.


Psychological eff-cts of halothane and isoflurane anesthesia.

Psychological effects of halothane (16 subjects) and isoflurane (24 subjects) anesthesia on healthy young men were assessed prior to and 2,3,4,6,8, and 30 days after anesthesia. The results with each agent were compared with each other and with the results for 41 unanesthetized controls. Both agents altered psychological function. Changes in function were greatest 2 days after anesthesia; function had returned to near preanesthesia values 8 days after anesthesia. Only slight symptom and mood effects and no intellectual effect attributable to anesthesia remained 30 days after anesthesia. Halothane produced greater negative effects on moodds and symptoms and tended to produce greater negative effects on intellectural function than did isoflurane. The differences between the two anesthetics are consistent with differences in their solubilities and metabolism.


Resistance of isoflurane to biotransformation in man.

Pulmonary and renal excretion of isoflurane and its metabolites was studied in nine surgical patients following administration of known quantitities of isoflurane. Uptake and pulmonary washout were predictable by a mathematical model for inert vapors. The agreement between predicted and experimental data supports the view that isoflurane is subject to little or no biotransformation. The average recovery in exhaled air was 95 per cent, SE 7 per cent. The postoperative increase of urinary excretion of fluoride and organic fluorine accounted for less than 0.2 per cent of fluorine administered as isoflurane. This small extent of biotransformation is probably biologically insignificant, but only after extensive clinical experience can the hazard of delayed toxic response be conclusively evaluated.


Alteration of warfarin kinetics in man associated with exposure to an operating-room environment.

The plasma half-life of warfarin (mean +/- SE) in five normal, nonmedicated control subjects given a single 40 mg/m2 oral dose of warfarin was 38.8 +/- 4.1 hours. It was essentially the same (37.7 +/- 2.6 hours) in these subjects when determined again four months later. The effect of the single dose of warfarin on prothrombin complex activity (prothrombin response) was determined by calculating the area under the curve obtained by plotting prothrombin time (seconds) versus time after the warfarin dose (hours). The prothrombin response in control subjects was 1670 +/- 64 sec-hr initially and essentially the same at the end of the four-month interval (1730 +/- 96 sec-hr). Plasma warfarin half-life and prothrombin response in seven anesthesiology residents were 32.1 +/- 3.6 hours and 1337 +/- 78 sec-hr at the start of their training period, i.e., before working in the operating room. Four months later, their plasma warfarin half-lives were significantly prolonged (49.3 +/- 4.8 hours) and the prothrombin responses were significantly greater (1552 +/- 22 sec-hr) compared with their initial values. The alteration of warfarin kinetics appeared to be due mainly to inhibition of warfarin metabolism, presumably related to the repeated exposure of these subjects to an operating room environment.


Evaluation of tests used to monitor heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation.

Two tests, the activated coagulation time test (ACT), and the quantitative protamine titration test (QPT), were examined in detail as representative of a large number of tests potentially useful in determining dose of heparin needed during cardiopulmonary bypass and the dose of protamine needed for reversal of heparin. The variability introduced by the test methods (ACT 6 percent, QPT 8 per cent) was insignificant comparen (greater than 25 per cent) and the variation in plasma volume (14 per cent). Both of these variables affected not only QPT but also any modification of it that measures the level of heparin by titration with protamine solutions. Tests that measure the effect of heparin on the clotting time, of which the ACT is an example, were unaffected by either population variable when used in conjunction with a simply constructed dose-response curve.


The effects of differential prenatal and postnatal social enviroments on sexual maturation of young prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii).

We compared the influence of different social enviroments on sexual maturation of young prairie deermice.  Between 12 and 48 hr after parturition, one-half of a litter from a population was exchanged with one-half of a litter from a bisexual pair.  In each situation the remaining half-litter served as controls for the exchange procedure.  The testes and vesicular weights of population-reared males were significantly larger than those of males reared by bisexual pairs, irrespective of prenatal enviroment.  Generally, population-reared females also had larger reproductive organs than those reared by bisexual pairs, although these differences were not statistically significant.  There were no significant differences in the adrenal weights of males or females, but females reared by bisexual pairs had larger absolute and relative adrenals than females reared in populations.


Relationship between effective intensity of auditory stimulation and directional eye turns in the human newborn.

To examine Schneirla's biphasic hypothesis that effectively weak stimulation results in approach-type responses and effectively strong stimulation results in withdrawal-type responses, 90 dB white noise stimuli were presented to twenty-five, 2-day-old female infants.  Based on prior investigation this stimulus was expected to be effectively strong when presented at the right ear and effectively weak when presented at the left ear.  Results obtained from electro-oculargraphic recording of the infants' eye movements supported this hypothesis in that significant towards-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the left ear and significant away-turning occurred when the stimulus was presented at the right ear.


Investigation of genetic factors influencing duration of copulation in "eastern" and "western" Drosophila athabasca.

Observations of mating behaviour were made on "eastern" and "western" Drosophila athabasca and on flies of mixed genetic background.  Duration of copulation in mixed combinations of D. athabasca is determined by the male.  In F1 males the source of X-chromosome, whether eastern or western, partly determined suration of copulation.  However, durations of copulation of backcross males suggest autosomal influence, in that males derived from an eastern backcross demonstrate significantly shorter durations than males derived from a western backcross.  In addition, durations of copulation from F2 combinations exhibit greater variance than the F1 and thereby represent evidence of F2 segregation.


Binary assessment of early approach-behaviour in the Japanese quail.

Visually-elicited early approach-behaviour was studied in 1013 Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by a newly developed, binary assessment procedure.  This procedure was shown to be highly effective for identifying approach preferences and related indivisual differences in early approach-behaviour.  Experimental results show that quail chicks exhibit approach-responses to a flashing light.  Within various paired intensity-combinations of the tested intensity-range of approximately two log units, they consistently preferred the higher intensity stimulus.


The meaning of the term "klinokinesis".

The original definition of the term klinokinesis was based on an account by Ullyott (1936) of the behaviour of the flatworm, Dendrocoelum lacteum, an account recently shown to be unsound.  Recently, the behaviour of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella typhimutium in chemical gradients has been found to conform to the definition, so the term can continue in use.  But no uncomplicated case has been found in metazoans, though the manoeuvres of klinokinesis may make large contributions to the behaviour of some of them, even though it may be complicated and obscured by other types of reaction, such as orthokinesis.  What is needed is mathematical treatment sufficiently thorough to enable the existence of the reaction in metazoans to be ascertained.  There may well be other systems of manoeurvres using random changes of direction and these should be sought and investigated.


Location by odour and turn selection as two stages in the spontaneous alternation of rats.

Rats were given two free unrewarded trials per day in different T-mazes, oriented at 90 degrees to each other, and wiped with either Cajuput or Anise, which produced distinctive odours.  The rate of spontaneous alternation was 82.8 per cent when the same odour was present on both trials, 62.5 per cent when the odour was changed between trials.  This result was taken to support the hypothesis that alternation is a two-stage process, involving location then turn selection, and that odour is one of the stimuli used by the rat in locating itself.


Chemo-klino-kinesis in planarian food location.

The effects of a homologous series of buffered fatty acid solutions on planarian behaviour were measured as the change in klino-kinetic activity.  On the basis of the results obtained a model demonstrating the function of this behaviour pattern in the food-locating response was proposed.  The model suggested that qualitative rather than quantitative gradients were effective in stimulating klino-kinetic orientation.


The size and demographic composition of social groups of wild orang-utans.

Mackinnon (1974) observed social sub-groups of wild orang-utans. The groups' distribution of size and age-sex composition can test mathematical models of group formation. As predicted by models published previously, a truncated Poisson distribution describes the group sizes well. The inferred parameters governing group formation conform to a pattern in other primate species. A simple model for the demographic composition of a sub-group assumes that an individual joins a sub-group with a probability independent of his age-sex class and of other members of the sub-group. This model's predictions, which agree poorly with observation, offer a quantitative baseline against which one can infer when a demographic combination occurs with a non-random frequency.


A study of Western Red Cedar sensitivity: workers' allergy reactions and symptoms.

In 154 individuals who work with Western Red Cedar in Japanese wooden frame factories a high incidence (24.7%) of bronchial asthma was observed. A positive intradermal test was found in 89% of the asthmatics and in 56% of all. A highly positive inhalation test was obtained only in the asthmatic group. It is suggested that other symptoms in addition to bronchial asthma might be caused by Western Red Cedar because of the frequency of positive skin reactions to the Western Red Cedar antigen.


Tryptophane metabolism in bronchial asthma.

Seventeen out of 21 children with severe asthma had an abnormal increase in urinary Kynurenic (KA) and Xanthurenic (XA) acid following oral tryptophane administration. In a second study 11 asthmatic children had significantly greater increases in XA and KA than nine normal healthy children. A micro-assay of KA and XA by column chromatography was performed. The data suggest the presence of a partial block in the metabolism of tryptophane in some children with bronchial asthma.


Hypersensitivity dermatitis from American weeds other than poison ivy.

Although poison ivy is the most common cause of plant dermatitis, other weeds and plants can be incriminated. The lipid soluble plant material known as oleoresins has proved useful both for diagnosis and treatment.


Adrenalin treatment for hereditary angioneurotic edema.

In two patients studied with HAE the repeated use of 1.0 cc of 1:1000 epinephrine every hour for episodes threatening the upper airway resulted in both subjective and objective improvement of signs and symptoms in a manner we interpret as helpful. No harmful side effects have been encountered in these two young, otherwise healthy, people. Until a more definite therapy is found, we believe repeated high doses of adrenalin should be considered in young patients with HAE presenting with symptoms and signs of airway involvement.


Allergy epidemiology in the St. Louis, Missouri, area. IV. weeds.

Weeds elicit two levels of allergenicity, a high level by the Ragweeds and other members of the Asteraceae, and a much lower level by members of the families Amaranthaceae (Pigweed, Western Water Hemp), Chenopodiaceae (Lamb's Quarters, Kochia, and Russian Thistle), and Plantaginaceae (Plantain) in the St. Louis, Missouri area. The frequency of reaction among both adults and children as well as the cross-reactivity values are similarly divided.


An animal model for the XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man: tortoiseshell and calico male cats.

A review of the chromosome findings in 25 male tortoiseshell or calico (T-C) cats showed a variety of aneuploidy, polyploidy, mosaicism, and chimerism. An XXY-complement was included in the chromosome makeup of 16 of the 25 cats. Almost all of these cats were sterile. Testicular pathologic changes, when recorded, appeared comparable with that of human XXY Klinefelter's syndrome. The findings in 2 male T-C cats were presented as representative models of XXY Klinefelter's syndrome in man. Other findings in human Klinefelter's syndrome have not been looked for in the feline models, but a plan for this is underway. A review also was made of the historical steps leading to our present understanding of the Klinefelter syndrome including the role of Felis catus. An explanation of cat coat-color genetics clarified why "black" and sex-linked "orange" coloration can appear together normally in XX females and in rare males with 2 different X chromosomes. Thus, male T-C cats were only convenient indicators of underlying sex-chromosome aberrations which were occurring completely independent of coloration.


Insecticidal activity of temephos against Ctenocephalides felis on dogs and cats.

Dogs and cats were treated with 2% temephos [0,0'-(thiodi-p-phenylene) 0,0',0'-tetramethyl bis (phosphorothioate)] powder to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). Dogs and cats were infested each week with approximately 100 unfed, unsexed fleas less than 14 days old. Live-flea counts were made each day. The experiment was terminated when all dogs and cats retained live fleas for 6 days or more. The 2% temephos powder resulted in excellent flea control on dogs and cats for 2 weeks, partial control for 3 to 4 weeks, and no effective control beyond 4 weeks.


Effect of dobutamine in postperfusion cardiac failure in the dog.

The effect of dobutamine on cardiac function of dogs was investigated. Sixteen dogs were submitted to cardiopulmonary bypass. The aorta of each dog was cross-clamped for 1 hour; attempt was not made to perfuse the heart. After 1 hour, 8 of the 16 dogs were randomly selected and treated with dobutamine (5 mug/kg/min). The other 8 dogs were designated the control group and were given placebo. Postperfusion failure and death were used as end point criteria. Dogs given dobutamine responded remarkably well, with significantly decreased postperfusion low output syndrome. Evidence of cardiac function 5 minutes after the removal of the bypass was the criterion used to determine survival of the surgical cross-clamp procedure; however, this did not necessarily indicate survival of the dog. Of the 8 dogs given dobutamine, 6 (75%) survived the surgical cross-clamp, whereas of the 8 dogs not given dobutamine, 3 (37.5%) survived the surgical procedure. Seemingly, the effect of dobutamine is not mainly chronotropic, but is rather a direct aid to myocardial strength.


Cardiovascular effects of pancuronium bromide in mongrel dogs.

The cardiovascular effects of a new nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, pancuronium bromide, were studied in mongrel dogs. Small, but significant, increases in mean arterial blood pressure were observed after each of 2 intravenous doses (0.01 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg) were given. Heart rate increased significantly in dogs administered the larger dosage, and indexes of ventricular functions demonstrated a trend toward positive cardiac inotrophy after either the large or the small dose.


Pathologie changes in endocrine glands and certain other tissues of lambs implanted with the synthetic growth promotant zeranol.

As doses of zeranol implants (0 (control), 12, 24, 48, and 96 mg) were increased, there were increased reaction and activity in target organs (such as urogenital tract and mammary, adrenal, hypophyseal, and thyroid glands) of castrated male sheep (wethers). Hyperplasia and transitional and squamous transformation in the prostate were mild (1+) in the wethers given 12- and 24-mg doses, moderate to marked (2.5+) in the wethers given 48-mg doses, and severe (4+) in the wethers given 96-mg doses. Papillary proliferation and fibrosis increased correspondingly in the seminal vesicle. Changes in the distal penile urethra increased from papillary hyperplasia in the wethers given a 24-mg dose to 100% squamous transformation in the wethers given a 96-mg dose. Mammary gland development was noticeable in the wethers given a 24-mg dose and increased thereafter to progressive alveolar growth and secretory activity in the wethers given 48- and 96-mg doses. Along with a progressive increase of adrenal gland weight and adrenal gland/thyroid gland ratios over the controls, the principals had hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. Mean adrenal cortex widths for control wethers and wethers given 24-, 48-, and 96-mg doses were 2,089, 2,140 (adjusted value, 2,194), 2,416, and 2,425 mum, respectively. Mean adrenal gland weights for control wethers and wethers given 12-, 24-, 48-, and 96-mg doses were 2.50, 2.61, 2.53, 2.70, and 2.78 g. respectively. Hyperplasia (nodule formation) plus exhaustive and pyknotic changes of the adrenal cortex increased similarly with increasing zeranol dose. After the thyroid gland weights decreased (2.19, 2.04, 2.00, and 1.72 g, respectively, for control wethers and wethers given 12-, 48-, and 96-mg doses), secretory activity of thyroid epithelial cells decreased. In the glandular portion of the hypophysis, secretory activity and proliferation of eosinophilic cells increased with the larger zeranol doses (48 and 96 mg). There was a corresponding decrease in the number of basophils. These changes are consistent with increased somatotropin and adrenocorticotropin secretion and decreased thyrotropin secretion. Muscle and ligament structures appeared looser and widened in the wethers given the 96-mg dose, and fat cell formation was increased in the muscles along ligament muscle junctions.


An indirect hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of Eperythrozoon suis infection in swine.

An indirect hemagglutination test was developed to detect naturally occurring eperythrozoonosis in swine and to follow experimentally induced infections serologically. The antigen used was prepared from the plasma of acutely infected, splenectomized pigs. The test was specific and reliable in detecting swine latently infected with the disease.


Plasma concentrations of pepsinogen and corticosteroid in relation to gastric lesions in swine.

Plasma pepsinogen and plasma corticosteroid concentrations were found to be unrelated to the presence or severity of gastric lesions in swine. Mean plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid concentrations were significantly different between collection periods, with significantly higher values occurring during cold weather. Seemingly, plasma pepsinogen and corticosteroid values are neither indicative of susceptibility to, nor of the presence of, gastric erosions or ulcers in swine. However, plasma pepsinogen concentration may be a potential indicator of stress.


Effects of parasympathominetics on porcine stillbirth.

To study the effect of 2 parasympathomimetic drugs in reduction of incidence of stillborn pigs, 84 sows and gilts were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups. Single 1-ml injections of isotonic saline solution, carbachol (2 mg/ml), or neostigmine bromide (5 mg/ml) were subcutaneously administered to pigs of groups A, B, and C, respectively. Injections were given midway through parturition in an attempt to hasten the delivery of the last pigs in the litter, where the corresponding incidence of stillbirth is greatest. The mean time of injection was after the birth of 3.5 pigs. Total stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.23) and neostigmine-treated (0.21) pies were significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for control pigs (0.88). Before injection, stillbirths/litter for control pigs (0.23) were not significantly different from those for carbachol-treated (0.18) or neostigmine-treated (0.12) pigs. After treatment, stillbirths/litter for carbachol-treated (0.06) and neostigmine-treated (0.09) pigs were both significantly different (P greater than 0.0001) from those for saline solution-treated control pigs (0.65). When injected midway through parturition, carbachol and neostigmine reduced stillbirth rate by reducing stillbirths which occur late in farrowing.


Retention of selenium in tissues of calves, lambs, and pigs after parenteral injection of a selenium-vitamin E preparation.

Four each healthy weaned calves, lambs, and pigs raised in Indiana without selenium supplementation were killed, and their tissues were fluorometrically analyzed to establish base line selenium concentrations. The following mean selenium content (in ppm, wet weight) was found in calves, lambs, and pigs, respectively: liver, 0.12, 0.16, and 0.19; renal cortex, 0.63, 0.89, and 0.70; muscle, 0.05, 0.05, and 0.06. Eight each additional healthy weaned calves, lambs, and pigs were injected with a commercial selenium-vitamin E preparation at dose levels of 0.0825, 0.055, or 0.06 mg of Se (as selenite) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. Selenium content of tissues was measured in animals killed at 1, 7, 14, and 23 days after injection. In calves, concentrations in liver and kidney rapidly increased to moderate values and then slowly decreased, with mean concentrations after 23 days still somewhat greater than base line values. Concentrations for injection site tissue also rapidly increased to moderate values, but had decreased to base line values by 23 days after injection. In lambs, selenium content of liver was moderately increased after injection, but had decreased to base line values after 14 days; kidney and injection site did not have increased selenium content after injection. In pigs, liver and kidney had moderate initial increases in concentration of selenium, but these were at base line values after 14 days, and increase did not occur at injection sites.


Pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle after intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole.

Intraruminal and intravenous administration of 3-methylindole (3MI; skatole) caused interstitial pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle. In 3 adult heifers given the intraruminal dose of 0.2 g of 3 MI per kilogram of body weight, clinical signs of respiratory disease appeared between 6 and 12 hours after dosing, and death due to pulmonary edema and emphysema occurred at 33, 69, and 72 hours. The mean plasma concentration of 3MI became maximal (18.5 mug/ml) at 3 hours and then decreased to low concentrations by 48 hours. In 2 heifers given an intraruminal dose of 0.1 g of 3MI/kg, clinical signs developed, but they did not die during the 96-hour experiment. The mean plasma concentration of 3 MI became maximal (16.8 mug/ml) at 3 hours and decreased to 1.6 and 0.4 mug/ml at 12 and 36 hours, respectively. At necropsy of the heifers, the lung were large, firm, dark red, and heavier than normal. Diffuse pulmonary edema was the predominant change in cattle which died early, and interstitial emphysema was more severe at later stages of the disease. During the early stages, alveoli were overdistended, and a few more ruptured. Most alveolar spaces were filled with proteinaceous residue, but the alveolar septums were smooth and of normal thickness. At later stages, proliferation of alveolar cells was observed, and alveolar septums were thickened. In 3 cows given 0.06 g of 3MI/kg by jugular infusion, clinical signs appeared in all cows, and 1 cow died of pulmonary edema and emphysema 56 hours after the infusion was started. Severe pulmonary lesions seen in all of the cows given a 3MI infusion were similar to those in the cows given an intraruminal dose of 3MI. The mean plasma concentration of 3MI increased to 10.7 mug/ml at 9 hours after starting the infusion and decreased to 0.5 mug/ml at 18 hours. The results indicate that 3MI, a product of ruminal tryptophan fermentation, can cause pulmonary edema and interstitial emphysema in cattle and support the hypothesis that 3MI is the causative agent in tryptophan-induced pulmonary disease.


Ruminal and plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole associated with tryptophan-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle.

Five Hereford cows were given an intraruminal dose of L-tryptophan (0.35 g/kg of body weight), and 2 cows were used as controls. Of the 5 treated cows, 3 developed clinical signs of interstitial pul  monary edema, and emphysema and severe pulmonary lesions were seen at necropsy after 96 hours. Another cow developed moderate clinical signs and pulmonary lesions, and the remaining cow had few clinical signs and mild pulmonary lesions. The severity of clinical signs in each cow was related to the severity of pulmonary lesions at necropsy. The 3-methylindole (3MI) was present in ruminal fluid and plasma within 6 hours after administration of tryptophan, and the concentrations increased to 3.0 and 9.0 mug/ml within 12 to 24 hours. Severity of pulmonary lesions was related to maximal concentration and duration of 3MI in the plasma. At necropsy, gross lesions were characterized by diffuse, pulmonary edema and interstital emphysema; and the lungs were dark red, firm, and heavier than normal. Predominant microscopic changes included accumulation of proteinaceous residue, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar lining epithelium, thickening of alveolar septums, and emphysematous thickening of interstitial tissues. These changes were similar to previously reported 3MI-induced pulmonary lesions. The presence of 3MI in ruminal fluid and plasma after administration of tryptophan and the relationship between concentration of 3MI and severity of clinical signs indicate that 3MI is the principal metabolite of ruminal fermentation which leads to the development of acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle given tryptophan.


Induction of fescue foot syndrome in cattle by fractionated extracts of toxic fescue hay.

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb) hay from a source known to cause "fescue foot" in grazing cattle was extracted with 80% ethanol. The ethanolic extract was further refined and fractionated into cation,nion, and neutral f fractions by ion-exchange chromatography. The cation fraction was partitioned with alkaline-chloroform to give chloroform-extractable cation and residual cation fractions. All fractions plus the crude ethanolic extract were assayed for toxic activity by intraperitoneal injection into 12 calves (weighting 152.4 to 241.3 kg each) over a 14-day period. Clinical signs of fescue foot were observed on the 5th day in calves given the anion and crude ethanolic extracts. Lameness, swelling, and reddening of the rear coronary bands, discoloration of the tip of the tail, and other signs of fescue foot were seen. Microscopically, coronary bands and tail tips of affected calves had blood vessels with thick walls and small lumens.


Periovulatory changes in peripheral plasma progesterone and estrogen concentrations in the mare.

Concentrations of progesterone and estrogen were measured in peripheral blood plasma samples from mares around the time of ovulation. Samples were collected every 2 hours from 36 hours before, to 26 hours after, ovulation and assayed by radioimmunoassay. Progesterone concentrations were between 60 and 100 pg/ml for the period 24 hours before ovulation through 8 hours after ovulation. By 10 hours after ovulation, concentrations increased to 140 pg/ml and, by 26 hours after ovulation, reached 346 pg/ml. Plasma estrogen concentrations did not change significantly throughout the same period.


Leptospirosis in wildlife in Brazil: isolation of a new serotype in the pyrogenes group.

A new leptospiral serotype in the serogroup Pyrogenes is described. The strain was isolated from one gray "four-eyed" opossum (Philander opossum). It is proposed that the serotype be designated guaratuba, strain An-7705. The isolations of serotypes ballum from the South American field mouse (Akodon arviculoides), szwajizak and icterohaemorrhagiae from the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and grippotyphosa from many other wild animal species as well as domesticated animals are also described.


Leptospiral antibodies in serum from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats: 1973 and 1974.

During 2 years (fiscal years 1973 and 1974), microscopic agglutination tests were performed on 12,565 serums from cattle, swine, horses, deer, sheep, and goats for the detection of leptospiral antibodies. The most frequent presumptive infecting serogroups were Hebdomadis, Pomona, Autumnalis, Ballum, Australis, and Canicola.


Bovine pheochromocytoma: case report and review of literature.

A pheochromocytoma had partially replaced the left adrenal gland of a mature, grade Hereford cow and had penetrated the caval wall with resultant production of an intravascular nodule having a diameter of 2 cm. A few small neoplastic emboli were in thin-walled capsular and trabecular blood vessels. Metastasis to other tissues was not demonstrated.


Surgical procedure for intraamnionic inoculation of the bovine fetus.

A surgical procedure that ensures intraamnionic inoculation of the bovine fetus is described. Right flank surgical operation was performed, using a "grid"-type entry though the abdominal muscles. A portion of the uterus containing 1 fetal leg was presented for inoculating the test material between the hooves. The procedure was rapid and simple to do and was safe for both the dam and the fetus.


Salmonella and Erysipelothrix infection in swine: a laboratory summary.

The occurrence of salmonellas and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tissues of swine was determined by bacteriologic and fluorscent antibody examination of 5,297 specimens from herds investigated for hog cholera. Of the specimens examined, 35.5% were positive for salmonellas, 21.1% were positive for E rhusiopathiae, and 8.3% were positive for both salmonellas and E rhusiopathiae.


Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antibodies in porcine serum by complement-fixation test.

A total of 660 porcine serum samples from 35 herds in 6 states were tested for complement-fixing antibodies against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Samples were prepared from blood collected from swine herds suspected of having mycoplasmal pneumonia because of clinical signs or lesions or both. Only 56 serums from 10 herds gave positive test results.


Comparative study of Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in turkey sinus.

Infraorbital sinuses of young turkeys were injected with virulent strains of Mycoplasma pulmonis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum to compare the diseases caused by the 2 agents. Mycoplasma pulmonis did not cause visible swelling from large quantities of mucous exudate  in the sinuses, such as occurs with M gallisepticum, and it could not be recovered by bacteriologic culture technique after 3 weeks. However, slight exudate did accompany the M pulmonis infection. Similarities between the disease caused by M pulmonis and that caused by M gallisepticum included lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa, swollen epithelial cells, and loss of cilia from sinus epithelial cell surfaces. This strain of M pulmonis, which is pathogenic for rats, was only mildly pathogenic for turkeys and the infection did not persist for long.


A micromethod for evaluating turkey lymphocyte response to phytomitogens.

A microculture system used in conjunction with a semiautomatic sample harvester is described to determine the in vitro properties of turkey peripheral blood lymphocytes. By this new procedure, multiple tests were done rapidly, relatively few cells were used, and results were highly reproducible. Analysis indicated that the conditions for optimal concanavalin A (con A) stimulation, as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) included (a) 2 times 10(6) cells per culture in RPMI 1640 medium in the absence of any serum; (b) 0.4 mug of con A per culture, incubated in flat-bottom microtitration wells for 72 hours at 37 C; and (c) 1 muCi of 3H-TdR per culture added 12 to 24 hours before termination. Conditions for optimal stimulation with pokeweed mitogen were similar to those used for con A. The exceptions were that 1 times 10(6) cells per culture were incubated in round-bottom microtitration wells. The pokeweed mitogen gave the highest degree of stimulation when used at a concentration of 80 mug per culture.


Pulmonary melioidosis. Observations in thirty-nine cases.

During the 6-year period from 1965 through 1970, 39 patients with pulmonary melioidosis were treated at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. Although this is a disease with a well-defined endemic area that does not include the United States, cases will no doubt continue to be seen in this country. These cases may result from acute infection in the endemic area, with subsequent travel to this country, or from delayed reactivation of a latent infection acquired months or years earlier. Given the potential for occurrence of this disease in the United States, continued awareness by the medical profession is important. The typical patient with subacute or chronic pulmonary melioidosis presents with fever, productive cough, weight loss, and a history of visiting an endemic area sometime in the past. Chest radiographs disclose upper lobe infiltrates and/or cavitation, suggesting granulomatous disease. With careful bacteriologic examination, sputum cultures are positive for Pseudomonas pseudomallei, which is susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and kanamycin. The titer of the indirect hemagglutinating antibodies will almost always be greater than 1:40. Most patients respond to therapy with tetracycline alone of in combination with chloramphenicol. Occasionally, a patient may require surgical intervention; if so, ideally the sputum should be negative, and a lobectomy, rather than segmentectomy, should be performed.


Protein biosynthesis by the pulmonary alveolar macrophage. Comparison of synthetic activity of suspended cells and cells on surfaces.

An effort to optimize conditions for studying protein biosynthesis by the pulmonary alveolar macrophage in vitro has led to a comparative analysis of the activity of suspended and adherent cells. A number of differences were observed. (1) Suspended cells synthesized protein for only a limited period of time, after which they responded only partially to incubation in fresh medium. This was true even under reincubation conditions in which the cells were allowed to adhere to a surface. Adherent cells, however, synthesized protein during a longer period of time and were fully capable of responding to new medium within the time periods examined. (2) Analyses of the radioactive proteins synthesized using a dual-isotope technique suggested that, during a period of 2 hours, suspended cells synthesized relatively smaller quantities of high molecular weight proteins than adherent cells. (3) The administration of a phagocytic load (zymosan; particle to cell ratio, 10:1) inhibited by 20 per cent the incorporation of isotopic amino acid into protein during a period of 3 hours. The same phagocytic load, however, stimulated incorporation by 20 per cent in adherent cells. (4) The rate of particle uptake measured using oil red O-albumin complexes decreased by approximately 50 per cent in suspended cells preincubated for 2 hours, but was maintained in similarly preincubated adherent cells. It was concluded that pulmonary alveolar macrophages incubated adhered to a surface are more appropriate for metabolic studies than are pulmonary alveolar macrophages incubated in suspension.


Characteristics of chronic bronchitis in a warm, dry region.

Subjects residing in the warm, dry climate of Tucson, Arizona showed the same relationship of productive cough to smoking as noted elsewhere, but they less regularly reported seasonal or diurnal exacerbations of their symptoms and they less regularly reported phlegm production along with chronic cough. In this locale, even nonchronic dry cough was associated with an increased frequency of other respiratory symptoms and of ventilatory impairment. In comparing characteristics of subjects with a clinical diagnosis of chronic bronchitis with characteristics of subjects who had only questionnaire-detected chronic productive cough, it was found that smoking habits were more closely related to the presence of chronic cough than to the clinical diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis was associated with other features, such as wheezing, at least as often as with productive cough. This was especially true in children, in whom a suprisingly high prevalence of both chronic cough and clinically confirmed chronic bronchitis was noted. These observations led to questions concerning the appropriateness of using a common clinical term such as chronic bronchitis to describe subjects whose only known abnormality is an affirmative answer to a direct question concerning phlegm production.


Sensitivity of volume of isoflow in the detection of mild airway obstruction.

The relative sensitivity of volume of isoflow test for detecting obstruction was compared to that of other tests, including flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity, closing volumes, and frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance. The volume of isoflow was measured in a waterless spirometer after 3 vital capacity inspirations of a mixture of 80 per cent oxygen. We studied 22 asymptomatic, healthy smokers (18 men and 4 women, 32.5 +/- 7.2 years of age, who smoked 5 to 20 pack-years). Thirteen smokers had an abnormal volume of isoflow, yet only 4 had an abnormal flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity and 2 had an abnormal closing volume. Abnormal frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance was demonstrated in 3 of 7 smokers tested with an abnormal volume of isoflow; none was detected in 7 smokers tested with normal volume of isoflow. Static pressure-volume curves and diffusing capacity were normal in all smokers with an abnormal volume of isoflow, and after bronchodilator inhalation, volume of isoflow improved in one half of the subjects. These results suggest reversible, intrinsic airway obstruction in the presence of normal flow at 60 per cent of total lung capacity and closing volume. Furthermore, volume of isoflow was a more sensitive test that flow at 60 per cent total lung capacity, closing volume, or frequency dependence of dynamic lung compliance.


Intraindividual variability in maximal expiratory flow-volume and closing volume in asymptomatic subjects.

The variability of the parameters derived from analysis of the forced vital capacity and the expired nitrogen trace after a vital capacity inhalation of oxygen (closing volume) within a day, from day to day, and from week to week, has been determined. Effort-dependent tests as vital capacity and peak expiratory flow showed the least variability. The greatest variability was seen in effort-independent tests of function such as the maximal expiratory flow rate at 25 per cent (75 per cent of expired vital capacity) and 50 per cent of vital capacity, as well as closing volume. The degree of variability in the tests used was uninfluenced by the periodicity of the tests or the age or smoking habits of the subjects tested. It is suggested that variability of tests of respiratory function should be taken into account in their interpretation.


Change in the respiratory response to coarse cotton dust over a ten-year period.

Changes in respiratory function during a 10-year period were studied in a group of 34 men and 19 women exposed to coarse cotton dust. The prevalence of byssinosis increased significantly in the 10-year period both in men and women; in addition, there was an increase in the prevalence of all other chronic respiratory symptoms in 1973 compared to 1963. There was a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and forced vital capacity over the Monday shift both in 1963 and 1973. In subjects who were without byssinosis in 1963 but who had developed it by 1973, there was a considerable decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec in 1973. The mean annual decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (70 ml) during the 10-year period in the men was much greater than expected on the basis of the prediction equation for normal males, and it was most pronounced in those with byssinosis at the time of both surveys (111 ml).


Human pulmonary dirofilariasis. A case report and review of the literature.

A case of pulmonary dirofilariasis in a 48-year-old woman is presented. This rare pulmonary disorder is caused by Dirofilaria immitis, the canine heartworm. A review of the literature revealed 40 documented cases, most of which have occurred in the United States within the past 10 years. The incidence of pulmonary dirofilariasis appears to be increasing; thus, this entity represents an important zoonosis and indicates a need for familiarity with the pathologic features of the lesions and the morphologic characteristics of the worm.


Use of the productive cough test to confirm presence of respiratory symptoms in school-age children.

We assessed the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and loose cough in 622 school-age children from an urban town in Connecticut. A higher prevalence of chronic symptoms was reported by black children, but the prevalence of recent symptoms and of loose cough in black children was similar to that in white children. The relationship between prevalence of recent symptoms and loose cough suggests that the observed racial differences in prevalence of chronic symptoms were unlikely to be due to racial differences in responses to a respiratory symptom questionnaire.


An improvement in whole body plethysmography.

A simple method for greatly reducing thermal drift and acoustic noise in constant-volume, whole body plethysmography is described. Evaluation and adjustment for any particular clinical application can be carried out in a few moments. The device itself consists of a 20- to 25-gauge needle, a "Y" tube, and a 1-liter or more vessel, and may be assembled in 30 minutes from parts readily available in any hospital laboratory.


Management of post-traumatic pain syndromes (causalgia).

A number of post-traumatic pain syndromes may be grouped under the two headings: causalgia and mimocausalgia states. Our concern is the early recognition of patients whose complaints have a real organic basis but whose physical signs are not of sufficient degree to make this fact readily apparent. These patients are all too often mismanaged or neglected for sufficiently long periods of time to permit the underlying pathologic physiology to secure supremacy over normal function. Recognized and treated properly by means of sympathetic ablation, either medical or surgical, the vast majority can be relieved of their symptoms. The extremities can then be rehabilitated by appropriate measures.


Operative assessment of carotid endarterectomy: Internal carotid arterial back pressure, carotid arterial blood flow, and carotid arteriography.

Determination of ICA back pressure, electromagnetic measurement of internal carotid arterial blood flow, and performance of operative carotid arteriography have been assessed in a series of elective carotid endarterectomies. If ICA back pressure is used to determine the need for an internal shunt, our data suggest that a minimal pressure of 60-70 mmHg is required to insure adequacy of collateral cerebral blood flow in all patients. Internal carotid arterial blood flow was not significantly increased after endarterectomy. Although flow measurements are of some interest, their routine measurement does not appear to have significant clinical usefulness. Operative carotid arteriography is a valuable technique in identifying unsuspected technical errors at the site of endarterectomy and should be used routinely.


A new technique for resection of thoracoabdominal aneurysms.

This report describes a temporary bypass shunt as a simple and effective method of reducing stasis time to the visceral arteries when resecting thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.


Proximal jejunal reversal procedure without interposition for management of dumping syndrome.

For control of disabling dumping syndrome, a short jejunal reversal interposition between the gastric remnant and the duodenum or between the gastric remnant and the jejunum with or without a second jejunal reversal is in current use. A new procedure, proximal jejunal reversal based on a modified antiperistaltic Roux-en-Y without interposition of the jejunal loop is presented and three cases are reported.


Cystic lymphangioma of the cecum with ileocecal intussusception: Case report.

A rare case of cystic lymphangioma of the cecum presenting as a leading point for ileocecal intussusception is described. Local resection is recommended.


Giant cell lesion of the mandible in coincidental hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

A patient with hyperparathyroidism, thyrotoxicosis and a giant cell lesion of the mandible is reported. The hyperparathyroidism was secondary to renal hypoplasia and/or thyrotoxicosis. A review of the literature revealed other cases with giant cell lesions and secondary hyperparathyroidism. This study indicates that giant cell lesions are not specific for primary hyperparathyroidism.


Adenoid cystic carcinoma of submaxillary gland metastatic to great toe.

A case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submaxillary gland metastatic to the left great toe in a 52-year-old man is reported. The patient survived 10 months after diagnosis of the metastasis to the hallux. The well-documented cases of four other patients, two each with pulmonary and renal-cell carcinoma metastatic to the toe, are reviewed. Metastatic carcinoma to the toe as well as the finger typically mimics an inflammatory process. An osteolytic lesion of the phalanx of a toe or finger resembling an inflammatory process without a history of injury or infection should suggest the possibility of malignancy.


Transrectal needle method for biopsy of the prostate: review of 90 cases.

Eighty-three patients undergoing a total of 90 transrectal procedures for obtaining prostatic tissue for biopsy were reported. All were done without preparation or later use of retention catheter. Tetracycline was administered for two or three days before the procedure and continued for a total of five days after. Most patients were hospitalized for this procedure, but we do not think this is necessary or ideal. A complication rate of 9.3 per cent-5.4 per cent for sepsis and 3.9 per cent hematuria-was encountered. Only four false negative results were obtained. We believe that the transrectal procedure is a safe and accurate method for diagnosis carcinoma of the prostate. We would also recommend use of a broad-spectrum antibiotic, preferably before and after operation, but at least after for a minimum of five days.


[A religious sect, its mental ill patients, its physician and its psychiatrists].

A religious Sect (Jéhovah witness), its mental patients, its doctor and its psychiatrists. The authors study religious sects, specially Jéhovoah witness. Such 15 mentally ill patients among this group have been treated at the psychiatric clinic. The fact that they are members of a community, sharing the same religious faith, and having in common severe rules of life, is considered as having a pathogenic or beneficial effect. One of them, physician, explain their opinion of mental illness : they believe in biological factors and discard any psychotherapeutic mean.


[Psychiatry in French Guiana (formal, institutional and statistical aspects)].

Psychiatry in French Guyana. The authors describe Psychiatric hospital and psychiatric practice in French Guyana, with special attention to clinical and statistical datas.


[The psychiatrist and the functioning of the penitentiary system].

The psychiatrist and the functioning of the penitentiary system. A group of psychiatrists working at different points of the penal and psychiatric circuits have met to discuss about the working conditions of the psychiatrists inside the penitentiary institution. Rapidely it appeared to them that their discussions should extend to the penal system considered in its entirity. Concrete propositions were addressed to the Minister of Justice and the Minister of Health. Reforms are possible at every step of the penal circuit. Some improvements only need the application of laws and reglementations which already exist: others require changes in the laws. For the reforms to become fully effective, the spirit in which the penal sanction is elaborated and applied should change in the prisions, in the judicary institution and in the public opinion.


Initial treatment of descemetocele with hydrophilic contact lenses.

A hydrophilic contact lens was used as the initial mode of therapy in 5 cases of descemetocele. The lens was left in place over the descemetocele continuously for periods ranging from 2 to 15 months. Corneal perforation did not occur, and the anterior chamber remained formed in all cases. The device seemingly provides sufficient structural reinforcement to Descemet's membrane to prevent its distension by the intraocular pressure. It also maintains Descemet's membrane in a moist state and protects the descemetocele from the trauma of the lid margins during blinking. This series of cases indicates that a hydrophilic contact lens can be a very effective temporizing measure for the treatment of descemetocele, enabling the surgeon initially to cope with an ocular emergency in a very simple manner, and to convert the ultimate surgical repair to a scheduled, carefully planned procedure with a much greater potential for success.


Ophthalmic presentations of cluster headache.

Cluster headache is frequently characterized by pain localized to the orbital area. There is often associated ipsilateral oculosympathetic paresis with varying degrees of blepharoptosis and miosis. The ophthalmologist is often confronted with such cases; however, the atypical presentations and the subtle clinical findings may obscure the diagnosis. As cluster headache is a benign condition, accurate recognition is essential to spare the patient potentially harmful diagnostic studies.


Drug delivery systems for topical ophthalmic medication.

Two new topical ophthalmic delivery systems are described. The modes of delivery were compared with conventionally administered eyedrops on the basis of intraocular pressure lowering effect, dependability in delivery of prescribed dosage, and patient acceptance of the system. Pilocarpine delivered by each of the systems was found to control IOP as well as conventional pilocarpine drops. Although some patients took a longer time than others to adjust to a new mode of delivery, patient acceptance of the systems was high.


Cavernous hemangioma of the retina: report of four cases.

Four patients had cavernous hemangiomas of the retina. The lesions, which usually occur in asymptomatic individuals, are unusual hamartomas comprised of saccular aneurysms containing venous blood and located on the surface of the retina or at the optic nervehead. Two patients had photocoagulation to destroy the lesions. In one patient, the lesion was totally destroyed after treatment to it and to the surrounding retina; in the second patient, a portion of the lesion had enlarged greatly when examined 5 years after photocoagulation. The hemangiomas of the other 2 patients have been observed without therapeutic intervention--the course we prefer for the majority of cases.


Cleaning hydrophilic contact lenses: an overview.

The composition of the major, critical component of the amorphous deposits forming on hydrophilic lenses during wear was identified and reported by Karageozian as basically proteinaceous in nature. The research surrounding the identification has produced animal and laboratory models for testing the parameteres involved in the protein deposition, as well as in its removal. A standardized system for classifying the protein deposits during and after formation, along with the experimental animal and laboratory models allows a relatively complete development of the predictive tests required for a compound or a product intended for use as a cleaner of hydrophilic lenses. These predictive tests have been run on several available cleaning systems as well as on a new one; the results indicate clearly that, unlike the available systems, the new system will safely remove deposits from hydrophilic lenses. The laboratory predictive test results have been borne out by clinical trial; the clinical results indicate the suitability of the new formulation and the predictive capability of the test models developed.


Cryoextraction of dislocated lenses.

Twenty-two dislocated lenses were removed using cryoextraction. They occurred in a consecutive series of 1,800 planned intracapsulars. Included in the complete series were 16 dislocated lenses in 3 groups: Marfan's syndrome, homocystinuria and congenital types of dislocations. None of these were removed since the patient's vision was adequate in each case. These patients are still under observation. In one case, we used the Hagler-Calhoun double pronged needle. We think this procedure is entirely too traumatic. In 21 cases, the dislocated lenses were removed intracapsularly. In one instance, the lens nucleus had been dislocated in an earlier operation, and there was advanced secondary glaucoma. The lens was removed with cryosurgery, resulting in a useful eye with no pain. Cryoextraction of dislocated lenses is the least traumatic surgical approach and is the method of choice.


Surgical technique of cyclodialysis lens extraction.

Cyclodialysis lens extraction is a safe, predictable procedure for simultaneous surgery of cataract and glaucoma. A few maneuvers outlined in this paper which differ from the cyclodialysis approach to the aphakic eye significantly reduce the problem of hyphema and corneal damage.


[The chetotaxy of the swimming larvas of the European Polystomes (Monogenea)].

The sensillae of the swimming larvae of the Mongeneans of the Polystoma genus can be classified into groups and transversal cycles. The study of three european species shows that the two generations of larvae, one of them coming from the adult, the other one from the neotenic, have the same chetotaxy, that there are very few individual differences from one larva to the next, and that closely related species can sometimes be distinguished by minor variations within a fundamental pattern.


Further surgical management of gastric ulcer with unsuspected malignant change.

This paper considers the further surgical management of patients who have had a gastric ulcer removed which was apparently benign but which on subsequent histological examination has proved to be a carcinoma. A retrospective review of 59 such patients has been undertaken. A non-radical partial gastrectomy was performed in the first instance on all these patients; 24 of them had a second operation once the correct diagnosis had been reached and 35 had no further surgery. These two groups are compared. The overall 5-year survival in the non-revisional group was only 23% compared with 56% in those treated by a second operation. It is thought that revisional surgery should be undertaken within 6-8 weeks, provided the age and general condition of the patient are satisfactory. Since 1970 the routine use of fibreoptic endoscopy and biopsy has virtually eliminated the problem.


Myocardial function following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Twenty-one patients have been studied in the 48 h after valve replacement to determine the possible contribution of abnormalities of left ventricular myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption to the impaired cardiac performance which is sometimes evident in such patients. In the 14 patients making an uneventful recovery (Group A) the mean values for blood flow and oxygen consumption were both higher than in resting man, while the arterio-coronary sinus oxygen content difference was narrowed, with a high coronary sinus oxygen tension. Five patients had a low cardiac output (Group B) and had similar levels of blood flow and oxygen consumption to Group A, while the coronary sinus oxygen content and tension were reduced. When the heart rate was increased by pacing (Group C) myocardial oxygen consumption increased but coronary blood flow failed to rise, while the arterio-coronary sinus oxygen content difference widened slightly. It is concluded that the low postoperative cardiac output is not due to low coronary blood flow or myocardial oxygen supply, but these patients have a limited ability to increase their already high coronary blood flow. Therefore any increase in oxygen demand may be met by the potentially detrimental mechanism of widening the arterio-coronary sinus difference, with lower coronary sinus and tissue oxygen tension.


Articular cartilage studies and osteoarthrosis.

Osteoarthrosis is characterized in the early stages by degradation of articular cartilage matrix. Clinical, radiological, and pathological studies have failed to reveal the factors which initiate the breakdown of cartilage and are not applicable to detailed sequential studies of the affected tissues at all stages in the disease. Therefore animal experiments have been employed to provide more information on degradation and repair process in cartilage. These studies have demonstrated: 1) Matrix protection and induced repair of mature articular cartilage by the use of oral aspirin after lacerative injury. 2) Establishment by the intra-articular injection of the plant enzyme papain of a model of osteoarthrosis in the rabbit hip which mimics human osteoarthrosis and is suitable for further experimental studies. 3) A proliferation of mature articular cartilage chondrocytes in response to loss of matrix, which indicates a latent repair capacity. 4) Repair of extensively damaged hip joints after femoral osteotomy by increased formation of subchondral new bone and formation of fibrocartilage on the articulating surfaces. These tissue repair processes are associated with an increase in vascularity of the femoral head and acetabulum produced by the osteotomy. 5) Succesful transplantation as allografts in both normal and arthrotic rabbit knees of aggregates of epiphysial chondrocytes isolated from their matrix. This method of joint surface replacement may have clinical applications.


[Effect of tranquilizer doping on the muscular activity on the sport horse. I. -- Acepromazine (author's transl)].

Doping with tranquilizers has appeared recently in horse-back riding sports. In this paper we study the effects of acepromazine, one of the main tranquilizers used, on various physiological and biochemical aspects of muscular activity (cardiac and respiratory rhythms, seric rates of glucose, urea, protein, creatine phosphokinase, glutamate oxalacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase). A low dose (0.02 mg/kg) of acepromazine is injected; the evolution of the variables is studied before and after a standardized effort. After the effort and during recuperation, acepromazine administration causes: -- a decrease of respiratory rhythm and seric protein rats, -- an increase of creatine phosphokinase rate. A discussion of these results suggests that acepromazine depresses the respiratory centers and has a possible toxic effect on the muscle cell.


[Effect of tranquilizer doping on the muscular activity of the sport horse. II. -- Diazepam (author's transl)].

The practise of repeated doping of the sport horse led us to examine its effects on the health of the animal, and particularly on muscular activity. The main doping agent used at present (acepromazine) has already been studied (COURTOT et al., 1974). In this paper, we study the secondary effects of diazepam, a derivative of the benzodiazepine series, which is being used more and more frequently on horses. In treated animals as compared to controls, we observe: -- a slight respiratory depression related solely to effort, -- an increase in seric creatine phosphokinase rate with no apparent relation to effort. A discussion of these results leads to the conclusion that the secondary effects of diazepam are: -- a punctual effect on respiration as related to decreasing effort intensity, -- a toxic effect on muscle.


[Comparative evolution of blood antibodies in cattle infested with hypodermosis and treated with different insecticides (author's transl)].

Immunological response to hypodermosis is studied by a passive hemagglutination method in three groups of cattle naturally infested during the spring of 1972. In the autumn, one group was treated with fenthion and another with niclofolan, a drug generally used for distomatosis, but also efficient in hypodermosis and free from side-effects. The third group served as a control. Two kinds of immunological response are observed after use of the insecticide. In the group treated with fenthion, there is a rapid drop in antibodies during the 3 days following treatment; this increases for the next 2 months up to a very low level, which is stable for 3 months (fig. 3, 4, 5). During the same period, antibodies in the control group increase regularly to reach a maximum in April or May (fig. 1, 2). The immunological response of the host is closely related to the antigenic stimulation of the larvae. In the group treated with niclofolan, the slow drop in antibodies suggests that there is a parallel drop in the number of larvae during the month following treatment. A study of the other group shows that larvae are affected in the 24 hours following fenthion administration. This agent, as well as all organophosphorous compounds, are well-known to act efficiently on larvae and have anaphylactic-type side-effects on the host. The massive degradation of larvae should have induced an important antigenic reaction, but no increase in the antibodies of the host is observed; there is a even rapid drop in the number of larvae immediately after treatment. This fact is investigated further by experiments on guinea pig: the role of antigen-antibody complexes is studied by passive anaphylaxis. It appears that shock reactions, following use of organophosphorous insecticides, have a true-hyper-sensitivity origin, and are increased by the intrinsic toxicity of the first instar larvae.


[Toxinogenic moulds in silage. II. -- In vitro kinetics of patulin and byssochlamic acid biosynthesis by Byssochlamys nivea Westling in liquid medium (author's transl)].

A strain of Byssochlamys nivea (E 70), isolated from an silage and in pure culture, produces two mycotoxins (patulin and byssochlamic acid). A comparison of the toxinogenesis of this fungic species on eight culture media (table I) shows that maximal patulin concentration (816 p.p.m.) is obtained on Czapek's liquid medium (Difco) enriched with yeast extract (2 p. 1000) and glucose (8 p. 1 000) ; maximal byssochlamic acid concentration (390 p.p.m.) is obtained on wet corn grains (80 p. 100 of water). The lowest amounts are found on soya meal (patulin : 30 p.p.m.; byssochamic acid : 15.2 p.p.m.). Study of patulin and byssochlamic acid biosynthesis kinetics on liquid medium at 26 degrees C reveals that maximum patulin is obtained on day 9 of culture. It precedes maximum growth of the mould, and appears to coincide with phialospores formation. Maximum production of byssochlamic acid is obtained after 60 days of culture, that is, during mould autolysis phase. Kinetics of these mycotoxin productions should be studied in silage storage conditions.


Titration of a brucella protein allergen in sheep sensitized with Brucella melitensis.

A protein allergen extracted from a rough strain of B. melitensis was titrated in sheep sensitized by vaccination with the attenuated B. melitensis strain Rev. I. Single doses of allergen were given per animal by the intradermal or palpebral routes. Doses over a 100-fold range produced delayed hypersensitivity reactions of similar magnitude by both routes. The most suitable method for application in the field was a dose of 50 mug given by the palpebral route (0.5 ml subcutaneously in the upper eyelid) with readings taken 48 hours after inoculation. Sheep vaccinated with H 38 adjuvant vaccine for 6 to 9 months showed positive reaction to the allergic test, whereas non-vaccinated non-infected sheep showed no reactions. No increase in agglutinations titers following allergic test was observed in either Rev. I or H 38 vaccinated sheep.


[Swine vesicular disease: pathological study (author's transl)].

Seventy-eight pigs inoculated with swine vesicular disease virus are autopsied at reaction times staged from day I to day 44. Two viral strains of different pathogenicity are studied. Non pathognomonic histological lesions of this disease are identical to those observed in foot and mouth disease. This confirms the relationship of the two viruses.


[Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm toxins. IV. -- Toxicity in rat by prolonged oral administration of ochratoxin A (author's transl)].

Adult male and female rats are given oral doses of 0.25 to 8 mg/kg of ochratoxin A daily for 10 days. This study confirms the intoxication symptomatology and weight loss observed in rat and mouse after sole administration of toxins. Estimation of the DL C50 and the calculation of the detoxication coefficient show accumulation of ochratoxin A in the organism. Microscopic lesions emphasize ochratoxin A aggression on hepatocytes, nephrocytes and megacaryocytes. Serious renal failure may cause the appearance of digestive ulcerating lesions; their association to eventual coagulation factor deficiency, related to toxic action on liver or blood platelets, may be at the origin of the hemorrhagic syndrome observed.


[Toxinogenic moulds of silage. III. -- Patulin and byssochlamic acid production by Byssochlamys nivea Westling on a laboratory silage model (author's transl)].

Growth of Byssochlamys nivea in anaerobiosis and in pure culture on sterilized standing forage, or in ecological conditions very similar to ensilaging, is accompanied by the production of patulin and byssochlamic acid. In pure culture and in anaerobiosis (Trial E.ana), Byssochlamys nivea produces 42.5 p.p.m. of patulin on day 40 of storage and 34.25 p.p.m. of byssochlamic acid on day 82. In competition with other moulds (Trial E.ster.) or in presence of the complex microflora of silages (Trial E.f.), Byssochlamys nivea toxin production is irregular and less than found in Trial E.ana. A maximum of patulin is obtained on day 45 and day 82 of culture, respectively. Irregularity of the curves may express random competition between various micro-organisms or fixation of patulin on sulfhydryl radicals. Production kinetics of the two mycotoxins indicate that silage pollution risks will be high after three months of storage.


[Influence of protein intake on plasma and hair leachable urea in the rat (author's transl)].

Three groups of 13 adult female rats received daily for two months 23 g per rat of three synthetic isoenergetic feeds containing respectively 5, 15, 25 p. 100 casein. Plasma urea was measured weekly. Hair leachable urea and soluble dry matter were measured, at the end of the experiment, on hairs regrown after an initial clipping, in a solution obtained by washing 1 g of hair in 50 ml of HCl 0,01 N under mechanical shaking. Mean plasma urea values for the whole experiment for the three groups were 0.27, 0.38, 0.45 g per liter; differences between all groups were highly significant; however differences for the 15 and 25 p. 100 casein groups were not significant for the last three weeks. Hair leachable urea and hair soluble dry matter values were respectively 0.35, 0.80, 1.02 mg/g of hair and 20.4, 24.0, 26.0 mg/g of hair. A positive correlation links hair urea to hair dry matter (r=0.76, p less than 0.001). When hair urea is expressed in per cent of soluble dry matter, the respective values for the three groups are 1.90, 3.42, 3.95. Differences between the 5 p. 100 casein group on the one hand and the 15 and 25 p. 100 casein groups on the other are highly significant (p less than 0.001).


[Time and level of response of plasma, liver bone, leachable and stable hair fractions to copper deficiency and loading in the rat (author's transl)].

One group of 20 adult female rats was fed ad libitum for four months with a synthetic regime containing less than 1 p.p.m. Cu. A second group received the same regime, supplemented with Cu and containing 87 p.p.m. on the 1st month, 109 p.p.m. in the 2nd and 3rd and 158 p.p.m. in the 4th month. Hairs were not clipped at the beginning of the experiment. Five rats of both groups were killed at the end of each month and Cu was determined in blood, liver, femur, and hair. Hair was washed with a water-ethanol (I/I/I) solution for 30 minutes under mechanical shaking, and Cu was determined in the washing solution (leachable copper) and in hair (stable copper). No clinical symptoms of Cu deficiency were observed. However there was an early and important drop (p less than 0.001) in blood and liver copper as early as the first month, which continued until the end of the experiment. Stable hair Cu dropped slightly on the first month (p less than 0.005) and continued to do so on the following three months (p less than 0.001). Hair leachable Cu and bone Cu were unaffected by the deficiency. Liver Cu increased at the 158 p.p.m. level of intake on the fourth month.


Cerebral blood flow in patients undergoing microanastomosis for modification for prevention of stroke.

The high incidence of stroke has been considered and the importance of measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) in patients with transient ischemic attacks has been emphasized. A brief description has been given of the non-invasive method of measuring CBF using a brief bolus injection of 133xenon into any convenient arm vein. The values of CBFg = 75 +/- 8 and CBFw = 24 +/- 2 in ml per 100 g per M compared closely to those obtained by the internal carotid method of measurement. Cerebral blood flow in the gray matter, CBFg is the more sensitive measurement and is used almost exclusively to evaluate patients undergoing microneurosurgical anastomosis for cerebral ischemia in an attempt to prevent or modify stroke. The post operative studies in patients who had a pre operative depression of CBFg greater than 2 S.D. showed improvement in both the frontal and parietal regions. The latter was more significant with p less than 0.04 using paired t-tests.


The ultrastructure of bone.

The ultrastructure of the three specialized bone cells are described in relation to their function. Osteoblasts are the bone forming cells with an abundance of RER and a large Golgi area. Osteoblasts and osteocytes form an integrated cell system connected with each other by cell processes filled with actin-like filaments and joined by specialized cell junctions, probably gap junctions. Osteoclasts resorb bone. Characteristics are multiple nuclei, and abundance of mitochondria, a sparcity of RER and clusters of ribosomes. Lysosomes and vesicles contain hydrolytic enzymes. The resorbing area consists of a ruffled border completely encircled by a clear zone.


Laboratory diagnosis of degenerative joint disease.

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is characterized by pain on use. X-rays show cartilage narrowing and osteophytes. Synovial effusions are non-inflammatory, i.e. clear wiht good viscosity and less than 2000 WBC per mm. 3 Cartilage fragments may be seen in the joint fluid. Important systemic diseases that can cause degenerative joint disease include ochronosis, hemochromatosis, hyperparathyroidism, acromegaly, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, diabetes and syphilis with their neuropathic joints, Wilson's disease and hypothyroidism. The late results of other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and aseptic necrosis may resemble DJD.