[Surgical anatomy of the terminal portion of the small subcutaneous vein and methods of phlebectomy].

Based on a careful preparation of the small saphenous vein during 218 operations in patients with venous varicosity of the lower extremities, studies of the observed topographic variants of the terminal portion of the small saphenous vein, and observations over 48 patients with postoperative recurrent varices, it is concluded that the surgical anatomy of the terminal portion of the vein involved is characterized by a multitude of topographic variants, the knowledge of which facilitates the task of a surgeon in phlebectomy for varicosity and the postthrombophlebitic syndrome.


[Operative intervention in staphylococcal destruction of the lungs in children in the 1st year of life].

Based on 135 operations in infants, performed in staphylococcic destruction of the lung, an attempt is made to determine most optimum terms of radical interventions. An analysis has shown that in children older than 6 months operative procedures after preliminary drainage therapy proved to be effective. In children of the first two months the mortality after early operations was twice lower as compared with later interventions.


[Renal injury in children].

For over a 20 year period 183 children with renal injuries have been under observation (102 boys and 81 girls). As a rule, the diagnosis of such injuries was established due to roentgenological and radioisotopic studies. 131 children were treated conservatively, 52--surgically. The study of late results in renal injuries has shown that the highest incidence of complications was revealed in a group of patients in whom no revision of the kidney and pararenal space was performed. The presence of postoperative and posttraumatic complications in some patients enabled to revise the surgical policy in such injuries in favour of widening indications to surgical therapy.


[Idiopathic enlargement of the bile duct in children].

The authors observed 5 children with congenital enlargement of the common bile duct. Four case reports are presented. The triad of signs is described. It is recommended to construct anastomosis between an enlarged portion of the bile duct and duodenum that eliminates patients' sufferings and is practically devoid of the danger of ascening cholangitis.


[Study of the elctrolyte level of blood, kidney tissue and concretions in nephroureterolithiasis in children].

The work is based on exploration of 128 patients, aged from 3 to 14 years with different localization of renal and ureteral stones and 20 healthy children. Different variants of electrolytic disorders are described, and an attempt is made to account for them.


Clinical and biochemical responses to the treatment of milk fever.

One hundred and eighty-six cases of milk fever in 80 herds spread over five counties were used to compare treatment with 8g calcium plus 500 mg magnesium in aspartate with the conventional 12-36g calcium as borogluconate. The data obtained from both the herds and their individual cases show that the treatments gave broadly similar results, and a single intravenous treatment cured 74-7 per cent of cases. It appeared that milk fever was not likely to recur with each succeeding parturition. No breed susceptibility was recognised. No correlation was found between the severity of the clinical signs and the inorganic phosphate concentrations. An incidence of milk fever of 8-79 per cent was recorded.


The effect of excess dietary iodine on pregnant mares and foals.

On a thoroughbred stud four foals were born with greatly enlarged thyroids and leg weakness. Two foals died within 18 hours of birth, the others subsequently recovered. An enlarged thyroid was also evident in one of the resident mares. The thyroids from the dead foals were hyperplastic. Feed analyses showed that the mares had an iodine intake of about 83 mg daily, 8-8 ppm of the dietary dry matter, due almost entirely to the high iodine content of a proprietary compound horse nut which had been fed at the daily rate of 12 lb per head. It was concluded from the histology of the thyroids, the high intake of iodine, the lack of response to treatment with potassium iodide and the elevated levels of serum protein bound iodine that the condition of the foals on the stud was caused by an excess of iodine fed to the mares during pregnancy.


Papers and articles measurement of central venous pressure in horses.

Central venous pressure measurements were made in 74 horses and ponies free from clinical evidence of cardiopulmonary disease. Using the sternal manubrium as the zero reference point, the mean value obtained was 12 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6). There was a significant correlation with body weight (r=0.6, p less than 0.001) but there was none with age, sex, breed or type. During halothane anaesthesia, using the same reference point, the mean value was 24.5 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 6) in 28 animals in right lateral recumbency, 29 cm H2O (S.D. +/- 8) in 17 animals in left lateral recumbency and -6 cm H20 (S.D. +/- 4) IN 27 supine animals. The use of the sternal manubrium as zero reference point did not allow comparison of values in standing and recumbent animals and it was considered that serial measurements were of more value than isolated  determinations in assessing the circulatory state of an animal.


High frequency of a Robertsonian translocation in a herd of British White cattle.

Chromosome preparations were made from lymphocyte cultures on 52 head of British White park cattle. A translocation chromosome was found at a frequency of 60 per cent. The translocation was concluded to be 1/27, but was assumed to be the same translocation identified as 1/29 in several breeds of European continental cattle.


[Biological and nutritional value of food products].

The paper deals with a detailed analysis into the methods of study and of the validity of terminology adopted in denoting the usefulness of food products, proceeding from their chemical composition.  The author proposes to distinctly subdivide the notions of the alimentary, biological and energy producing values, but unite them under a general term reflecting the totality of the useful qualities of the products that covers the estimation therein of a broad range of nutrients, which should be referred to as "nutritional value".  The terms of biological and energy producing values are special designations.  The first of them reflects the quality of proteinic components in the product which have to do both with the digestability of the protein and with the degree to which its amino acids compositions is balanced.  Then it should be borne in mind that the indices of biological value may undergo substantial changes, both under the effect of rigid methods of technological treatment, that brings about a change in the structure of the protein molecules proper, and consequent upon their interaction with other nutrients, as well as during their long-term storage.  An important advantage that offers the determination of the biological value indices is an analytical segregation from among numerous biological properties the ones which are related to the features specific for the structure precisely of the proteinic constituents of the food.  The determination of this index allows it to differentiate the useful qualities of the protein from a great number of other factors that can significantly change the assimilation of the products by the organism, including the presence therein of extraneous substances.  The term energy-producing value of the products characterizes the part of the energy that can be liberated from the nutrients in the course of biological oxidation and used in securing physiological functions of the organism.  As a basis for expressing the alimentary (nutritional) value of the products a method of the integral score, reflecting the degree to which the chemical composition of the study product corresponds to the formula of balanced nutrition worked outhe author is suggested.  The energy variant of the integral score presents definate advantages, for with it the author estimates the percentage of satisfied requirements of an adult person in nutrients with the consumption of products in an amount that corresponds to a definate portion of energy, 300 kcal, for example (which comprises roughly 10 per cent of an average diurnal requirement in energy).  The energy variant of the score makes it possible to determine the "degree of completness" of the product's calories with essentian nutritional factors.


[Effect of a ration containing an elevated amount of aluminum on the levels of sugar, inorganic phosphorus and calcium in the periferal blood].

The study was made in connection with wide utilization of aluminum kitchen-ware, the effect of aluminium on the human blood sugar and phosphorus level not being known well enough.  The calcium metabolism has not been investigated earlier in this aspect.  The basic group included 62 male- and female-workers of a brewery, the control one being made up of 51 male and female-workers of a dairy.  The former consumed almost daily together with beer and food 200-300 mg of aluminium, inasmuch as beer is brewed in vessels made of realively little resistant chemically iron-containing aluminium.  The food ration of the examined from the control grop contained up to 70 mg of aluminium which is quite common when food is cooked in vessels made of aluminium A 99.50.  Otherwise, the dietary of both groups had practically no difference.  The blood was analyzed by following generally accepted procedures (A. A. Pokrovsky, 1969).  The blood of the male- and female-workers of the brewery and dairy showed no statistically significant difference in the sugar, inorganic phosphorus and calcium content, nor the results of the investigations and the analysis of the pertinent figures varied from those adopted as normal for healthy individuals.  This implies that considerable quantities of aluminum oxide and hydroxide, found chiefly in beer and food, do not affect adversely the glycolysis, phosphorylation and the calcium metabolism, contingent upon the latter.


[Milk-alkali syndrome complicated by acute renal insufficiency].

A case of the "Burnett" syndrome complicated by acute renal insufficiency is reported.  Hemodialysis and normalization of the diet helped in the end to eliminate both the milk-alkali syndrome and renal insufficiency.


[Embryotoxic effects of some aromatizers for food products].

Embryotoxic action of phenylacetic, cinnamic acids and cinnamic alcohol in doses of 0.02 LD50 and 0.002 LD50 with their daily peroral administration to albino rats was analyzed throughout the whole of the period of pregnancy.  Subject to determination were embryonal lethality, weight of the embryos, anatomic changes, dimensions of the skeletal ossification areas and also the content of nucleic acids in the liver of the ambryos.  The development of progeny was followed up for a period of one month.  Experiments were made on 99 female-rats from which there were obtained and studied over 600 embryos and about 500 born rattlings.  Introduction of phenylacetic acid in a dose of 0.02 LD50 was followed by some delay in the ossification of the embryos skeleton.  In other test series the embryotoxic effect of the study substances was not in evidence.  Observations over the progency in the post-natal period failed to disclose any differences in the development of the test and control rats.


Gallium-67 for the diagnosis and localization of subphrenic abscesses.

Four septic patients with suspected subphrenic abscess were evaluated with gallium-67 citrate and technetium-99m labeled radiopharmaceuticals. Gallium-67 scintigraphs proved instrumental in correctly diagnosing and localizing one left and three right subphrenic abscesses. Gallium-67 scintigraphy can be a useful noninvasive technique for evaluating patients with suspected subphrenic abscess.


Arthrocentesis of the knee in acute hemophilic arthropathy.

In 27 children and young adults with hemophilia presenting acutely painful distended intra-articular hemorrhages of the knee, aspiration was carried out and the patients were followed for a minimum of 24 months. Seventeen patients with classical hemophilia were found to have less than 1 percent of normal plasmal level of antihemophilic factor (AHF). Of the remainder, five were Factor IX, plasma thromboplastin component (PTG), deficient, whereas two patients had Von Willebrand's disease. Aspiration was routinely done in an outpatient clinic, followed by immediate discharge with return to regular activity levels within 48 hours. There were no infections nor rehemorrhages attributable to aspiration technique.


Advice to travelers.

Travelers, particularly those whose tastes or occupations lead to deviation from the usual tourist routes, are at a small but significant risk of acquiring certain diseases they would be unlikely to encounter had they remained in the continental United States. Many of these infections can be rendered unlikely even for the most adventuresome traveler through the appropriate use of immunization and chemoprophylaxis. Other infections are currently unpreventable and the physician's responsibility lies in their premorbid detection.


Antenatal diagnosis of an XXX female. A dilemma for genetic counseling.

This report describes the first antenatal diagnosis of an XXX female. Over 150 postnatal cases of XXX females have been described. There is no specific phenotype associated with the sex chromosome abnormality and most such persons are fertile. The frequency of XXX females in mental institutions is 3.9 per 1,000 female subjects whereas the frequency in consecutive newborn infants is 1.1 per 1,000 newborns. Chi-square analysis shows this difference cannot be due to chance. On the other hand, data from consecutive newborn studies suggest that intellectual development in XXX newborns is within normal range. Available evidence favors normal development in XXX female infants although the risk for developmental disabilities may be higher for the XXX than for the XX infant.


Sleep apnea syndrome. Can it induce hemodynamic changes?

Of 250 patients referred to the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic, 35 were diagnosed for a sleep induced apnea syndrome. Thirty of them (27 adults and 3 children) were nonobese and complained of a sleep disorder. In 12 patients (9 adults and 3 children) extensive cardiorespiratory workups were done during sleep and wakefulness. Three types of sleep induced apnea syndrome were identified: diaphragmatic (or central), obstructive and mixed. The diaphragmatic type was predominant in sleep apnea insomnia; obstructive was predominant in sleep apnea hypersomnia. Hemodynamic changes were documented during sleep. Tracheostomy, done in two cases, improved the sleep induced symptomatology.


Are research subjects really informed?

To determine how adequately patients who participate as subjects for clinical investigation understand their commitment, 50 patients admitted to the Clinical Research Center of the University of Washington were interviewed. Their responses were compared with the detailed statements in the consent forms for the 23 specific protocols under which they were being studied. In spite of careful controls in accord with guidelines of a review committee, only half the patients were able to describe accurately their expectations of the studies to which they had given signed consent.


A survey of newborn intensive care centers in California.

Newborn intensive care has come of age in California. Twenty-one newborn intensive care centers and 11 community level units are now approved by Crippled Children Services in California. In 1973 there were more than 6,863 patients admitted to the 20 centers surveyed, over half requiring transport from referring hospitals. This paper provides information on the distribution, admission and occupancy rates, length of stay, costs and admission diagnoses for these high risk infants.


The liver parenchyma and foreign compound metabolism in red-winged blackbird compared with rat.

1. Aniline p-hydroxylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and p-nitroanisole O-demethylase activities were measured in liver microsomes prepared from the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and compared with analogous preparations from rat. All had lower activities in birds than in rats, when expressed in terms of microsomal protein. 2. Hepatic parenchyma of the bird was observed by electron microscopy to contain less endoplasmic reticulum than that of rat. This morphological difference may partially explain the species difference in enzyme activities. 3. Cytochrome P-450 levels were not sex-dependent in the red-winged blackbird, unlike rat, but the opposite was true for the rate of hydroxylation of aniline. 4. There was no species difference in the activity of aniline p-hydroxylase when expressed in terms of activities per unit of cytochrome P-450, but the activity of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase was higher in red-winged blackbird than in rat; the reverse may be true for the activity of aminopyrin N-demethylase.


[35S]Cyclamate metabolism: incorporation of 35S into proteins of intestinal bacteria in vitro and production of volatile 35S-containing compounds.

1. A washed whole-cell suspension of bacteria prepared from the faeces of rats regularly fed oral cyclamate incorporated 35S into bacterial protein when challenged with [35s]cyclamate. Control preparations showed low-level incorporation of label. 2. Radioactivity was also accounted for as volatile 35S-containing compounds (s), soluble in sodium hydroxide. 3. Addition of cysteine to incubation mixtures inhibited incorporation of 35S into proteins. 4. The results suggest that the bacterial conversion of cyclamate to the suspected bladder carcinogen, cyclohexylamine, is controlled by the prevailing sulphur metabolism of the intestinal bacteria.


Studies on the metabolism of d-Limonene (p-Mentha-1,8-diene). III. Effects of d-Limonene on the lipids and drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat livers.

1. After a single oral dose of d-limonene (200-1200 mg/kg) no effects were observed on liver triglyceride, microsomal protein, cytochrome b5, and the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Glycogen content was slightly decreased at doses higher than 800 mg/kg, and cytochrome P-450 and delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase activity was slightly increased at 1200 mg/kg. 2. After repeated treatment (400 mg/kg/day) for 30 days, the relative liver weight and hepatic phospholipid content were only slightly increased, and liver and serum cholesterol were decreased 49 and 8%, respectively. Of the phospholipid fatty acids, palmitic, linoleic and arachidonic acids were increased, and stearic acid was decreased. Aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase were increased 26 and 22%, respectively, and cytochrome P-450 and b5 were likewise increased 31 and 30%.


The metabolism of vanillin and isovanillin in the rat.

1. The metabolism of vanillin, isovanillin and the corresponding alcohols and acids in rats was investigated using t.l.c., g.l.c. and combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. 2. Oral dosage (100 mg/kg) of the aldehyde resulted in urinary excretion of most metabolites within 24 h, mainly as glucuronide and/or sulphate conjugates although the acids formed were also excreted free and as their glycine conjugates. In 48 h 94% of the dose of vanillin was accounted for as follows (%) : vanillin (7), vanillyl alcohol (19), vanillic acid (47), vanilloylglycine (10), catechol (8), 4-methylcatechol (2), guaiacol (0-5) and 4-methylguaiacol (0-6). Similarly, 89% of the dose of isovanillin was accounted for as follows: isovanillin (19), isovanillyl alcohol (10), isovanillic acid (22), vanillic acid (11), isovanilloylglycine (19), catechol(7) and 4-methylcatechol (1). Protocatechuic acid was also formed from both aldehydes. 3. By means of (a) investigation of biliary metabolites, (b) prevention of biliary excretion, (c) suppression of intestinal bacteria with neomycin sulphate and (d) inhibition of intestinal beta-glucuronidase with saccharo-1,4-lactone, it was found that glucuronides of the aldehydes and their respective alcohol and acid derivatives are excreted in the bile and that the conjugates are metabolized by the intestinal bacteria to toluene derivatives and decarboxylated products.


The disposition and metabolism of I.C.I. 58,834 (viloxazine) in humans.

1. 2-(2-Ethoxyphenoxymethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine (I.C.I. 58,834) in three 14C-labelled forms, given orally to two male volunteers, was completely absorbed, extensively metabolized and rapidly eliminated via the kidney. 2. O-Dealkylation, the major metabolic pathway in the rat, was not significant in man. 3. The major component in blood at all times was I.C.I. 58,834, which had a blood half-life of 4 h. The level of 14C in blood at 31 h was near the limit of detection. 4. The observed activity of the drug appears to be due to the parent compound alone.


Inhibitors of hepatic mixed function oxidases. I. The metabolism of 2,6-dihydroxy-,2-hydroxy-6-methoxy- and 2,6-dimethoxyacetophenones.

1. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone, its mono- and di-methyl ethers are inhibitors of hepatic mixed function oxidases. The dimethyl ether is a competitive inhibitor of aminopyrine demethylase with the others displaying mixed kinetics. The metabolism of all three ketones has been studied. 2. 2,6-Dihydroxyacetophenone is excreted unchanged and as conjugates. 3. 2-Hydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone is largely excreted unchanged and conjugated but small amounts of the 3- and 5-hydroxylated derivatives are formed. 4. 2,6-Dimethoxyacetophenone is demethylated to 2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-acetophenone. In addition 3-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxyacetophenone and 2,3-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone were identified as metabolites. 5. Quantitative data on the excretion of metabolites were obtained with 14C-labelled ketones.


The distribution and excretion of [3H, 14C] lofepramine in the rat.

1. Lofepramine hydrochloride (N-methyl-N-[4-chlorobenzoylmethyl-3-(10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenz(b,f)azepin-5-yl)]-propylamine hydrochloride) labelled with 3H in the dihydrobenzazepine moiety and 14C in the chlorobenzene moiety was synthesized and its distribution, urinary and biliary excretion were studied in female rats after oral administration. 2. For both isotopes, high ratios were established between tissues and blood. 3. Extensive N-dealkylation of lofepramine occurred in the rat. One of the metabolites, desmethylimipramine, was found in high concentrations in most tissues, especially the lungs and brain. 4. Desmethylimipramine was further metabolized to 2-hydroxydesmethyl-imipramine and 2-hydroxy-iminodibenzyl, and the corresponding glucuronides. These metabolites were mainly excreted via the bile. 5. p-Chlorobenzoic acid was found in the liver and lungs but not in the urine where most of the excreted 14C-activity was found. The identity of the major urinary metabolite is discussed.


The fate of metronidazole and tis implications in chemotherapy.

1. [14C]Metronidazole was rapidly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract of rats giving maximum blood levels of radioactivity, equivalent to 6-4 and 6-7 mug metronidazole per ml blood, 1 h after oral dosing. 2. There was rapid equilibration between blood and most tissues, although radioactivity was concentrated in the liver, kidney, gastro-intestinal tract and vaginal secretions. 3. The half-life of clearance of radioactivity from the majority of tissues was between 3 and 4 h, although it was longer in the skin (8 h) and gastro-intestinal tract (14 h). 4. Fourteen radioactive excretion products were detected in rat urine and all the major products were identified. These all contained a nitro group and represented 97 degrees of the total radioactivity excreted in urine. 5. Unchanged metronidazole was secreted throughout the entire length of the gastro-intestinal tract and into the vagina of rats. 6. A hypothesis has been proposed to explain the high clinical efficacy of metronidazole in treating trichomonal and amoebic infections.


Laeve-[1-3H]Methadone disposition in tolerant dogs.

1. Following a subcutaneous dose (4mg/kg) of [3H]methadone, peak levels of drug occurred in plasma, tissues and selected areas of the central nervous system (CNS) 2h after injection in both non-tolerant and tolerant dogs. Highest concentrations of methadone were attained in bile and lung compared to other tissues. 2. Levels of methadone in plasma, tissue and CNS of tolerant and non-tolerant animals were not markedly different up to 8h after injection, but a much faster rate of egression of free drug (lower t1/2) was observed subsequently in tolerant dogs. 3. Peak levels of methadone in various areas of the CNS ranged between 2-7 (spinal cord) to 3-6 (thalamus) mug/g in non-tolerant and 3-0 -rebellum) to 4-1 (thalamus) mug/g in tolerant dogs 2h after injection. No marked accumulation of methadone occurred in selected areas of the CNS in spite of the persistence of drug in these areas. 4. The plasma protein electrophoretic profiles did not differ between control, non-tolerant and tolerant dogs. 5. Similar qualitative patterns of metabolites were observed in non-tolerant and tolerant dogs and the development of tolerance did not appear to modify the metabolic pathways of methadone.


Comparative metabolic study of nimetazepam and its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam) in rats.

1. Nimetazepam distributed more rapidly in the brain than its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam). The brain concentration of the active metabolites of the former was about twice that of the latter at 1h after oral administration. 2. At least four kinds of reactions were involved in the biotransformation of nimetazepam and its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam) : (i) demethylation at N-1, (ii) hydroxylation at C-3, (iii) reduction of the nitro group at C-7 to the amino group and (iv) subsequent acetylation of the amino group. 3. The 1-N-demethylation of nimetazepam was slow compared with the other three reactions. 4. Nimetazepam was rapidly hydroxylated at C-3, while the 3-hydroxylation of its desmethyl derivative (nitrazepam) was very slow. 5. The reduction of the nitro group at C-7 and subsequent acetylation were important routes for the excretion of these drugs.


Nephrotoxicity and molecular structure.

The nephrotoxicity of a number of aminophenols, quinols and catechols has been assessed from the extent of necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules produced by intravenous injection  in rats, and the toxicity correlated with the oxidation-reduction potentials of the compounds.


The metabolism of the local anaesthetic fomocaine (1-morpholino-3-[p-phenoxymethylphenyl]propane) in the rat and dog after oral application.

1. The metabolism of fomocaine following its oral administration to male and female Wistar rats and male beagle dogs has been qualitatively investigated. 2. The drug is metabolized in both species by aromatic hydroxylation, N-oxidation, splitting of the ether link and, in the dog, by removal of the morpholine group. 3. The rat and dog excrete some unchanged fomocaine in the urine together with p-hydroxyfomocaine (free and conjugated), fomocaine-N-oxide, p-hydroxyfomocaine-N-oxide and p-(gamma-morpholinopropyl)benzoic acid. In addition, the dog excretes morpholine in the urine.


Metabolism in the rat of some pyrazine derivatives having flavour importance in foods.

1. The metabolism of several alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted pyrazines in the rat has been investigated. 2. Alkyl substituted compounds were oxidized to the corresponding acids which were excreted in the urine as such or as their glycine cojugates. The extent of oxidation was reduced when two adjacent alkyl groups were present. In the latter case ring hydroxylation also occurred. Methoxy-substituted pyrazines underwent O-demethylation and ring hydroxylation. 3. Little or no biliary excretion of the pyrazines or their metabolites occurred. 4. Some preliminary results on the metabolism of 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine (the major characteristic flavour component of bell pepper) have been obtained. 5. For comparative purposes the metabolism of some similarly substituted pyridines was investigated.


Metabolism of papaverine. I. Identification of metabolites in rat bile.

1. After hydrolysis with glusulase of bile from rats treated with papaverine, four metabolites (A, B, C and D) were separated. 2. The structures A, B and C were established as monodemethylated compounds, 4'-desmethyl-, 7-desmethyl-, and 6-desmethylpapaverine, respectively. 3. D was formed from papaverine by bis-desmethylation. Since it was found in cat bile after administering either A or C, but not B, it was identified as 4', 6-desmethylpapaverine.


Metabolism of papaverine. II. Species differences.

1. The urinary and biliary excretion of radioactive products in a 6 hr period after intravenous administration of [3H]papaverine was studied in rat, guinea-pig, rabbit, cat and dog. All species excreted metabolites extensively in the bile; only in rabbit and guinea-pig is urinary excretion important. 2. Metabolites in urine and bile of all species studied are mainly monophenolic compounds conjugated to glucuronic or sulphuric acid. Differences in the excretion patterns of the metabolites between different species are only quantitative. 3. Blood or plasma levels of papaverine after intravenous injection decreased with half-lives of approximately 12, 15, 22, 60 and 60 min for rabbit, rat, guinea-pig, cat and dog, respectively. The metabolites disappeared much more slowly than papaverine from the plasma. 4. Binding of papaverine to plasma proteins, as studied by equilibrium dialysis, was more than 90% in all species.


Metabolism of papaverine. III. Effect of phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and SKF 525-A pre-treated in vivo and in vitro.

1. The metabolism of papaverine was studied in vitro using the 9000 g fraction of rat liver. Apparent Km and Vmax values were 1.6 X 10-5 M and 34 nmol/g/min. Three monodemethylated metabolites were found by t.l.c. 2. Pre-treatment of rats with phenobarbital enhanced the activity of papaverine O-demethylase, whereas pre-treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene did not. Pre-treatment with SKF 525-A, or addition of AKF 525-A invitro markedly inhibited the enzyme. 3. Pre-treatment of the rats with phenobarbital enhanced the biliary elimination rate of papaverine metabolites, whereas SKF 525-A pre-treatment slowed this elimination.


The metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine to give new "pink spots". Proposals for the mechanisms involved.

Mechanisms are proposed for the removal, during metabolism, of the aminoalkyl side chain from chlorpromazine and promethazine and for the subsequent formation of nitroxides, N-hydroperoxides, N-oxyhydroperoxides and hydroxylamines from the phenothiazine nuclei.


[Frequency and distribution of breech presentation during pregnancy and labor (authors transl)].

On 975 pregnant women treated and delivered during 1973 at the Heidelberg University department of obstetrics 3780 ultrasound examinations were carried out. The frequency of breech presentation related to the duration of pregnancy and the likelyhood of breech presentation at term were calculated. Breech presentation can be seen as physiologic in 70% of early pregnancies. After the 33rd week it is below 10%, after the 38th week 4%. The probability of breech presentation at term at nay given stage before the 30th week is below 10%. After de 31st week this rises steeply up to a maximum of 66% after the 37th week. These influences of parity on these 2 data are described. The relationship between a low placenta and breech presentation is mentioned. These results are discussed.


[Tocolysis for external version of breech presentation close to term (authors transl)].

The external version of breech presentation into vertex presentation with tocolysis near term is now the best method to avoid the disadvantages of a breech presentation for mother and child. In 30 out of 37 cases external version using Partusisten was possible. 26 patients with previous breech presentation were, after version, delivered of a healthy child. Except for one transitory slight hemorrhage there were no incidents. This method should be carried out only in a department having facilities for cardiotocography and emergency Caesarian section. It appears that a cause of failur of the external version with tocolysis near term is the breech presentation with extended legs.


[Cardiovascular action, placental passage, pharmakokinetics and metabolism of fenoterol in pregnant guinea pigs (authors transl)].

Cardiovascular action, placental passage and metabolism of fenoterol was studied in pregnant guinea pigs following either a single intravenous injection of 4.5 mug/kg or an infusion of 0.45 mug/kg per min. for 1 hour. After a single injection maternal heart rate increased from 212 to 248 beats/min. within the first minute retruning to basal levels after 35 min. Blood pressure decreased from 70 to 63 mm Hg within 6 min. Fetal heart rate remained unchanged during the first 15 min. but decreased lateron. Fenoterol was rapidly eliminated (t 1/2 = 36 min.) and metabolished. Metabolism consisted of a fast (t 1/2 =2,5 min.) and a slow (t 1/2 = 58 min.) component. Little radioactivity was found  in fetal plasma following a single injection. Infusion of 0.45 mug/kg min. for 1 hour increased maternal heart rate from 208 to 234 beats/min. and decreased maternal blood pressure from 76 to 66 mg Hg within the first 10 min. Fetal heart rate remained unchanged for the first 15 min., but decreased from 249 to 219 beats/min. the second 15 min. Little radioactivity was found in fetal plasma also following infusion. Only 2 to 6 percent of the radioactivity (0.0lng/ml) were identified as unchanged fenoterol. The low lipophilic property of fenoterol may be responsible for the low permeability of the placental barrier.


[In vitro responsiveness of fenoterol in fetal and maternal hearts (author's transl)].

The responsiveness for fenoterol was studied in fetal and maternal hearts of guinea pig in vitro. Fenoterol had the same positiv chronotropic effect both on heart rate in fetal and adult atria independent of the baseline values. 2ng/ml fenoterol were sufficient to increase frequency both in fetal and maternal preparations; dose-response curves were parallel in both cases. These results indicate that cardiac beta-receptors are developed and functioning in fetal guinea pigs before birth.


[First experiences with prenatal affection of infantile lung maturation by betamethason (author's transl)].

Because of premature labour, probability of fetal retardation, discrepance at term of delivery, Rh-incompatibility or EPH-gestosis 185 patients were hospitalized. 76 pregnant women received twice 1.5 ml Celestan Depot i.m. (4.5 betamethasone acetate and 6mg betamethasome dinatrium phosphate per injection) within an interval of 24 hours. It was necessary to maintain a tocolysis for at least 48 hours as a minimum after the first injection of Celestan Depot. The other 109 patients without treatment of glucocorticoids were considered as a controlgroup. We could show that antepartum application of betamethasone before the 38. week of gestation was associated with a reduction of RDS in our premature infants. Only one baby of the betamethasone-treated infants died of hyaline membrane disease during the first 7 days of life compared with 11 of the control group. In 11 patients patients amniocentesis was performed before the first injection of glucocorticoids and was repeated 2 to 7 days later. The amniotid fluid lecithin phosphorus concentration was determined. In the same period of pregnancy and the same iterval the lecithin phosphours level of amniotic fluid was analysed in 11 other patients who were not rreated with glucocorticoids. The difference between amniotic fluid lecithin phosphorus concentration in the first and second anslysis was found significant by a level of significance of alpha = 5%. There was no evidence of an influence of the therapy with Celestan Depot on this increase. The excretion of oestorgens in the urine of 24 hours was analysed in 22 gradidae before and 7 days after the treatment with betamethasone. The oestogen values of the day before application of betamethasone served as baseline figures. All patients showed a market fall in urinary oestrogens excretion, especially after the second day of therapy. After day 2 the values returned rapidly to baseline values. There were no differences between treated and control groups in Apgar scores at birth or in the incidence of icterus neonatroum (bilirubine level is greater that 10 mg% in the serum). The results of our study support the hypothesis that in humans glucocorticoid administration to the fetus accelerates lung maturation. Relatively brief intrauterine exposure of human infants to pharmacological doses of betamethasone was associated with a substantial reduction in the incidense of RDS.


[Polycystic disease of the kidneys and pregnancy (author's transl)].

A summary of pregnancy-developments of patients with polycystic disease of the kidneys is presented. The polycystic disease of the kidneys is a chronic progessive affection which takes both the kidneys in almost every case. The development of this disease can be divided in four stages. During the first, asymptomatic stage there is no disturbance of the pregnancy. In the second stage at the beginning of the decrease of the kidney-function therapy in pregnancy consists in confinement to bed and usual kidney-disease-diet. When complications as chronic recurrent pyelonephritis and hypertension rise and the final stage -- renal failure -- is achieved the pregnancy has to be finished as quick as possible in the early pregnancy by interruption and in the late pregnancy by sectio cesarian. Both methods should be followed by sterilisation of the patient.


[Neonatal information system I: computer-adapted pregnancy and birth record (author's transl)].

A computerized documentation system for the main perinatal data of the newborn is presented. The information about pregnancy and birth are recorded on two optic mark reader forms. They can be used as a part of the conventional patient's history and as a transport document. The forms are recorded by simple pencil marking without further clerical effort for the staff. A direct data processing of the marked informations is possible with a computer. After two years' use of the new documentation system our information about the admitted newborns had markedly improved. An early regstration of pre- and pernatal risk factors is possible.


[The importance of ultra-sound cephalometry for the prediction of the date of delivery--a contribution to the assessment of duration of pregnancy (author's transl)].

On the basis of some statistical data ultrasound cephalometry for the prediction of term is discussed. These data should be considered when providing socalled test-graphs. The usefulness of the author's own standard graph is examined. Prediction with the biparietal diameter is not much less exact than after the rule of Naegele. Accuracy of prediction can be much improved by using both methods together, starting from the averages of both.


[Serum placental lactogen in late pregnancy and its relation to placental villous surface and to placental maturation (author's transl)].

The placentas of ninety-six pregnancies supervised by measurements of human placental lactogen (HPL) were examined. The histometrically determined placental villous surface and the degree of maturation of the villous tissue were compared to HPL-values in late pregnancy and to the weight of the newborn. The production of HPL is dependent on the extent of the syncytiotrophoblast surface area and, in addition, is modulated by the grade of differentiation of the chorionic epithelium. Placental villi with abnormalities of maturation apparently synthesize more HPL than villi of normal maturation.


[Effects of social and medical changes on the results of pregnancy between 1963 and 1972. I. General: maternal age, number of pregnancies, birth-weight, prematurity, still-birth, mothers foreign workers (author's transl)].

An analysis of 16,486 births in a city university obstetric department over 10 years showed: 1) The number of births in Austrians (A) declined by 30%, the number of guest worker's births (G) rose sharply from 1969 onwards and reached almost 20% of births in 1972. 2) The percentage of very young (under 21) A. mothers has not increased during the period, among G. mothers a younger age predominates but that will have to be related to the greater willingness of younger foreign women to emigrate. 3) In the last 10 years there have been more primiparous A. women and less with more than 4 children. Families became smaller. 77% A. mothers are between 16 and 30 years of age. G. mothers more often have their first or second child--related to selective emigration. 4) The accumulation of premature births in a University department apart, very young and relatively old A. mothers had much increased numbers of premature--defined by birth weight--children. G. mothers have not more children weighing less than 2501 g, but definitely more with low birthweight (2501-2750 g). 5) More than one third of A. children weighing less than 2501 g. are not premature according to time and among the children between 2501 and 3000 g. there also must be many prenatal dystrophics. 6) Still-births decrease in the lowest weights (less than 2501) the longer the pregnancy and rise steeply only after delay of birth by more than 2 weeks. It is lowest in slightly delayed births. With rising birthweights minimal stillbirths shift towards moderately early births. 7) Still-births are least common in heavy children of young mothers. 8) Premature births have not declined in A. mothers during the decade, premature stillbirth in A. mothers declined sharply since 1969. For G. mothers both prematurity and premature still-births have remained the same from 1969 to 1972.


[Neonatal asphyxia immediately following birth due to thyreoglossal cyst blocking the larynx (author's transl)].

Report on death from asphyxia immediately after birth of a child with obstruction of the larynx by a cyst of thyreoglossus. When intubation of an asphyctic neonate is attempted and a diagnosis of an obstructing cyst is made the following measures should be taken: Immediate aspiration of the contents of the cyst or without canula under laryngoscopic control. Attempt at intubation. If unsuccessful, emergency tracheostomy, although burdened with a high morbidity in neonates. If this cannot be done quickly, then--in addition to other measures--an infusion should be given through a catheter in the umbilical vein to counteract acidosis and hypercapnia.


[A new method for sampling and sample application in the ultra-trace of air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (author's transl)].

A new method is described for sampling and sample application in the ultra-trace analysis of air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this new technique, a preseparation occurs on the gas chromatographic column during sample application, since the atmospheric constituents that are co-condensed during sample application we call this method "Druckaufgabe" (pressure application). The method is not only of theoretical value. It has a potentially wide application to occupational and environmental problems.


[Assay and normal levels of L-glutamate-L-cysteine-gamma-ligase (E.C. 6.3.2.2) in human erythrocytes; biosynthesis of glutathione V].

For the determination of the activity of glutamate: cysteine-gamma-ligase one method was optimized and a new micromethod was developed: a) Utilizing [14C] glutamate and cysteine as substrates, the product [14C] gamma-glutamylcysteine was isolated as its cadmium mercaptide and determined by liquid scintillation counting gamma-glutamyl-[14C] aminobutyrate, which was synthesized from glutamate and [14C] alpha-aminobutyrate was separated from remaining radioactive substrate by paper electrophoresis and counted. Both methods were used to determine the activity of the enzyme in human red blood cells. For 20 parallel determinations a standard deviation of +/- 9% and +/- 5% was obtained for method a and b, respectively. The specific activity of the enzyme in erythrocytes of adults was found to be 0.40 +/- 0.05 U/g hemoglobin with method a, and 0.50 +/- 0.05 U/g hemoglobin with method b.


[A clinical observation as example and proof of functional adaptation of bone through longitudinal growth].

The history of the case and findings and follow-up in radiographs when submitted to analysis of the mechanical forces, are an example and proof for : 1. the fact that, in compression forces overlayed by flexion forces, the tension on the pressure aspect of flexion is always larger than on the extension side, since on the flexion side it is the sun of, on the extension side  the difference between, the two tensions which are active. 2. Ossification and bone absorption are steered by the amount of tension and will be the greater, the more the tensions exceed or fall short of the "required" tensions which maintain the balance between ossification and bone absorption during the continuous restructuring of bone. 3. In epiphyseal cartilage which physiologically is purely subject to pressure, longitudinal growth will increase when flexion forces overlay on the pressure side where tensions are greatest. This will automatically exclude the overlaying flexion forces.


[Faculty rotation following fractures of the shaft of femur in childhood].

Follow-up of 31 out of 40 children with fractures of the femoral shaft. There were 28 instances of faulty rotation. Its clinical importance, prevention and correction are discussed.


[New views on morphology and function of osteoclasts].

Electron-microscopic investigation of a mature bone of a rat, devoted exclusively to bone absorption and the cells involved. The authors that bone absorption varies. Normally it is caused by uninuclear metabolically very active cells of bone. The cell conglomerates, mistaken for multinuclear cells under the light microscope, hardly ever lay immediately adjoining the absorbing bony surface but formed a second line. They always are linked with rising bone absorption. Their structure proves their syncytial origin and phagocytic characteristics. Mainly with regard to practival considerations the authors emphasize the need for  revision of today's views on bone-absorption.


[The spine under typical work-load. Aspects of biomechanics].

The varied pressure effects in the transverse plane of a lordotic and kyphotic vertebral segment are described, showing the effects on the height of the intervertebral space. Loss of height indicates the origin of pathologic mechanical development: Fixed lordosis during the first phase, with its destructive influence on the posterior segment of the fibrous ring and the sudden, irritating protrusion or penetration of nuclear tissue in the second phase at  the moment of anterior flexion, pushing the nucleus into the annulus which is damaged by pressure. The possibility of further loss of height of the vertebral bodies themselves is pointed out. This results from a decline in supportive power of cortex and cancellous bone and reduced hydration of the colloidal spaces of the vertebral body.


[A case of ganglion cyst in the ligamentum collaterale tibiale of the knee-joint].

The development of ganglion cysts in the ligamentum collaterale tibiale of the knee-joint is a rather rare disease, mostly found in male patients of fifth decennary. At the patient we operated, we found in the histological examination a state that supportedthe point of view of Herzog who classified the ganglion cysts in the group of "myxofibroma".


[A modification on osteotomy of the pelvis (Chiari) for treatment in case of severe dysplastic acetabulum].

The paper presents a report on a modified osteotomy of the pelvis for surgical treatment in case of severe dysplastic acetabulum. This procedure combines the technique of acetabuloplasty and that one of Chiari's osteotomy of the pelvis.


[The Dutch foundation "Voet en Schoeisel" (foot and shoe)].

The author gives information about the foundation "Voet en Schoeisel" (foot and shoe). He describes in brief the origin, the compostion, the aims and also the works. He hopes to give publicicty to the foundation what possible leads to more international contacts.


[Correction of unstable osteosynthesis following intertrochanteric osteotomy].

When a tension-wire osteosynthesis with right angle plate after intertrochanteric osteotomy breaks down, one may achieve an undminished result and sufficient stability using the same principle -tension wiring -in another way. Improvements in the AO osteosynthesis-material might further raise the firmness of tension.


[Measurement of aerial bacterial in operation theaters].

The numbers of aerial bacteria in the conventionally aerated theaters of the department Balgrist show the chances of contamination. The required low values of 30-70 bacterial/m-3 of air almost always been exceeded during operation, even though the surgical team was well trained. Comparative measurements in the operation-box with vertical air flow, introduced in 1972, showed germ-figures smaller than 1/m-3 close to the wound, independently from whether surgeon and first assistant worked with breath-suction and helmet or without. The number of wounds contaminated at the end of the operation by germs of any source fell from 50 per cent to 5 per cent which is probably the reason for  the fall of post-operative infection. Experience so far shows that one can count on reduction of, particularly of early, infection. Since the patient-material changed -there were far more cases at risk- it is impossible to compare present rates of infection with earlier ones.


[Gentamicin in orthopedic surgery].

Like in other operative disciplines also in orthopedic surgery we can see an icrease of infections with gramnegative bacterial like ps. pyocyanea. Gentamicin is in general very effective against these infections. There are following indications for the use of Gentamicin in orthopedic surgery: 1. Parenteral administration only is indicated if there is no other less toxic antibiotic. If it is used a high dosage is necessary because the bone levels which we investigated were very low. Side effects have to be observed. 2. For local therapy Gentamicin is used in the suction and perfusion system in addition to a systemic therapy with Penicillin, Ampicillin or Cephalosporin. Gentamicin can also be used for the wound perfusion. 3. Added to bone cement Gentamicin should only be taken, when an infected total hip is exchanged or if a hospitalism with ps. pyocyanea is known- The administration of Gentamicin is less indicated : 1. Asthe only antibiotic for parenteral therapy in bone infection. 2. Added to bone cement for a general prophylaxis in all endoprosthetic operations.


["Spontaneous" fracture of femur following damage to the iliotibial tract].

Gravity apart, muscles act on the skeleton in balancing the usually excentric weight. This raises the load of the skeletal element but reduces the flexion strain. Loss of the traction-effect of a muscle or its aponeurosis produces overloading of the bone involved and may lead to fracture. This theortetical concept is supported by a clinical case of fracture of the femur which occurred a long time after the iliotibial tract had been eliminated.


[Difficulties in the treatment of congenital instability of the hip].

The method of early diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip and the results of immediate treatment  are described. X-rays are only useful to prove an instability if the hip is dislocated at the moment the X-ray is taken. If the unstable hips are reduced and redislocation is prevented by means of a splint the great majority of the hips show a normal developement. A primarily unstable hip which was stabilised spontaneously or by  using a splint for a short time may become unstable again. Nevertheless splinting in the stable positon should not last longer than 1-2 months. The development of a coxa vara in three children rises the question whether the fixation of the hips in a frog position combined with the presence of a contraction of the adductors may impede the blood supply to the epiphysis and metaphysis. Early diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip means demonstration of instability of the neontal hip and not diagnosis of "dysplasia" during the first year of life. "Dysplasia" without instability does not mean predislocation. It is either a stable dysplasia or a residual sign of neonatal instability which became stable with or without treatement. Difficulties in diagnosis of neonatal instability are discussed. Etiology, pathogenesis and genetics of congenital dislocation of the hip are mentioned.


[Aspects of dysplasia of the hip-joint, clinically and radiologically, 2nd communication: Remarks on clinical signs and average values of the acetabular angle during the first 3 months].

1. It is not very likely that all degrees of dysplasia of the hip-joint can be discovered with the Ortolani- or snap phenomenon. The definition of these phenomena which presumes a wideining of the acetabulum is against it. Slighter and medium degrees cannot be discerned. All aigns and symptoms however discrete have to be taken into consideration. 2. The average values and standard deviations  for the acetabular angle are not sufficiently established statistically for the first 2 months. They cannot, therefore, be used.


[Immediately stable arthrodesis of the shoulder].

A surgical technique for a stable arthrodesis of the shoulder is described which permits immediate exercise without plaster. The aligment of the arthrodesis is particularly emphasized.


[Progression of untreated idiopathic scoliosis up to the end of growth].

110 patients with idiopathic scoliosis are reported on, who had no treatment for 2 years or more before growth stopped. Another 36 patients untreated for 1 year could be observed. The changes in the scoliotic angle were followed up radiologically and entered into a diagram. The average progression of these scolioses during one year were calculated. Progression was always most pronounced between the 10th and 15th year and coincided with the prepubertal increase in growth. This has to be expected 2 years later in boys than in girls. The degree of progression definitely depended on the site of the primary curve. Thoracic and S scoliosis showed most pronounced progression, followed by thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis. Progression was worse the earlier scoliosis was diagnosed.


[Potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines with the antibody binding test in comparison with the NIH and habel test(author's transl)].

The Antibody Binding Test, a new technique for the evaluation of inactivated Rabies vaccines, developed by Arko, Wiktor and Sikes, was compared with the NIH- and Habel Test. Various vaccines were tested with these methods with the following results and conclusions. 1. The Habel Test was useful for testing of Hempt vaccines. With highly potent vaccines however it was not possible to get exact protection values, for all vaccinated mice were protected against all virus dilutions. 2. The NIH Test seemed to have an advantage over the Habel Test, since animals are vaccinated only twice, instead of 6 times, within two weeks. But this test was less suitable for the evaluation of Hempt vaccines. The requested Antigenic Value was reached only rarely with these vaccines. Repeated, NIH Tests gave widely differing results with Hempt vaccines. Vaccines which passed the NIH Test also passed the Habel Test, but not always vice versa. Antigenic Values of highly potent vaccines could be determined exactly with the NIH Test. This method is much better standardized by using a Standard vaccine in the test. The NIH Test is preferable for inactivated Rabies vaccines, with the exception of vaccines containing brain tissue, like the Hempt vaccine. 3. The Antibody Binding Test is a useful technique for the examination of inactivated cell culture vaccines. Consistent results can be achieved by skilled and experienced laboratory personnel. To avoid irregularities in the mortality rates, at least 10 mice should be used for each dilution of vaccine. With this method only Rabies virus antigen is measured which is bound by serum antibody during an incubation period of 60 min. Other factors supporting immunization like adjuvant- or booster-effects are not evaluated. Compared with the Habel and NIH Test the Antibody Binding Test is the best method for the evaluation of the amount of antigen in a Rabies vaccine. Hempt vaccines reached - as they did in the NIH Test - only Antigenic Values in this test. Vaccines with an Antigenic Value of larger than or equal to 0,3 in the Antibody Binding Test gave positive results also in the Habel and NIH Test, Vaccines with a Protection Value of 10-3 in the Habel Test and an Antigenic Value of 0,3 in the NIH Test did not always reach an Antigenic Value of 0.3 in the Antibody Binding Test.


Antirabies treatment in man in relation to epidemiological conditions: Nordrhein-Westfalen 1972.

By means of a questionnaire, official animal disease reports and complementary interviews, the epidemiological situation was comparied in each district of the Land with the post-exposure treatment as practised by the physicians. A close relationship was found between the occurrence of rabies and the geographical distribution of antirabies treatment. This relationship was mainly due to the fact that the majority of patients received antirabies treatment after rabies had been diagnosed in the animal. In 50% of persons showing no visible lesions at the site of exposure, treatment was not started until the fourth day after exposure. About 50% of patients reporting bites or scratches received specific treatment on the day of exposure or the following day. There was no significant correlation between severity of exposure and number of vaccine doses given. To improve the immediate treatment, including local treatment of wounds, to provide the best treatment where actually needed and to avoid unnecessary treatments, it is suggested that a central advisory service be established in Nordrhein-Westfalen which should be contacted immediately by physicians in case of rabies exposure.


Dependence of pathogenic properties of leptospires on animal subspecies.

1. Leptospires of mozdok serotype of the Pomona serogroup possessed specific pathogenic properties for a definite subspecies of Apodemus agrarius. They caused carriership in rodents of a European population, but were unable to cause such a process in Far East mice. However, leptospires of monjakov and pomona types were also unable to provoke leptospiruria in these small mammals. 2. The intensity of the formation of antibody to leptospires in different subspecies of Apodemus agrarius was dependent on the degree of their susceptibility, determined by the presence of renal leptospirosis. Leptospira-carriers among animals reacted by antibody formation 6-40 times more intensive than in those not susceptible to the infection. 3. Leptospires of pomona, monjakov and mozdok serotypes of the Pomona group taxonomically can be designated as separate subspecies, on the basis of differences in biological properties as related to their natural animal reservoirs.


Failure of transformation in leptospira with two genetic markers of streptomycin resistance and the ability to grow in a synthetic medium.

Transformability of Leptospira was investigated with the two genetic markers, streptomycin (SM) resistance and the ability to grow in SHENBERG's synthetic medium. DNA was extracted from the two mutants of L. icterohaemorrhagiae strain Shibaura, which were SM-resistant and able to grow in SHENBERG's medium. Recipients were 5 strains of L. icterohaemorrhagiae and 1 strain of L. copenhageni. Studies taking careful consideration of the growth phase of the recipient cells, transformation medium, and incubation temperature did not produce the appearance of transformant. Transformation of L. kremastos with SM resistance also showed a negative result.


[The virulence of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains and their neuraminidase production (author's transl)].

We studied the virulence of 20 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains in albino mice and investigated the interdependence between virulence, growth rate, and neuraminidase production. The minimal number of germs, lethal to mice (LD100) varied among the strains between 10(1) and mor ethan 10(7) per animal. The course of the disease was also very different. Some strains killed the mice rapidly within 3 days. In other strains, however, even a very high number of bacteria caused death only 7 days after infection or later, in which cases the disease became manifest long in advance by ruffled fur and glutinous eyes. A significant correlation was found between the average neuraminidase production in different media and the virulence (p equal to 99%; Fig. 2). We found a less marked dependence between growth rate and virulence (Fig. 3). Neuraminidase activity and growth rate seem to influence virulence rather independently. This is concluded from the fact, that some virulent strains are characterized by quick growth and by producing either no neuraminidase or in small quantities only. On the other hand, neuraminidase production cannot be separated completely from growth rate. An induction of neuraminidas activity in vivo was not observed, even when the bacteria persisted in the mice over a long period of time. We therefore conclude that a short term enzyme induction is not probable.


[The effect of some antibiotics on multiplication of Coxiella burneti in the embryonated egg (author's transl)].

In chick embryos 7 days after cultivation, the effect of chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tylosin (0.5 to 32 mg/egg), and of penicillin (100 to 10000 IE/egg) on the process of replication of C.b. in the yolk sac was examined. The ELD50 and the EID50 were examined according to REED and MUENCH. The demonstration of coxiellae was performed microscopically. The results of the examinations are summarized in fig. 1 to 3. In infected untreated controls, the titres of the ELD50 were found at about 10(4) and those of the EID50 at 10(7). The best inhibition was obtained by means of chloramphenicol. In this case, neither a letality of embryos nor an infectivity of eggs was demonstrable by administration of 16 mg/egg. Streptomycin had a similar effect on the letality of embryos like chloramphenicol, but coxiellae were still microscopically demonstrable at doses of 16 and 32 mg/egg. A smaller effect had tylosin so that even after an administration of 32 mg/egg, a minimal letality of embryos and a minimal infectivity of eggs remained. Almost no inhibition was obtained by means of penicillin. Even at 10000 IE/egg, the letality of embryos was diminished only by 1 log 10 and the infectivity of eggs by about 3 log 10. After application of chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tylosin, the embryos in infected eggs died regularly 1 to 2 days later than those in untreated infected controls with the same titres. Using penicillin, this effect could not be observed.


[Clinical and histopathological findings in mycoplasmal polyarthritis of rats. II. Course of disease between the 2. and 6. week (authors transl)].

Between the 9th and 42nd day p.i. the clinical features and microbiological findings of rats infected intraperitoneally with mycoplasma arthritidis were recorded and a histological investigation was carried out. From the 12th day p.i. arthritic lesions clinically showed a gradual regression. Until the 42nd day p.i. mycoplasmas and purulent exudate were present within the joint cavity. During the course of infection a gradual increase of mesenchymal cell activity was found, leading to the formation of considerable amounts of secondary synovialis. Between the epiphysis the pannus formed tissue laces, which after the 3rd week p. i. showed sequestration. During the further course of disease an increased number of focal plasma cell accumulations was observed within the joint capsule. Partial erosions of hyaline cartilage, especially near its edge, could frequently be seen. Within the cellular exudate of the joint cavity the number of macrophages steadily increased whereas remmants of exudate were mainly located in the recesses of the joint capsule. In the periarticular tissue, cellular infiltration, mesenchymal cell proliferation and purulent necrotic foci were present. In the supporting osseous tissues osteomyelitis, abscesses, periosteal new bone formation and the occurrence of mosaic bone could be observed. The lesions found in spleen and lymph-nodes indicated the persistence of a systemic reaction within the RES.


[Optimal preservation of function in vacuum-dried bacteria (author's transl)].

Experience has shown that there are natural processes assuring a good preservation of virulence of delicate bacteria over intervals between epidemic outbreaks. Similarly, fetal bovine serum enriched with 10% saccharose was found to be an ideal medium for rendering bacteria well preservable without losing essential functional characteristics by means of vacuum-drying. Cotton wool DAB 7 has proved to be a good support. The available findings would let also delicate aerobic and anaerobic bacteria appear to be suitable for this kind of preservation, retaining their full capacity to multiply for at least one year inclusive of sensitive functional parameters. Results have been grouped in a number of synoptic tables, Bacteria that would not admit of the method of preservation described, have not been found thus far.


[Kininases from yeasts (author's transl)].

Practically no studies are available on the presence of kinin-decomposing enzymes in yeasts. Different preparations (intact washed cell suspensions, cell-homogenised blastospores, nutrient media, supernatant of raw fungus suspensions) of Candida strains sampled from foci of disease and from the environment were studied qualitatively and quantitatively fro the presence of kinin-inactivating enzymes. The parameter measured is the time-dependent inactivation of bradykinin by the test strain preparations as determined in the isolated guinea-pig ileum by the water-bath test. Preceding surveys of the basic presence of kinin-decomposing enzyme activity in 10 Candida strains from foci of disease revealed that only undiluted, intact washed suspensions of spores were capable of bradykinin inactivation. Intact washed blastospores from 4 other strains sampled from foci of disease (Candida tropicalis B5, Candida tropicalis B12, Candida albicans C10, Candida albicans A23) diluted 1:10 by volume did not exhibit bradykinin decomposition at the concentration studied. In contrast to this, identical preparations of three strains from the environment (Candida tropicalis E2, Rhodotorula rubra H14, Saccharomyces lactis R15) were exhibiting kinin-inactivation of partially high intensity which was still enhanced by cell homogenisation. The Candida brumptii Q6 strain, however, did not induce kinin breakdown. In the case of Candida tropicalis E2, the enzymes could be demonstrated also in the nutrient diluted 1 : 2. Supernatants obtained by centrifugation of raw fungus suspensions were ineffective in respect of strains from foci of disease as well as such from the environment. Bradykinin was protected against inactivation by treatment of all kinin-decomposing preparations with 1,10 phenanthroline, acid and heat. Thus, the kinin-decomposing enzymes involved were kininases. In a general view, species-specific differences in the presence of kininases among Candida strains were recognizable.


[On the similarity of antigen between Candida und Salmonella. 2. Communication (authors transl)].

The immune sera for C. rhagii, C. lusitaniae, C. oregonensis and C. maltosa agglutinated S. cholerae suis (O 6,7) but not S. newport (O 6,8), S. kentucky (O 8,20) S. carrau (O 6,14,24) and S. waycross (O 41). The immune serum for S. cholerae suis agglutinated C. rhagii, C. lusitaniae, C. oregonensis and C. maltosa. Absorption and agglutination cross tests demonstrated common antigen factors in the tested Candida species and in S. cholerae suis (O 6,7).


[Studies on the significane of sexual intercourse for the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii (author's transl)].

From 285 ejacula and 23 biopsy specimens of the testicles of men from childless marriages, no toxoplasms at all could be cultured in the mouse inoculation test. Testicles and accessory gonads of artificially infected male rabbits contained infective toxoplasms only up to the 29th day p.i. 8 artificially infected male rabbits did not transmit any agents through sexual intercourse to 13 toxoplasma-free female rabbits. One female animal became infected during the experiment. The route of infection is discussed. Experiments with ejacula of 4 artificially and freshly infected male rabbits did not lead to any Toxoplasma infection in mice, which had been inoculated with this material. From 50 testicles of sheep bound for slaughter, only in one case toxoplasms could be isolated in the mouse inoculation test. In virtue of the results in the literature and of our own experiments, the transmission of toxoplasms through sexual route does not seem to be of any vital epidemiological significance for men and animals.


[Comparative Chemotherapeutical studies on the effect of Bactrim and other combined preparations on the proliferative and cystforming phase of Toxoplasma gondii in NMRI mice. A contribution to experimental chemotherapy of toxoplasmosis (author's transl)].

In the present paper, the efficacy of different sulphonamides and potentiators alone and in combination (BACTRIM, FANSIDAR) in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii is evaluated. The experimental chemotherapeutical studies were performed in mice either freshly infected with trophozoites or cystozoites, or suffering from acute disease or a chronic infection; For the components (see article) a proportion of 10 times 1 turned out to be the most effective mixing ratio. In comparison with the standard combination of sulphamethoxypyrazine times pyrimethamine sharing the best degree of activity, the therapeutic effect of a combination of sulphadoxine times pyrimethamine (components of FANSIDAR) in a proportion of 20 times 1 was either the same or less, depending on the experimental design. The duration of therapy was found to be decisive for the therapeutic result. If it is too short the parasite will return to the cyst stage; Even at low dosage, the components of FANSIDAR, sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine in combination, are capable of acting upon all forms of the proliferative multiplication phase and the cyst formation phase, inclusive of young cysts, and eliminated them completely from the host organism.


[Chemical induction of lysogeny of Staphylococcus aureus (author's transl)].

Concerning the chemical induction of lysogeny of Staphylococcus aureus only little is known. Therefore, we performed induction experiments on 43 Staph, aureus strains using nine mutagenic substances and 15 chemotherapeutics. Only three of the nine mutagenic substances (beta-propiolacton, nitrosoguanidin and mitomycin C) and six of the 15 chemotherapeutics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalothin, nebacetin, novobiocin and nalidixie acid) showed inducing effects. Our results demonstrated furtheron that the lysogeny inducing ability is dependent on strains and substances used.


Changes of the cell type of BHK-21 lines by persistent Sindbis virus.

Persistent infection by Sindbis virus (SV) can be induced in cultures of BHK-21 cells. In a persistently infected cell line only 5% of the cells produced virus. Virus titers in the medium reached 10(5) PFU per ml. A persistent infection could be eliminated from cultures by seeding at most 100 cells per bottle. Compared with the original line decontaminated lines differed in several properties. After infection with SV ten times less virus was released into the medium, and an infection persisted without producing periodic cell destructions as observed in establishing a persistent infection in the original line. In decontaminated lines plaques formed by different viruses were either not visible or smaller than those in normal cells. Persistently infected as well as decontaminated lines had lost three chromosomes. The altered cell type of persistently infected lines apparently originated by selection of a cell mutant which was not destroyed by SV. Results suggested that a small number of cells susceptible to the virus continuously arises from the population of altered cells, and that virus infection is transmitted and maintained in the cultures by these sensitive cells.


[Is there evidence for antigenic drift of influenza C viruses? (author's transl)].

Antigenic differences between the influenza C strains C/1233/47 (Taylor), C/Paris/1/67 and strains isolated in Johannesburg 1967 have been reported (Pereira, 1969). Our experiments performed with chicken immune sera did not differentiate clearly between the strains C/Paris/1/67 and C/Jhb/4/67, however, antigenic differences between the strains C/1233/47 and the strains isolated in 1967 could be confirmed. These antigenic differences were found to be of approximately the same degree as those observed between the strains influenza B/Berlin/55 and influenza B/Belfast/61. A serological survey showed that the prevalence of such influenza B strains was clearly delineated in a change of the predominant antibody related to age. In contrast, antibody patterns to the three influenza C strains were similar in all age groupds, most antibody carriers being detected with the C/1233  strain, and revealed to evidence for antigenic drift. Antibody distribution in sera obtained from paediatric hospitals of two cities was nearly the same with the highest prevalence reached in children aged 6-7 years. Low titered non-specific inhibitors of haemagglutination to the strains isolated in 1967 were present in some animal and human sera which could be completely adsorbed with kaolin.


[Effects of staphylococcal leucocidin in mice (author's transl)].

After intraperitoneal injections of mice with paraffin-oil and sodium caseinate the numbers of macrophages and granulocytes increased respectively as well in their peritoneal exsudate as in their blood. On the other hand, cyclophosphamide markedly decreased the numbers of leucocytes. All mice were more susceptibel to infections with leucocidin (PVL-R)-positive staphylococci than to those with leucodidin-negative staphylococci of comparable hemolytic properties. Generally, mice with increased numbers of leucocytes were relatively more resistant to the staphylococcal infections. Concentrated PVL-R-leucocidin injected intraperitoneally into mice caused a temporary decrease in the number of leucocytes, especially granulocytes and their phagocytic activity.


[Immunoelectronmicroscopic localization of cell wall antigens in streptococci. II. Localization of the group-specific polysaccharide of group C streptococci with ferritin- and peroxidase-labelled Helix pomatia-agglutinin (author's transl)].

The carbohydrate of the cell wall of group C streptococci is one of the best known group-specific streptococcal antigens with respect to its chemical structure. In the present paper, the ultrastructural location of the carbohydrate was investigated by means of immunoelectronmicroscopic techniques. Besides group-specific antibodies, the specific binding of an agglutinin (protectin Anti-AHP) of the edible snail (Helix pomatia) to structures with terminal N-acetylgalactosamine was used to demonstrate the antigen. The agglutinin was extracted from the albumen gland of the snail and purified by column chromatography. By means of glutardialdehyde it was coupled with ferritin or horesradish peroxidase. The investigations were done on strains of Streptococcus equisimilis and Streptococcus equi. Str. pyogenes (group A streptococci) was used as a control. On whole cells of group C streptococci the carbohydrate was demonstrated on the surface of the triple-layered cell wall. Near the cross-wall the carbohydrate seems to be more concentrated. In the presence of N-acety-D-galactosamine the labelling of the cell wall was inhibited. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine did not have such an effect. On isolated cell walls, both the outer and the inner surface were tagged. This suggests that the group-specific carbohydrate covers the peptidoglycan (mucopeptide) on both sides. The cytoplasmic membrane shows no reaction.


Effect of UV-irradiation in vitro on adenin nucleotides metabolism, Na+ and K+ concentration, osmotic properties and submicroscopic structure of pigeon red blood cells.

Effect of UV-irradiation in vitro on metabolism of adenine nucleotides: ADP, ATP and AXP, osmotic properties and submicroscopic structure of nucleated pigeon red blood cell was investigated. Irradiation carried out for 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes. Hanau S-500 lamp with efficiency 4.34-10(8) erh/sec was used. A decrease of ATP content with a stimultaneous increase of ADP and AXP contents and a rather constant level of the sum of adenine compounds was observed. UV-irradiation caused a decrease of reversal of hemolysis and osmotic resistance to hypotonic NaCl solutions. An equivalent exchange of Na+ and K+ ion and an increase of hematocrit value, following UV-irradiation was observed. Electron microscope studies demonstrated changes of ultrastructure concerning both cell nucleus and thickness and granulation of cell membrane.


[The relation of aerogenic to anaerogenic aeromonads of the "Hydrophila-Punctata-group" in river water depending on the load of waste (author's transl)].

The analysis of the relation of the aerogenic and anaerogenic Aeromonas-Species of the "Hydrophila-Punctata-Group" in moving waters of a varying load of waste demonstrates that in the sewage water the anaerogenic subspecies A.hydrophila subsp. anaerogenes and A.punctata subsp. caviae predominate over the aerogenic species A.hydrophila and A.punctata with an average of 78%. Polysaprobic rivers and brooks show a similar relation. To the contrary, the aerogenic Aeromonads-mainly A.hydrophila-dominate over the anaerogenic Aeromonads in oligosaprobic brooks with a low range of variation of the individual value with 90% on the average. The alpha- and beta-mesosaprobic rivers show-with a great variation of the values indicated at each test place-a relation of aerogenic to anaerogenic Aeromonads of 39:61 for the alpha-mesosaprobics and 43:57 for the beta-mesosaprobics on an average; consequently, they are close to each other in average analysis. The great differences in the individual value of both groups seem, however, to make it possible that the determination of the relation of the aerogenic Aeromonads to the anerogenic could show a more sensitive system of waste contamination or of waste load than the saprobic system used in comparison. Since the anaerogenic subspecies A.hydrophila subsp. anerogenes and A.punctata subsp. caviae are very similar to each other from the ecological point of view and A.hydrophila of the aerogenic species is the widely predominating microorganism it seems to be sufficient for practical purpose to determine the relation of aerogenic to anaerogenic Aeromonads of the "Hydrophila-Punctata-Group"; a further differentiation does not assist in obtaining more information at the present time.


[Study of a selection procedure designed for students of schools for medical technicians. (Completory note on the experiences with an enlarged sample using the same statistical methods) (author's transl)].

In a pilot-study aiming at an applicable procedure to select students for schools of medical technicians, 84 students were examined by psychological methods. The problem in question was, whether it is possible to estimate examination-marks on the basis of psychometric variables. The application of different statistical procedures (correlation, mutiple regression) showed, that the most exact estimation was obtained with a multiple regression employing six psychometric variables. Using the same methods on an enlarged sample (N = 180) the following results were received: 1. Taking the same six psychometric variables of the initial study for the multiple regression 63 per cent of the applicants would have qualified if a selection rate of 50 per cent was employed, according to Taylor and Russell. Own computations showed, that about half of the number of students who failed their examinations would not have been accepted. 2. A stepwise-regression-analysis was applied again to select the six "most favorable" variables for the enlarged collective. With the help of a new multiple regression another estimation of examination-marks showed the percentage of the qualified students to rise to a total of 69 (Taylor and Russell). The result of our computations were, that out of 53 students who failed their final examination, 40 would not have been accepted if a selection had taken place. These results are probably too positive. In spite of the relatively large sample and the given number of variables the problem of the vicious circle might occur. 3. Employing this selection of variables the psychological examination will take three hour.


[A micropuncture study of several indices of renal function in rats during development].

The function of single superficial nephrons has been studied by means of several micropuncture methods in 22-, 30- and 42-day rats. It was shown that intratubular hydrostatic pressure, transit time of tubular fluid through a proximal tubule and Henle's loop, as well as local reabsorption in the proximal tubules measured by Gertz's split oil droplet method increase between the 22nd and the 30th days. The ration of tubular fluid and plasma (TF/P) inulin concentrations in late proximal and in early distal tubules increases with age. The values of TF/P for Na in early distal tubules are higher in 22- and 30-day rats than in older ones. TF/P for K does not change simultaneously with that for Na. These data are consistent with the assumption that the sodium load in the distal part of the nephron is higher in young rats than in adult ones.


[Catecholamine concentration in several structures of the cat and rabbit sympathetic nervous systems during postnatal ontogenesis].

Studies have been made on the content of adrenalin and noradrenalin in the nervous fibers and ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system of cats and rabbits during a postnatal life. In all the structures investigated, high catecholamine content was found within the first month of life on the animals. On further development, total catecholamine content decreases. Age changes in catecholamine content of preganglionic sympathetic fibers and different sympathetic ganglia indicate an effective adrenergic regulation in early postnatal ontogenesis of cats and rabbits.


[A change in erythrocyte membrane permeability in rodents under the influence of fish oil, vitamin E and fatty acids].

In experiments on 370 gerbils (Meriones tamariscinus) and 56 albino rats, studies have been made on the effects of vitamin E, rancid cod-liver oil and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, oxidated oleic and linoleic) upon the permeability of erythrocyte membrane. Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes to hypotonic NaCl solutions was measured. Seasonal changes in the permeability and sexual differences in these changes were observed. In M. tamariscinus the addition of vitamin E, cod-liver oil and unsaturated fatty acids to the food results in changes of erythrocyte permeability. The pattern of these changes depends on the season of year, differences in nutrition, as well as on fat and tocophenol stores in the organism, which are different in males and females. In albino rats, changes of erythrocyte permeability induced by vitamin E and cod-liver oil are rather insignificant.


[Method of isolating pathogenic enterobacteria from atmospheric air].

The authors present comparative results of determination of sedimentation and aspiration methods of air pollution by pathogenic enterobacteria during the artificial sewage "raining". Results (in per cent) of isolation of salmonellae from the air by both methods proved to be very close; however, a possibility of isolation of pathogenic bacteria from the air increased with the use of the apparatus for the examination of large air volumes.


[Vocal reactions of chickens to midbrain stimulation with different electrical current parameters].

Vocal reactions of hens are realized via nucleus intercollicularis, nucleus mesencephalicus, nucleus isthmi (pars principalis magnocellularis), nucleus isthmi (pars principalis parvocellularis), formatio reticularis and other midbrain structures. These findings indicate a widespread representation of vocal centre in the midbrain of hens. Functional properties of these structures are different. Intercollicular and dorsal mesencephalic nuclei exhibit higher excitability as compared to isthmic nuclei and the reticular formation. Vocal reactions depend on the parameters of the electrical stimuli. The increase in the amplitude and frequency of stimulation facilitates vocal reaction and changes its pattern.


[Palatine tonsils and immunity. VI. Effect of thymosin and palatine tonsil extract on the immunologic reactivity of neonatally thymectomized and intact mice].

Experiments were conducted on Wistar rats, intact and neonatally thymectomized CBA mice; a study was made of the immunological activity of the extracts of the thymus and the palatine tonsils of calves obtained by the method of Goldstein et al (1966). The extract of the palatine tonsils obtained proved to contain a small amount of thymosin at whose expense an insignificant restoration of immunological reactivity occurs in its administration neonatally to thymectomized mice.


[Responses of dorsal and ventral thalamic neurons to visual stimulation in Emys orbicularis tortoises].

Extracellular studies have been made on the background activity and reactions to visual stimuli in neurons of nucleus rotundus and nucleus suprapeduncularis of the thalamus in the tortoise E. orbicularis. Reactions of on-off type to diffuse light flashes were recorded predominantly in both of the nuclei, whereas specific reactions to movement stimuli were found in the neurons of n. rotundus. The receptive area of the neurons in both of the nuclei involves all the visual field of one or both of the eyes. The structure of the receptive area of the neurons of n. suprapeduncularis is relatively homogeneous, whereas the receptive area of the neurons in n. rotundus exhibits a zone with an increased excitability under the horizontal meridian. After a damage of tectum opticum, the heterogeneity of the receptive areas and the specific responses to movement in cells of n. rotundus disappeared, while thresholds of the reactions increased. In the neurons of n. suprapeduncularis homogeneous structure of the receptive area remained unaffected, the thresholds of the reactions being increased as well.


[The effect of muscular loading on carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the current year's brood of Salmo irideus trout].

In trout fingerlings with a mean weight 1.1 g and body length 4.3 cm, kept in a water stream at the velocity of 0.2 m/sec for 1-3 hours, the content of glycogen in muscles, liver and brain decreases whereas the content of unsaturated fatty acids and glucose in the blood as well as the level of lactate in muscles increase. After 5-hour swimming of the fingerlings carbohydrate metabolism and the content of unsaturated fatty acids return to the initial levels; the content of fat in the liver significantly decreases. Presumably trout fingerlings exhibit high capacity for adaptation to the given muscular activity and do not show fatigue.


[Immunologic properties and role of the low-molecular component in a preparation of S. typhi Vi antigen].

The author compared the serological, immunogenic and protective activity of the Vi-antigen and its high- and low-molecular fractions; an interaction between these fractions in administration of their mixture to the animals was studied. The low-molecular antigen (the 2nd fraction), contained in the preparation of the Vi-polysaccharide differed considerably (by properties) from the high-molecular antigen. The 2nd fraction, whose antigenic substance possessed the least immunogenic and protective capacity, failed to induce or to resolve the immunological memory, and also prevented the manifestations of the high immunogenicity of the 1st fraction. Therefore the nonfractional preparation of the Vi-antigen, consisting of 80% of a high-molecular substance of the 1st fraction and having the same serological activity as the 1st fraction, possessed a lesser immunogenic and protective activity.


[A microdissection study of Lampetra fluviatilis lamprey nephrons].

Each of the nephrons in the lamprey L. fluviatilis consists of three distinct segments-proximal, thin, and distal ones. Proximal segments are differentiated into a convoluted and a descending parts, whereas distal ones-into a convoluted and an ascending parts. Therefore microdissection studies indicate that the anatomical composition of a single nephron in the river lamprey is identical to that of a superficial nephron in mammals. Parallel arrangement of the proximal descending, thin, and distal ascending segments, as well as of the collecting tubules, also makes the kidney of the lamprey similar to the countercurrent system in the medulla of mammalian kidney. The data obtained imply that Henle's loop is present in the kidneys not only of higher Vertebrates, but of Cyclostomes as well.


[Possibility of peroral revaccination against tetanus].

The authors present the results of oral revaccination of volunteers by purified tetanus toxoid. It appeared that in a dose of 500 BU tetanus toxoid covered with no special coat, produced no immunological effect. As to the coated toxoid-the same dose produced and increase in the antitoxin titre to the protective level, and greater.


[Reactions of the pinealocytes on the scorpionfish, Scorpaena porcus, to ionic equilibrium disorders].

Morpho-functional changes in scorpionfish pinealocytes have been observed during an increase in potassium sodium or magnesium content of the sea water. These changes include the increase in the height and the diameter of the nuclei of pinealocytes, the increase being followed by apocrynic secretion in the cells. It is suggested that the pineal organ of the scorpionfish is involved in the reaction of the organism to changes in the ionic balance of the internal milieu.


[Late toxicoses of pregnancy and transplacental transmission of antituberculosis antibodies].

The content of antituberculosis antibodies in the blood of neonates was studied with the aid of passive hemagglutination test (PHT) after Boiden and in the PHT modified after Middlebrook-Dubot. The use of a complex antigen from the BCG vaccine in the PHT proved to possess the greatest prospects; antituberculosis humoral antibodies were detected at the time of birth in 48.5% of the children. A total of 322 neonates, including 167 neonates born of mothers with late toxemia of pregnancy, were examined. With the given complication of pregnancy there was revealed a disturbance of the transplacental transmission of antituberculosis antibodies, this being explaining by the destructive-sclerotic changes in the placental tissue in marked toxemia of pregnancy.


[Hyperpolarization response of an identified neuron of Planobarius corneus mollusks to several cholinomimetic substances].

Two kinds of responses to cholinomimetics were found on the identified neuron (P-2) of Planorbarius corneus pedal ganglion using microelectrode technique. Nicotinomimetics caused depolization whereas some muscarinomimetics caused hyperpolarization of the neuron membrane. Acetylcholine usually depolarized the neuron membrane but after the blockade of nicotinic receptors with tubocurarine one can reveal a hyperpolarizing action of acetylcholine. These findings suggest that two kinds of receptors exist on the P-2 neuron membrane and these receptors differ both in pharmacological characteristics and in ionic permeability changes they control.


[Ultrastructure of L forms. IV. L forms of nonagglutinating vibrios].

A study was made of the ultrastructure of stable L-forms of Nag vibrios aged 24 hours. Cells of all types of the L-forms had cytoplasmic membranes, and a three-layered structure, which was found not everywhere. Externally of the cytoplasmic membrane, in some areas of the individual cells there were revealed a plastic layer of cell wall and a basal membrane. However, in difference to bacterial forms of the vibryos, rigidity of the cell wall was disturbed, and the links between the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane were indetectable. There were regularly revealed lamellar of myelin-like membranous structures in the cytoplasm, which did not occur in bacterial forms, and also lamellar mesosomes. The latter were found in the sites of cell division. Viability of small bodies as the minimal reproductive forms of the L-cultures is confirmed by the presence in them of a nucleoid and of the binary division.


[The effect of external stimuli on movement of Asterias amurensis starfish].

Studies have been made on local and total motor reactions of the starfish to stimuli of different modalities. It is suggested that differences in the pattern  of papillae excitation and those in total reactions to salt, mechanical stimulation and changes in the intensity of illumination are associated with structural and functional heterogeneity of receptors and afferent pathways in the lower regular layer of the nervous plexus. The ability of segment motoneurons to change the direction of tube feet movement in absence of influences from the nervous ring was demonstrated. Possible scheme of control of pedicellar movement evoked by external stimulation is discussed.


[Pathogenicity of nonagglutinating vibrios].

In studying the pathogenicity of nonagglutinating vibrios it was established that the majority of the strains isolated from the patients suffering from enteritis possessed enteropathogenic properties which were revealed in the trials on nursling rabbits and on the isolated intestinal loop a of an adult rabbit. In difference to the cholera vibryos, these microorganisms produced no typical cholerogenicity syndrome expressing, however, a number of enteropathogenic properties: caused diarrhea, overfilling of the intestine with fluid, etc. Autopsy showed a typical enterocolitis picture, confirmed by histological studies. Nonagglutinating vibrio cultures isolated from the water and from healthy persons possessed no enteropathogenic properties. An isolated intestinal loop of an adult rabbit proved to be the most sensitive experimental model.


[Analysis of a group of Corynebacterium by numerical taxonomic methods].

Strains (29) of Corynebacterium genus were studied with the use of the method of numerical taxonomy. 48 characteristics (including morphological, tinctorial, cultural and biochemical ones) were analyzed. All the strains tested proved to belong to the same taxon. The present method permitted to reveal various biotypes within the group studied.


Effect of modification on physico-chemical and biological properties of haptoglobin. Acetylation, iodination and nitration.

Human haptoglobin (Hp) type 2-1 was modified with N-acetylimidazole, iodine or tetranitromethane (TNM), and the ability of the obtained derivatives to form with haemoglobin (Hb) complexes with peroxidase activity, was estimated. At low reagent to protein molar ratios, 11 tyrosine residues were nitrated, 12 acetylated and 13 iodinated. The biological activity of NO2-Hp and I-Hp amounted to 40% of the activity of native Hp whereas the activity of Ac-Hp only to 16%. The derivatives modified at high ratios of N-acetylimidazole or iodine lost the ability to bind with Hb. Deacylation. of tyrosines and partial liberation of acetylated xi-amino groups resulted in partial recovery of the activity. As demonstrated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the modification of Hp with high excess of TNM or iodine induced polymer formation


Role of Mn2+ in the reaction of polynucleotide phosphorylase with 2'-O-methylated substrates.

Polymerization of 2'-O-methylcytidine-5'-diphosphate (CmDP) with polynucleotide phosphorylase in the presence of Mn2+ proceeds with 65% yield after 72 h, and in the presence of Mg2+ the yield does not exceed 10%. Phosphorolysis of poly 2'-O-methylcytidylic acid and poly 2'-O-methyluridylic acid, as well as exchange of the beta-phosphate group of CmDP in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+, proceed with a yield of only a few percent. A possible mechanism of Mn2+ action on CmDP polymerization is discussed.


[Microbial 3-O-demethylation and 3-O-methylation of estratrienes].

Estradiol-3-methylether, estrone-3-methylether, 17alpha-ethinyl-estradiol-3-methylether and other 17alpha-substituted estratrienes were 3-O-demethylated to free 3-hydroxy compounds by fermentation with Corynebacterium sp. A hydroxy groupp in position 6alpha or 6beta prevented the reaction. The opposite reaction, methylation of the 3-hydroxy group of estratrienes, was performed using Mycobacterium smegmatis. The substrate specifity of this methylation was low. Analogies of these microbial reactions to steroid metabolism in mammalian organism are discussed.


[Kinetic studies on long-chain alcohol turnover by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase within the transition from real solution to emulsion or suspension].

The enzymatic oxidation of hexanol, decanol, and tetradecanol by yeast alcohol dehydrogenase was studied. The enzyme was found to catalyze not only conversion in the real aqueous solution of the substrates, but also at the surface of undissolved substrate particles. The kinetic parameters varied on transition from the real solution to dispersion, in dependence on the chain length of the substrate.


[Structure of animal ribosomes. VI. Adynamic model of ribosome structure].

A dynamic model for the structure of ribosomes is developed using X-ray small-angle scattering data and electron micrographs of ribosomes and polysomes. The large subunit has the shape of a conical frustum, and has a groove at its flat side. The small subunit consists of two semiparticles which are connected by a molecular strand; it may assume two conformations: a prolate P conformation and an oblate O conformation. Translocation of the ribosome along the mRNA in the elongation process of protein synthesis is accomplished by cyclic conformation transitions P-O-P-O in combination with the linking and rupturing of bonds. This mechanism is called "rack and roll" mechanism.