Precipitation of a selenium deficiency by high dietary levels of copper and zinc.

High mortality and a high incidence of exudative diathesis and muscular dystrophy were observed in chicks fed a diet supplemented with either 800 or 1600 ppm copper. Adding 0.5 ppm selenium to a basal diet containing 0.2 ppm prevented mortality and selenium deficiency signs. Dietary zinc levels of 2100 to 4100 ppm also resulted in high mortality, exudative diathesis, and muscular dystrophy. A selenium supplement of 0.5 ppm completely prevented the deficiency signs and markedly reduced mortality. The results demonstrate that both copper and zinc can induce a selenium deficiency in chicks when a diet relatively low in this element is fed.


Pressure-dependent PAH and creatinine transport from the brain ventricles.

The brain ventricular system of the adult dog was perfused with an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing inulin, creatinine and radioactively labeled p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and mannitol. Inflow and outflow rates and concentrations of test molecules were measured at different intraventricular pressures, allowing calculation of their steady-state rates of removal from the ventricles. Clearance of inulin, a measure of CSF bulk absorption varied nearly with intraventricular pressure (- 15 to +12 cm H2O relative to the external auditory meatus). The efflux coefficient (Ko; representing clearance of a molecule by means other than bulk absorption) for mannitol was independent of intraventricular pressure. Ko's for PAH and creatinine were pressure dependent. PAH and creatinine efflux may be related to the amount of fourth ventricular choroid plexus surface exposed to the perfusion fluid. Ko's for creatinine and PAH (46 plus or minus 4 mul/min; 34 plus or minus 4mul/min, respectively) were significantly greater than mannitol (16 plus or minus 8 mul/min) at comparable intraventricular pressures, suggesting that both creatinine and PAH leave the CSF by an active process in addition to passive diffusion.


Preservation of estrogen-induced increase of uterine blood volume following catechlamine and mast cell histamine depletion.

Uterine blood volume increases after administration of estrogen to ovariectomized mice. The effect on uterine blood volume was not altered by depletion of mast cell histamine with compound 48/80 or by depletion of norepinephrine from uterine nerves by 6-hydroxydopamine. Thus, neither reduction in the adrenergic transmitter content nor release of mast cell histamine appears to play any primary role in mediating the changes in uterine hemodynamics produced by estrogen, at least as they are reflected by changes in uterine blood volume.


Thyroid activity of spontaneous hypertensive rats.

Thyroid activity of both male and female spontaneous hypertensive (SH) rats was studied by measurements of uptake and rate of release of 131-I, urinary excretion of 131-I, and thyroxine secretion rate (TSR). In addition, thyroid glands were removed at death and weighed. Radioactivity of the thyroid gland of male rats measured at intervals after administration of 131-I revealed a significantly reduced maximal uptake at 21.5 hr after injection and a reduced rate of release. The mean biological half-life of 131-I for the control group was 37.8 plus or minus 3.1 (SE) hr compared to 54.8 plus or minus 7.2 hr for hypertensives (P less than 0.05). Similar results were observed for females in that biological half-life of 131-I was 32.2 plus or minus 1.2 hr compared with 84.1 plus or minus 4.1 hr for hypertensives (P less than 0.01). Urinary excretion of 131-I by hypertensive rats at 24, 48, and 72hr after injection of 131-I did not differ from control in either experiment. Thyroid weight at autopsy was increased significantly above that of normotensive controls. TSR was measured indirectly in a third group of male spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. TSR of control rats was estimated to be 0.97 mug T4/100 g body wt/day and 1.35 mug T4/100 g body wt/day for SH RATS. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the method for measurement of TSR in hypertensive rats gives an artifactually high value because TSH secretion is elevated.


Induction of peritoneal ascites fluid by Freund's adjuvant: Genetic and hormonal influences.

Strain differences among inbred mice is demonstrated for the relative amounts of peritoneal ascites fluid induced by the injection of Freund's adjuvant and antigen. Females tend to produce more fluid than males; the lower level in males is attributable to the action of male hormone. Both genetic and epigenetic factors are determinants in the response levels; genetic factors differentiate the inbred strains of mice, epigenetic factors underlie the variations within a strain and the difference between sexes.


Further studies concerning glucagon-induced hypocholesterolemia.

Some of the possible mechanisms responsible for the hypocholesterolemic effect of glucagon were investigated. Glucagon was found to inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. In addition, it was found to either hasten the rate of egress of lipoprotein cholesterol from the blood into the liver or to retard the rate of re-entry of cholesterol from the liver into the blood. The data do not distinguish between these two possibilities, which indeed may occur simultaneously.


Central summation of barosensory impulses over both carotid sinus nerves in the dog.

Stimulation of both CSN in dogs with continuous stimuli decreased blood pressure and heart rate as effectively as intermittent bursts of stimuli. The temporal separation between the stimulus bursts to the two CSN was without effect on the reflex response. Similarly perfusion of both carotid sinuses with pressure pulses which were in phase was no more effective in eliciting the reflex than perfusion with pressure pulses 180 degree out of phase. These results suggest that the barosensory fibers project centrally to independent neuronal pools. Pulsatile perfusion of the carotid sinuses lowered systemic pressure more than nonpulsatile pressure at the same mean level. The greater efficacy of pulsatile pressure appears to result from baroreceptor recruitment and not from the impulse pattern.


Cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia in adrenalectomized dogs.

In dogs with bilateral adrenalectomy loaded with K by infusion of 2 mEq KCI/kg/hr there is a marked increase of cardiac sensitivity to hyperkalemia. Typical ECG changes begin at lower serum K levels (5-6 mEq/l) and the prelethal arrhythmias that signal the imminent onset of fatal when mean serum K is 7.6 mEq/l, 2.9 mEq/l above the average pre-infusion level. In control dogs, ECG changes start above 8 mEq K/liter, and prelethal arrhythmias appear between 9.5 and 10.2 mEq/l, a mean increase of 5.6 mEq/l above the average preinfusion level.


The in vitro effects of Triton WR-1339 on lipid synthesis by bone cells.

Triton WR-1339, administered parenterally, has long been known to be a potent hyperlipemic agent. In vitro lipid biosynthesis is stimulated in liver and brain preparations from animals injected with Triton. Only in a perfused isolated liver system has an in vitro effect of Triton on lipid synthesis been demonstrated. In the present study, lipid biosynthesis has been shown to increase in bone, a third organ system, under the influence of in vitro Triton WR-133. This stimulation affects most major lipid classes. Triton similarly stimulates lipid synthesis in tissue cultures of bone cells. This is the first report of an effect of Triton on lipid synthesis (1) in bone and (2) in any tissue culture system.


Increase in erythroid colony formation in rabbits following the administration of testosterone.

Changes in the numbers of erythroid colonies formed in cultures from rabbits pretreated with either testosterone or busulfan plus testosterone were studied using a methyl cellulose gel system. The mean number of erythroid colonies in bone marrows from rabbits treated with testosterone in vivo was significantly higher than that of controls. However, this increase in erythroid colonies in cultures seen following testosterone treatment was completely blocked by the concurrent administration of busulfan as seen in the rabbits treated with busulfan orally and followed by testosterone injections. Busulfan has been postulated block the formation of new erythropoietin responsive cells (ERC) from hematopoietic stem cells (CFU). Thus, these findings suggest that testosterone may act directly on CFU to enhance their differentiation into the ERC compartment causing an increase in nucleated erythroid cells.


Effect of ethynyl estradiol on the secretion of hepatic triglyceride.

The concentrations of triglyceride in the blood of female rats increased 2- and 4-fold during treatment with 5 and 15 mug/kg of ethynyl estradiol, respectively. The rate of secretion of triglyceride increased 66% over controls with livers obtained from the rats administered ethynyl estradiol. Ethynyl estradiol induced a hypocholesterolemia in the donor animals but the secretion of cholesterol into the perfusate from livers obtained from these animal was not affected. Adrenal corticosterone levels were depressed 48% in animals receivint of ethynyl estradiol on the liver or secondary to other hormonal changes.


Synergism between prolactin and ovarian hormones of DNA synthesis in rats mammary gland.

Autoradiography with [30H] thymedine has been used to measure the rate of DNA synthesis in the mammary epithelium of hypophysectomized-ovariectomized rats under the influence of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin. Controls and animals treated with estradiol did not increase [3-H] thymidine incorporation, while progesterone alone had a slight stimulatory effect. Prolactin alone stimulated some [3-H] thymidine uptake in ductal and alveolar epithelium, but when combined with either estradiol or progesterone synergistic effects were observed. Estradiol with prolactin stimulated incorporation primarily in the ductal epithelium, whereas progesterone with prolactin stimulated both ductal and alveolar epithelium.


Arterial pressure regulation during hemorrhage: homeostatic role of angiotensin II.

The role of the renin-angiotensin system in the maintenance of arterial pressure following hemorrhage was studied in conscious dogs. Hemorrhage (20 ml/kg body wt) decreased the mean arterial pressure, but compensatory mechanisms partially restored the arterial pressure toward normal. Plasma renin activity increased more than twofold following hemorrhage. To evaluate the role of endogenous angiotensin II in this compensatory response, a specific competitive antagonist of angiotensin II, 1-sarcosine-8-alanine-angiotensin II, was infused intravenously at 6.0 mug/kg min-1 for 30 min; the mean posthemorrhage arterial pressure decreased from 102 plus or minus 7 mmHg to 80 plus or minus 6 mmHg after 15 and 30 min of analog infusion (P less than 0.01 for both values). After a recovery period of 60 min, arterial pressure returned to pre-infusion levels. These results suggest that angiotensin II plays an important role in the short-term maintenance of arterial pressure following hemorrhage in the conscious animal.


Prevention of hereditary cardiomyopathy in the hamster by verapamil and other agents.

Verapamil, Prenylamine and, to a lesser extent, Cinnarizine were highly efficient in preventing the development or reducing the severity of heart lesions in cardiomyopathic hamster of the UM-X7.1 line. The calcium antagonistic compounds did not protect against the skeletal muscle changes already present at the time when treatment was initiated. The cardiac lesions were also significantly diminished in frequency and severity by a low calcium diet and in apparent contradiction, by parenteral administration of calcium gluconate. The relation of these electrolytes and creatine phosphokinase is not yet fully understood but suggests that a primary defect in muscles cell membranes may be responsible for hereditary cardiomyopathy in hamsters.


Magnesium movement in hypothyroid sheep.

We described magnesium transport in hypothyroid and normal sheep with an eight-compartment biomodel fitted by a least-squares technique to data from multiple compartments and routes of entry of 28-Mg. Isotopic equilibrium was not attained during this period of observation in hypothyroid or control sheep. Hypothyroidism reduced transfer coefficients for absorption (P less than 0.01) of 28-Mg from the GI tract but did not change the rate coefficient for endogenous 28-Mg losses to feces (P less than 0.05). Nutritional balance data indicated higher absorption and retention of Mg in hypothyroid sheep, and the observed decrease in rate of passage of digestive residues suggested that mean retention time of GI tract contents had a definite effect on the availability of Mg.


Failure of neutrophilia to increase the number of neutrophils entering a peritoneal exudate in mice.

Neutrophilia, produced by bleeding or by parasitic infection, did not result in a larger than normal number of cells migrating into endotoxin-induced peritoneal exudates. These results fail to support but do not disprove the concept that neutrophil loss from the blood may be controlled primarily by changes in the fractional turnover rate rather than by blood pool size. They indicate that the failure of exudate neutrophils to increase in proportion to blood neutrophils in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia may not be an abnormality as interpreted previously.


Growth hormone response to oral glucose in stable and hypoglycemia-prone diabetics.

The growth hormone response during standard 5-hr oral glucose tolerance tests was studied in three groups: normals, hypoglycemia-prone diabetics, and an age-weight-matched stable diabetic group. The stable diabetic and normal groups had significant (P less than 0.02) growth hormone responses at the 4-hr and 5-hr determinations during the tests, while the hypoglycemiaphone diabetic group failed to respond. The 4-hr and 5-hr growth hormone levels in this group were significantly (P less than 0.05) below the levels in the stable diabetics and normals. These data suggest that growth hormone responses differ in subgroup within the diabetic population.


Long-term maintenance of differentiated respiratory epithelium in organ culture I. Medium composition.

Six commerically prepared, chemically defined media were tested in the presence and absence of serum to assess their influence on the maintenance of viable hamster respiratory epithelium over extended periods of time in vitro. Unique proliferation of epithelial elements was observed in organ cultures maintained in "complex" media containing serum, whereas use of these media in the absence of serum produced disorganized epithelial changes resembling squamous metaplasia. Minimum essential media at low serum concentrations preserved the columnar structure of the normal tracheal epithelium for 8 wk and longer in vitro.


Induction of hepatitis in adult Syrian hamster by H-1 virus.

The induction of hepatitis in adult hamster by H-1 virus was documented by demonstrating an increase in serum SGOT and SGPT at 3-9 wk postinoculation. The electrophoresis pattern of LDH isoenzymes showed a marked increase in the liver fraction (fraction 5) indicating liver damage in infected hamsters. The pathology displayed in diseased livers revealed a focal degeneration of hepatic cells although infiltration of white cells was not observed. H-1 virus is apparently capable of producing hepatitis (without symptoms) in adult hamsters as well as cause hepatitis and severe cerebral disease in newborn hamsters.


Hepatic glutathione S-transferases: identification by gel filtration and in vitro inhibition by organic anions.

In the gel filtration of 100,000 g rat liver supernatant, four major glutathione S-transferase activities, S-aryl-, S-epoxide-, S-aralykyl, and S-alkyltransferase, were identified as having an elution volume identical to that of fractions exhibiting either glutathione or sulfobromophthalein sodium binding. The organic anions, sulfobromophthalein sodium, indocyanine green, and bilirubin, were found to be competitive inhibitors of the four glutathione S-transferase activities. These findings indicate that the glutathione S-transferases bind organic anions, and as a group, have a similar molecular weight to a known organic anion-binding protein. It is proposed that these enzymes also serve nonenzymically as a group of binding proteins in the hepatic cytoplasmic transport of organic anions.


Opsonic characteristics of chylomicron-bound protein.

A blood protein in complex with native chylomicrons was labeled with radiogold colloid, thus indirectly identifying the protein material in the complex as opsonin and suggesting the possibility that native chylomicrons may utilize the opsonin system for its clearance from the circulation. The protein in question has been shown to be at least divalent, in that the protein in combination with one type of particle could still react with another. It is felt that these studies provide further insight into the complex surface events that result during the process of opsonization.


The effect of chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on the isolated perfused rat liver.

The effects of chlordiazepoxide-hydrochloride (CDZ) on the isolated perfused rat liver were examined. CDZ administration decreased bile flow, biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and hepatic uptake of BSP. The addition of CDZ to the perfusate of livers obtained from phenobarbital (Pb) pretreated rats led to 50% greater reductions in bile flow, concentration of BSP in bile and hepatic uptake of BSP. The adverse effects of CDZ on BSP excretion per g liver, however, did not appear to be enhanced by Pb pretreatment. The complex nature of the interrelationship of the effects of Pb and of CDZ on the control liver prevented differentiation of the role of CDZ from that of a metabolite on the adverse effect on liver function.


Influence of vitamin E on platelet aggregation and thrombocythemia in the rat.

Collagen-induced platelet aggregation was increased in 9-10 wk old vitamin E deficient rats although there was no difference in platelet count between deficient and control animals. With a more prolonged deficiency (at 15 wk) both platelet aggregation and platelet counts were elevated in the vitamin E deficient animals.


Differential effects of prostaglandins A1 and A2 on pulmonary vascular resistance in the dog.

The effects of PGA1 and PGA2 were studied in the canine pulmonary vascular bed. Infusion of PGA1 into the lobar artery decreased lobar arterial and venous pressure but did not change left atrial pressure. In contrast, PGA2 infusion increased lobar arterial and venous pressure and the effects of this substance were similar in experiments in which the lung was perfused with dextran or with blood. These data indicate that under conditions of controlled blood flow PGA1 decreases pulmonary vascular resistance by dilating intrapulmonary veins and to a lesser extent vessels upstream to the small veins, presumably small arteries. The present data show that PGA2 increases pulmonary vascular resistance by constricting intrapulmonary veins and upstream vessels. The predominant effect of PGA2 was on upstream vessels and the pressor effect was not due to interaction with formed elements in the blood or platelet aggregation.


Interferon crosses blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in monkeys.

Interferon was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of monkeys injected iv or im with 30 million units of human leukocyte interferon. The im injection maintained a long-lasting plateau at about 1/30th of the corresponding level of interferon in the serum. Interferon injected into the serum. Interferon injected into the cerebrospinal canal was cleared from CSF at a similar rate as it disappeared from blood after iv administration of a high dose. A relatively stable serum level was maintained for 12-24 hr after the injection of interferon into the CSF space.


Metabolic interactions among polyunsaturated fatty acids in response to an atherogenic diet.

The distribution of fatty acids in hepatic lipids of dogs fed a diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil as the only source of lipid, changed in the manner characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency. Cholesterol supplementation of this diet accentuated these changes resulting in further increases in oleic and eicosatrienoic acids and decreases in the distribution of linoleic and arachidonic acids. Two eicosatrienoic acid isomers, 20:3 omega9, derived from oleic acid and 20:3 omega6, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid from linoleic acid, were identified. The increase of the 20:3 omega6 isomer was found, somewhat unexpectedly, to be greater than that of 20:3 omega9, the isomer normally associated with EFA defiency. The increase in 20:3 omega6 was probably due in part, but not completely, to competitive inhibition by the increased concentration of 20:3 omega9 on the desaturation reaction whereby 20:3 omega6 is converted to arachidonic acid.


Melatonin-pineal relationships in female golden hamsters.

Light deprivation by blinding  in female hamsters was followed by a regression of the reproductive organs, an elevation of pituitary LH concentration and a depression of pituitary prolactin levels. Pinealectomy negated almost completely the effects of light deprivation on the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis. Weekly subcutaneous implants of a melatonin:beeswax pellet completely prevented the pineal gland from inhibiting reproductive physiology in blinded hamsters. The findings suggest that melatonin is not pineal antigonadotrophic factor in female golden hamsters. Melatonin implanted hamsters also had higher than normal levels of plasma prolactin.


Liver regeneration: An isolation perfusion system employed to assay hepatic 3-H-thymidine incorporation.

Isolated normal livers perfused with 3-H-thymidine containing suspensions which had been previously circulated through isolated livers either (a) regenerating or (b) "sham" operated, showed equal and erlatively low levels of both tissue specific activity and nuclear labeling by autoradiography. When such blood-simulating perfusates, containing 3-H-thymidine, are circulated through whole isolated regenerating livers, nuclear uptake is apparent and specific activity is increased greater than 100 times over levels obtained when the same perfusate is circulated through nonregenerating livers.


Teratogenic effects of cyclopamine and jervine in rats, mice and hamsters.

Golden hamster fetuses were extremely sensitive to the teratogenic action of jervine and cyclopamine, the steroidal alkaloid tetratogens from Veratrum californicum. Cebocephaly, harelip/cleft palate, exencephaly, and a cranial bled were the common deformities produced by dosing on the seventh day of gestation. Sprague-Dawley derived albino rats were susceptible to cyclopamine but not to jervine, and at an incidence very much lower than that of hamsters. Cebocephaly and microphthalmia were the common deformities. The terata were observed as a consequence of sixth to ninth-day dosings. Single-day dosings produced no terata. Swiss Webster mice were apparently resistant to the teratogens.


K+ and Mg-2+ net fluxes in relation to zero [Ca-2+] perfusion and subsequent cardiac contracture.

Following within 45 sec after the development of contracture induced by restoring normal ionic composition perfusion conditions after a 12 min period of mechanical arrest in the rabbit heart caused by zero [Ca-2+] perfusion, there is an explosive efflux of K+ and Mg-2+. After shorter periods of Ca-2+-lack arrest, the restoration of [Ca-2+] to normal causes recovery of rhythmic contraction and no K+ efflux. The K+ and Mg-2+ effuxes are ascribed to the effects of the contracture itself and not simply to the loss of Ca-2+ during zero [Ca-2+] arrest nor to the restoration of normal perfusate [Ca-2+], except insofar as the latter operates to induce the contracture. It is suggested that cell membrane permeability progressively increases during zero [Ca-2+] arrest and that an abnormally large influx of Ca-2+ after restoration of normal perfusate [Ca-2+] induces the contracture.


Diuretic agents and glucose reabsorption.

Acetazolamide, chlorothiazide, ethacrynic acid and furosemide were infused to glucose loaded dogs. Glucose reasorption was unchanged after acetazolamide and chlorothiazide. Ethacrynic acid depressed glucose reabsorption significantly. Furosemide caused a modest decrease in glucose reabsorption which was not significant when the control values were compared with the last three experimental values, but which was significant when all experimental values are analyzed. These diuretics most likely depress glucose reabsorption by acting on the proximal tubule, though a distal effect cannot be excluded.


Phenobarbital protection against methyl mercury neophrotoxicity.

Phenobarbital injections to rats given a low oral dose level of methl mercury for 2 or 4 wk decreased methyl mercury-induced ultrastructural alterations in kidney proximal tubule cells, increased urinaryexcretion of inorganic mercury and increased blood concentrations of methylmercury. These effects were not seen after 2 wk of treatment but were highly significant after 4 wk.


On the origin of hematopoietic stem cells after local marrow extirpation.

The early hematopoietic regeneration in a depopulated segment of femur shaft is compared in +/+ and W/Wv mice and in W/Wv mice previously treated with +/+ marrow. Since the W/Wv mouse has an intrinsic CFU deficiency on spleen colony assay and since immigrant cells play a negligible role in the onset of regeneration after marrow extirpation, the W/Wv(+/+) chimera provides a model for evaluation of the contribution of residual cells to the regenerative program. There was little difference in the relative recovery of CFU in +/+, W/Wv, and W/Wv-(+/+), Moreover, +/+ derived CFU were responsible for nearly all of the CFU repopulation in chimeric mice. Thus, recovery of hemic cellularity must be due to residual stem cells rather than to stem cells derived by transformation of more primitive mesenchymal elements. The residual CFU are probably intimately associated with bone, most likely within the endosteum and haversian system.


Effects of ischemia on forelimb weight and lymph protein concentration.

The aim of this study was to determine if edema develops in the canine forelimb after relief of prolonged ischemia. Two hours of ischemia was induced either by interrupting brachial artery inflow in collateral-free innervated, naturally and constantly perfused preparations or by applying a pressure cuff in intact preparations. Changes in extravascular fluid volume were inferred from changes in limb weight. Relief of ischemia produced a transient 1.7% increase in weight in the collateral-free, naturally perfused preparation but had no effect on weight in the collateral-free, constantly perfused or intact preparations. Skin lymph flow failed to change significantly and total lymph protein concentration increased only slightly. Thus, relief of 2 hr of ischemia does not produce marked edema or a large increase in microvascular permeability to plasma proteins in the dog forelimb.


Alkaline phosphatase modulation by osmolality changes during the growth cycle of KB cell cultures.

Growing KB cells in hyperosmolar medium causes in reduction in total alkaline phosphatase activity associated with a decrease in the proportion of the heat-labile and an increase of the heat-stable enzyme components. In standard medium enzyme activity increases progressively during a 6-day growth cycle and the proportion of heat-stable activity remains constant. In hyperosmolar medium, activity increases only during the initial 24 hr after the change in osmolality and then levels off, but the heat-stable alkaline phosphatase activity increases 7-fold within 48 hr. The transmission in thermostability is discernible 24 hr after increasing the osmolality of the medium and toward the end of a growth cycle most of the activity is heat-stable.


Insulin iontophoresis in cystic fibrosis.

Insulin and its vehicle without insulin were administered separately by iontophoresis to patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), obligate heterozygotes, and healthy controls. The resultant sweat chloride concentration after treatment with both preparations was compared in each individual. No difference after the two treatments was found in the control sample. A decrease in sweat chloride concentration after insulin iontophoresis in comparison with the vehicle was observed in both the CF (P smaller than 0.005) and heterozygote (P smaller than 0.01) samples. These observations suggest an involvement of insulin in CF and a possible role of insulin in sweat gland function.


Failure of environmental lighting to influence dental caries rate.

Two experiments involving littermate cotton rats were conducted to determine the effect of cool-white fluorescent versus artificial sunlight environments on caries incidence. There were no significant differences in either the incidence or extent of caries associated with the different types of lighting. This contradicts our previous observations (1) with this species using identical experimentation and calls for a retraction. It is suggested that the difference is due primarily to the application of an inappropriate statistical approach in the earlier work.


Serum antibody production--an invariable consequence of sensitization with dinitrochlorobenzene.

Antibodies to the dinitrophenyl determinant as estimated by a modified antigen-binding procedure have been found in the sera of all guinea pigs with contact sensitivity to DNCB. The humoral as well as the dermal responses were detectable within 7 days after immunization and persisted for at least 10 wk.


Suppression of antibody synthesis to dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin in contact-sensitized guinea pigs.

The anti-DNP response to DNP-BGG is substantially suppressed in guinea pigs sensitized to DNCB. The degree of antibody suppression varies with the mode of skin sensitization and with the degree of conjugation of the challenging immunogen. Suppression of the anti-HSA response was also induced by the prior injection of CFA.


Age influence on the lipolytic effect of glucagon in geese.

The lipolytic effect of glucagon was measured in vitro with adipose tissue of "young" (4-8 wk) and "old" (over 1 yr) geese. The response of the young geese tissue was about twice that observed with tissue of old geese, for glucagon concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 mug/ml. Our estimates indicate that the number of adipose cells per g of adipose tissue of young geese was three times that of the old geese tissue. This suggests that the greater lipolytic response to glucagon, observed in young geese adipose tissue, may possibly be due to its greater cellularity, rather than to a greater lipolytic response of the individual adipocyte. The lipolytic effect of glucagon in vivo, for each of the doses between 1.0 and 20.0 mug/kg, was significantly greater in the old than in the young geese. The slope of the linear equation relating log10 of glucagon dose and elevation of plasma FFA 5 min after injection, was significantly greater for the old than for the young geese. In the goose, therefore, the influence of age on the adipokinetic effect of glucagon appears to be mediated by factors operating in the whole animal, more than by changes in the adipose cell itself. A slower removal rate of circulating FFA by the old geese, could be one of these factors.


Tolerance of altitude-acclimatized rats to exercise in the cold.

The tolerance of altitude-acclimatized (18,000 ft 4 wk) and unacclimatized rats to exercise at 5 degrees was determined. Fewer unacclimatized than acclimatized rats became fatigued during 9 hr of exercise in the cold. Normal body temperatures were maintained in both groups during 9 hr in the cold at rest, but after exercise unacclimatized rats became mildly hypothermic (body temperature 35 degrees) and acclimatized rats severely hypothermic (body temperature 27.9 degrees). Polycythemia (hematocrit 69) was produced during the altitude acclimatization. Altitude-acclimatized rats developed more severe hypoglycemia and lower liver glycogen and serum lactic acid concentrations after exercise than did controls. No pathological changes were found in resting altitude-acclimatized rats, but after exercise in the cold, a higher percentage of acclimatized than unacclimatized rats developed focal myocardial necrosis within 4 days. Reduced exercise tolerance is attributed to severe hypothermia with associated decreased metabolism, polycythemia, hypoglycemia, and a higher incidence of pathological changes in the cardiac and striated muscles.


An elevation of plasma ISH concentration in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Thyroid activity was tested in two substrains of SHR. Plasma level and pituitary content of TSH increased significantly in both substrains of SHR. As a result, the thyroid weight and thyroidal radioiodine uptake increased significantly. Plasma T3 concentration was decreased in Kyoto substrain but was normal in NN substrain, while plasma T4 concentration decreased significantly in both substrains. Since the pituitary content and plasma level of TSH were significantly higher in spite of the normal concentration of plasma T3, it is concluded that the pituitary "hormostat" is set at a higher level at least in the NN substrain of SHR.


Studies on catalytic properties of purified high molecular weight pancreatic lipase.

The properties of the 500-fold purified high-molecular-weight lipase have been studied. The rate of hydrolysis of the triglycerides decreases with increasing fatty acid chain length. The lipolytic activity also increases with increase in unsaturation in the fatty acyl moiety. Diglycerides are hydrolyzed at more than twice the rate for triglycerides while monoglycerides are not hydrolyzed. Methyl esters are generally hydrolyzed at a higher rate which increases with increasing chain length of the fatty acid but the enzyme does not act on phospholipids. Emulsifying agents such as Tween 20, gum arabic, and albumin increase the rate of hydrolysis. Metal ions such as Hg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ strongly inhibit the lipolytic activity of the high-molecular-weight lipase while Ca2+ or Mg2+ by themselves show no stimulating effect. Treatment of the high-molecular-weight lipase with P-chloromercurybenzoate inhibits hydrolytic activity by 70% while iodoacetic acid has no effect.


Effect of long- and medium-chain fatty acids on insulin secretion from pieces of rat pancreas.

The effect of fatty acids on insulin secretion in vitro was investigated. Pieces of pancreas from fed rats were incubated for 15 or 90 min at low (0.6 mg/ml) and high (3.0 mg/ml) glucose concentrations with and without either sodium octanoate or sodium oleate. A highly significant difference in insulin secretion between low and high glucose concentrations indicated viability and responsiveness of the incubated tissue. No statistically significant effect of octanoate or oleate on insulin secretion was found at either low or high glucose concentration. Thus, no support was found for the concept that medium- and long-chain free fatty acids are insulin secretagogues.


Rates of oxygen uptake by embryonic anterior horn tissue isolated at various developmental stages.

Neuroepithelial cells of the presumptive spinal cord (stage 11) consume oxygen, albeit at a low rate. As neurons differentiate in the presumptive motor horns the rate of oxygen consumption increases to approximately 70 mumoles/g wet wt/hr by stage 26. It is suggested that the rate of oxygen consumption per unit volume of neuron then remains constant as subsequent development ensues but since the neurons become more widely spaced the oxygen consumption per unit volume of anterior horn tissue decreases.


Acute and chronic effects of chemically induced unilateral renal disease in rats.

Chemically induced unilateral renal disease was associated with a high incidence of proteinuria, diuresis, a morphological spectrum ranging from perinephritis to acute tubular or cortical necrosis, and unilateral or bilateral glomerular fibrinogen deposition during the first 2 wk after induction. Later, a decrease in proteinuria and return to normal urine output was not infrequently followed by recurrent proteinuria, hypergammaglobulinemia, morphological alterations, and deposition of IgG and beta1C on the glomerular basement membranes and mesangium of the contralateral kidney and the treated kidney. Intercapillary deposition of fibrinogen in association with IgG and beta1C was occasionally observed in one or both kidneys. The morphologic, immunohistologic, serologic, and chemical findings suggest that this model may be useful for further defining the course and prognosis of unilateral renal disease produced by vascular insufficiency.


Hypoglycemia and glycogen deficits in fetuses of hypothyroid pregnant rats.

Maternal hypothyroidism, when induced by surgical thyroidectomy with parathyroid hormone replacement, results in fewer live fetuses and smaller fetuses at the 22nd day of gestation. The hypothyroid mother shows the ability to mobilize adequate amounts of glucose even at the expense of her own reserves but the supply of glucose to the fetus appears to be impaired. These fetuses have subnormal skeletal muscle and liver glycogen and are severely hypoglycemic. The impaired development of these fetuses may result from alterations of either transplacental carbohydrate transport or placentofetal carbohydrate metabolism.


Effect of leukocytic endogenous mediator on C-reactive protein in rabbits.

Elevation in the plasma levels of the acute phase proteins--C-reactive protein (C-RP) and fibrinogen--were found after injection of leukocytic endogenous mediator (LEM) into rabbits. C-RP in the plasma was elevated 8 hr after injection of LEM, and maximum elevation occurred 24 hr after injection. Injection of LEM into rabbits also produced alterations in body temperature, in levels of plasma iron and zinc, and in the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.


Ultrastructural aspects of the adherence to target cells of in vitro differentiated lymphocytes.

The specific adherence to target fibroblasts of lymphocytes differentiated in vitro from blast cells after stimulation with pokeweed mitogen was studied under the electron microscope. Lymphocyte pseudopods were seen to penetrate into the target cells forming a close contact between the membranes of the two interacting cells. Microfilaments were the only cytoplasmic components that could be detected within or in the vicinity of the penetrating pseudopods. No morphological signs of secretion could be observed in the contact region. Morphological aspects of the contact region are discussed as related to the lytic mechanism.


Experimental Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice: the role of the fifth component of complement.

Experiments performed to determine the influence of the C5 component of complement in experimental Toxoplasma infection revealed that mice deficient in C5 had reduced mortality due to acute toxoplasmosis. Similar results were noted when inbred congenic mice of known complement type, as well as random-bred mice selected for complement type, were used. In both, mice with high complement activity were less resistant to Toxoplasma than were mice deficient in C5. However, many factors must interact in susceptibility to infection with T. gondii. Thus, lower resistance to Toxoplasma was noted in C5-deficient DBA/2J mice, whereas a high degree of resistance was noted in DBA/1J mice, which are not related to DBA/2J mice and which possess a normal sequence of complement. This accentuates the importance of using both random-bred and where possible cogenic lines in assessing the importance of individual factors in infectious immunity.


Effects of histamine and acetylcholine on equine digital lymph flow and composition.

We measured the flow rate and protein concentration of lymph collected from a digital lymphatic in eight anesthetized ponies. Additionally, we recorded systemic arterial pressure (Part), and small vein pressure (Psv). Control lymph flow averaged 0.068 ml/min, and contained 3.11 g/100 ml of protein with albumin/globulin ratio of 0.75. Twenty-minute local intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine (10 mug/min.) elevated Psv but did not increase lymph flow rate or protein concentration. A 60-min local intra-arterial infusion of histamine (10 mug/min) produced a marked sustained increase in Psv and both lymph flow and protein concentration. Edema developed in the digit receiving histamine. These data support the conclusion that in the horse, as in other species, histamine edema is due primarily to a decreased transcapillary colloid osmotic pressure gradient rather than an increased transcapillary hydrostatic pressure gradient.


Analysis of tumor-associated alkyldiacylglycerols and other lipids during radiation-induced thymic leukemogenesis.

Lipid composition of thymuses investigated during the development of thymic leukemogenesis induced by exposing C57BL/6J mice to gamma radiation led to the following conclusions. 1. Alkyldiacylglycerols, a class of lipids that are generally elevated in most neoplastic tissues, occurred only in small quantities (less than 1% of the total lipids) in the thymuses of both control and irradiated mice. However, we found a 3- to 8-fold increase in this fraction in thymic tumors of mice at 5 mo after irradiation when compared to controls of similar age. However, the small quantity of this lipid class in thymic leukemia and the fact that similar levels were found in some samples of involuted thymuses of mice 3 days after irradiation, suggests to us that the level of alkyldiacylglycerols is not sufficiently specific or sensitive for detecting early stages of thymic leukemogenesis. 2. Thymuses 3 days after irradiation and leukemic thymuses contain 2- to 3-fold greater quantities of cholesterol esters than control thymuses. No major differences were found in the distribution of acyl moieties in the cholesterol esters of the various thymus samples from the same aged mice except that in thymic tumors the quantity of 18:1 esters was increased by about 25% over that of the controls. The apparent lack of specificity of increased cholesterol esters for neoplasia indicates that its measurement would not provide a suitable indicator of early neoplastic transformation. 3. Acyl composition of the triacylglycerols of thymuses revealed an increase in the 18:1 and a decrease in the 18:2 acids at 3 days after irradiation when compared to the same aged controls. However, thymic tumors occurring at 5 mo after irradiation contained less 14:0, 16:0, and 16:1 acids and increased amounts of 18:1 and 18:2 acids esterified as triacylglycerols compared to controls. The fatty acid distribution in the phospholipid fraction of thymuses was not altered by the appearance of leukemia.


LSD and fixed-internal responding in the rat.

A series of 6 doses of lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) altered the bar-pressing behavior of 6 rats maintained on a fixed-interval, 5 min (FI 5) schedule of reinforcement. High doses of LSD (0.16, 0.32 mg/kg) depressed overall rates of responding. Low response rates, which occurred during the first half of the interval between successive reinforcements, were increased by low (0.01, 0.02 mg/kg), moderate (0.04, 0.08 mg/kg), and high doses of LSD; high rates of responding which occurred during the final half of the interval were decreased only by high doses of LSD. All doses (except the lowest) decreased the Index of Curvature, a statistic describing the temporal distribution of responses. The results were discussed in terms of baseline rate of responding and the presence or absence of timing behavior.


Effects of sodium salicylate, aminopyrine and chlorpromazine on behavioral temperature regulation.

To characterize drug actions on thermoregulatory processes it is necessary to know whether compounds which alter body temperature also cause changes in thermoregulatory motivation. In the present experiments the effects of sodium salicylate, aminopyrine and chlorpromazine (CPZ) on rectal temperature (Tre) and behavior were measured in rats trained to escape heat and obtain cooling. All three drugs produced hypothermia in a 23 degree C environment but the effects upon behavior suggest that the compounds have different actions. Sodium salicylate (60-300 mg/kg) increased the amount of time spent responding to escape heat and obtain cooling so that Tre was held below control levels. Aminopyrine (12.5-75 mg/kg) did not alter thermoregulatory motivation even though it caused marked hypothemia. The time spent responding decreased after CPZ (2 and 3 mg/kg) so that drug-induced hypothermias were compensated. The results suggest that sodium salicylate influences the central mechanisms of physiological and behavioral temperature control whereas CPZ affects either peripheral thermoeffectors or central effector pathways without disrupting thermoregulatory motivation. Aminopyrine is presumed to act on central temperature controls to lower body temperature and, at the same time, to reduce the significance of the low body temperature to behavior.


Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, EEG and behavior:the importance of adaptation to the testing milieu.

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) in doses of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.v. was administered to adult rabbits previously adapted to the testing chamber. Additionally, a group of rabbits not adapted to any part of the testing regimen was administered 1.0 mg/kg delta-9-THC. Cortical and hippocampal electroencephalographs as well as postural and activity behaviors of the unrestrained animals were recorded. In the adapted rabbits, there were dose-related increased in cortical voltage output, disruption of hippocampal theta rhythm and cortical polyspike bursts. Behaviorally, there was a dose-related tendency for standing and exploration to decrease, and at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/lh, delta-9-THC produced sprawling. In the nonadapted rabbits, administration of 1.0 mg/kh of the drug caused EEG and behavioral stimulation followed by depression of both, The results suggest that the bahavioral actions of cannabinols are largely dependent upon the animal's existing state of arousal.


Antagonism of morphine-induced aversive conditioning by naloxone.

In Experiment 1, 4 doses of morphine and 4 doses of naloxone were tested for their ability to induce a conditioned aversion to saccharin in rats. Morphine was much more potent than naloxone which had only weak effects at the highest dose (12.96 mg/kg). Based on the determinations of Experiment 1, doses of 0.096, 0.96 and 0.6 mg/kg of morphine in a second experiment. The highest dose of naloxone was an effective antagonist of morphine-induced aversion. The antagonism was incomplete, but this may have reflected the particular dose combinations that were employed. Although 12.96 mg/kg of naloxone induced only a weak conditioned aversion to saccharin in Experiment 1, 9.6 mg/kg had a substantial effect in Experiment 2. Thus naloxone was itself an agent of aversive conditioning at a dose which significantly antagonized the aversive effects of morphine. Because of the successful demonstraion of antagonism, it was suggested that there may be common pharmacological mechanisms involved in both positive reinforcement and aversive conditioning by drugs of the opiate class.


Learned taste aversions induced by hypnotic drugs.

Taste aversions reflect the association of drug-produced noxious interoceptive stimuli with distinctive tastes. In the present experiments, taste aversions to sweetened condensed milk were induced in rats by a wide range of doses of the hypnotic drugs, hexobarbital, amobarbital, chloral hydrate, flurazepam and methaqualone and by anesthetization with ethyl ether. Observation of changes in motor behavior following drug administration could not be used to predict the development of taste aversions. Despite the fact that hypnotic drugs have punishing properties, which these paradox is discussed in terms of procedural differences between taste aversion and self-administration experiments.


Metrazol impairs conditioned aversion produced by LiCl: a time dependent effect.

The effects of 40 mg/kg Metrazol on a conditioned saccharin aversion produced by LiCl were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, it was found that Metrazol administered 10  min before or after LiCl did not impair conditioned aversion to saccharin. In Experiment 2, Metrazol was given 2 min before, 9 or 3 min after the administration of LiCl. Under these conditions, impairment did occur. It was concluded that Metrazol may impair conditioned taste aversion in a time-dependent manner. The present findings are discussed in terms of their relationship to ECS as an interfering agent and retroactive and proactive effects on the CS and/or the UCS.


Cholinergic and dopaminergic blocking agents modulate water intake elicited by deprivation, hypovolemia, hypertomicity and isoproterenol.

In order to identify and differentiate separate components of an overall drinking system on neurochemical grounds, a few neuropharmacological blocking agents, already shown to affect the mediation of some thirst-related behaviors, were tested against a wide range of manipulations that elicit drinking behavior. Peripheral injections of scopolamine, an anticholinergic agent, or haloperidol, a catecholamine blocking agent with pronounced antidopaminergic actions, substantially reduced the water intake of rats induced to drink by periods of deprivations or by subcutaneous injections of either hypertonic saline, polyethylene glycol, or isoproterenol. When a combined injection of both scopolamine and haloperidol was given, hypovolemic and isoproterenol-induced drinking were about entirely eliminated but salt-aroused or deprivation-induced drinking were not totally abolished. In control studies, eating behavior elicited by either food deprivation or peripheral injection of 2-deoxy-d-glucose was not affected by these blocking agents. These experiments suggest that activation of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons within central thirst-related systems are important physiological events underlying drinking behavior.


Catecholamines and self-stimulation: the action of amantadine and its interaction with amphetamine.

The antiparkinsonian drug amantadine HCl caused a dose-dependent depression of electrical self-stimulation, followed by a dose-dependent enhancement. Neither action was correlated with the differential effects of d- and l-amphetamine at different implantation sites. The initial depression was not prevented by pretreatment with anticholinergic or antiserotonergic agents nor by depression of catecholamine (CA) synthesis. The stimulant effects of amantadine and d-amphetamine summated but did not interact, response rates after d-amphetamine being augmented by pretreatment with amantadine except at intervals at which amantadine was by itself depressant. It is concluded that the initial effect of amantadien is caused by impulse-independent release of a pool of intraneuronal CA, causing dissociation between reinforcement signals and the rat's responses. This is followed by amphetamine-like facilitation of impulse-dependent release; the first action depresses performance, the second enhances it.


Behavioral and electrocortical activity in rats after neonatal intraventricular 6-hydroxydropamine administration.

Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to newborn rats resulted in a nearly complete disappearance of catecholamines in brain regions containing nerve terminals. In the hypothalamus, however, dopamine was only decreased to 60% of control levels. The exploratory (rearing and crossing) and some of the automatic type behavioral activities (grooming, chewing and gnawing), the duration of neocortical synchronization and hippocampal theta frequency were measured during light and dark periods in adulthood. Decreased exploratory and increased automatic behavioral activities were found in both light and dark periods and a high incidence of synchronization and a lowered hippocampal theta frequency in the light phase when the animals were repeatedly subjected to a strange environment. The light-dark rhythmicity of exploratory and hippocampal activity remained intact in the 6-OHDA treated rats. Furthermore, the diurnal periodicity of general motor activity was also normal. It was concluded that contrary to the active involvement of prepontine catecholamine structures in the behavioral and electrocortical responses in a novel situation, their role in controlling the light-dark rhythmical processes may not be essential.


p-chloroamphetamine: behavioral effects of reduced cerebral serotonin in rats.

p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA), a serotonin depletor, was given to rats at least 24 h prior to testing in an open field or a shock avoidance Y-maze task. In the open field PCA groups showed hypoactivity and increased defecation up to 30 days after drug administration. These same animals plus independent groups of PCA animals, showed facilitated avoidance acquisition in the Y-maze up to 15 days after PCA administration. At the beginning of behavioral testing serotonin levels in PCA animals were reduced 70 percent and were still reduced 41 percent after 38 days in whole brain. These results suggest a separation between shock and non-shock effects of brain serotonin depletion. The facilitated avoidance also provides support for the role of serotonin as an inhibitory neurotransmitter mediating a behavioral suppression system.


Brain damage and associated behavioral deficits following the administration of L-cysteine to infant rats.

L-cysteine in doses of 1.2-1.3 mg/g, was administered to 4-day-old rats which were tested throughout development and as adults on a variety of behavioral tasks. Lesions of the type previously described from L-cysteine treatment were confirmed in several cortical and limbic structures. No neurodegenerative changes were observed in NaCl (10 mmoles/kg) controls. Surviving L-cysteine treated animals displayed no obvious impairments in motor ability or growth rate, but did show behavioral deficits when tested as adults on 3 behavioral tasks: spontaneous alternation; Lashley III maze; and pattern discrimination. Activity in the open field was significantly higher in the L-cysteine group at 20 days of age. Amphetamine, administered in doses of 1.5 to 3.0 mg/kg, had no differential effects on open-field activity in the two groups. The behavioral changes observed in L-cysteine treated animals is similar to that which has been reported in adult rats with extensive hippocampal damage.


Marihuana and the cardiovascular system.

The actions of marihuana on the cardiovascular system in man are the most consistent physiological effects produced by acue administration. Significant tachycardia and conjunctival injection are well established effects. When the subject is upright, marihuana produces a fall in blood pressure; however, either no significant effect or a slight increase in blood pressure occurs when the subject is supine. Marihuana has been reported to increase limb blood flow and produce no significant effect on electrocardiogram of normal subjects. It, however, interferes with the integrity of peripheral vascular reflex responses. Although the detailed mechanism of action has not been elucidated, there is evidence that marihuana produces both sympathetci nervous system stimulation and parasympathetic nervous system blockade. No data are available that indicate the acute administration of marihuana presents a significant hazard to the cardiovascular system of normal subjects.


Unchanged sensitivity to electric shock in L-tryptophan treated rats.

Injections of L-tryptophan (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) i.p. in rats resulted in dose dependent increases in brain concentrations of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. Sensitivity to electric shock as measured by flinch and jump thresholds was not changed by L-tryptophan 100 and 200 mg/kg. The results indicate that increased 5-HT turnover does not influence sensitivity to electric shock.


[Thienyl acrylamides and thienyl pyrazolines as potential schistosomicidal agents].

Alpha-Thienyl-N-substituted acrylamides that possess analogous structures to known schistosomicidal agents were synthesized. Two chalcones were prepared by condensing alpha-thiophenealdehyde and acetophenone or its o-hydroxy derivative. Cyclization of the chalcones with hydrazine hydrate or monosubstituted hydrazines afforded 1.3.5 trisubstituted 2-pyrazoline


Radiopague contrast media. Part 30. New heterocyclic derivatives of triiodophenoxy alkanoic acids.

A series of new heterocyclic derivatives of triiodophenyl and triiodophenoxy alkanoic acids was prepared; some of these compounds showed high billiary excretion and low acute toxicity in rats. One compound, 2-ethyl-3-[3-N-butyrolactamyl-2,4,6-triiodophenyl]-propionic acid, showed such characteristics that encouraged us to carry out further preclinical and clinical investigations.


Novel synthesis of 2-substituted aminobenzimidazoles from thiourea derivatives.

The use of different alkyl halides as effective cyclodesulfurizing agents was thoroughly studied. N-phenyl-,N'-[o-aminophenyl]-thiourea when treated with different alkyl halides gave rise to 2-phenyl-aminobenzimidazole. The optimum conditions for such cyclodesulfurization reaction were established by using eight equivalents of the alkyl halide, ethyl alcohol as solvent, and 8 h reflux. The reaction was also successfully applied to N-o-tolyl (benzyl or n-butyl)-N'-[o-aminophenyli1-thioureas to give rise to the corresponding 2-substituted aminobenzimidazoles.


New facile synthesis of 2-substituted aminobenzimidazoles.

In this investigation, the cyclodesulphurization of N-o-aminophenyl-N'-phenylthiourea to produce 2-phenylaminobenzimidazole under the influence of dimethylsulphate was thoroughly studied under different reaction conditions. The mechanism of such reaction was also suggested.


A further approach to quantitative determinations by thin layer chromatography.

In the proposed method, an internal standard, suitably chosen, is added in equal quantities to the sample was well as to the standard solutions. A standard curve is obtained by plotting the ratio Ds/Di for each of the standard solutions against the logarithm of the quantity of material present in each solution, where Ds and Di are the average diameters of the standard and internal standard spots, respectively. It was disclosed that the ratio Ds/Di for a given solution is constant, regardless of the volume of the solution spotted. As a result, no exact equal known volumes are needed for spotting. The method has been tested with estimation of menthol in volatile oil of peppermint and strychine in nux vomica seed.


The polarographic behaviour of isocarboxazid (Marplan) and its hydrolytic products.

The polarographic reduction of isocarboxazid, (Marplan) and its hydrolytic product 5-methyl-3-isoxazolylcarboxylic acid was studied both in aqueous buffered and in nonaqueous methanolic solutions. In both media, reduction occurs in the isoxazole ring resulting in a single diffusion-controlled irreversible wave corresponding to the transfer of four electrons per molecule. Addition of surfaceactive agents to the experimental solutions, did not spilt the wave into separate acts. Addition of proton donors to the methanolic solutions did, however, confirm the transfer of four protons during reduction. In acid buffer solutions the recorded polarograms furnish good means for the quantitative estimation of both compounds in the concentration range used (10(-4)-10(-3).


Thermodynamic aspect of the interaction of dichlorotetrafluoroethane with bovine albumin-1.

Binding of dichlorotetrafluoroethane (F 114) with bovine albumin was studied at 37, 20.5 and 5 C. It was found that at the total concentration of 0.4 x 10-3 M of F 114 in the 5-percent protein solution, 50, 51 and 55% of them, respectively, were in bound form at the temperatures indicated above. The termodynamic data found for the F 114-bovine albumin interaction in the temperature range studied were: deltaG = -3.44 to -4.11 Kcal/mol. deltaS =20.40 to 20.45 e.u., and deltaH =2.23 Kcal/mol. It is postulated that the large positive entropic change associated with a sizable positive enthalpy change indicates that the breaking of iceberg water stucture and slight unfolding of albumin molecule are involved in the interaction.


Growth effects of tranquilizing agents containing phenothiazine derivatives on barley seedlings-1.

Two prescription tranquilizers reduced the growth of barley plants by as much as 50%. Measurements of the long axis of mid-anaphase cells from shoot meristems did not seem to explain the reduced growth. However, observations from electron micrographs indicated abnormal nuclear membranes would not undergo the usual mitotic divisions which, in turn, could account for the reduction in growth. Futhermore, it is suggested that the opening of the nuclear membrane resulted from enzyme degradation.


Change of activity in rabbit aorta of three analogs of angiotensin substituted in nh2-terminal position.

Activity of Asp-1 -beta-amide-Val-5 -angiotensin II (A II), Sar-1 -Ile-5 -angiotensin II (SA II) and (N,N-dimethyl) Gly-1 -Ile-5 angiotensin II (DMGA II ) was studied in the isolated continuously superfused rabbit aortic strips. The myotropic activity of SA II was found to be 20 times greater than that of A II and DMGA II. A rapid tachyphylaxis occurred to SA II but not to A II and DMGA II. A II and DMGA II but not SA II significantly decreased in their myotropic activities when superfused over the rabbit aortic strips. The observed decrease in activities of A II and DMGA II is probably due to their metabolic degradation in the aortic tissue. The enzymes responsible for this degradation are probably aminopeptidases, as evidence by the fact the SA II, as aminopeptidase-resistant analog of A II, does not lose its activity when superfused over aortic strips.


The patient's right to know. Implications for interpersonal communication processes.

The right of a patient to have information about his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis within the framework of communication processes is discussed from the perspectives of the professional, the patient, and  the interaction process. The traditional role of the patient is described with attention given to apparent changes in that role. These changes have implications for the health care practitioner who is a product of the authority structure of academic and clinical institutions steeped in traditional autonomous and unilateral decision making in the mystique of the medical arena.


Vibratory stimulation. Part III. Possible applications of vibration in treatment of motor dysfunctions.

Vibratory stimulation holds promise of becoming a useful therapeutic tool in the treatment of motor disorders. The benefits of vibratory treatment are predictable on the basis of current knowledge about the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the motor effects of vibration. Actual results of vibratory treatment are described  for patients with a wide variety of motor disorders. The importance of attending to practical details such as the proper selection of both stimulus parameters and patients is stressed. Specific recommendations are offered for learning to use vibratory stimulation effectively safely, and intelligently.


Beyond analysis of variance. A comparison of some multiple comparison procedures.

In analysis of variance, when the null hypothesis of no difference among several treatment means is rejected, the investigator concludes that not all treatment means are equal. The logical question that arises at this point concerns which means, then, are different from which others. In many research reports, this question is never answered. In those instances where an attempt is made to pinpoint just where the differences among means occur, the procedure employed is frequently inappropriate. This article describes the most frequently used of the theoretically sound procedures that are available for making all possible comparisons among means. Four procedures are illustrated with the same experimental example.


A process for physical therapist student selection. The Q-technique.

The use of the Q-technique as a student selection procedure is described. The results of a one-year experience, the students who were selected and the attitudes of the faculty to the process are presented and discussed.


Shoulder arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis.

Replacement arthroplasty for the shoulder in rheumatoid arthritis is an operation which is being performed increasingly often. Several types of arthroplasty may be performed. One type is a true total shoulder replacement which involves replacing both the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa. In a second type of arthroplasty, the articular surface of the humeral head is replaced. A modification of this type is the addition of a polyethylene spacer. Indictations for surgery, the surgical procedure, and the postoperative management are duscussed. The primary goal in the rheumatoid shoulder is a pain-free joint with a functional range of motion.


Standards for Basic Education in Physical Therapy: a tool for planning clinical education.

Use of the Standards for Basic Education in Physical Therapy as the basis for organizing and implementing a program of clinical education is described. The article addresses the subject most specifically as it relates to the setting of an acute care general hospital; however, the program is described in sufficient detail to permit adaptation for other settings where personnel are participating in clinical teaching. Reasons for considering and developing this approach to clinical instruction are included, as well as preliminary subjective evaluation of the outcomes. The article is presented as a mechanism for exchange of ideas among persons engaged in clinical teaching.


Glenohumeral joint replacement and postoperative rehabilitation.

Prosthetic replacement of the humeral head in patients with severe fractures that detach or crush the articular surface and in patients with glenohumeral arthritis has been done at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center since 1953. Recently, a revised prosthesis for the articular surface of the head of the humerus has been used in combination with a polyethylene glenoid component. This method of total shoulder replacement has been used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in other conditions where the glenoid fossa is abnormal. Postoperative physical therapy management is especially important in this unique joint and is explained in detail.


Behavior modification: effects on reverse tailor sitting in children with cerebral palsy.

The effect of rewarding desirable sitting positions in six children with cerebral palsy (mean age of 3.7 years) was examined. Each subject's sitting behavior was documented at home under both pretreatment and treatment conditions. Treatment of all subjects consisted of rewarding the use of positions other than the reverse tailor sitting position. In addition, half of the subjects were asked to sit in desirable positions. All subjects demonstrated significant increases in the frequency and duration of desirable sitting positions after the onset of treatment. Those children asked to sit in desirable positions showed even greater increases, but only initially. Sitting behavior was documented (but not treated) in another setting, before and after treatment was insituted in the home. Four subjects showed some increases in the frequency of desirable sitting in the other setting. Further research is suggested in the management of reverse tailor sitting at home and in school.


Evaluation of the use of a wedge in quadriceps strengthening.

The purpose of the study was to ascertain whether a wedge placed under the knee during resistive exercise enhances quadriceps strengthening and the length-tension relationship of the quadriceps. Twenty normal women students were tested for maximal isometric contraction of their left quadriceps at different knee positions. The test positions were zero, 30, 60, and 90 degrees. The greatest muscle force was recorded when the knee angle was 60 degrees and the least force was recorded when the knee extended fully. The results of the length-tension relationship of muscle obtained in this study adhered to the accepted concept. Values recorded for quadriceps force when the wedge was placed under the knee did not differ significantly from those values recorded when the wedge was not used. The use of the wedge in quadriceps exercise does not appear to be an effective means of generating greater force than when no wedge is used.


Physical therapy and exercise-induced bronchospasm.

Most asthmatic children develop a significant degree of bronchospasm from exercise which restricts their active participation in outdoor play and sports and sometimes leads to many social and psychological problems. No specific physiological or immunological factors have yet been found to explain the basis of this exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). It is also unrelated to age, sex, or severity of asthma. Some investigators have hypothesized that EIB may be a conditioned response resulting from the association between the physical exertion and breathing difficulty which is frequently experienced by these children during their asthmatic attacks. Physical activity programs, organized around themes of progressive and interval training periods, may be quite helpful in reducing the intensity of EIB.


Plastic surgery in rural Ethiopia.

From this brief experience in Ethiopia I believe that plastic and reconstructive surgery can contribute much to the lives of many people in such underdeveloped regions of the world. If one will teach the principles of plastic surgery to the general surgeons and paramedical people who do most of the work in these areas, it can amplify and expand their capabilities. Surgery is, of course, only one link in the long chain of basic health issues, and the ultimate solutions are on a different level. Yet, the magnitude of the problems is a compelling reason to make the effort, to take the time, and to contribute our skills in developing regions of the world. Though we cannot alone conquer the entire problem, we can do our bit.


Experiences with the Pitangy method of correction of trochanteric lipodystrophy.

The operation for correction of trochanteric lipodystrophy has given good results in properly selected cases. It is a major procedure, however-one which has a significant postoperative morbidity.


Velopharyngeal incompetence without overt cleft palate. A collective review and experience with 98 patients.

Our experience in patients with velopharyngeal incompetence but without overt cleft palate is described, and the literature is reviewed.


Rhinoplasty in transsexuals. Psychological considerations.

The psychological ramifications of rhinoplasty in transsexuals are discussed. Criteria are given for the selection of patients.


Treatment of the unilateral cleft lip nose.

Unilateral nasal shortening is an essential step in both the primary and the secondary treatment of the unilateral cleft lip nose. Procedures for this are described.


Latrogenic platelet dysfunction: an emerging peril.

Abnormal bleeding after a face lift was found to be due to a profound interference in platelet function caused by clofibrate and xylocaine acting synergistically. This did not appear to be an idiosyncratic reaction to either of the drugs, as it could be reproduced in vitro by using platelets from normal individuals. Clofibrate is a drug used commonly by persons in the age group requesting face lifts. Beware.


Small artery anastomosis, using a cuff of dura mater and a tissue adhesive.

A new and simple technique for the anastomosis of small arteries, using a lyophilized dural cuff and a tissue adhesive, is presented. The feasibility of this new technique was demonstrated on 26 carotid arteries in rats. Possible indications for it are noted.


Experimental effects of heparin or magnesium sulfate on the  patency of microvascular anastomoses.

Partial amputations of the hind legs were done in 44 rats. The femoral arteries and veins were repaired by microvascular techniques. The systemic use of heparin, the local use of magnesium sulfate, and the combined use of the two drugs, were evaluated as to their influence on preventing thrombosis in these microvascular anastomoses. No benefit could be demonstrated from the use of these drugs.


Reconstruction of the breast areola by intradermal tattooing and transfer. Case report.

A method of reconstructing a missing areola with a pre-tattooed full-thickness skin graft from the contralateral breast is presented.


Secondary closures of penile skin incisions.

We present a helpful technique for secondarily closing dehisced suture wounds of the penile skin.


A breast-halving incision for subcutaneous mastectomy.

A new "breast-halving incision" for subcutaneous mastectomy is described. It has particular advantages in the large breast, where the incidence of complications is much higher. Its main disadvantage is the length of the incision, which runs across the equator of the breast. However, subcutaneous mastectomy is not primarily a cosmetic operation. The improved results in immediate reconstruction would seem to justify this approach.


Hemangiomas of the parotid gland in children.

Twenty-six cases of parotid hemangiomas seen at the Montreal Children's Hospital are reviewed. This lesion is by far the most common tumor of the parotid gland in children. In recent years, our treatment of this condition has gradually shifted toward conservatism, reserving surgical excision for the unusual case where the lesion does no show spontaneous resolution.


Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by hand injuries.

Although carpal tunnel syndrome associated with injury to the wrist is common, it is possible to overlook symptoms of median nerve compression caused by an ascending tenosynovitis secondary to trauma distal to the wrist. One should look for these symptoms in such patients who complain of pain and weakness of the hand, and release the carpal tunnel if nerve compression is suspected.


A new technique to correct facial paralysis.

In two cases of unilateral ficial paralysis, the advanced atrophy of the muscles forced us to try a new technique for dynamin reanimation.  To our knowledge, this has not yet been reported in the literaturel. The technique combines a free nerve graft across the face with a free muscle graft or a muscle flap.  The result in both our cases was good.


Subcutaneous mastectomy. The excess skin problem.

Subcantaneous mastectomy through a lateral approach, with preservation of the nipple and areola on a dermal pedicle, removing the excess skin at the time of aubautaneous mastectomy, is a safe procedure which results in esthetically acceptable breasts.  The surgical approach greatly facilitates the removal of the entire glandular portion of the breast.  The need for a second surgical procedure is eliminated.  Lateral biopsy scars can be reinforced by the dermal sling support, thereby decreasing the chances of exposure of the implant.  The implant is also successfully and easily held in position by the use of the dermal-fat sling support.  The nipple and areola survive quite well on the dermal pedicle, with preservation of contractility and sensation, as well as of blood supply.


The incidence of obscure carcinoma in subcutaneous mastectomy. Results of a national survey.

A national survey of plastic surgeons has been conducted to determinr the incidence of occult breat carcinoma in patients having a subcutaneous mastectomy.  The results are reported herein.  We believe subcutaneous mastectomy is the most effective prophylactic procedure presently available that is acceptable to women who have a high risk of developing breast cancer.


Secondary rhinoplasty.

Secondary rhinoplasty is a highly complex, judgmental type of surgery. It is only through analysis of the successful treatment of various problems in secondary rhinoplasty that meaningful information can be obtained.


Needle aspiration of the flexor digital sheath as an aid in diagnosing tenosynovitis.

We review our experience with needle aspiration of the flexor digital sheath in 11 digits in 6 patients. There have been no complications or false negative aspirations, and the maneuver has supplemented the clinical signs to aid in diagnosis.


Repair of concavity of thoracic wall with silicone elastomer implant. Case report.

We corrected a chest wall defect by fabricating and inserting a prosthesis made from Silastic RTV 382 (a silicone elastomer). This reconstruction in our 19-year-old patient was easier, less expensive, less time consuming, and more acceptable cosmetically than we could have obtained by using thoraco-abdominal flap.


How to make good black and white enlarged pictures from color transparencies.

The greatest obstacle in obtaining high-quality black and white prints for publication, from a high-quality color transparency, is the making of an excellent internegative. A process is described for making high resolution internegatives simply and quickly.


Levels of imperviousness in the schizophrenic's family.

That the schizophrenic is "out of contact with reality," and hence impervious to it, has been recognized from the time that the term "schizophreniz" was coined. That the members of the schizophrenic's family are also "impervious" (Lidz et al., 1958), and hence also "out of contact with reality," has only comparatively recently been recognized (Bateson et al., 1956; Wynne et al., 1958; Laing and Esterson, 1964). Imperviousness is here defined as an individual's inability (or unwillingness) to consciously grasp. become aware of, register, and acknowledge another person's interpersonal perception despite the fact that this perception has been clearly stated or presented to him.-1 This paper will focus on the levels of imperviousness that are characteristically established within the parent-child sub-system in the schizophrenix's family. This is not meant to deny the presence of imperviousness in the other subsystems within the family - i.e., between husband and wife or between the children themselves - for they, too, exist and are significant. However, to simplify matters, only imperviousness in the parent-child sub-system will be focused on here.


The college as a psychiatric workplace.

This paper examines how the interplay of certain characteristics of institutions of higher education and of professional and psychiatric orientations results in a role for the college psychiatrist that is excessively overdemanding. To reduce the resulting role strains practitioners use a number of concepts and practices which have important consequences of the type of service given. Moreover, these modes of adaptation to workplace requirements generate social and ethical problems which need to be resolved if college psychiatry is to be a forceful agency of human assistance in the colleges of the future. Our analysis of college psychiatry is based on a sociologically informed review of the sixty years of professional literature devoted to the subject and on the detailed examination of the functioning of one college psychiatry service over a period of three years.


Saints, Jnun, and Dreams: An essay in Moroccan ethnopsychology.

It is with the effect of an idiom - a psychological idion - and its articulation on the subjective life of the individual that I will be concerned in this paper. My argument is necessarily hypothetical:-1 Human beings as members of a society are provided wiht an idiom by which they structure and evaluate their reality, their world, including themselves, and insofar as the experience of reality can be distinguished from the reality itself their experience of reality, of their world, of themselves. Although this idiom is necessarily expressed through language, it is more than language. Within it are sedimented traditional symbols and values which form the basis for schemata by which reality is interpreted. (These schemata can probably be reduced to a series of propositions about reality which form the basis of what anthropologists call culture.) Not only does the idiom enable the articulation of an explicit psychology but it renders possible the articulation of subjective experience. By "explicit psychology" I mean all commonly recognized assumptions about the nature of the "human psyche." These would include theories of personality, character formation, motivation, cognition, and perception.


Therapeutic aspects of Puerto Rican cult practices.

This paper seeks to explore the phenomenon of possession trance in the ritual context from still another tack, complementary to the studies cited above, by analyzing it as an active and perhaps necessary component in the development of significant personal relationships basic to the organization and goals of some religous cults.-1 This view has been suggested by data gathered in study of social process in Puerto Rican Spiritist cults-2 which examined the relationship between patterns of cult social organization and the cult execution of a culturally patterned psychotherapeutic process for committed adherents whose emotional problems are diagnosed by cult headers as manifestations of developing "faculties" for communication with the spirit world-3 (see Koss; Rogler and Hollingshead, 1965, pp. 244-254; Seda Bonilla, 1964).


Ego modalities in the manifest dreams of male and female Chicanos.

When the manifest dreams of young adult male and female Chicanos were examined through an inventory which captures the dream content and pattern, striking differences between male and female dreams were found in the areas of setting, characters, interaction, self, instinctual modalities, and realism. Generally speaking, the men's internal psychic world, as viewed through their dreams, tended to be organized around a highly visible and demarcated self seen as  robustly active, randomly in motion, and often contentiously involved with unrelated others. The confines of this internal world were sketched in as broad, but were occupied by boundaries and barriers and were often subject to unpredictable events. In contrast, the women's internal world contained a relatively less sharply defined and less robustly active self, but also a less contentious self with a greater range of interactions with more, and more familiar characters. Narrower confines were matched by less emphasis on boundaries, greater predictability, and more goal-directed locomotion.


The effects of amphetamine, imipramine and ICI 58,834 (Vivalan), a potential antidepressant, on unconditioned behaviour in rats.

The effects of amphetamine, imipramine and ICI 58,834 (Vivalan), on the unconditioned behaviour of rats were compared using a novelty preference test and the open field test. Overall, the effects of ICI 58,834 (Vivalan) showed a marked resemblance to those of imipramine but differed from those of amphetamine. It is suggested that an adequate explanation of these drugs' effects can be offered in terms of changes in emotional reactivity, in general activity, and in exploratory activity. A dissociation of drug effects on general and exploratory activity in the novelty preference test was demonstrated. The use of this test and the open field test in drug screening is briefly discussed.


The effects of age and illumination on the dose-response curves for three stimulants.

The dose-response relationships for three stimulants have been explored. These drugs have been shown to differ in potency and, with successive doubling of doses, have been found to have dose-response curves of differing slopes. In addition, the relationship between dose and activity level was not the same for younger and older rats. The relationship between dosage of both d-amphetamine and methylphenidate and locomotor activity was not the same in the light and the dark. The latter finding suggests a difference between these two stimulants and the third stimulant studied, caffeine, whose effects where unaltered by ambient illumination level.


[Modification of the effect of UV irradiation on pine pollen by isolated cell constituents. Relation to radiation stimulation (author's transl.)].

The effect of UV-irradiation on the growth of pine pollen tubes can be modified by isolated fractions of cell extracts, especially by a fraction containing the cell wall material. Cell extracts irradiated with high UV-doses also stimulate the tube growth of unirradiated pollen grains. RNA, flavonoles and high-energy compounds (ATP, GTP and UTP) did not show any effect concerning tube growth stimulation. Some amino acids modified the tube growth of unirradiated pollen grains, while hydroxyproline, threonine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline and valine stimulated the tube growth. Cysteine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan and glutamine inhibit it. UV irradiation of the basic amino acids (i.e. lysine, arginine and histidine) increased, whereas irradiation of cysteine, glycine, tyrosine and isoleucine additionally decreased the tube growth.


Experiments on the formation of particles by chemical reactions in the dark and under influence of light.

Some experiments concerning the photochemical production of condensation nuclei are described. Preliminary measurements of filtered atomospheric air, initially free of particles yielded high concentrations of particles by reactions in the dark when the air was previously irradiated by sunlight. In further investigations a definite composition of pure gases was used. The formation of nitric acid particles from NO2 in pure nitrogen of different relative humidities in the dark and under influence of light was investigated. No particle formation was found which could be correlated to any production of nitric acid nuclei. Even within a spectral region in which photolysis of NO2 takes place no HNO3-nucleation could be found. The particles detected under certain conditions of irradiation originate from impurities in the walls of the reaction chamber. Particle growth in an irradiated mixture of N2 and NO2 with benzene is demonstrated and the mean radius of particles is calculated from measurement with a diffusion battery.


Action of tetrodotoxin on the contractile responses of isolated guinea-pig urinary bladder preparation to x-irradiation and to electrical stimulation.

Tetrodotoxin (10- minus 8 to 10- minus 6 g/ml) blocked the contractile responses of isolated guinea-pig urinary bladder preparation to electrical (25 and 100 Hz) neural but not to transmural stimulation and to X-irradiation (50 kV, 20 kR/min, 20 kR). The irradiation had no influence on the bladder responses to electrical and hormonal (acetylcholine and histamine) stimulation. It is concluded that the X-ray-induced contraction is of myogenic origin and that it is possibly not related to the electro-mechanical coupling system.


[Separation of the effects of transmutation and radiation after incorporation of radionuclides into DNA (author's transl)].

Among the various methods for studying the relative effects of transmutation and radiation of incorporated nuclides, simulation of beta radiation by external gamma exposure is of practical importance. Self-irradiation and mutual irradiation of the labeled cells cannot be neglected in any case. Furthermore, additional hypothetical and experimental problems may arise from using either external beta radiation or different isotopes of an element. By means of external gamma irradiation on the other hand, this being equivalent to the internal beta radiation from a microdosimetrical point of view, the radiation effect of the nuclide alone can be observed without any modification of other experimental parameters. To determine such equivalent gamma radiation for labeled cell nuclei of Vicia faba roots, the authors applied the Monte Carlo Method to the beta spectra of 32-P, 3-H, 14-C and 131-J, to the energy-dependent LET and to different cell diameters. The existence of secondary particle equilibrium inside the nuclei during gamma exposure was assumed. For certain radionuclides and cell sizes it is possible to calculate gamma spectra which induce energy spectra in the nuclei similar to those caused by the beta particles originating in the nuclear DNA.


Contact potential difference of cells in vitro as a measure of hydrophilic properties of the cell membrane.

Construction of an apparatus for the determination of the cell contact potential difference and the measuring method are described. The contact potential differences are attributed to the degree of hydrophobic properties of the cell surface and referred to human erythrocytes and chloroplasts.


Pulmonary radiographic abnormalities in shock. Roentgen-clinical-pathological correlation.

Pulmonary insufficiency is one of the most frequent causes of death in patients subjected to shock. The continuous radiographic series, clinical data and autopsy findings in 46 patients are described. The changes in the chest radiograph can be related to the histological findings and are clearly related to changes found by arterial blood analysis. Given the appropriate history, the radiographic picture can provide a clue for the diagnosis of a shock syndrome.


"Saber-Sheath" Trachea: A Clinical and Functional Study of Marked Coronal Narrowing of the Intrathoracic Trachea.

Data are presented from thirteen patients with marked coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea associated with widening of the corresponding sagittal diameter. The term "saber-sheath" trachea describes this deformity which can simulate a mediastinal mass. The absence of mediastinal masses and the presence of obstructive pulmonary abnormalities in each patient, either as a clinical diagnosis (11 of 13), functional abnormality (10 of 11) or both (8 of 11), suggest that the "saber-sheath" trachea may be a useful sign of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Comparison of bronchial brushing and percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of malignant lung lesions.

The results of 100 bronchial brushings and 80 percutaneous needle aspiration biopsies of the lung performed in the same department were analyzed for their accuracy in the diagnosis of pulmonary neoplasms. While both procedures have a high degree of reliability, the aspiration needle biopsy appears to be the procedure of choice in smaller, more peripheral lesions, in Pancoast tumors, and whenever a metastatic neoplasm is suspected.


Acrosclerosis in Sarcoidosis.

Areas of sclerosis in the phalanges, particularly the terminal phalanges, are common in sarcoidosis despite the rarity of osteosclerotic changes in other bones. Of 37 patients with sarcoidosis with osseous changes of the hands or feet, 20 (54%) has sclerosis either alone or in combination with bone destruction. Of 48 patients with acrosclerosis, 20 (40%) had sarcoidosis. In the authors' experience with a largely black population, sarcoidosis was found to be the most common causes of acrosclerosis.


Assessment of continuing education needs: results of New Jersey survey.

This article is the result of a study that the authors conducted for the Council of Radiologic Technology Educators of New Jersey. The purpose of the study was (1) to determine if radiologic technologists thought continuing education was necessary; (2) to determine what technologists have done to date about continuing education in their own lives; (3) to identify the type of continuing education programs radiologic technologists want; and (4) to find out how radiologic technologists want continuing education programs to be designed.


Elbow Arthrography with the Application of Tomography.

The intra-articular structure of the elbow joint was studied in 18 patients with double contrast arthrography and tomography. All tomographic examinations were made with the hypocycloid motion. The authors feel that the disadvantages of the method, i.e., getting access to tomographic equipment, the 30 to 45 minutes required to complete the examination, and the radiation from multiple exposures needed for tomographic sections are obviated by the results: the arthrographic findings were confirmed in all 7 patients who later underwent surgery.


Evaluation of new film high-light system by comparison with conventional film.

The 3M "High Light System" has been used in a clinical environment for one and one-half years. The inherent advantages, as well as the disadvantages, of this system are discussed. An objective comparison of the blue based HL film and the conventional Type R film was made. This comparison indicates that image quality is similar with either film and, hence, radiographs produced with either system will be of diagnostic quality.


Complications of Fiberoptic Endoscopy. I. Esophagoscopy and Gastroscopy.

Flexible fiberoptic endoscopes are being used increasingly for direct visualization and biopsy of lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Contrary to earlier expectations, however, the incidence of complications has not diminished despite the technical advantages of modern flexible instruments over semirigid endoscopes; indeed, the mortality of fibergastroscopic perforation has almost quadrupled compared to standard gastroscopy. The authors cite their experience with the spectrum of complications associated with fiberoptic esophagoscopy and gastroscopy. Radiological recognition and evaluation of these iatrogenic incidents is of paramount importance.


Complications of fiberoptic Endoscopy. II. Colonoscopy.

Fiberoptic colonoscopy is being used increasingly for endoscopic visualization of the large intestine, particularly in the electrocautery removal of polypoid lesions. Complications may include bleeding, mesosigmoid hematoma, splenic avulsion, and impaction of the instrument, but the most common is perforation of the colon, which occurs in 0.4-1.9% of colonoscopic examinations. Radiological evaluation plays a critical role. Free intraperitoneal rupture may be clinically overlooked in an aged or infirm patient. Extraperitoneal perforation often results in delayed signs and symptoms. The demonstration of extraluminal gas documents perforation. Recent roentgen-anatomical studies of the characteristic distribution of extraperitoneal gas may permit precise localization of the site of colonic perforation on plain films.


Angiography in Acute Pancreatic Transection.

Angiographic observations are described in 2 patients with acute traumatic transection of the pancreas. Abnormalities were subtle, and, in retrospect, suggestive of transection in only one case. Although angiographic abnormalities any imply acute pancreatic transection, absence of specific features does not exclude the diagnosis.


Hepatic Venography and Hemodynamics in Patients with Alcoholic Hepatitis.

Fourteen patients with alcoholic hepatitis were evaluated serially by free (FHV) and wedge (WHV) hepatic venogrpahy and corrected hepatic wedge pressure (CWP). Cardiac output was determined and liver biopsy performed before and after 30 days of medical therapy in 11 and 6 patients, respectively. The CWP and FHV correlated well with the severity of hepatitis. Sinusoidal morphology, as determined by WHV, was difficult to interpret and varied on serial studies, although there were no significant changes in the liver histology or FHV. The authors conclude that FHV and CWP are useful parameters of the severity of alcoholic hepatitis, while WHV is helpful in determining patency and direction of blood flow in the portal vein.


Experimental Closure of Arteriovenous Fistula by Transcatheter Electrocoagulation.

Introduction of a small electric current by way of a catheter-placed electrode can completely occlude experimentally produced arteriovenous fistula. The occlusion appears permanent and without morbidity in experimental animals. This technique might be clinically useful in obliterating an arteriovenous fistula and controlling gastrointestinal hemorrhage.


Arteriographic Manifestations of Ganglioneuromas.

The angiographic finding in four cases of ganglioneuroma are described. In all four cases a large vascular mass was demonstrated angiographically. The vessels supplying the tumors varied, depending on the location of the mass. Stretching and displacement of adjacent opacified vessels helped define the extent of the tumor. Abundant neovascularity was present with serpiginous vessels tending to cluster in nodular areas, with adjacent avascular areas.


Nephromegaly in Hemophilia.

Various renal abnormalities have been reported in patients with hemophilia. Findings in four patients with hemophilia and nonobstructive renal enlargement are described. Three of these patients also had pseudotumors of the iliac bone. The one factor common to all of these patients and patients with sickle cell anemia or thalassemia with large kidneys is multiple blood transfusions.


Repeat Lymphography in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

Thirty-nine patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent repeat lymphography. The radiographic findings and effects on clinical management are discussed. The repeat examinations were technically no more difficult to perform than the initial studies. Repeat lymphograms were positive for tumor in 44% of cases. Positive findings were more frequent in patients who received no prior subdiaphragmatic irradiation or in whom the initial study demonstrated lymphomatous infiltration. Interpretative problems include reactive hyperplasia, post-irradiation lymph node alterations, and the lymph nodal distortion occasionally encountered in the treated lymph node which had been involved with tumor.


Lymphographic Demonstration of a Retroperitoneal Lymphangioma.

Lymphangiomas are rare, benign tumors which may become opacified during lymphography and may be confused with malignant lymph node disease. A case is reported in which lymphography showed focal collections of contrast material retained for several days in dilated lymphatic spaces which initially simulated metastatic disease.


Bilateral adrenal enlargement in Addison's disease caused by tuberculosis. Nephrotomographic demonstration.

Nephrotomography showed markedly enlarged adrenal glands in a 67-year-old man with acute Addison's disease due to tuberculosis. Other causes of acute adrenal insufficiency associated with enlarged adrenals are histoplasmosis and, rarely, bilateral metastatic carcinoma, amyloidosis, or hemorrhage. Radiologic demonstration of large adrenal glands in a patient with acute Addision's disease should strongly suggest an infectious etiology.