Measurements of blood flow velocity in the microcirculation.

A method for the measurement of red blood cell velocity in the microcirculation is described. The technique is based on the on-line cross-correlation of the delay between optical signatures derived from photodetectors aligned in direction oflow. A specialised photodiode holder which can be inserted directly in place of an ocular is described. The interdetector delay data is computed automatically from the cross-correlation function by a peak detector designed to provide a voltage proportional to the delay to maximum cross-correlation, regardless of intermediate lower peaks. Application of this system to measurements in the rabbit ear chamber, mesentery and skeletal muscle is described.


The incidence of venous thrombosis in the lower limbs following elective gallbladder surgery.

The frequency of postoperative venous thrombosis and the prophylactic effect of dextran 40 and 70 were studied in 90 otherwise healthy patients undergoing cholecystectomy. The 125-I-fibrinogen test was employed as the diagnostic method. The frequency of thrombosis was very low (1.1%) compared with other investigations on patients undergoing elective general surgery. Thus nothing can be concluded about the prophylactic effect of dextran from this series, but it can be presumed that this type of patient does not need routine prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis.


Clinical and histological studies on the effect of large doses of roentgen contrast media in renal arteriography.

A newly synthesized dimer Ph DZ 59B and Angiografin were used in high doses in renal angiography. The two contrast media appeared to have no clinical effects. Light microscopy shows no changes from the radiogrphic agents in the kidneys removed due to carcinoma.


A roentgenological study of the stump-socket contact and skeletal displacement in the PTB-Suciton Prosthesis.

The PTB-suction prosthesis has been studied by a roentgenological technique. There is complete contact between the skin of the stump and the plastic inner surface of the socket. The movement of the stump in the socket is minimal. The displacement of the skeletal stump is reduced to half in the PTB-suction prosthesis, compared with the strap-suspended PTB prosthesis. As a result, the stability between stump and socket is increased, provided that the stump is sufficiently long. Skin sores are avoided. The prosthesis, when adequately fitted, guarantees a good circulation within the stump and a cosmetically favourable fit with a feeling of walking with "a normal leg".


The contents of phytic acid in protein concentrates prepared from nigerseed, sunflower seed, rapeseed and poppy seed.

The contents of phytic acid were determined for protein-rich flours and protein concentrates prepared from nigerseed, sunflower seed, rapeseed and poppy seed. The values ranged from 6.89 to 8.80 mg phytate-P per g of fat free weight. This means that the phytate content of the analysed oilseed flours was at least about 4 times higher than the phytate content of common grain cereals. The precipitation of extracted phytic acid with trivalent Fe was an important step in the analytical procedure. The Fe:P mole ratios of the precipitates from the different oilseeds were lower than the corresponding ratios previously reported for cereal materials.


The ultrastructure of the accessory sex organs of the male rat. 7. The effect of an anti-androgenic compound, SK and F 22340.

The influence of a potent anti-androgenic compound, SK and F 22340, on the ultrastructure of the lateral and ventral prostate and the seminal vesicles of the rat has been studied. After treatment for 18 days there was macroscopic atrophy of the organs with decreased amount of secretory material. There was reduction of the height and width of the epithelial cells and loss of cytoplasm. The most distinct changes were found in the cytoplasm and comprised a quantitative reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and of free ribosomes; the Golgi apparatus was reduced and the number of secretion granules were diminished. All the alterations observed are apparently similar to the changes caused by bilateral orchidectomy.


Tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma. Collective review.

Numerous case reports of renal angiomyolipoma with or without tuberous sclerosis continue to be published with increasing frequency in the urologic literature. The need for a comprehensive and updated review of the subject is timely. A collective pathologic, clinical, and radiologic review of the subjects of tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma is presented; and a plan for the urologic management is discussed.


Carcinoma of prostate. Correlation between radiologic quantitation of metastases and patient survival.

A radiologic method of measuring metastases was developed and statistically analyzed with respect to survival based on 103 patients with known metastases at diagnosis. The analysis revealed a significant correlation between shortened patient survival and the combination of number of sites involved and the extent of involvement within each site. These quantitative analysis are useful in predicting patient survival and in studying response to treatment.


B-mode nephrosonography in renal masses. Its use and some limitations.

One hundred B-mode nephrosonograms were reviewed, and 41 percent of these had a diagnosis proved by either arteriography, cyst puncture or tissue examination.  There were 8 proved normal sonograms with one error, an upper pole renal cell carcinoma in a kidney badly distorted by chronic pyelonephritis and ureteral obstruction.  Overlying ribs and anatomic distortion contributed to the misinterpretation.  Sonic diagnosis of solid tumor was correct in all proved cases.  Cysts were diagnosed in 23 patients; six were in error.  Four were called cysts less than 3 cm. in diameter.  If the lower limit of sonographic resolution is considered 3 cm., the accuracy for diagnosed simple cysts becomes 90 per cent.


Prostatic cancer. Transcortin levels during treatment with estramustine phosphate.

Plasma transcortin and cortisol levels, which are significantly elevated by estrogens, were determinied in a group of patients with prostatic cancer who were on estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) therapy.  In a series of 44 male patients studied transcortin and corticol levels became elevated above normal and were maintained at these high levels as long as the patients were on estramustine phosphate therapy.  The levels observed in this study may serve as reliable indices to monitor patients who are on this drug.


Serum proteins in prostatic cancer. II. Effect on in vitro cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness.

The sera from patients with prostatic cancer have been observed to posses an unidentified factor capable of inhibiting the migration of leukocytes and the proliferative response to the nonspecific mitogen, phytohemagglutinin.  Observation of inhibition of these two suggested in vitro correlates fo cell-mediated immunologic responsiveness emphasizes (1) the importance to the adjunctive diagnosis and prognosis of patients with malignancy of identifying the presence of abnormal serum proteins, and (2) the role of humoral inhibitory or "immunoregulatory" factors as potential abrogators of mechanisms of host resistance, for example, immunologic surveillance, and thus the degree to whcih the host may respond to his tumor.


Benign urethral polyp of prostatic urethra.

Benign fibroepithelial polyps of the posterior urethra are rare lesions, usually presenting with obstructive symptoms. Most often they occur in the pediatric age group and are believed to be of congenital origin. Our patient, a fifty-nine-year-old man, represents the oldest case reported in the English literature. Current thoughts on diagnosis, associated urologic findings, treatment and possible cause are discussed.


Phenacetin nephritis.

Prolonged ingestion of mixed analgesics containing phenacetin has been associated significantly with the development of a chronic interstitial nephritis frequently associated with papillary necrosis. This disease is frequently underdiagnosed. If an adequate history of headache and/or backache (of which most of these patients complain) is not taken, the central causative effect of phenacetin ingestion may never be appreciated. Laboratory tests show the usual abnormalities seen in any form of chronic interstitial nephritis such as poor urinary concentration, renal failure with large urine output, and no hypertension. Papillary necrosis is helpful but not pathognomonic. The type of medications ingested appears to be changing to prescription compounds. The with significant improvement in renal function.


Percutaneous transfemoral renal artery occlusion in patients with renal carcinoma. Preliminary report.

Twenty-four patients have undergone percutaneous transfemoral selective renal  artery occlusion as part of their management for renal carcinoma. Preoperative infarction was performed in 7 cases. This facilitated surgery by eliminating the major blood supply to the tumor and resulted in collapse of the large collateral veins and created edema within the perirenal tissue. In 17 patients with visceral metastases, tumor infarction was performed in lieu of nephrectomy for control of the primary lesion and in hopes of stimulating an autoimmune response. The current status of this procedure s discussed in light of its indications, complications, and preliminary results.


Urodynamic evaluation after abdominal-perineal resection and lumbar intervertebral disk herniation.

Thirteen patients with neuropathic vesical dysfunction resulting from intervertebral disk herniation or abdominal-perineal resection have been evaluated with a urodynamic technique. Urinary sphincter weakness was common, and it appears to be responsible for poor results in patients treated by transurethral resection.


Acute renal artery thrombosis following blunt trauma.

Forty-one cases of renal artery thrombosis following blunt trauma have been reported previously.  Most injuries resulted from acute deceleration, and the left kidney was involved more frequently than the right kidney.  An additional case, a nineteen-year-old victim of a motorcycle accident, had immediate surgery following an early diagnosis.  Although the kidney was viable, arterial repair was unsuccessful, and a nephrectomy was performed.  Following blunt trauma, patients with microhematuria should have an immediate excretory urogram and retrograde cystogram.  With nonvisualization of the kidney, arteriography is necessary to establish the diagnosis.  Prompt operation is mandatory if the kidney is to be saved.


Allergy and cancer.

An unusual long-term survival of a patient with metastatic renal cancer is reported. Asthma developed after lung lesions were detected. After development of his allergy, new lesions have failed to appear and growth of old ones has slowed. The possibility that allergy can be a factor in the control of neoplasia is discussed.


Blind-ending bifid ureter.

Blind-ending bifid ureter is one of the rarest congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary system. It can be symptomatic and can give rise to recurrent urinary tract infection and pain on the affected side. If there is any suspicion of this condition on the intravenous pyelogram, a retrograde ureteropyelogram should be done to demonstrate the blind-ending segment.  In symptomatic cases, the condition can be treated successfully by exising the segment.


Renal microaneurysms and hematuria.

An unusually rare case of chronic hematuria, secondary to an intraparenchymal renal aneurysm is presented. The triad of normal blood pressure, intrarenal aneurysm, and hematuria can be treated conservatively by partial nephrectomy with good results. This treatment is recommended since in a significant percentage of patients with these lesions spontaneous rupture can occur, which is a life-threatening disaster.


Advanced prostatic carcinoma: flutamide therapy after conventional endocrine treatment.

Twenty-six patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma refractory to conventional endocrine treatment were treated with a new oral nonsteriodal antiandrogen, flutamide. There were 6 responders and 20 failures. No serious toxicity attributable to flutamide was observed.


Sigmoid conduit urinary diversion.

The courses of 11 patients with sigmoid conduit urinary diversion following total pelvic exenteration were reviewed in detail and the results presented. The sigmoid conduit appears to be a safe alternative to the ileal conduit for urinary diversion, and offers in addition the possible advantage of an effective antirefluxing ureterocolic anastomosis.


Ureteral involvement in genitourinary tuberculosis: review of 20 cases encountered over three years.

Genitourinary tuberculosis continues to be a significant worldwide problem. In the southwestern United States, this is particularly true among Indians and Spanish-Americans who, in the experience of the authors, frequently present with advanced and neglected disease. The possibility of silent development or progression of ureteral strictures while on antituberculous medication demands routine urographic evaluation of all patients in whom pulmonary tuberculosis is diagnosed. A large percentage of patients with ureteral tuberculosis undergo stricture formation or progression while on chemotherapy, and require reconstructive ureteral surgery if renal destruction is to be avoided.


Gunshot injuries to ureter.

A brief discussion of ureteral injuries with emphasis on injuries secondary to penetrating external violence is presented. Four cases with gunshot injuries to the ureter are documented. The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries due to penetrating missiles are presented. The need for routine preoperative intravenous urography and the necessity of having urinary diversion proximal to the anastomosis are stressed.


Ureteral obstruction secondary to iliac artery aneurysm.

A patient with an unusual unilateral ureteral obstruction secondary to mechanical obstruction by a common iliac artery aneurysm in association with an abdominal-aortic aneurysm is presented. A diagnosis of ureteral obstruction should be suspected in a patient with flank or abdominal pain and an infra-umbilical (iliac) aneurysm. Treatment is directed toward the aneurysm. The aneurysmal wall attachments to the ureter should be left undisturbed.


Ureteroileal anastomosis: new antirefluxing technique.

A case report of a new surgical technique of antirefluxing ureteroileal anastomosis is described. Also reviewed are previous antirefluxing ureterointestinal anastomoses.


Polycystic horseshoe kidney.

Polycystic horseshoe kidney is a rare occurrence. Only 8 cases have been previously reported; we add another case to the literature.


Aggressive surgery for renal cell carcinoma with ena cava tumor thrombus.

Herein is presented what we believe to be the eighth case reported of renal cell carcinoma with caval tumor thrombus treated by radical excision with vena caval resection. A review of the literature reveals that although postoperative morbidity is minimal, only 1 patient survived more than two years. All patients with metastases at time of operation died within one year. It is our conclusion that the length and quality of survival anticipated must be carefully weighed before performing this major surgical procedure.


Double primary prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Two cases of double primary prostatic adenocarcinoma are described. A periurethral papillary adenocarcinoma coexisted with the common acinar type of cancer, which tends to arise deep in the corpus of the gland. We are of the opinion that the patterns observed in these tumors are not mere variations of one neoplasm, but rather two dissimilar growths of diverse cell origin, varried histology, and possibly also of disparate biologic potential.


Liposarcoma of paravesical space.

The second reported case of primary paravesical tumor is described. A seventy-five-year-old man complained of increasing difficulty on urination. Physical examination revealed a visible aand palpable mass in the hypogastrium. The cystogram disclosed a unilateral crescent-shaped configuration of the urinary bladder. A tumor mass was surgically removed from the extraperitoneal paravesical space. The histologic diagnosis of the tumor was myxoid liposarcoma. A feature of primary paravesical tumor, which is derived from connective tissue, is that it manifests no symptoms or signs until the tumor attains considerable size. Primary paravesical tumor, heretofore unclassified, is a urologic entity.


Thyroid uptake of 131-I following kippuran renal scintillation camera studies in children.

The thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine after scintillation camera studies using -131I-labeled hippuran was studied and the radiation dose calculated in 30 euthyroid children with normal renal function. Fifteen children received Lugol's solution which reduced the thyroid uptake and radiation dose significantly.


The significance of the 32-P uptake test in the diagnosis of posterior uveal melanomas.

One hundred consecutive histologically confirmed malignant melanomas of the posterior uvea; on which the 32-P test was performed prior to enucleation, were classified according to cell type. The 32-P uptake results of the pure spindle cell melanomas were compared with the results in the mixed and epithelioid cell tumors. There appears to be no relationship between 32-P uptake and cell type using the Callender classification. The 32-P uptake results in the 100 melanomas were then compared with the results in teh 30 benign lesions which are known to simulate melanoma occasionally. There was a significant difference in 32-P uptake between the benign and malignant lesions, and no false-positive results were encountered. The importance of the 32-P test as a diagnostic adjunct for malignant intraocular tumors is emphasized.


The natural history of malignant melanoma of the choroid: small vs large tumors.

The evidence provided by previous studies of malignant melanomas of the choroid has indicated that a small melanoma is most likely a spindle cell tumor, evolving in a relatively benign growth pattern. However, this generalization has not been tested with regard to the small melanomas which can be considered for conservative management. We have studied 264 malignant melanomas of the choroid; 50 of these were designated as small melanomas (less than 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in elevation). We found a surprisingly large percentage (22.0%) of mixed andepithelioid tumors (considered to be more malignant) in the group of small tumors. In 33 patients with a possible five-year survival, two (6.1%) died of metastases. Of 22 possible ten-year follow-ups, five patients died of metastatic melanoma (22.7%). These deaths occurred in one patient with a spindle cell A melanoma, three with spindle cell B melanomas, and one with a mixed melanoma. All five of these patients were women, and all had posterior pole tumors. No deaths occurred in patients with tumors less than 7 mm in diameter and 2 mm in elevation. The relatively good five-year survival in the patients with smaller melanomas supports the views held by previous authors that small melanomas carry a better prognosis than larger tumors. However, mixed and epithelioid tumors in our series do not seem to have a worse prognosis than spindle cell tumors. Cell type may be of less prognostic significance than tumor size in the case of small melanomas.


Experiences with trepano-trabeculectomy.

The technique, results, and possible mode of action of trepano-trabeculectomy were presented. In our hands the operation proved to be relatively easy to perform, to be free of consequential complications, and effective in normalizing the intraocular pressure. It should be emphasized that the presented results apply only for this type of trabeculectomy. Black patients appear to respond better to this than to other antiglaucomatous procedures.


Trabeculectomy: a reevaluation after three years and a comparison with Scheie's procedure.

Seventy-one patients with glaucoma needing surgical correction had either a peripheral iridectomy with a thermal sclerostomy or a trabeculectomy utilizing a modification of Watson's technique in which the scleral flap was closed tightly with sutures. Results of surgery were analyzed at intervals up to an including three years following the surgical procedure. The success of the operations was judged both in terms of the effect on intraocular pressure as well as on the visual ability of the eye. Since the surgeon's aim is to lower intraocular pressure to a particular level, not simply to an arbitrary level that facilitates statistical analysis, the control of the disease was graded in terms of how completely the operative procedure fulfilled the goal set by the surgeon at the time the decision to operate was made. While this method of grading success introduces a subjective element, a more valid assessment of the true value of the surgery may be obtained. The results suggest that the Scheie procedure lowers pressure to a lower level and for a longer duration than does the trabeculectomy (mean intraocular pressure three years postoperatively was 12.3 mm Hg in patients with primary glaucoma treated with a Scheie procedure and 16.6 mm Hg in those with trabeculectomy with a sutured scleral flap). In this study the long-term visual result was apparently no different with the Scheie procedure and trabeculectomy. Trabeculectomy causes fewer flat anterior chambers than the Scheie procedure. The degree of pressure lowering in trabeculectomy is directly related to the amount of postoperative filtration. The relative indications for trabeculectomy include: (1) malignant glaucoma in the other eye, (2) chronic angle-closure glaucoma where an iridectomy is considered insufficient, (3) "high pressure glaucoma" where pressure below 20 mm Hg is not essential, (4) low inflow glaucoma in which persistent flat anterior chambers may be expected following routine filtration surgery, and (5) patients where endophthalmitis is a real concern, as in the young, those remote from medical care and those with poor personal hygiene. Trabeculectomy gives such poor results in secondary glaucoma that the procedure is probably relatively contraindicated. Trabeculectomy is a valuable operation, but not the final solution to glaucoma surgery. It should be chosen with full recognition of its specific advantages and disadvantages.


Treatment of intravitreal and prepapillary neovascularization following branch retinal vein occlusion.

Ten eyes which had developed retinitis proliferans following branch retinal vein occlusion were treated with xenon photocoagulation utilizing an ablative technique limited to the effected retinal quadrants. In eight of the ten eyes, complete regression of the vessels was obtained, as evidenced by nonfilling on subsequent fluorescein angiography. The remaining two eyes showed significant but incomplete closure. There were no postoperative vitreous hemorrhages, no significant permanent complications, and the visual acuity remained at or better than pretreatment levels in all cases. In conclusion, we wish to reemphasize the limited scope of this report. The series, though consecutive, is small and the follow-up period relatively short. On the basis of the cases presented here, we believe that continued investigation using this mode of treatment is warranted, and that this method may prove to be of significant value in the management of complicated retinal branch vein occlusion.


Uniocular miotic therapy.

The beneficial and harmful effects of 2% pilocarpine and 0.125% echothiophate iodide were evaluated on the prospective study of uniocular miotic therapy using the fellow eye as a control. Thirty primary open-angle glaucoma patients were treated with pilocarpine alone over a median time of 55 months. Twenty-nine similar patients were treated initially with echothiophate iodide and subsequently with pilocarpine over a median time of 54 months. Pilocarpine is cataractogenic but the changes are less marked and require more time than those induced by echothiophate iodide. In the combined group of 118 eves of 59 patients there were 11 optic disc changes and dix glaucomatous field defects. There was no difference in incidence between the treated and control eyes. The results suggest that one should be conservative in prescribing miotics, including pilocarpine alone, for patients suspected of having glaucoma.


Artifical hearing for the deaf by cochlear stimulation: pitch modulation and some parametric thresholds.

The periodicity and place-pitch modulation data, along with the data on loudness, offers promise of the development of a multielectrode, multichannel cochlear auditory prosthesis. Also, the currents required for cochlear stimulation are of the magnitude which can pass across the electrode-perilymph interface, by double-layer charging, without production of toxic by-products of electrolysis(6), supporting the feasibility of long-term chronic stimulation.


The consequences of physiological resistances on metabolite removal from the patient-artifical kidney system.

A diffusion limited, multicompartment patient-artifical kidney transport model has been developed. The physiological transport parameters have been clincially elevated for radiosotopically tagged urea, creatinine, uric acid, vitamin B12, and inulin with anuric, chronic uremic patients. Concomitant hemodialysis simulations illustrate that a 3 compartment patient model is adequate to characterize physiological transport. However, because of the high value of the transcapillary mass transfer coefficient, it is concluded that a 2 compartment (intracellular/extracellular) model is adequate to define mass transfer in the patient-artifical kidney system: a single pool may be assumed for very low hemodialyzer (less than 20 ml/min) clearances. Dialysis simulations also demonstrate that a point of diminshing returns is reached with respect to increasing mass removal from the patient, via increasing dialyzer clearance for middle molecules. In a 5 hr hemodialysis simulation the system becomes limited by physiological mass transfer resistances for dialyzer clearances greater than 100 ml/min. It is concluded that physiological transport resistances significantly impeded the removal of middle molecules from the patient-artifical kidney system. As a result, a single, well mixed pool assumption is not generally adequate to describe solute transport. A consequence of this conclusion is that the M2-hr hypothesis, which is based on a single pool assumption, cannot be generally utilized to accurately adjust hemodialysis treatment schedules for equivalent middle molecule removal. We are currently analyzing the patient-artifical kidney system to define improved adjustments modes for equivalent mass removal employing a 2 pool patiemt model.


Quantitative evaluation of hemodialysis therapy using a simple mathematical model and a programmable pocket calculator.

1. A single pool mathematical model has been clinically tested and found to give values similar to those previously reported for volumes of distribution of creatinine and urea. 2. Calculated generation rates for creatinine and urea approximated values obtained by independent measurement of removal rate. 3. Preliminary observations suggest that the model may be empirically useful in predicting interdialytic serum creatinine urea concentrations. 4. The potential clinical usefulness of the mathematical model has been enhanced by development of a solution suitable for a programmable pocket calculator.


Ultrafiltration of molecules through deposited protein layers.

A naturally deposited protein layer is shown to be highly compressible as witnessed by its resistance to the passage of both water and dissolved molecules. This protein layer can easily be much more important than the underlying membrane. Hydrodynamic methods can be employed to control this protein layer, even to the extreme of its extinction in a continuous flow system. The rejection properties are shown to be a function of both the tracer molecular weight and type. Some of the physical property variations are reviewed for plasma amd serum as a function of protein concentration.


Clinical use of NISR 440 polycarbonate membrane for hemodialysis.

1. In order to accredit the NISR440 Polycarbonate Membrane for clinical studies, the following was accomplished and/or established: a. Casting and synthesis were increased from the laboratory level to production scale. b. Quality control of permeabilities and physical properties was within +/- 5%, from membrane lot to lot and within the same roll. c. The target properties of the Artificial Kidney Program (NIH) were reached(7): 1) Middle M. W. solute permeability of marked molecules was established by 3 different laboratories and averaged: Vitamin B12 - 296 x Cuprophan¿; Inulin 3.6 x Cuprophan¿; Bacitracin 2.94 x Cuprophan¿. 2) Low M. W. species permeabilities were approximately the same as Cuprophan¿, to avoid a depletion syndrome. 3) Hydraulic permeability was essentially the same as Cuprophan¿ (UF rate 1.25 to 2.0 x Cuprophan¿) to avoid dehydration and hypotension. 4) Burst strength was 1.5 to 2.0 x Cuprophan¿. d. Toxicology studies were all negative in spot and in serial lot testing. e. Non-thrombogenicity tests (Lindholm test) were up to 36.6% better than Cuprophan¿. f. No protein adsorption was found. g. The membrane could be produced in the wet and dry state with the same permeability and physical properties. 2. In an earlier clinical study at USC, it was established that: a. There were no toxic effects manifested in patients in 25 episodic studies. b. Clearances forlow M. W. solutes and hydraulic permeabilities were, as targeted, approximately the same as Cuprophan¿. c. In 4 1/2 mos of a double blind study of 6 patients, no significant toxic effects were noted for either the patients on Cuprophan¿ or NISR 440 Polycarbonate Membrane. Two patients had an increase of hematocrit. 3. The ability to heat seal the membrane in the periphery and in channels through many layers, combined with its relative rigidity when wet, make possible clinical hemodialyzer designs approximately the size of a package of cigarettes and inexpensive to produce.


Effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) on pulmonary hemodynamics, gas exchange and prognose.

Hemodynamic and gas exchange studies on acute respiratory failure patients treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation led to the following conclusions: pulmonary circulation can be influenced to a large extent Lamy, et al. Effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on pulmonary hemodynamics by changes in bypass cannulation mode and bypass flow rate. An increase in pulmonary flow is followed by an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, a drop in total pulmonary vascular resistance, and an increase in shunt fraction. Forced opening of previously shut down vascular area (possibly due to hypoxic vasoconstriction) is a potential explantation for these physiological changes. Increase in bypass flow rate leads to increase in total systemic flow (pulmonary and oxygenator), but does not change total CO2 production and possibly total O2 consumption. Mixed cannulation mode (venoarterial and venovenous) guarantees adequate oxygenation of all the organs. Oxygenation of the heart can be jeopardized by venoarterial bypass, although the use of an aortic root cannula may decrease this major risk. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation reversed the disease process in some of the patients treated. The best criteria of reversibility seem to be an improvement in arterial PO2 decrease in shunt fraction across the lung, and decrease in total pulmonary vascular resistance. The most striking change of these parameters has been observed after 2 to 3 days on bypass.


Ethylcellulose perfluorobutyrate: a highly non-thrombogenic fluoropolymer for gas exchange membranes.

A novel fluoropolymer prepared from ethylcellulose by acylation with perfluorobutyryl chloride has been shown to be remarkably non-thrombogenic in vena cava and renal embolus ring implant tests. Gas permeabilities of this fluoropolymer are dufficient to make it highly attractive for membrane blood oxygenators, either in the form of a thin film supported by a porous substrate or as a thin coating deposited onto microporous substrates. The broad solvent solubility of this fluoropolymer allows it to be fabricated into membranes by pratical processes. Good adhesion of coatings of this polymer to rigid and semi-rigid plastic surfaces can be achieved in many cases. This fluoropolymer represents an important new biomaterial for use in blood handling and oxygenation devices.


Hematologic responses to prolonged extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with microporous membrane devices.

Twenty-four to 48 hr veno-arterial bypass with microporous membrane oxygenators causes moderate progressive thrombocytopenia associated with decreased platelet function, no significant change in clotting factors, fibrinogen, or the fibrinolytic system, and minimal change in white blood count, differential, and plasma hemoglobin. These effects are identical to those seen in previous studies following the same protocol with solid silicone rubber membrane oxygenators. Microporous membrane is suitable for prolonged extracorporeal support systems. This study suggests that the deleterious effects of a direct blood gas interface are caused by continuous renewal of the surface rather than the nature of the interface itself.


Performance analysis of tubular membrane oxygenator with turbulent blood flow.

This analysis of turbulent oxygenation predicts a substantial gain in the oxygen-transfer rate relative to current laminar flow membrane systems. As a consequence, major reductions in residence time, membrane area and priming volume would be possible. This straightforward application of the phenomenolgical theory of experiment. The potential gains sre sufficiently impressive to encourage such experimentation.


Physical characteristics and performance of synthetic wound dressings.

From these studies it is concluded that: 1) Physical characteristics of wound dressings can be quantified and evaluated for their contribution to in vivo performance. 2) A total performance scoring system can be reliably used to quantitatively separate series of wound dressings by their in vivo performances. 3) The physical characteristics most determinate of good perfprmance in these 5 series of dressings were undersurface texture and water vapor transmission.


Three year experience with bovine graft arteriovenous (A-V) fistulas in 100 patients.

On the basis of the preceding discussion and information, it is our conclusion that: 1. Bovine graft A-V fistuals can be created successfully in 87% of those patients who have had a failure of conventional fistuals. 2. Bovine graft A-V fistuals provide easy needle placement. 3. Bovine graft A-V fistuals give excellent access for effective hemodialysis. 4. Bovine graft A-V fistuals do not cause excessive bleeding at the puncture site. 5. Bovine graft A-V fistuals can be used immediately.


Analysis of the segmental venous stenosis in blood access.

During in vivo sheep studies on biolized shunts of a unique geometry it was found that venous stenosis was produced in 3 of 3 implants, suggesting its use as a model for the study of this lesion. Hemodynamic data on biolized shunts of different geometry and silicone shunts did not demonstrate significant differences among them. In general, venous side pressures were low and steady. Arterial side pressures upon stabilization were not significantly different than the controls. Time averaged hemodunamic parameters do not appear as dominant differences between the blood access devices evaluated. Angiographic studies indicated that a divergence of flow takes place at the shunt's exist and reveled angulation between the short shunt and the vein. Venous wall immobilization at increased pressures was observed. The tension which causes the wall to be immobilized is beleived to be due to anatomical mismatch between the short shunt and the vascular connection points. Although mechanical stress to the wall, fluid dynamic events and the resultant mass transport processes all may be important in causing the development of the stenotic lesion, the data to date seem to strongly implicate mechanical factors, specifically angualtion and stretching of the vein, in the development of venous stenosis. Local fluid dynamic and mass transfer effects may aggravate the already overstressed vessel.


The effects of varying dialysis regimens on lymphocyte stimulation.

A protocol was designed to alter mean time average serum concentrations of "middle" (B12) and "small" (urea) molecules. Serum before and after studies was tested for its effect on the blastogenic response to PHA. From this study we have concluded that: 1. Serum of patients on hemodialysis inhibits the mitogenic response of normal lymphocytes to PHA when compared to normal sera. 2. This phenomenon is not responsive to pertubations in dialysis designed to alter the concentration of ""middle'' and ""small'' molecules. 3. The inverse correlation between PHA response and serum PO4 and likewise the inverse correlation with changes in bone X-rays suggest that PTH, fragments thereof, or other factors related to bone and calcium metabolism, could conceivably be involved. This could mediated via cyclic AMP.


Correlation of pulsed flow vortex shedding.

Flow visualization experiments were performed leading to the development of a correlation for the vortex shedding from indentations perpendicular to the main stream flow and caused by the addition of a pulsed flow component. The peak pulse flow rate required for vortex shedding greatly exceeds the condition for flow reversal in the channel when the steady flow rate is low while the vortex shedding occurs close to the flow reversal condition when the steady flow rate is very high. The empirical correlation should be useful in assessing the practicality of utilizing this technique to augment mass transport in membrane separation processes. Vortex shedding provides substantial transport augmentation in the ultrafiltration of a flowing plasma stream, and recommendations for further study are outlined to improve our understanding of this phenomena.


Peritoneal reactions to particulate matter in peritoneal dialysis solutions.

Peritoneal dialysis solutions were chemically injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice. A high percentage of the injected animals showed particulate matter in the peritoneal membranes associated with an inflammatory reaction. This was prevented by final filtration of the solutions through 0.22 and 0.45 mu filters. It is recommended that all chronic peritoneal dialysis be performed through a final filter.


Evaluation of cardiac function and venous return curves in awake, unanesthetized cialves with an implanted total artificial heart.

1) The implanted TAH offers a method of evaluating the effects of varying physiologic demands cardiac output and venous return. 2) Cardiac output and venous return measurements offer a method of evaluating system design of the device and driving and control-logic improvements in awake, unanesthetized animals. 3) The obtained cardiac function and venous return curves suggest that the present TAH is less responsive to increases in right atrial pressure than the natural heart, but is still completely controlled by venous return. Therefore, it is extremely important to make every effort to eliminate any factor causing excessive venous return.


Peripheral effects of cardiovascular drugs during total artificial heart pumping in the awake unanesthetized calf.

Effects of various drugs, such as Isuprel, Neo-synephrine, aminophylline and quinidine, have been evaluated and compared in both control and TAH calves. In the control calves, the cardiac effects of these drugs were overlapped by vascular effects. But in the TAH calves, pure vascular effects have been clearly shown. 1) The peripheral effects of Dibenzyline and Inderal were evaluated in the TAH calves. 2) From these results, it has been concluded that the TAH animal is a useful model for the study of the peripheral vascular response to drugs in awake, unanesthetized subjects.


Decreased reticuloendothelial phagocytic function following prolonged in vivo blood pumping - preliminary observations.

The composite findings described above suggest that the relatively mild blood trauma (and possibly altered arterial pulse waveforms), which were produced during the prolonged pump perfusions, sufficed to produce a modest but distinct measure of compromise in the phagocytic function of the RES in the majority of animals. Among possible factors contributing to the observed decreases in the RES phagocytic function of perfused animals are 1) pump-induced alteration of blood flow pattern RES elements (particularly decreased hepatic perfusion), 2) impaired opsonization, and 3) depressed phagocytic capability of RES cellular elements (due possibly to partial RES blockade by blood breakdown products. The specific role of these and possibly other factors requires furher clarification. The findings thus suggest that fixed tissue elements, as well as circulating blood cells, may be vulnerable to the hematological, and possibly the hemodynamic derangements which accompany prolonged perfusion with mechanical circulatory devices.


Thrombocytopenia in extracorporeal circulation (ECC). II: Bubble oxygenator versus artificial kidney.

In summary, in contrast to a blood-membrane interphase system (artificial kidney), the use of a blood-gas interphase system (bubble oxygenator), even at a low flow rate of 400 ml/min, leads to severe changes in platelet function and number, to a temporary delay in fibrin formation and to a prolonged bleeding time. A definite bleeding tendency expresses the disturbance in hemostatic balance, as predominantly effected by the changes in platelet function. Hemolysis is apparently a minor symptom, and does not express the gravity of this damaging situation.


Mechanism of antithrombogenicity of a new heparinized hydrophilic polymer: chronic in vivo studies and clinical application.

A new heparinized hydrophilic polymer, H-RSD (graftcopolymer composed of ethylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, polyethyleneglycolmethacrylate, quartenized dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and ionically bound heparin), continuously releases heparin from its surface at the rate of approximately 0.004 units/cm2/min when placed in the plasma. It has excellent antithrombogenic and mechanical properties for a biomaterial. In vivo evaluation for thrombogenically using IVC indwelling catheter method in dogs revealed excellent antithrombogenicity over 2 wks. Use of H-RSD as a coating material on other synthetic polymers has also been studied, Catheters made of polyurethane were coated with H-RSD 20 mu, 50 mu, 100 mu, and 150 mu in thickness, and were tested for thrombogenicity in the dog. Catheters coated with 20 mu of H-RSD caused moderate to severe thrombus in the IVC after 2 wks, but catheters coated with H-RSD 50 mu or more were completely free of thrombus formation after 2 wks. Scanning electron micrograph showed neither fibrin clots nor platelet adhesion on the surface of H-RSD catheters. Heparin concentration in H-RSD catheters was analyzed by electron probe X-ray microanalyzer before and after in vivo tests. Heparin concentration became higher as the thickness of H-RSD coating increased. After a 2 wk test, heparin concentration in the catheters decreased to about 85% of the initial value. Good retention of heparin in the H-RSD catheters after in vivo tests was found to correlate with continuous release of heparin from its surface. H-RSD catheters can be sterilized with ethylene oxide gas. Pyrogen and acute toxicity tests on extracts of H-RSD were negative. H-RSD catheters were used in 9 patients for up to 3 wks. Thrombus formation observed by pullout venography or at autopsy in these patients was less than those seen in patients with silicone rubber or polyethylene catheters.


Denatured plasma and platelet function.

Thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction are well known complications of extracorporeal circulation. The production of ""denatured'' protein is a common occurrence with extracorporeal circulation even in the absence of a blood-gas interface. We subjected platelet-poor plasma to vigorous bubbling with air and studied the effect of this ""denatured'' plasma on platelets from the same donor. Aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine or collagen was measured. The bubbled plasma decreased the delay in the onset of aggregation observed with collagen and eliminated the biphasic aggregation response induced by epinephrine. These data indicate that ""denatured'' protein may affect platelet function and may play a role in the thrombocytopenia and altered platelet function associated with extracorporeal circulation.


Plasma lipid patterns in chronic renal failure.

Abnormalities in plasma lipid composition in uremia are examined. A qualitative decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the various lipid fractions is documented. A relationship between these lipid findings and accelerated atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure patients is suggested. A relative deficiency of the essential fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid, was demonstrated and may be related to the uremic platelet disorder.


Dialysis-induced muscle cramps: treatment with hypertonic saline and theory as to etiology.

We postulate that plasma or muscle cell hypo-osmolality may be the major factor or co-factor causing muscle cramps during dialysis, rather than plasma volume contraction alone. The transient hyperosmolality induced with hypertonic saline is therapeutic because it reverses this abnormal state. We feel that the bolus administration of hypertonic saline is of great value in the therapy of dialysis-induced cramps and may be the treatment of choice. It is a rapid and effective means of relieving cramps at no risk to the patient, and without compromising ultrafiltration.


The effects of chemical structure and surface properties of synthetic polymers on the coagulation of blood. IV. The relation between polymer morphology and protein adsorption.

Although these studies are preliminary, they do not show that the chemical structure of the block copolymer is not the only determinant of its blood properties; one must be equally concerned with the effect of its domain-matrix size and purity. These features, which are affected by factors such as block size, mold surface, and general fabrication procedures, as well as chemical structure, must be controlled if one is to have reproducible results in the function of an implant.


A biological extracorporeal metabolic device for hepatic support.

The results from OCTOPUS-I indicate that combined metabolic activities could be maintained under the optimal conditions provided for a prolonged period of time, but most effectively up to 14 hrs. The results of OCTOPUS-II and -III are lower than those in OCTOPUS-I. However, the activity in these systems is still higher than those previously reported((18)), which had urea production of 0.47 mg/Gm of liver. As imposed by any mass transfer device rate limitation, 60% efficacy of OCTOPUS-I brought into OCTOPUS-II, calculated by urea level, is acceptable. What is required for further improvement is mainly oriented to device rather than procurement andpreparation stages. The obstacles in the OCTOPUS-II and -III were, 1) the long time consumed for mounting the slices and assembling the devices before initiation of incubation, 2) inadequate control of incubation media, particularly blood, for oxygenation and pH, which was only for a short period of time but in the critical early stage of operation, 3) possible inadequate flow geometry in the device resulting in mass transfer resistance between the medium and the slices, 4) decrease in effective surface area of the slices, especially in OCTOPUS-III in which only one side of the slice faced the blood, and 5) in OCTOPUS-II, sagging of the slices due to the vertical position of the frames, with eventual reduction of effective surface area. Could a hepatic assist device utilizing liver slices be practical? Daily excretion of urea in dogs is 0.3-0.5 Gm/Kg((31)). Should the urea productivity in OCTOPUS-I(7.2 mg/Gm of liver/24 hrs) be successfully incorporated in a system, 600 Gm of slices can produce the amount of urea equivalent to the daily excretion in a 15 Kg dog. This volume of slices should not be considered unrealistic. Even though it is realized that in the practical situation 60% efficiency is expected, substitution of liver functions does not appear impossible. Further exploration for optimal conditions and practical considerations for improvement of devices will bring the goal closer to reality.


Chronic heparin anticoagulant in dogs by continuous infusion with a totally implantable pump.

The ability of our implantable pump to provide continuous long-term drug infusion in abulatory animals has been demonstrated. Chronic heparinization has been achieved in the dog for 6 mos. Anticipated complications, hemorrhage and osteoporosis occurred, but not to a prohibitive degree. The successful performance of the pump in these animal studies has led us to plan a clinical trial using the pump for heparin anticoagulation in patients and to investigate employment of the pump in cancer chemotherapy, insulin for the treatment of diabetes, and other purposes.


An absorbable artificial vas deferens for vasovasotomy.

An absorbable artificial vas deferens is being developed in order to improve the relativley poor conception rates of vasovasotomy. The capillary device which is 0.4 mm I.D. by 0.7 mm O.D. and 15 mm long vas made from 3 absorbable polymers: starch, collagen, and a copolyester of lactide and glycolide. Preliminary evaluation of the device was made by implantation in the guinea pig was deferens immediately following vasectomy. Absorption of the starch and the copolyester occurred within 2-4 wks after implantation, whereas collagen required 3 mos and sometimes longer. Gross and histological examination showed little or no adverse effect on the tissues of the vas deferens, epididymes and testes. Active spermatogenesis continued in most cases and sperm count and motility remained essentially unchanged. Breeding studies with males implanted with the device for 5 mos have resulted in 12/13 prrgnancies with starch, 19/19 pregnancies with the copolyester and 9/11 pregnancies with collagen.


Hemodynamic analysis on prolonged survival cases (30 days and 20 days) of artificial total heart replacement.

High output AH pumping causes a marked decrease in hematocrit, as well as peripheral circulatory insufficiency. By the application of a new control method, based on our hypothesis of regulating the output of the pump, maintenance of normal outputs, long term survival, after total heart replacement, has improved from 10 days to 37 days, with the average survival of 18 days. In addition, the experimentsl animals' general condition has been markeldy improved.


Demonstration of lack of persistence of effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon pumping of short duration in acute myocardial ischemia.

Experimental studies were carried out to quantitate the effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon pumping (ABP) in reducing severity and extent of myocardial ischemia and the persistence of induced changes after cessation of pumping. Ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery was followed by one hr of observation, IABP for one hr (12 dogs) or 3 hrs (12 dogs) and an additional one hr of observation. Epicardial mapping utilizing 20 electrodes was used to obtain the ST segment elevations (Sigma ST) and numbers of electrodes showing ischemic ST CHANGES (NST) in each group. Reductions of SigmaST of approximately 15% and 33% and reduction of NST of 15% and 20% was observed in the one and 3 hr groups respectively, and persisted throughout the period of pumping. Both parameters were noted to increase within 5 mins after cessation of IABP in both groups. SigmaST frequently rose to almost pre-IABP values in the group pumped for one hr. The group pumped for 3 hrs showed SigmaST increase of approximately 15% and NST increase of approximately 16%. Hemodynamic measurements showed in both groups a mean systolic unloading of approximately 10% and 10-20% mean diastolic augmentation. In conclusion, IABP of short duration (1-3 hrs) early after the onset of acute ischemis (one hr) induces a significant but transient decrease in SigmaST and NST, which reflects a reduction in myocardial ischemia. Further study is required to evaluate the effectiveness of intra-aortic balloon pumping, if intitated several hours after the onset of ischemia, to reproduce the clinical reality of a patient with an acute myocardial infarction.


Continuous measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) and hemodynamic response during transapical left ventricular bypass (TALVB).

Continuous measurement of hemodynamic parameters during acute TALVB and MVO2, with the use of a fiberoptic coronary sinus catheter, has demonstrated complete removal of ventricular pulsations and reduced mean left ventricular pressure, with maintenance of the systemic circulation. Myocardial O2 demand has been shown to significantly decrease during maximum LV decompression in the presence of a minimally changing O2 supply.


Dura mater value for cardiac prosthesis.

The advantages of the dura mater fabricated value have been demonstrated in clinical applications. These desirable features of blood compatibility and excellent hemodynmaic performance can be advantageously applied to cardiac replacement and assist devices. Application is especially warranted in totally implantable systems where overall efficiency is of major importance.


Platelet function in calves: a study of adhesion, aggregation, release, clotting factor activity and life span.

Normal calf platelets were found to significantly differ human platelets in a number of important respects. The average calf platelet count is more than twice the average human value. Calf platelets demonstrated no adhesion to glass, in a test in which over 50% of human platelets adhered. Responsiveness to several aggregating, agents, including ADP, thrombin and collagen, was markedly diminished in the calf platelet, requiring much higher concentrations of the stimulating agent to produce comparable responses. In addition, calf platelet clot-promoting activity was far less effective than with human platelets following stimulation with Celite or Russell's viper venom, although the total platelet factor 3 content exceeded that found in human paltelets, following complete disruption. In addition, the calf platelet has a significantly shorter life span and higher turnover rate than the human. These species differences in normal platelet function must be considered in evaluating the results of experiments with artificial organs in the calf model.


Formed element deposition onto filtering walls.

Particles are expected to deposit onto filtering surfaces provided the non-dimensional parameter (see article) U (see article) R2S3/2 exceeds a certain value. For erythrocytes this value has a measured value of 0.15, and for platelets the value ranges from 0.01 to 0.15. If deposition is expected, the rate of particle deposition is proportional to the ultrafiltration flow rate. However, the other fluid mechanic mechanisms may transport a greater number of platelets to the surface. We expect these platelets will be fluid mechanically held to the surface even if it is non-sticky for platelets.


Close-range stereophotogrammetry and coupled stress analysis as tools in the development of prosthetic devices.

The combination of molding at physiologic pressures, close-range stereophotogrammetric processing, geometric smoothing, finite element analysis, leaflet thickness measurements, and a knowledge of leaflet properties have provided a description of asymmetric geometry and stress patterns within a normal human aortic leaflet which are consistent with anatomic observations. A predominantly circumferential, tensile pattern of stress resultants was found. The higher values of stress resultants coincide with thinner regions of the leaflet. And those in a coronary leaflet. A design stress magnitude of 80 Gm/mm2 for a long pressure of 110 mm Hg, based on the actual thickness of the leaflet, was considerably greater than that previously reported in the literature. Those responsible for device development in the future must consider the mechanical properties and asymmetric geometries in design. Future generation devices will depend on the ability of the designer and the fabricator to incorporate features of asymmetry, anisotrophy, and deformation characteristics which match those of living tissue. Through such efforts more durable devices will result.


Pharacological prolongation of ischemic tolerance of rat-kidneys by Na-Cu-chlorophyllin.

This experimental study demonstrated that the warm ischemic tolerance of a rat kidney is about 60 mins, in this model. If the warm ischemic time is 60 mins or longer, in unilateral nephrectomized rats, the animals die of renal insufficiency. After pre-operative treatment with Na-Cu-chlorophyllin we observed a significantly lower increase of serum urea and creatinine levels, caused by a pharmacological effect on the kidneys. The prolongation of warm ischemic tolerance of rat kidneys is about 30 mins in this model; that means 50% more than the normal ischemic tolerance. From our results and from the literature we conclude that Na-Cu-chlorophyllin has a membrane stablilizing and an inhibiting effect on autolytic enzymes. The drug Na-Cu-chlorophyllin has indeed 2 positive effects: the immunosuppressive and organ preseving effect. These effects may play a role in donor and recipient pretreatment and treatment after grafting.


Application of temporary splints.

Emergency splintage is a variety of first aid. The procedures which one might expect to find performed before the patient enters the hospital for definitive diagnostic treatment are too often ignored in a busy and otherwise excellent veterinary practice. Simple entrance in the hospital and cage confinement do not appreciably lessen the likelihood of increased self-trauma. The manipulation inherent in physical and radiographic examination of the injured and painful animal is an even greater indication for immobilization to prevent additional trauma. The clinician is dutybound to place a proper splint on the affected animal to lessen subsequent trauma and to prevent edema. The techniques presented allow this application with minimal time and expense and maximal support and protection to the patient.


The cost of premature death in young rabbits.

The costs of death in a model 100-doe commerical rabbit unit were calculated on the basis of two levels of breeding (7.5 and 10.0 litters per doe per year) and two levels of feeding, (ad lib and controlled). Although the cost of individual deaths from stillbirth and other perinatal and neonatal deaths was half or two-thirds the cost of an individual death later in the rabbit's life, the total cost of these early deaths was three times the total cost of the later deaths. Early death thus plays a major part in the profitability of a commercial rabbitry.


Samonellosis and meat hygiene: red meat.

The association between salmonellosis in man and the infection in food animals has been clearly established. There is, moreover, little doubt that abattoir by-products, effluent and solid waste may allow the recycling of infection in animals. The potential hazard posed by salmonellosis to human and animal health will be reduced only by a greater control over the slaughter of infected farm livestock, improved isolation and casualty slaughter accommodation, a stricter control of slaughterhouse hygiene and the provision and full utilisation of adequate laboratory facilities for the bacteriological examination of meat and the abattoir environment.


Arthritis of the canine stifle joint.

A survey of cadaver material was undertaken in order to determine the prevalence of arthritis of the canine stifle joint. One hundred and fifty unselected cadavers were obtained from veterinary practices for this purpose, and their stifle joints were radiographed and dissected to discover abnormalities. Thirty-one dogs (20 per cent) had stifle arthritis and in all except one the lesions were characteristic of osteoarthritis. In the exceptional case infection was the cause. A mechanical derangement was present in 20 of the 54 affected joints, in the form of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (10), meniscal tears (9) and patellar dislocation (1). The cause of the arthritis in the other 33 joints is unknown.


Surgical remodelling of the femoral trochlea: an experimental study.

Surgical deepening of the groove in the femoral trochlea is a technique commonly employed in the correction of patellar dislocation in dogs.  In order to discover how this deep articular defect repairs the operation was studied experimentally in young goats.  Observations were made on the appearance of the trochlea and the histologic changes that had taken place after approximately six, 12, and 40 weeks.  The abraded groove became filled with fibrocartilage with a relatively smooth surface and it articulated freely with the patella.  The majority of the replacement tissues arose by differentiation of the granulation tissue which initially filled the groove, but there appeared to have been some contribution made by the hyaline cartilage at the margins of the groove.


Compression plating of radial and ulnar fractures in the goat.

Internal fixation of radial and ulnar fractures in three goats was accomplished using bone plates. Intervals between the time of fracture and internal fixation varied from one to 13 days. The goats were ambulatory the day after surgery, and recoveries were uneventful.


Unconjugated oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in the blood of bitches with false pregnancy and pyometra.

The changes in total unconjugated oestrogen and progesterone concentrations in the peripheral blood of one bitch throughout a false pregnancy were measured. The levels of these hormones detected in 11 bitches when examined during a false pregnancy, and in 13 other bitches with pyometa are also reported. Oestrogen and progesterone concentrations were within normal limits in both of these conditions where single samples were obtained, but the bitch with false pregnancy studied in detail showed a raised oestrogen level during metoestrus. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to previous studies on the aetiology of false pregnancy and pyometra.


Chemotherapy of infection with Fasciola hepatica in cattle.

Diamphenethide and a mixture of nitroxynil and hexachlorophane, which are effective against Fasciola hepatica in sheep, are effective in cattle if allowance is made for the slower rate of development and the more intense liver reaction which is associated with resistance. Adult parasites are mostly rejected around the time of maturity so that therapy in cattle must be directed against the early developmental stage using an appropriate drug.


Laboratory investigations in sheep with a new anthelmintic.

The efficacy of fenbendazole against the following gastrointestinal nematodes was tested in experimentally infected lambs: O circumcincta, H contortus, T colubriformis and N filicollis. As low a dose as 0.5 mg per kg reduced the egg output of a patent infection with H contortus and T colubriformis by 85 per cent to 100 per cent. A dose of 3.5 mg per kg has a 100 per cent effect on three or 10-day-old stages of H contortus and one of more than 99 per cent or 100 per cent T colubriformis. The same dose reduces seven-day-old stages of O circumcincta and N filicollis by more than 94 per cent or 100 per cent, while 10 mg per kg produces a 100 per cent elimination of seven-day-old stages of O circumcincta. In field trials and efficacy of more than 99 per cent was determined after oral dosage with 5.0 mg per kg against Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus and Chabertia. Fenbendazole has a wide therapeutic-toxic dose ratio. Discoloration of the wool does not occur. Fenbendazole can be administered as a drench or with the feed.


The Zoonoses Order, 1975.

The coming into effect on July 14 of the Zoonoses Order 1975, marks a new and important step in veterinary public health. The Order makes available powers to investigate and control Salmonella and Brucella infections in animals and Salmonella infections in birds which present a threat to human health. Any Salmonella and Brucella infection becomes reportable in certaain species when organisms have been isolated by laboratory test. Veterinary surgeons and livestock owners may be involved in this obligatory procedure. The statutory powers to investigate incidents and apply restrictions on the movement of animals, birds and their products are not limited to reportable species: they cover a much wider range of animals and birds. They will be held in reserve and used only when necessary because of a hazard to public health; the use of restrictions will be limited to cases involving a very serious threat to man. The information collected from reports and investigations will add considerably to the epidemiological knowledge of these infections and so allow improved methods of control to be developed. Some of these measures already in operation are described, together with others possible for the future.


Adenosine as a source for hypoxanthine nucleotides synthesis in human erythrocytes. The effect of dipyridamole.

Incubation of human erythrocytes in the medium containing adenosine, pyruvate and phosphate causes the synthesis of considerable amounts of IMP and ITP. The synthesis of ITP is linear during the 4-hour incubation period. Dipyridamole lowered the synthesis of ITP to a certain extent and greatly increased the synthesis of IMP.


Quantitative isolation and purification of blood group-active glycosphingolipids from human B erythrocytes.

11.4 mg of a ceramide hexahexoside (B-I) and 16.4 mg of a ceramide octahexoside (B-II) as blood group B-active glycosphingolipids composed of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose (molar ratios 1:3:1:1 and 1:4:2:1 respectively) have been isolated from 6,400 ml of packed human B erythrocytes. This yield is greater by more than the 13-fold amount of B-I glycosphingolipid and the 20-fold amount of B-II glycosphingolipid which has hitherto been isolated from human erythrocytes. The B-active glycosphingolipids isolated represent about 0.04% of the erythrocyte membrane and in consequence must be regarded as the main representants of B properties of the erythrocytes as far as they have been investigated up to this time. This high yield was achieved by a simple and conservative erythrocyte membrane preparation without loss of serological activity and by the improvement of some chromatographical methods which permitted a high purification without the acetylation-deacetylation procedure. Purity was checked by gas-liquid chromatographical analysis of the sugars as their alditol acetates and by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. 1.7 x 10-8 g of each of these glycosphingolipids completely inhibit the agglutination of human B erythrocytes by 4 hemagglutination units of normal human anti-B sera. A ceramide tetrahexoside and a glycolipid fraction with a high H activity could also be isolated which possibly are blood group-intermediate substances. Lewis blood group-active glycosphingolipids characterized by the hemagglutination inhibition test and by passive hemagglutination are trace constituents of other glycosphingolipid fractions.


A further example of the recessive Lu(a-b-) phenotype.

A family study is reported in which two members of the Lu(a-b-) type. A recessive mode of inheritance is postulated from the failure of the phenotype to occur in other generations and from consanguinity in the propositus' parents.


Antithetica+ relationship of anti-In-a with the Salis antibody.

Evidence is presented for the antithetical relationship of In-a with a previously unreported high frequency antigen, Salis. Three Salis (-) propositi were all found to be In(a+), and, although tested in London, came from the Indian subcontinent where the In-a antigen was first detected.


Anti-K18: an antibody defining another high-frequency antigen related to the Kell blood group system.

A new antibody, designated anti-K18, reacts with a high frequency red cell antigen that is related to the Kell blood group system. All of more than 2,000 bloods were K:18 but K-0 phenotype red cells are K:-18.


A new antigen Yk-a (York), and its relationship to Cs-a (Cost).

The antigen Yk-a is detected in 92 and 98% of the American Caucasian and Negro populations, respectively. In population studies with anti-Yk-a and anti-Cs-a, association was demonstrated between the two antigens; however, in two of three informative families Yk-a and Cs-a segregated independently. The possibility that these antigens have a relationship with leucocyte antigens is discussed.


Di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate content of plasma fractions prepared by low temperature ethanol (Cohn) fractionation.

Plasma pools, prepared from time-expired blood stored in plastic packs, were analysed for DEHP content and levels ranging from 0.78 to 7.42 mh DEHP/100 ml plasma obtained. The DEHP content of the Cohn fractions prepared from such plasma pools was estimated. Only very low levels of DEHP were found in the four therapeutically useful fractions and high levels in the discard fractions III and IV.


Automated red cell antibody detection. An improved method.

A single-channel AutoAnalyzer was used to screen potential blood-grouping sera to exclude the presence of unwanted antibodies. In order to detect the widest possible range of antibodies, a low-ionic strength Polybrene method was employed, but difficulty was encountered because the aggregated cells adhered to the glass surfaces of the reaction coils, resulting in instability of the system. Modifications were made to the apparatus, and the improvements in the demonstration of antibodies that resulted are described.


Study of the Gregory blood group in an English family.

An example of anti-Gy-a found during routine antenatal testing is the first recorded example in Europe to be described. Five other Gy(a-) siblings were found in the patient's family from whom blood donations were obtained in the event of a needed transfusion. Although anti-Gy-a was detected in the infant's serum, there was no evidence of haemolytic disease of the newborn, presumably due to the fact that the Gy-a antigen is poorly developed at birth.


Effects of rejuvenation of blood on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate and mechanical resistance of red blood cells.

Blood collected in ACD was supplemented with PIGP solution or PIGPA solution. The presence of adenine enhanced the mechanical resistance to trauma of erythrocytes. The levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adenosine triphosphate were restored to a normal to subnormal level. The PIGPA media seemed satisfactory for rejuvenation of stored blood for freezing purposes.


Prinzmetal's angina Clinical and anatomic aspects.

A review of 120 patients who had a discharge diagnosis of intermediate coronary syndrome showed 12 patients with documented transient ST elevation during spontaneous rest pain consistent with Prinzmetal's angina. Coronary arteriography showed severe proximal occlusive coronary atherosclerosis in nine of the patients, and normal or minimal disease in the other three patients. In two of these three, there was documented coronary arterial spasm with reproduction of symptoms during arteriography. Although a shorter history of chest pain, presence of an old myocardial infarction and a positive finding on electrocardiogram treadmill test tended to predict the patients with severe occlusive coronary artery disease, these methods were inadequate to select candidates for arteriography. All patients responded well to nitroglycerine while in the hospital. Five of the nine patients with coronary artery disease had coronary bypass operations, with two excellent, two fair and one poor result. One of the three patients with normal findings on coronary arteriograms died with refractory ventricular arrhythmia six months after study. The other two have had good-to-moderate relief of symptoms on long-acting vasodilators and propranolol. Current concepts of the syndrome of Prinzmetal's angina and ST elevation are reviewed. It appears that this syndrome has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and coronary arteriographic anatomies.


No-fault malparactice insurance. Proximate cause and the quality of medical care.

No-fault medical malpractice insurance has been proposed as an alternative to the present tort liability approach. Statistical examination of the concept of proximate cause reveals not only that the question of acceptable care, and therefore of fault, is unavoidable in identifying patients deserving compensation, but also that specifying fault in an individual case is scientifically untenable. A simple formula for a Coefficient of Causality clarifies the question of proximate cause in existing trial practices and suggests that many of the threats associated with malpractice suits arise from the structure of the tort-insurance system rather than from professional responsibility for medical injury. The concepts could provide the basis for a revised claims and compensation procedure.


Chelation therapy.

This statement was prepared in response to a request made to the Clinical Pharmacology Service at the University of California, San Francisco to evaluate the potential therapeutic uses and the possible toxicities of chelation therapy. The question arose in regard to the use of ethylene tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


The metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine to give new 'pink spots'.

1. The 'pink spots' observed in the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine were identified as N-oxidation products of 2-chlorophenothiazine and phenothizaine,, respectively. 2. Incubations of the latter two compounds with fortified hepatic fractions from rabbit and guinea-pig gave the corresponding hydroxylamines, the nitroxides which were purplish-pink and gave characteristic e.s.r. signals, and the N-hydroperoxides which were the major pink compounds and gave no e.s.r. signals. Each hydroxylamine was readily oxidized to an N-hydroperoxide in air and the latter readily reduced back in solution to the corresponding hydroxylamine by ascorbic acid. 3. The synthesis, chemical properties and the i.r., u.v., n.m.r., e.s.r., and mass spectra of the above compounds, their sulphoxides and phenothiazine-N-peroxides are reported.


The metabolism of phenyl o-(2-N-morpholinoethoxy)-phenyl ether hydrochloride in the rabbit and rat.

1. Urinary and faecal excretion of radioactivity in 120 h after oral administration of [U-14-C]phenyl o-(2-N-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl ether hydrochloride (200 mg/kg) were 92 and 3% dose in the rabbit, and 60 and 35% in the rat. 2. Urinary metabolites were produced by aromatic hydroxylation and aryl alkyl ether bond cleavage. Some evidence for formation of dioxomorpholino, oxohydroxymorpholino, and ethanolamino derivatives of the drug was obtained. 3. The aromatic hydroxylation product, p-hydroxyphenyl o-(2-N-morpholinoethoxy)phenyl ether hydrochloride had vasopressor activity comparable with the parent compound, but with shorter duration of action.


[Infant development and adipositas (author's transl)].

The present paper tries to answer the question, how far the degree of adipositas during adult age can be affected by influences from early childhood. Our special interest concerned the relation between the number of fat cells and adipositas. To answer this question we had to clarify some methodical problems. The difficulty was to find out in a statistical way the part of fat tissue in total body weight. Therefore we introduced the idea of variability of tissues supposing that the different tissues can be influenced in a different way by environmental factors. Bone tissue turned out to be the most steady in contrary to fat tissue as the most unstable one. We stated the hypothesis that the differences between two groupes of equal sized individuals are based upon differences of fat tissue. Our material have been the age classes born in 1938 till 1951. Their environmental conditions during infancy and the age of 19 have been investigated. The result was that the conditions of life of 19-year-old men can be regarded as similar, whereas those of infants showed significant differences. The age classes 1945-1948 proved to be nourished more badly than the years before (1938-1944) and after (1949-1951). With these results corresponds stature, whereas no similar effects could be revealed in body weight. The conclusion of our paper is that regarding to adipositas no connection between infancy and adult age could be proved.


[Report of pheochromocytoma in childhood (author's transl)].

This paper reports the results and specific variations in diagnostic and therapy of pheochromocytoma in childhood. Two patients aged 10 and 12 years are described. Previous reports about 155 cases are summarized in respect to localization and frequency of occurrence. In our experience the catheterization of the vena cava is a small-risk method to localize the tumor and to obtain informations about the amount and type of cathecholamines. The value and limits of the diagnostic procedure - until now seldom used in children - are mainly discussed. The improvement of symptoms and the marked circulatory changes by the treatment with the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent Dibencyline are described. The histological differentiation between benign and malign growth proves to be uncertain.


Anorexia nervosa with transient hypopituitarism.

A case is presented with sudden onset of cachexia and anorexia with hypopituitarism, starting early and progressing gradually. After about 15 months the patient recovered; first he lost the anorexia, then the endocrine functions and growth became normal. Conflicting reports about hypopituitarism in anorexia nervosa and similar syndromes may be due to lack of longitudinal observations and the transient nature of the endocrine disorders.


Perinatal immunoglobulin levels in premature and small-for-date infants.

In 100 low-birth-weight newborns divided into a group of prematures with adequate birth weight and a group of antenatal hypotrophics, the immunoglobulins in cord serum and in serum at 5 days were determined. The results are expressed in International Units/ml. A significant increase of IgM as compared with cord blood after 5 days of life was found in both groups. In prenatal hypotrophics insignificantly higher levels of IgM were detected both in cord and in 5-day blood. It could be supposed that the dystrophisation of some small-for-date newborns could result from intrauterine infection.


[Videodensitometric, angiocardiographic and hemodynamic examinations in corrected tetralogy of fallot].

In 38 children with typical tetralogy of Fallot recatheterization was performed 15 days to 410/12 years after correction. Their age ranged from 47/12 to 181/12 years and their weigh? 14;8 TO 54.4 KG. The biplane angiocardiograms were especially evaluated with respect to thcy to decrease from intraoperative to postoperative values. We did not find a parameter, determined during the operation, which can predict with certainty the operative result, found at the time of recatheterization. The peak pressure ration PRV/PLV seems to be most suitable but in an individual case one cannot rely on it. A diastolic murmur was heart postoperatively in 25 children, 9 of whom had a regurgitation index greater than 10%. In all 38 patients an infundibulectomy was performed, which in every case resulted in a disturbance of the contraction pattern (asynergy) of the right ventricular outflow tract. In the area of the ostium infundibuli small aneurysms were demonstrated in 50% of the cases. They were divided according to their angiographic appearance, the type of asynergy and their visibility on the two standard x-ray projections. In 11 children we observed incompletely resected muscle bundles of the infundibulum. Hemodynamically they were insignificant. Residual muscular infundibular stenoses, causing a pressure gradient, were observed in 8 cases. Aortal indentations of varying degree at the site of cannulation for the extracorporal circulation were present in 91%. In 13 patients an outflow tract reconstruction was necessary. In 8 children the patch was clearly identifiable as such. The necessity of recatheterization after correction of tetralogy of Fallot is discussed.


[Oxygen consumption in infants and children with congenital heart defects].

Resting oxygen uptake was determined by a diaferometer in 90 children with congenital heart disease and in 39 children without cardiac defects, both groups ranging in age from 1 month to 15 years. The children with cardiac defects were classified according to the kind of the defect. The values of all children were related to body surface area and in every case compared with standards of basal metabolic rate of Karlberg and Fleisch. Although there was a tendency to higher values of resting oxygen uptake in children with cardiac defects, a statistically definite difference to the standard values could not be established. The possibly influencing factors of oxygen uptake in children with cardiac defects, as weight reduction, sedation, heart dynamics and oxygen cost of breathing are discussed regarding the literature.


[Inconstant left bundle-branch block with a dependent wenckebach period in childhood].

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with left bundle branch block was found in a six-year-old girl. After prophylactic treatment with digitalis and with beta-adrenergic blocking agents, intermittent left bundle branch blocks appeared frequently. Thereby one could see repeatedly the pattern of a dependent Wenckebach phenomenon not yet described in childhood. Dependent Wenckebach phenomenon means the gradual development of a complete bundle branch block depending on the increasing atrial frequency drugin respiratory sinusarrhythmia. Immediately after complete bundle branch block, when the atrial frequency decreases significantly, the conductiondisturbance again normalized. Contrary to this, preexisting left bundle branch block disappeared when the frequency was increased by Orciprenalininfusions and be exercise. An evident explanation for this contrary behaviour cannot be given.


[Systolic prolapse ("ballooning") of the mitral valves with secondary atrial septal defect: a still not much known combination].

Two case with the combination of a ballooning mitral valve and a secundum type ASD are described. The possibility of correct identification of the two anomalies by using relatively simple noninvasive methods is emphasized. Furthermore, a short review of the etiology of the clinical "mid systolic click/late systolic murmur" syndrome is given and the evidence for and against the existence of a true congenital combination of the two abovementioned defects is discussed.


[Hazards of heart catheterization and angiocardiography in the first year of life. A review of 1366 examinations].

1366 infants in the first year of life had cardiac catheterisation with or without angiocardiography in our Department of Cardiology between 1963 and 1973. The overally mortality in the first 24 hrs after the cardiac catheterisation for the first year of life was 1.83%. The subdivision of the first month of life reveals the high mortality rate of the first two weeks of life with the highest percentage of 18.9% in the first week of life and with 10.7% in the second week of life. After that time the mortality is significantly decreasing, but still amounts to 7.6% in the first month of life. There had been no death after the seventh month of life. 14 of the 24 infants died without a specific event in increasing heartfailure and/or acidosis. In the other 10 cases death was due either to the manipulation of the catheter (partial-perforation or perforation), to the angiocardiogram (subsequent asystole) or to the position of the catheter with subsequent intramural injection of contrast material.The best correlation was between the mortality and the severity of the underlying cardiac malformation. Further complications which did lead to death 24 hrs following cardiac catheterisation are described. Our results are compared with those of other authors. The reasons of various complications are discussed. Cardiac catheterisation and angiocardiography as early as possible is necessary because palliative procedures and corrective surgery can be initiated immediately. But it is important in the very sick infant to shorten the procedure as much as possible and to keep angiographic injections at a minimum.


[Reinfection and recidive in Hymenolepis nana infections (author's transl)].

The excretion of Hymenolepis nana eggs begins in CF-1 mice between the 11th and 12th day irrespective of the wormload. In Swiss mice, however, the onset of egg excretion can be retarded up to the 15th day if the number of parasites is high. The re-appearance of eggs after treatment occurs between the 6th and 9th day using an exact diagnostic method. If the number of parasites is low, than re-appearance of eggs occurs later than if it is high. An infection with eggs protects mice for several months against a re-infection with eggs but not against one with cysticercoids. If cysticercoids are used to establish the primary infection no immune reaction against a re-infection develops. If eggs reappear in the faeces after treatment then the following conclusion can be drawn: Eggs reappear within a week after treatment then it must be a relapse. Eggs reappear during the second week then it can be either a relapse or a re-infection. Eggs reappear at three weeks or later then it can only be due to a re-infection.


The subcellular localization of labelled tyrosine in the vitelline cells of Schistosoma mansoni.

Autoradiographic studies at light and electron microscope level showed that tritiated tyrosine injected into the peritoneal cavity of infected mice localised in the cells of adult Schistosoma mansoni within one hour. The amino acid was avidly taken up by vitelline cells compared to other tissues. Subcellular localization was in the granular endoplasmic reticulum and in the vitelline droplets. The label was also present in the tissues of the tegument and gut but the route of entry into the parasite was not determined.


[The eyespots of the oncomiracidium of Euzetrema knoepffleri (Monogenea): ultrastructure and evolution during the life-cycle (author's transl)].

Euzetrema knoepffleri (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea) is a parasite of the urinary bladder of Euproctus montanus (Amphibia, Urodela). The eyespots of the oncomiracidium of E. knoepffleri are rhabdomeric; each anterior pigmented cell has one rhabdomere, each posterior pigmented cell has two rhabdomeres. This pattern is quite similar to that of the eyespot of another Monopisthocotylea, Entobdella soleae but the lack of cristalline lens in E. knoepffleri appears as a new feature of the Monopisthocotylea. The symmetry of the pigmented structures seems to be effectively connected with the swimming mode of the larva. Moreover, the ultrastructural differences between the two species Euzetrema knoepffleri and Entobdella soleae may be in relation with their different behaviour concerning light. After the fixation of the larva on its host, the comparative study of the evolution of the eyespots, shows the disappearance of the cristalline lens in Entobdella, and the loss of rhabdomeric structures in Euzetrema. These differences seem related with the nature of the microbiotope of the adult: Entobdella soleae is a skin parasite, Euzetrema knoepffleri a reno-vesical one.


Competition between two closely related Tetrabothrius cestodes of the fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis L.).

The two congeneic Tetrabothrius cestodes of the fulmar are so closely related that they can only be reliably distinguished by differences in the number of testes. The two species show a considerable distributional overlap along the intestine. Statistically it can be shown that high numbers of the common, anteriorly situated species (T. minor) affect the distribution of the rarer, more posteriorly situated species (T. procerus), causing the latter to occupy a more posterior site in the intestine. Several possibilities are discussed concerning the mechanism by which T. procerus is affected, and how this mildly competitive situation is maintained. It is probable that niche segregation between the two species is more or less complete, but that this is reinforced in concurrent infections by interactive site segregation.


Interaction of malonaldehyde with collagen. III. Binding site characteristic of malonaldehyde with respect to collagen.

In this paper have been studied properties of a product that arose from the interaction of malonaldehyde with collagen. It has been shown by an amino acid analysis that malonaldehyde reacts in a significant way on lysine and tyrosine residues. The partcipation of tyrosine in the reaction with malonaldehyde has been further demonstrated by means of spectrophotometry. It has also been found that the hydrolysis by pronase is considerably modified with the cross linked collagen.


[Arsenic residues in livers of swine, lamb and poultry and in eggs].

The arsenic content of 3651 swine-, 180 lamb livers, 420 egg samples and poultry livers from 175 poultry farms were determined colorimetrically. The analysed samples were all derived from bavarian farms. According to the proposed legal standards (3), 1.23% of the swine liver samples and 1.67% of the egg samples were above the tolerated values of 0.5 resp. 0.1 mg/kg.


[Enzymatic detection of carbamate pesticides on impregnated cellulose plates].

The detection of carbamate pesticides by an enzyme-inhibition method on impregnated (ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, beta,beta'-oxydipropionitrile) cellulose thin layer plates is described. The enzyme-substrate combination: pig liver esterase-indophenylacetate (chromogenic substrate) was the most sensitive. The following parameters concerning the sensitivity of the method were investigated: enzyme source, substrate, pH, inhibition time, inhibition temperature, thickness of the cellulose layer, stationary phase.


[Study on the stability of potassium iodide of the iodized salt].

The stability of potassium iodide in iodized salt has been studied with respect to the purity of the salt used as raw material. It has been found that the iodized salt prepared from high purity salt and preserved under proper conditions (protection from light, humidity and high temperatures) keeps, for several months, the most of the initially added potassium iodide, without any addition of stabilizers, except for a small bicarbonate.


[Thiamine in irradiated foodstuffs I. Influence of different radiation conditions and of time after irradiation].

Effects of 10 MeV-electron radiation on thiamine dichloride in crystalline form and in solution, and on thiamine in dried whole egg are described. Both in the dry state and in aqueous solutions, radiation induced reactions continue to affect thiamine over a considerable period of time after irradiation. Thiamine losses decrease in the order: dry thiamine dichloride, aqueous solution, hydrochloric acid solution, dried whole egg.


Nonenzymic browning. XI. Effect of free amino groups on browning reactions in lipid-protein mixtures.

The course of browning was more rapid in mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty acid esters with casein that in those of the same lipids with formaldehyde-treated casein or with an inert inorganic substrate (barium sulphate or sodium sulphate). On the contrary, the content of oxidation products (peroxides and aldehydes) was much higher in lipids mixed with formaldehydetreated casein or with inorganic substrates. The results obtained with albumin were similar. The ratio of red to yellow pigments was higher in mixtures with non-treated casein than in the other two investigated reaction mistures. Brown pigments contained only low per centages of nitrogen.


[Substrate specifity of "cholesteroloxidase" for the enzymatic determination of cholesterol].

The substrate specifity of "Cholesteroloxidase" (E.C.1.1.3.6) from Nocardia erythropolis was studied. The main sterols from animal and plant fats and 4-methylsterols as well as one triterpene served as substrates. The enzyme is not specific for cholesterol but also reacts with all the natural 3 beta-hydroxysterols. However, the enzymatic reaction may contribute as a new analytical method to determine the "total sterols" in the unsaponifiable matter of fats.


[Gaschromatographic determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Investigations from the gas phase of cigarette smoke].

A gaschromatographic method for the quantitative determination of CO and CO2  is described. The method is suitable in a wide sensitivity range from ppm to % content of these gases. CO, CH4 and CO2 are separated under isothermic working conditions by the use of a column filled with carbon molecular sieve CMS. The column should be regenerated only after more than 1000 analyses. The quantitative determination of CO and CO2 in cigarette smoke is reported. With a total retention time of less than one min. this system enables the analysis of the carbon oxides to be performed puff by puff. The CO and CO2 contents of the vapour phase of various test cigarettes are discussed.


[The problem of yawning in reptiles].

Yawning in reptiles was investigated in field observations of various lizard and tortoise species and in laboratory experiments with the tortoises Testudo h. hermanni and Emys orbicularis. In the experiments the animals' reactions to various conditions of temperature, air O2 and CO2 content, fatigue and hunger, were tested. Yawning and related or similar motor patterns are described and discussed.


Scent marking by male golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). II. The role of the flank gland scent in the causation of marking.

Investigated the role of the odor of the flank gland in the stimulation of flank marking by male hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. In the first experiment it was shown that a male has customary marking posts and that a second male introduced into the first male's area will mark in the same places. In experiment 2 nine test male male flank, marked less in the home cages of flank glandectomized male male than in the cages of normal male male. In experiment 3 it was shown that flank glandectomized male male marked at within the range of frequencies for normal male male.


Tool use in a group of captive chimpanzees I. Escape.

A group of 4 female and 3 male adolescent wild-born chimpanzees was observed for 7 months in an outdoor enclosure. Use of tools aimed at escaping from this enclosure is decribed, the two main techniques being the use of poles as ladders and sticks as pitons.


[The phylogenetic importance of the behavior of the dragonfly Epallage fatime Charp. 1840].

The behaviour of the dragonfly E. fatime was observed in the field in the Near East, in Turkey and on Rhodos in the summers of 1971 and 1973. A short ethogram of the species is given and its behaviour compared with that of other dragonflies. On this basis its phylogenetic position is discussed.


[Description of a method for the determination of the number and quality of influenza virus antibody molecules by means of equilibrium centrifugation (author's transl)].

The method of equilibrium centrifugation for determining the number of antibody molecules (A) and their equilibrium constant K characterizing the reactivity of antibody with antigen described in this paper is based on the use of virus-coated formaldehyde-treated erythrocytes as immuno-adsorbent. Graded doses of the immuno-adsorbent are mixed with the serum to be tested and the degree of antibody adsorption is measured. By analogy to the formula used in the method of equilibrium filtration, these data can be evaluated in order to determine the concentration of antibody molecules and the equilibrium constant K. Adsorption of virus on formaldehdye-treated erythrocytes results in steric hindrance of a part of the antigenic sites of the virus particles. This was taken into account by measuring sera comparatively both by means of equilibrium centrifugation and by use of equilibrium filtration and establishing correction formulas. Both techniques were found to have the same sensitivity and accuracy. In comparison to equilibrium filtration, equilibrium centrifugation offers the advantage that it can be used with test antigens which are below the minimum size needed in  equilibrium filtration.


Induction of chain formation in Clostridium sporogenes by suramin.

Cl. sporogenes NCTC 532 was grown in serial doubling dilutions of Suramin from 1% to 0.125% w/v in BHI broth containing 1% glucose. After overnight incubation the culture grew into extremely long chains on transfer into suramin free medium reverted to normal morphology.


[Studies on the culture of clostridium butyricum strain M 55 ATCC 13.732. 4th Communication: The influence of peptone quality upon kininase activity (author's transl)].

Studies of the oncolytic effect of Cl. butyricum strain M 55 resulted in the hypothesis of oncolysis to be an effect of a continuous production of kinin-decomposing enzymes. A decomposition of bradykinin will reduce capillary permeability and microcirculation in the tumour tissue, thus releasing and maintaining the process  of necrotization. To achieve an optimal oncolytic effect of Cl. butyricum M 55, in addition to conditions already demanded in preceding papers, also an abundant production of kininase is required. Experience has shown peptone-containing media to be most suitable for culturing the M 55 strain, kininase formation being dependent upon peptone quality. The best yield of kinine-decomposing enzymes was achieved with the following peptones: peptone from Gelatine Merck, Tryptose Merck, Microbiotone Oxoid, Proteose Oxoid and Trypticase BBL. To obtain the greatest possible kininase production by the spores of Cl. butyricum M 55 applied for oncolytic therapy, the peptones mentioned are recommended for culture.