The functional anatomy of the bronchial circulation of the domestic fowl.

The bronchial circulation was studied in 25 adult domestic fowls. The right and left bronchial arteries originated caudal to the syrinx from a bronchoesophageal artery which is a branch of the right common carotid artery. Each bronchial artery ramified on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the corresponding primary bronchus and finally anastomosed directly with a branch of the pulmonary artery at the hilus of the lung. Thr bronchial artery did not accompany the intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The branches of each bronchial artery formed an anastomosing network on the wall of the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus. The calibre of the bronchial artery at its anastomosis with the branch of the pulmonary artery was greater than at its origin from the bronchoesophageal artery. Intravenous injections of Lycopodium spores indicated that the blood flows from the pulmonary artery into the bronchial artery. Small bronchial veins drained the extrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus into the pulmonary vein and the oesophageal veins. The intrapulmonary part of the primary bronchus was supplied by branches of the pulmonary artery and drained by tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The blood supply to the primary bronchus could constitute a shunt capable of passing blood from the pulmonary artery into the pulmonary vein without going through the exchange tissue. The parabronchial (atrial) muscles received a blood supply directly from the exchange tissue via septal venules which formed a network underneath the muscle bundles, without actually penetrating between the muscle cells. These venules drained into atrial veins which were tributaries of the pulmonary vein. The atrial muscles probably also received oxygen by direct diffusion from the parabronchial lumen. The pleura was supplied by the oesophageal branches of the bronchoesophageal artery, and by small twigs from the internal thoracic and intercostal arteries.


Cyto-differentiation and portal vascular development in the mouse adenohypophysis.

Pituitaries of fetal and postnatal (15 days p.c.-28 days p.n.) and adult (male) mice were studied by light and electron microscopy to correlate the developmental pattern of the hypothalamo-hypophysial vascular system with the time of onset of function of the adenohypophysis. The superior and anterior regions of the adenohypophysis become vascularized at 17 days p.c., when portal vessels extend from oral primary plexus to the pars distalis for the first time. Adenohypophysial vascularity and the number of portal vessels steadily increase to reach the adult pattern at 5 days p.n. At 1 day p.n. deep capillary loops appear in the caudal regions of the oral primary plexus; a capillary (tangential) plexus underlies the ependymal lining of the third ventricle by 6 days p.n. Superficial capillary loops were not observed until the third postnatal week. Granulation of secretory cells commences at 16 days p.c., predominantly in the upper and anterior adenohypophysis; at 17 days thyrotropes, gonadotropes and corticotropes are recognizable and by morphological criteria appear actively secretory on days 17-18 p.c., although few appear active at 19 days p.c. and 1 day p.n. Somatotropes are first seen at 18 days p.c., predominantly in the central and lateral regions of the pars distalis. Active secretory cells increase in number over the period 2-10 days p.n., but after 11 days p.n. thyrotropes and corticotropes seem to become progressively less active; fewer gonadotropes are seen after 15 days p.n., and these apparently become progressively less active from day 19. Most somatotropes appear active until 28 days p.n. The observations suggest that hypothalamic control of adenohypophysial function may exist in the mouse from 17 days p.c.


The nerve supply and conducting system of the human heart at the end of the embryonic period proper.

The nerve supply and conducting system were studied in a stage 23 human embryo of exceptional histological quality. The nerves on the right side arose from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments. Out of their interconnexions vagoxympathetic nerves emerged, which (1) sent a branch in front of the trachea to the aorticopulmonary ganglion, thereby supplying arterial and venous structures, and (2) formed the right sinal nerve, which supplied the sinu-atrial node, and gave filaments to the interatrial septum which could be traced to the atrioventricular node and pulmonary veins. The nerves on the left side arose similarly from cervical sympathetic and from cervical and thoracic vagal filaments. These formed several descending, ganglionated, vagosympathetic filaments that descended to the right of the arch of the aorta and entered the aorticopulmonary ganglion. Filaments leaving the ganglion supplied the pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, interatrial septum, pulmonary veins, and, as the left sinal nerve, the fold of the left vena cava. The thoracic vagal filaments descended to the left of the arch of the aorta and supplied chiefly the arterial end of the heart. No thoracic sympathetic cardiac filaments were found. The sinu-atrial node began as a crescentic mass in front of the lower part of the superior vena cava. It gradually extended on each side of the superior vena cava and came to form its posterior wall at a more caudal level. The atrial myocardium that formed the septum spurium, venous valves, and interatrial septum could be traced from the sinu-atrial to the atrioventricular node. Myocardium also encircled the atrial aspects of the atrioventricular orifices, and could be traced caudally to the atrioventricular nde. The atrioventricular node was a conspicuous mass in the anterior and lower part of the interatrial septum, from which a clearly defined bundle left to enter the interventricular septum. Right and left limbs were observed, the former being a rounded bundle that passed immediately in front of the root of the aorta.


Plantar aponeurosis and internal architecture of the ball of the foot.

On the basis of its internal structure, the ball of the foot can be divided into three transverse areas, each with a different mechanical function: (1) an area proximal to the heads of the metatarsals in which the retinacula cutis are developed into a series of transverse bands, and in which the deep fibres of the plantar aponeurosis form ten sagittal septa connected to the deep transverse metatarsal ligament and through this the proximal phalanges of the toes, (2) an area below the heads of the metatarsals in which vertical fibres from the joint capsules and the sides of the fibrous flexor sheaths form a cushion below each metatarsal head, and in which fat bodies  cover the digital nerves and vessels in their passage between the cushions, and (3) a distal area which comprises the interdigital web. The superficial fibres of the plantar aponeurosis are inserted into the skin of this distal area, and deep to them the plantar interdigital ligament forms a series of transverse lamellae connected to the proximal phalanges by a mooring ligament which arches from one fibrous flexor sheath to the next. When the metatarsophalangeal joints are extended, the fibres of the three areas are tensed and the skin is anchored firmly to the skeleton. The direction of the fibres in the distal and proximal area promotes the transfer of forces exerted on the skin during push-off and braking respectively, while the intermediate area is adapted to bear the weight of the body. A concentration of Pacinian corpuscles is found along the digital nerves in the weight-bearing area below the transverse metatarsal ligament. The nerves for the second, and especially for the third, interstice are close to or in contact with the sharp proximal edges of the sagittal septa.


Vascular segments in the human spleen.

Corrosion casts of human splenic arterial trees revealed the presence of two segments-a superior, and an inferior - in 84% of cases and three segments - a superior, a middle and an inferior - in 16% of cases. These segments are separated by avascular planes.


Action of chondroitinases. II. Numerical calculation of the degree of multiple attack.

Further investigation was carried out on the action patterns of two chondroitinase-AC [EC 4.2.2.5.] preparations obtained from Arthrobacter aurescens and Flavobacterium heparinum. To infer the action patterns of the chondroitinases, we proposed a new method for the calculation of the degree of multiple attack, based on the concept established by Robyt and French ((1967) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 122, 8-16). It was shown that the degree of multiple attack (DM) is represented by the ratio of the initial velocity of number-average degree of scission to that of viscosity-average degree of scission. By this method, DM for A-Chase was estimated to be 3.03 and for F-chase, 1.31.


Preferential acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the formamide linkage of N'-formylkynurenine in frozen solution.

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the formamide linkage of N-acetyl-N'-formyl-L-kynurenineamide in frozen dilute hydrochloric acid solution followed first-order kinetics, yielding N-acetyl-L-kynurenineamide as the sole reaction product. The maximum rate of reaction in the frozen solution was found at around -7.5 degrees and approximated that of the reaction in liquid solution at 40 degrees. By freezing the dilute acid solution at -8 degrees the reaction was accelerated by 60 times compared with that in super-cooled liquid solution at the same temperature.


A study of the native-denatured (N in equilibrium with D) transition in lysozyme. II. Kinetic analysis of protease digestion.

Kinetic analyses of the protease digestion of several chemical derivatives of lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] showed that only the D(denatured) state of the protein is digested and that the reaction velocity is proportional to the equilibrium constant (KD) of the N in equilibrium with D transition of the protein. Alteration of the net charge of lysozyme by acetylation caused a shift of the N in equilibrium with D transition to the right (ten-fold increase in KD compared to that of native enzyme). Both the formation of a lysozyme-inhibitor complex and the introduction of a covalent bond in the lysozyme molecule restricted the transition. The magnitude of the N in equilibrium with D transition is related to the susceptibility of lysozyme to protease digestion and it is estimated that the N in equilibrium with D transition in proteins is generally important in the intracellular catabolism of proteins.


A method for the deductive and unique determination of the values of three parameters involved in fractional functions applicable to relaxation kinetics.

A novel method is proposed to determine deductively and uniquely the values of three parameters, a, b, and c in a fractional function of the form, y=a+bx/(c+x) where x and y are experimentally obtainable variables. This type of equation is frequently encountered in chemistry and biochemistry involving relaxation kinetics. The method of least squares with the Taylor expansion is employed for direct curve fitting of observed data to the fractional function. Approximate values of the parameters, which are always necessary prior to commending the above procedure, can be obtained by the method of rearrangement after canceling the denominator of fractional functions. This procedure is very simple, but very effective for estimating provisional values of the parameters. Deductive and unique determination of the parameters involved in the fractional function shown above can be accomplished for the first time by the combination of these two procedures. This method is extended to include the analysis of relaxation kinetic data such as those of temperature-jump method where the determination of equilibrium concentrations of reactants in addition to the three parameters is also necessary.


Incorporation of [14C]glucose from UDP[14C]glucose into a phosphoglycolipid by cell-free particulate systems of a moderately halophilic gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas halosaccharolytica ATCC 29423.

A glucosyl group from uridine diphosphate [U-14C]glucose is incorporated into a phosphoglycolipid, probably a glucosylphosphatidylglycerol, by a disrupted membrane enzyme preparation from a gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, Pseudomonas halosaccharolytica ATCC 29423. The conversion of [14C]phosphatidylglycerol into phosphoglycolipid by the particulate preparation was also enhanced in the presence of non-labelled UDP-glucose. A chemical degradation study of labelled phosphoglycolipid showed the bulk of the radioactivity from UDP[U-14C]glucose to be associated with the glucose moiety, which also appeared to be attached to the hydroxyl group of a second glycerol.


Polyamine-dependent deoxyribonuclease activity from rat-liver nuclei.

When nuclei isolated from rat liver in a low salt buffer were washed with 0.1 M NaCl solution, the supernatant showed a deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. The activity required Mg2+ and in addition spermine or spermidine, and its optimal pH was 7.2-7.4. The activity was higher on denatured (single stranded) DNA than on double-helical DNA. With both substrates the activity was highest at a polyamine concentration at which the DNA-polyamine complex began to precipitate. No Mg2++Ca2+ dependent DNase activity was detected in the preparation.


The effect of inositol hexaphosphate on the absorption spectra of alpha and beta chains in nitrosyl hemoglobin.

The spectral changes of nitrosyl hemoglobin on addition of inositol hexaphosphate were studied in hybrid-heme hemoglobins. The results showed that the decrease in absorption in the Soret region was mainly due to a spectral change in alpha chains, and that the tension on heme in the quaternary T structure was much stronger in alpha than in beta chains.


An anomaly in the resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome P-450cam in the ferrous high-spin state.

Resonance Raman spectra of cytochrome P-450cam (P-450cam) and its enzymatically inactive form (P-420) in various oxidation and spin states were measured for the first time. The Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam was unusual in the sense that the "oxidation-state marker" appeared at an unexpectedly lower frequency (1346 cm-1) in comparison with those of other reduced hemoproteins (approximately 1355-approximately 1365 cm-1), whereas that of oxidized P-450cam was located at a normal frequency. This anomaly in the Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam can be explained by assuming electron delocalization from the fifth ligand, presumably a thiolate anion, to the antibonding pi orbital of the porphyrin ring. The corresponding Raman line of reduced P-420 appeared at a normal frequency (1360 cm-1), suggesting a status change or replacement of the fifth ligand upon conversion from P-450cam to P-420. The Raman spectrum of reduced P-450cam-metyrapone complex was very similar to that of ferrous cytochrome b5.


Amino acid composition of peptidoglycan in Caulobacter crescentus.

Peptidoglycan of a gram-negative stalked bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus CB13, contained alanine, diaminopimelic acid, and glutamic acid, in molar ratios of 2 : 1 : 1. The amino acid compositions of peptidoglycans isolated from cultures enriched in swarmer and stalked cells, and from a stalk-less mutant were similar. This finding conflicts with a previous observation that swarmer peptidoglycan does not contain diaminopimelic acid (Goodwin and Shedlarski (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 170, 23-36). It appears that, despite the morphological differences, the Caulobacter cells all contain a similar peptidoglycan in the cell wall.


The site-specific deoxyribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus (endonuclease R.Bpu1387).

A new site-specific endonuclease (DNase) was isolated from the cells of Bacillus pumilus AHU 1387 strain. This enzyme (endonuclease R.Bpu 1387) introduced double-stranded scissions at unique sites on DNA's of coli phage lambda, lambdadvl, coli phage T7, Bacillus phage phi105C, Bacillus phage SP10, and Simian Virus 40, in the presence of magnesium ion. The activity was stimulated by the presence of NaCl.


A five-year assessment of controlled trials of in-patient and out-patient treatment and of plaster-of-Paris jackets for tuberculosis of the spine in children on standard chemotherapy. Studies in Masan and Pusan, Korea. Fifth report of the Medical Research Council Working Party on tuberculosis of the spine.

In two centres in Korea 350 patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the thoracic and/or lumbar spine were allocated at random: in Masan to in-patient rest in bed (IP) for six months followed by out-patient treatment or to ambulatory out-patient treatment (OP) from the start; in Pusan to out-patient treatment with a plaster-of-Paris jacket (J) for nine months or to ambulatory treatment without any support (No J). All patients recieved chemotherapy with PAS with isoniazid for eighteen months, either supplemented with streptomycin for the first three months (SPH) or without this supplement (PH), by random allocation. The main analysis of this report concerns 299 patients (eighty-three IP, eighty-three OP, sixty-three J, seventy No J; 143 SPH, 156 PH). Pre-treatment factors were similar in both centres except that the patients in Pusan had, on average, less extensive lesions although in a greater proportion the disease was radiographically active. One patient (J/SPH) died with active spinal disease and three (all No J/SPH) with paraplegia. A fifth patient (IP/PH) who died from cardio respiratory failure also had pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty-three patients required operation and/or additional chemotherapy for the spinal lesion. A sinus or clinically evident abscess was either present initially or developed during treatment in 41 per cent of patients. Residual lesions persisted in ten patients (four IP, two OP, one J, three No J; six SPH, four PH) at five years. Thirty-two patients had paraparesis on admission or developing later. Complete resolution occurred in twenty on the allocated regimen and in eight after operation or additional chemotherapy or both. Of the remaining four atients, all of whom had operation and additional chemotherapy, three died and one still had paraparesis at five years. Of 295 patients assessed at five years 89 per cent had a favourable status. The proportions of the patients responding favourably were similar in the IP (91 per cent) and OP (89 per cent) series, in the J (90 per cent) and No J (84 per cent) series and in the SPH (86 per cent) and PH (92 per cent) series.


Quantitative histology of the human growth plate.

This paper describes a study in the human femur of the relationship between cell division in growth cartilage and overall bone growth. Growth rates for the distal femur from birth to eighteen years were determined from serial radiographs available from the Harpenden Growth Study; An average of 1-4 cm/year was found for the ages of five to eight years. The development of the growth plate is illustrated in a series of photomicrographs of femur sections. These sections were also used for quantitative histology; The length of the proliferation zone was estimated from cell counts to be twenty-four cells per column. On the basis of this value and the measured growth rate, an approximate mean cycle time of twenty days was found for the proliferating cells of the human growth plate. Since the corresponding cycle time is two days for rodent growth plates, which also have a different structure, it is unwise to extrapolate the findings in this tissue from mouse to man.


Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone.

Rosette strain gauges were attached to the cranial and caudal aspects of the proximal half of the radius in eight skeletally mature female sheep; The sheep's radius has a slight cranially convex curvature. During walking it was deformed so that the cranial surface was subjected to tension aligned along the bone's lon axis, and the caudal surface to compression similarly aligned. The compressive strain on the caudal aspect of the bone was consistently larger (X 1-9) than the tensile strain on the cranial aspect. The thickness of the cortex did not reflect this difference but in younger animals the process of osteonal remodelling seemed further advanced in the cortex which was customarily subject to the larger deformation. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to the technique of internal fixation and to our understanding of the basis of the mechanical adaptability of bone.


The aetiology of congenital angulation of tubular bones with constriction of the medullary canal, and its relationship to congenital pseudarthrosis.

It is suggested that there is a group of cases of congenital angulation of tubular bones in which the lesion is a defect of ossification of the primary cartilaginous anlage and in which neurofibromatosis is not implicated. It appears that in this group the prognosis with regard to the resolution of deformity and the prevention of pseudarthrosis with conservative treatment or relatively simple surgical procedures is better than that in the neurofibromatous type.


The pathogenesis of Perthes' disease.

It has been shown that in the puppy, two infarcts separated by an interval of four weeks produce a disorder of long duration which results in flattening and broadening of the femoral head and which reproduces the radiological changes seen in Perthes' disease in man. The histological appearances produced by two infarcts are characteristic. In this study the histological appearance of fifty-seven femoral head biopsy specimens in Perthes' disease in man have been studied. In 51 per cent of hips histopathological changes characteristic of double infarction were present, and there were grounds for postulating that double infarction might eventually occur in all cases. The findings support the concept that the deformation of the femoral head and the chronicity of Perthes' disease in man may be due at least as much or even more to repeated episodes of infarction and the ensuing abnormalities of growth as to mechanical factors related to weight-bearing.


Spondylolytic fractures.

A method is described whereby fractures of the neural arch similar to those in spondylolysis are produced experimentally. The forces, bending moments and displacements required to initiate the fractures are given; The mechanical aspects in the aetiology of spondylolysis are explained by a simplified two-dimensional force analysis.


Fracture-dislocations of the sacrum. Report of three cases.

The pattern of fracture-dislocation of the upper part of the sacrum is demonstrated in three patients. The fracture line followed the segmental form of the sacrum and was usually caused by a posterior force against the pelvis which had been locked by hip flexion and knee extension. Fractures of the lumbar transverse processes also occurred, presumably from avulsion by the quadratus lumborum muscle. The damage to the sacral plexus found in all three cases recovered after several months. Radiographs of the injury are difficult to obtain in severely injured patients but oblique views of the sacrum help to determine the extent of the forward dislocation.


Successful replantation of a hand amputated through the metacarpus.

A successful replantation is reported of a hand completely severed by a circular saw through all five metacarpals. The sequence of primary reconstruction of all important structures beginning three hours after the injury and the functional results eighteen months later are presented.


The clinical manifestations and pathomechanics of contracture of the extensor mechanism of the knee.

Experience with thirty-eight Asian children and adolescents who presented with either stiffness of the knee, genu recurvatum, habitual dislocation of the patella or congenital lateral dislocation of the patella showed that all those disorders were manifestations of contracture of the extensor mechanism, which fell into two groups according to the components involved. In Group I the main components affected were in the midline of the limb, namely rectus femoris and vastus intermedius; these patients presented with varying degrees of stiffness of the knee, or worse, with genu recurvatum. In Group II the main components involved were lateral to the midline of the limb, namely vastus lateralis and the ilio-tibial band; these patients presented with habitual dislocation of the patella, or worse, congenital lateral dislocation of the patella. In both groups untreated patients developed secondary adaptive changes such as subluxation of the tibia or marked genu valgum which made operative procedures more formidable and less effective. Release of the contracture should therefore be performed as early as possible.


Excision of the head of the radius in rheumatoid arthritis.

The results of excision of the head of the radius in forty-four elbows affected by rheumatoid arthritis are presented. Relief of pain was obtained in 90 per cent and an increase in the range of flexion and extension was seen in 70 per cent. Involvement of the humero-ulnar joint seen radiologically is no contra-indication to the operation; simple excision of the radial head often gives gratifying results; In our experience the relief of pain and increased range of movement have greatly reduced the need for total replacement arthroplasty.


Radial club hand with absence of the biceps muscle treated by centralisation of the ulna and triceps transfer. Report of two cases.

Two children with radial club hand and absence of the biceps muscle were treated by centralisation of the ulna into the carpus and triceps transfer. The two operations were performed only a short time apart so that the period between the procedures could be used to stretch the triceps and to enable the children to adapt to an altered position of the wrist and to mobility of the elbow at one step and following a single period of plaster immobilisation. It is very likely that function is better than it would have been had the condition remained untreated. Before operation the children had only a crude hook function of the hand against the forearm and could not bring the hand to the mouth. Even if function is not much improved, the improvement in appearance is considerable and is by itself sufficient to justify the procedures.


Whence the arthrogrypotics?

During the course of a nation-wide survey of patients with bone and joint deformities, twenty-six individuals with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, in the narrow and precise sense of the term, were investigated. No patient was more than twenty-four years of age. However, on a basis of the figures of population, it can be estimated that 21-0 +/- 6-5 older affected individuals should have been encountered. Furthermore, there was a relative excess of younger children. The series was reasonably unbiased, and as arthrogryposis is non-lethal the deficiency of affected adults is an anomalous finding. It is tentatively suggested that arthrogryposis might result from the intra-uterine influence of an unknown environmental agent which has been present in South Africa for only a limited period of time. Detection of this factor could be an important step in the prevention of the disease.


An operation for chronic prepatellar bursitis.

An operation for chronic prepatellar bursitis is described in which only the posterior wall of the bursa is excised, thus preserving, undamaged, healthy and normally sensitive skin. This procedure is easier and less traumatic than complete excision of the bursa and results in fewer complications. It is suggested that removal of tha anterior wall of the bursa results in unnecessary and harmful interference with the underlying skin. The operation described gives a good functional and structural result; leaving the anterior wall of the bursa does not predispose to recurrence.


The locked patella. An unusual complication of haemophilia.

Mechanical derangements of the knee are an uncommon complication of chronic haemophiliac arthropathy. Two patients with locking of the patella were treated by manipulation. The mechanism of the injury was forced flexion of the knee joint beyond the limit of its restricted range. The injury is a serious one and may take six months to recover.


Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. I. Division of the presumptive vegetative cell.

Ultrastructural features of embryogenic pollen in Datura innoxia are described, just prior to, during, and after completion of the first division of the presumptive vegetative cell. In anther cultures initiated towards the end of the microspore phase and incubated at 28 degrees C in darkness, the spores divide within 24 h and show features consistent with those of dividing spores in vivo. Cytokinesis is also normal in most of the spores and the gametophytic cell-plate curves round the presumptive generative nucleus in the usual highly ordered way. Further differentiation of the 2 gametophytic cells does not take place and the pollen either switches to embryogenesis or degenerates. After 48-72 h, the remaining viable pollen shows the vegetative cell in division. The cell, which has a large vacuole and thin layer of parietal cytoplasm carried over from the microspore, divides consistently in a plane parallel to the microspore division. The dividing wall follows a less-ordered course than the gametophytic wall and usually traverses the vacuole, small portions of which are incorporated into the daughter cell adjacent to the generative cell. The only structural changes in the vegetative cell associated with the change in programme appear to be an increase in electron density of both plastids and mitochondria and deposition of an electron-dense material (possibly lipid) on the tonoplast. The generative cell is attached to the intine when the vegetative cell divides. Ribosomal density increases in the generative cell and exceeds that in the vegetative cell. A thin electron-dense layer also appears in the generative-cell wall. It is concluded that embryogenesis commences as soon as the 2 gametophytic cells are laid down. Gene activity associated with postmitotic synthesis of RNA and protein in the vegetative cell is switched off. The data are discussed in relation to the first division of the embryogenic vegetative cells in Nicotiana tabacum.


Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. II. The generative-cell wall.

In young pollen grains of Datura innoxia, a wall of the usual hemispherical type separates the 2 gametophytic cells initially and, in the electron microscope, appears as an electron-translucent matrix which is contiguous with the intine. Before detachment of the generative cell from the intine, the matrix decreases in thickness and in places is dispersed altogether leaving the plasmalemmae on either side of it in close apposition. A particularly prominent zone, triangular in profile, is left where the wall joins with the intine. After detachment of the cell, remnants of the matrix can be seen distributed irregularly around the cell and it is supposed that these are partly derived from material in the triangular zone as the cell is drawn away from the intine. The wall residues persist throughout the maturation phase of the pollen and are considered to be either callose resulting from incomplete digestion of the initial wall, or some other polysaccharide material which is unevenly laid down along the wall and concentrated at the junction with the intine. In pollen induced into embryogenesis by anther culture, wall material is also distributed irregularly around the detached cell in a series of discrete zones, but these are more extensive than in vivo, closer together and in many instances highly dilated. The wall profiles thus have a beaded appearance, the 'beads' being connected together by short links of the 2 apposed plasmalemmae. The contents of the swollen zones have a similar electron density to that of the matrix in vivo but also show traces of a fibrillar component. It is postulated that this unusual swelling is a prelude to dispersal of the wall by disruption of the plasmalemmal links and to the establishment of cytoplasmic continuity between the 2 cells. The significance of such binucleate pollen grains in the formation of non-haploid embryos is discussed.


Pollen ultrastructure in anther cultures of Datura innoxia. III. Incomplete microspore division.

During the microspore division in Datura innoxia, the mitotic spindle is oriented in planes both perpendicular (PE) and oblique (OB) to the spore wall against which the nucleus is situated. However, irrespective of polarity, the usual type of hemispherical wall is laid down at cytokinesis and isolates the generative cell from the rest of the pollen grain (type A). In PE spores the vegetative nucleus initially occupies a central position in the pollen grain, whereas in OB spores the vegetative nucleus lies at the periphery of the grain close to the generative cell. In anther cultures initiated just before the microspore division is due to take place, no marked change can be observed in either orientation or symmetry of the mitotic spindle when the spores divide. In some, however, cytokinesis is disrupted and deposition of the hemispherical wall arrested. In the absence of a complete wall, differentiation of the generative cell cannot take place and binucleate pollen grains are formed having 2 vegetative-type nuclei (type B). The 2 nuclei in the B pollens are always situated against the pollen-grain wall, suggesting that the disruption phenomenon is related to the OB spores. The incomplete wall always makes contact with the intine on the intine-side of the spindle. Wall material may be represented merely as short stubs projecting out from the intine into the cytoplasm, in which event the 2 nuclei lie close to each other and are separated by only a narrow zone of cytoplasm. In other grains the wall is partially developed between the nuclei and terminates at varying distances from the tonoplast; in these, the nuclei are separated by a wider zone of cytoplasm. The significance of these binucleate grains in pollen embryogenesis is discussed.


Timing of nucleolar DNA replication in Amoeba proteus.

Light- and electron-microscope autoradiography have been used to follow the incorporation of [3H]thymidine at different stages during the interphase of synchronously growing populations of Amoeba proteus. Two main patterns were found for tritiated thymidine incorporation, i.e. DNA synthesis. The major incorporation was in the central region of the nucleus, but a lesser degree of incorporation occurred in the nucleolar region. The bulk of this nucleolar DNA was found to be late replicating, i.e. it replicated during the G2 phase.


Circus movements and blebbing locomotion in dissociated embryonic cells of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis.

Circus movements, which involve the circumferential rotation of a hyaline cytoplasmic protrusion, occur in cells obtained by EDTA dissociation of gastrula-stage Xenopus laevis embryos. Only a few dissociated blastula-stage cells show circus movements, more early gastrula-stage cells show them, and nearly all late gastrula-stage cells show them. Circus movements cease in cells prior to mitosis and begin again in daughter cells after mitosis is completed. In early gastrulae, only 17% of prospective endodermal cells show circus movements while 79% of prospective mesodern, archenteric roof, and posterior neural ectoderm do so. Isolated cells as well as groups of cells in vitro are often propelled by circus movements. There is an obvious antagonism between cell contact and circus movements. The morphogenetic significance of circus movements and blebbing locomotion is discussed.


A decay of gap junctions in association with cell differentiation of neural retina in chick embryonic development.

Ultrastructural studies of thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved materials were performed on developing retinal tissues of 3- to 9-day-old chick embryos to clarify the junctional structures between neural retinal cells and between neural retinal cells and cells of the pigmented epithelium. Frequency, size and position of gap junctions in developing neural retina are different at each stage of development. In 3-day-old embryos, some cells adhere to each other by gap junctions immediately below the outer limiting membrane of neural retinae. The size and number of gap junctions increase remarkably during 5-6 days of incubation. In this period of development, well developed gap junctions consisting of subcompartments of intramembrane particles are found between cell surfaces at both the outer limiting membrane region and the deeper portion of the neural retina. Gap junctions disappear thereafter, and at 7-5 days of incubation, small gap junctions are predominant between cell surfaces at the outer limiting membrane region, while the frequency of gap junctions in the deeper portion is very low. At 9 days of incubation, gap junctions are rarely found. Typical gap junctions are always found between neural retinal cells and those of the pigmented epithelium in embryos up to 7-5 days of incubation. Tight junctions are not found in the neural retina or between neural retina and pigmented epithelium throughout the stages examined.


Gap junctions in the differentiated neural retinae of newly hatched chickens.

Gap junctions in the neural retinae of newly hatched chickens were examined in thin section and by freeze cleaving. Unusual gap junctions containing linear arrays of intramembrane particles are found between principal and accessory cones which form a double cone at the region of the outer limiting membrane. These unusual gap junctions are often continuous with macular aggregates of hexagonally packed intramembrane particles which are characteristic of a typical gap junction. Typical gap junctions are also found in both the outer and the inner plexiform layers and in the outer nuclear layer, but are not so abundant as in the outer limiting membrane region. The sizes of intramembrane particles and their centre-to-centre spacing within the macular aggregate of a gap junction in differentiated neural retinae are slightly larger than those in undifferentiated neural retinae. Tight junctions are not found in differentiated neural retinae.


Mechanism of myofibril growth and proliferation in fish muscle.

The mechanisms of myofibril growth proliferation were investigated in the red and white muscles of fish. In both types of muscle the ratio of lattice filament spacings between the Z disk and M line was found to be greater than that required for perfect transformation of a square into a hexagonal lattice. This mismatch was considered to result in the thin filaments being pulled obliquely instead of at right angles to the Z disk. The angle of pull of the thin filaments was measured in longitudinal sections. The splitting process was found to decrease the degree of pull. Splitting was also observed in transverse sections of the peripheral myofibrils. In both red and white fibres these myofibrils were found to commence splitting when they reached a size of approximately 1-2 mum diameter. Evidence from ultrastructural and autoradiographical studies suggested that growth of the myofibrils within the fibres is centrifugal. The outermost myofibrils appear to be the ones which are being built up and which split. The data indicated that in fish muscle a considerable number of filaments may be added to the daughter regions whilst splitting of the myofibril is still continuing.


A special pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa.

A special structural pattern of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has been observed in the kidney of the snail Cryptomphalus aspersa. Two types of cells (clear and dark) cover the foldings of the renal sac; the dark cells are by far the most numerous. A cisterna of SER enveloping the nucleus appears invariably in both types of cells, with no disruptions, or small ones (from 50 to 90 nm) along its profile. The layer of cytoplasm lodged between the external nuclear membrane and this cisterna is found invariably to be from 0-20 to 0-25 mum in width. Glycogen is abundant in the cytoplasm as alpha particles, and also in the nucleus, but as beta particles. It is noteworthy that absolutely no glycogen is present in the layer of cytoplasm lodged between the nuclear membrane and the surrounding SER envelope. Long profiles of SER are also observed closely approaching and parallel to the plasma membrane of the dark cells. Considering the role of SER in glycogen metabolism in the kidney of the snail, the possible function of these cisternae as a support system ofr enzymes involved in the metabolism of glucides is discussed.


Phagocytosis of concanavalin A in normal and enucleated cultures of mammalian cells.

The fate of concanavalin A (Con A) bound to normal and enucleated L cells was followed at the ultrastructural level over a 20-h period. In both enucleates and normal cells the Con A is seen to be distributed in a uniform manner over the entire cell surface following a 30-min pulse with a low concentration of Con A. In the subsequent chase period the cells then aggregate the Con A and Con A sites into large clusters on the cell membrane. The cells then phagocytoze the Con A and large phagocytic vacuoles containing it are observed. Thus, enucleated cells are capable of phagocytozing Con A and its sites in the same manner as normal cells.


Cytoplasmic streaming in Chara corallina studied by laser light scattering.

An apparatus is described by means of which the power versus frequency spectrum of the photomultiplier current can be obtained for laser light scattered by streaming cytoplasm in the algal cell Chara corallina. A Doppler peak is noted in the spectrum which is abolished when cytoplasmic streaming is arrested by electrical stimulation. For 5 cells of Chara, this simple laser-Doppler velocimeter gave streaming velocities (46-7 mum s-1, S.D. +/- 4-8 at 20 degrees C) similar to those obtained for the same cells using the light microscope (44-3 mum s-1, S.D. +/- 5-3 at 20 degrees C). A narrow distribution of streaming velocities is indicated. The technique described provides a rapid, quantitative assay of the in vivo rheological properties of cytoplasm.


Assay of intercellular adhesiveness using cell-coated Sephadex beads as collecting particles.

A simple, rapid and precise method, based on a previous method, for measuring relative rates of intercellular adhesion is described. DEAE-Sephadex beads were treated with nitrocellulose in order to allow cells to grow on their surfaces. Balb/c 3T3 and Balb/c 3T12 cells were used to characterize the assay. They formed confluent cell layers on nitrocellulose-treated DEAE-Sephadex. These cell-coated beads were employed to collect 32P-labelled cells from single cell suspensions. Since they formed statistically uniform, large collecting surfaces, the collection of labelled cells was markedly improved as compared to the original assay. The cell-coated beads collected a large percentage of the labelled cells in a short time. The percentage of cells collected was independent of the concentration of labelled cells in the assay mixture, and the collection was linear for approximately 60 min. The variability between replicate assays was usually +/- 5%. The assay allows the rapid and precise determination of intercellular adhesion in large numbers of individual samples. These features make it useful to screen for effects of different treatments on intercellular adhesions.


Mechanisms of cell adhesion: early-forming junctions between aggregating fibroblasts.

When cultured fibroblasts (16C) are mildly dissociated with EGTA or trypsin/EDTA, they aggregate rapidly. The formation of aggregates has been found to involve junctions of the gap and adhaerens types which are seen by electron microscopy within minutes of allowing cells to come together. The process of adhesion between freshly dissociated, transformed 16C fibroblasts is therefore organized and establishes its usefulness as a model for studying cellular interactions in relation to supracellular organization.


Jaw mechanics during release of the stuttering moment: some initial observations and interpretations.

As a part of a larger study (Hutchinson and Watkin, 1974), this investigation was undertaken to examine jaw mechanics during the release of stuttering moments. Six adult subjects (four stutters, ranging in severity, and two normal talkers) read a series of sentences containing phonetic sequences requiring jaw depression. Strain-gauge transducers were employed to record articulatory movement. Only those stutterings occurring immediately prior to and during jaw opening were studied. The results confirmed generally faster jaw velocities for the opening and closing gestures; which was interpreted to suggest that the spindle motor system is maximally active to preserve synchrony in on-going vocal tract events following the dysfluency. In cases where an asynchrony between vocalization and jaw opening was noted, it was suggested that imprecision in predicting voice onset resulted in articulatory-laryngeal incoordination. It would appear from these interpretations that the clinical efficacy of the "pull out" procedure results from reduced demands on the gamma loop system and facilitation of articulatory-laryngeal synchrony through reduced supraglottal velocities.


Traumatic aphasia in children: a case study.

Traumatic aphasia in children has been recognized as a distinct clinical pathology, differing from adult aphasia in symptomatology and course of recovery. The upper limit for complete recovery has been identified as age 10. However, there is a paucity of literature documenting recovery of children with traumatic aphasia. It is apparent that definitive statements of the upper age limit for complete recovery from traumatic aphasia in children cannot be made at this time. This article reviews the literature concerning traumatic aphasia and presents case information of a 10-year-old traumatic aphasic girl seen at the North Texas State University Speech and Hearing Center. The design, execution, and assessment of therapeutic interaction and the observed language abilities of the client are reported.


Relationship of clinician feedback to child initiated verbalization during language training.

A systematic observational procedure was used to obtain frequency counts of client and clinician initiated interchanges and clinician feedback during these interchanges. Repeated recordings were made of eight different speech pathologists interacting with two groups of four preschool children. Child responses to clinician initiated interchanges received significantly more positive feedback than child initiated verbalizations to the clinician. However, considerable variation among clinicians was found both in the frequency of spontaneous verbalizations by their clients and their reaction to this verbalization. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that the type and amount of clinician feedback for client initiated verbalizations was significantly related to the frequency of these utterances to the clinician, but not to other children.


Cognitive conditioning therapy in the treatment of stuttering.

A therapy is described in which clients vividly imagine the cognitions that usually trigger their stuttering, and then contingently experience a painful shock. With the cessation of shock, alternate desirable cognitions are imagined that are designed to facilitate fluent speech. A case study illustrating the treatment is presented. Stuttering is compared with addictive behaviors such as smoking, and it is concluded that cognitive commonalities exist among seemingly disparate behaviors. The cognitive conditioning framework provides an integrative model that can be usefully applied in a variety of situations.


Perceptual and acoustic analysis of repetitions in stuttered speech.

This study presents perceptual and acoustic data on a carefully selected set of part-word repetitions from the speech of adult stutters. Results indicated that the schwa vowel was perceived in only 25% of the repetitions, far less than previously indicated. Spectrographic analysis showed that although abnormal consonant duration and C-V formant transitions characterized the initial segment of the stuttered word, the remainder of the word is identical to its identical to its fluently produced counterpart. The results were interpreted to mean that for the type of dysfluency selected, the articulatory breakdown is confined to the initial consonant, and it is likely that abnormal formant transitions from initial consonant to vowel, when present, are due to deviant formation of the consonant rather than to faulty transition dynamics.


A refinement of the concept "reticence".

This report has 1. Made a distinction between speech disorders involving defects and those that are primarily reticence, but in any case identified speech disorders as negotiated states as opposed to fixed disease states. 2. Argued that there is a clear analytical separation between speech disorders and speech behaviors which are indicative of neurotic disorders. 3. Attempted to remove anxiety as a component of the communication process by according it its rightful place, which is central in human personality. Furthermore, we have attempted to dispel the notion that anxiety is evil and the perennial (and sole) cause of speech disorders. 4. Identified a specialist known as the rhetoritherapist (a specially trained speech teacher) as the particular king of professional qualified to deal with speech disorders (in conjuction with speech pathologists and/or psychotherapists where necessary). We have accorded to the rhetoritherapist the province of instruction and training in all aspects of invention, delivery, and reception of rhetorical speech without reference to its moral intent. 5. Identified "reticence" as the most useful of the various imprecise terms used to refer to people with speech problems, because it is devoid of connotations that go beyond the speech process. Further refinement of specific categories of speech disorders is necessary to order to expand the repertoire of available treatment strategies. Such refinement will probably include reference to the various subprocesses of human speech identified earlier in this paper as they are related to the rhetorical situation. The rhetoritherapist thus emerges as the trouble-shooter, but not the "psychotherapist," of speech pedagogy.


Giant and "granular melanosomes" in Leopard syndrome: an ultrastructural study.

Electron microscopy of lentigines was performed to study the pigmentation abnormality in two children with LEOPARD syndrome. Giant melanosomes similar to those seen in café-au-lait spots of neurofibromatosis and nevus spilus were found in a lentigine from one of our cases. Our results show that "spherical granular melanosomes" described in neurofibromatosis, are lysosomal-like structures associated with the development of complex melanin granules. Our study also demonstrates that immature melanosomes are present in some keratinocytes of LEOPARD syndrome. This finding is in contrast to the prevailing concept that only mature melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes. The occurrence of individual melanosomes of normal size and shape in keratinocytes of skin in whites with LEOPARD syndrome, suggests that neither the size of melanosomes, nor the racial differences are the factors determining the distribution of melanosomes in keratinocytes.


Lichenoid benign keratosis.

One hundred thirty-eight patients who presented with solitary cutaneous lesions appearing clinically as papules or plaques and histologically showing a lichenoid tissue reaction were studied. Many of the lesions occurred in sites not usually exposed to sunlight and histologically the lesions did not show significant atypical change in keratinocytes and many did not show evidence of solar elastosis in the superficial corium. Our study indicates that the lesions are benign keratoses showing a lichenoid tissue reaction or lichenoid benign keratoses.


Dermal changes in osteoporosis following prolonged treatment with human growth hormone.

Five patients with osteoporosis were treated with human growth hormone (hGH) for a year and the changes in their skin were studied by light and electron microscopy. The abnormally thin skin of osteoporosis appeared to change towards normal after treatment with hGH. There was a consistent proliferation of blood vessels, and increased number of mast cells and fibrocytes. The collagen bundles and elastic tissue fibers appeared hyperplastic and more horizontally oriented. The fine, vertical elastic fibrils of the papillary dermis had appeared decreased before treatment, but seemed to be restored to their normal configuration after treatment. Since there was no evidence of stimulation of hair, sebum, or melanin such as occurs in acromegaly, it is suggested that the scope of the direct action of hGH on the skin is limited to mesenchymal structures.


Deposition of complement in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs.

Deposits of C3 have been demonstrated at the dermo-epidermal junction in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. The deposits were granular in character and similar to those previously found in the lesions of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans. Immunoglobulin, C4 and candida antigen were not detected in the lesions. C3 was also found in a similar pattern at the dermo-epidermal junction of candida-infected skin from homozygous C4-deficient guinea pigs. From these observations, it is postulated that complement deposition occurs in these lesions as a result of alternative pathway activation, perhaps by cell wall components from the infecting organisms.


Transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous glands: natural phenomenon or artifact? A case report.

A sebaceous gland tumor on the back of a 28-year-old man underwent periodic exudation of yellowish material in association with local irritation. Pathological examination revealed entire sebaceous gland lobes lying subcorneally in the orifices of sebaceous follicles. This case appears to represent transfollicular extrusion of sebaceous gland lobes as a natural phenomenon rather than as an artifact.


Condylomata acuminata.

A 5-year-old Thoroughbred chestnut mare was presented because of multiple lesions noticed for approximately one year over the vulva and ther perianal areas. Clinically, there were moist warts that stood out because of their whitish color which contrasted strikingly with the surrounding, normally pigmented, uninvolved skin (Fig. 1). Repeated topical applications of 20% podophyllin in 95% ethyl alcohol produced rapid involution. Histopathologically, marked acanthosis, numerous mitoses, prominently vacuolated epidermal cells and a chronic dermal inflammatory infiltrate were seen (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). Interestingly, melanin in the basal cell layer was not visible in the lesions, but was very apparent in the normal epidermis at the edges of the lesions. Thus the contrast between the affected and the non-affected skin was also strikingly microscopically (Fig. 2 arrows).


Clinical and theoretical considerations of a patient with narrow angles and shallow anterior chambers.

Clinicians must always be on the alert to identify those individuals who appear to be anatomically disposed to narrow angle glaucoma. However, it is not axiomatic that these individuals can be provoked into an attack even if a history of subacute attacks exists. In this paper, and in one other to follow, the case histories of several interesting patients that were seen by the author for routine eye examinations will be discussed. The intent of the papers is to demonstrate that the diagnosis of glaucoma, existent or potential, can be quite time consuming and is dependent on far more than just tonometry.


Adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics.

The purpose of this article is to clarify some of the misunderstanding about adverse reactions to topical ocular anesthetics. Discussion will include: types of adverse reactions that are theoretically and practically possible; advice on handling the reactions that can occur; and precautions for minimizing their occurrence.


Protective spectacles for retinitis pigmentosa patients.

On the hypothesis that ophthalmic filters with appropriate light transmission characteristics may be beneficial in retarding the progress of retinal degeneration in early retinitis pigmentosa, the characteristics of several plastic and glass filters have been evaluated. A dark brown plastic goggle has been found which meets the theoretical criteria previously postulated for such protection. Its characteristics and those of other filters are compared with a lens which was specially designed for RP protection and was previously reported on by Adrian and Schmidt.


Modification of Welch-Allyn "11500 ophthalmoscope for visuoscopy.

Visuoscopy is an indispensable test in the evaluation of the monocular fixation pattern. Unfortunately, the instrumentation needed to accurately perform the test is often costly. A procedure describing how the Welch-Allyn "11500 ophthalmoscope may be inexpensively modified for the routine performance of visuoscopy is presented.


An evaluation of the use of topical anesthetics and low concentrations of phenylephrine HCl for mydriasis.

When used in conjunction with a topical anesthetic, low concentrations of phenylephrine HCl produce the same degree of mydriasis as is produced by higher concentrations of the drug used alone. Contrary to previously published reports, however, there is no evidence to suggest that the use of lower concentrations lessens the risk of adverse reactions. The analysis of available information given here suggests that the risks may in fact be increased when an anesthetic is used.


Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by arsenite and cadmium: evidence for a vicinal dithiol requirement.

The effect of sodium arsenite and cadmium chloride on adenylate cyclase activity was examined in turkey erythrocyte membranes. Sodium arsenite was a weak inhibitor of adenylate cyclase -7mM produced only 60% inhibition. Its effect, however, was greatly potentiated by equimolar 2,3 dimercaprol- wherein 0.7 mM sodium arsenite inhibited 100% with an apparent Ki of 0.1 mM. Equimolar mercaptoethanol was less effective in potentiating sodium arsenite inhibition. Thus 0.7mM sodium arsenite in the presence of equimolar mercaptoethanol inhibited adenylate cyclase 56%. Excess 2,3 dimercaprol reversed inhibition by sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride. Sodium arsenite or cadmium chloride inhibited all forms of adenylate cyclase activity tested, including nonhormonal stimulation. Equimolar sodium arsenite and dimercaprol, at concentrations that caused 100% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity, reduced the binding of the beta-receptor specific ligand iodohydroxybenzylpindolol by less than 15%. These results suggest that turkey erythrocyte membranes contain closely juxtaposed thiol groups and that interaction of such groups with arsenate interferes with the catalytic function of adenulate cyclase.


Accommodative blur in pilocarpine-treated glaucoma.

Accommodative blurring of distance visual acuity is a common problem among young patients being treated for glaucoma with pilocarpine. A single case is reported in which a clip-on prescription was given to alleviate such problems. The development of accommodative blur following instillation of pilocarpine is monitored. The dioptric changes required to restore distance acuity to 20/20 are also monitored.


Neurological syndromes involving the visual system.

Because optometrists are the primary deliverers of eye care, their role in pathology detection is of primary importance. The neurological syndromes of the visual system have been reviewed and put into a chart format as an aid to the optometric clinician.


Polaroid photomacrography using the SX-70 camera.

This paper describes a technique for taking color photographs of the external eye using the Polaroid SX-70 camera and a biomicroscope. It is particularly useful in providing a photographic record of anomalies such as pterygium, in which the rate of progression across the cornea can be observed over a period of months or years.


The ligaments of the wrist.

The ligaments of the wrist were studied by dissecting ten fixed and seven fresh frozen wrists. In three other specimens multiple cross-sections were prepared. These studies show that the wrist ligaments can be classified into two groups: extrinsic and intrinsic. In the extrinsic group, the deep volar radiocarpal ligaments are three strong and very important structures connecting the radius to the capitate, the radius to the lunate, and, in a deeper layer, the radius to both the scaphoid and the lunate. A ligamentous deficiency was noted frequently between the capitate and the lunate. There also are very strong volar connections between the radius and the medial or ulnar carpus. These studies suggest that certain patients with a generalized ligamentous laxity and weakness will develop a pathological disruption of the volar ligaments with trauma. These torn volar ligaments should be repaired or reconstructed, for repair of only the dorsal ligaments seldom will provide good stability to such wrists.


Comparison of histologic and functional recovery after peripheral nerve repair.

After repair, nerve stains of skin and subcutaneous tissue biopsies of 23 fingertips contained identifiable axons in all patients. The level of recovery was more advanced in some patients than in others, as manifested by identifiable nerve in various plexuses and receptors. Meissner's corpuscles were observed to be reinnervated in 12 of 17 patients and in 16 of 23 fingertips. The degree and level of reinnervation did not correlate with clinical testing or subjective impression of the result. The authors conclude that sensibility is the result of several factors active in the peripheral and central nervous system. Axonal regrowth is but one of these.


Restoration of strong grasp and lateral pinch in tetraplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury.

Patients with tetraplegia who have "strong" sixth cervical neurologic (C-6) function often can be given active grasp and strong lateral pinch by tendon transfers and tenodeses. Wrist control can be retained by the extensor carpi radialis brevis and flexor carpi radialis and can permit transfer of the extensor carpi radialis longus to provide finger flexion. Either the brachioradialis or pronator teres then is available for transfer to restore adduction-opposition of the thumb with an in situ tendon graft of a paralyzed flexor superficialis rerouted to the thumb through a palmar fascial pulley. The other motor can provide thumb flexion for strong lateral pinch. Extrinsic extension can be provided by tendoeses. With seventh cervical neurologic (C-7) function retained, active digital extension is present and functional expectations are better. Ten hands in seven patients with traumatic tetraplegia from injuries at C-6 or C-7 level have been reconstructed. The average grasp and pinch force after operation was 5.5 and 3.0 Kg., respectively. All patients but one were pleased with the increased function a


The importance of middle or long finger realignment in ulnar drift.

Based upon the hypothesis that ulnar drift is the result of a chain reaction starting with a medial shift of the proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint and progessing to subluxation of the extensor tendon and finally subluxation of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the author recommends early operative realignment. The extensor tendon is partially divided and a portion passed through the base of the phalanx, the intrinsic tendons are transferred to divided, the junctura tendnium is served, the periosteum is stripped from the neck of the metacarpal, and areas of bony erosions are curetted. In 25 patients with involvement of the middle finger only, alignment was maintained in all over a period of 3 months to 7 years, the average follow-up period being 1.4 years. When deformity was severe and the radical collateral ligament has been disrupted, correction was not always maintained. Early treatment is recommended.


Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed.

Twenty-seven cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed seen by the author have been reviewed. Sixteen were thought to be primary tumors and eleven to be secondary to chronic exposure to radiation. All had been present for a long time prior to definitive treatment. The tumor was of low grade malignancy with a tendency to invade the distal phalanx. No metastases have been found. Treatment was amputation of the distal phalanx and involved tissues.


Digital nerve grafts with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve.

The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve was used as a nerve graft to bridge a defect in a digital nerve, when with the digit in full extension the nerve ends could not be approximated without tension. Thirteen grafts have been followed from 7 to 23 months. Two patients did not regain two point discrimination and therefore had a poor result. The remaining 11 patients recovered two point discrimination between 7 and 20 mm.


Rate and extent of functional recovery after flexor tendon grafting with and without silicone rod preparation.

Forty-six consecutive patients requiring flexor tendon grafts were evaluated at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 24, 28, 34, and 52 weeks after grafting. The patients were divided into two groups: those who did not require a silicone rubber rod prior to tendon grafting (Group I), and those who did require a silicone rubber rod prior to grafting (Group II). Analysis of the rate of functional recovery as measured by total active motion, gross grip strength, and pinch grip strength showed no significant difference between the two groups. Analysis of the extent of functional recovery at one year, as measured by total active motion and distance of digital pulp from distal palmar crease, showed no significant differences between Groups I and II.


Patterns of neuromuscular activity following tendon transfer in the upper limb: a preliminary study.

Early results of a continuing study of the electrical activity of muscles after transfer, with an integrated system of electromyographic and video tape recording, recorded motions of the simple voluntary type, mostly with isometric contractions. A triceps-to-biceps transfer showed activity in the new motion one day after operation. A partial transfer of the pectoralis major (Clark) demonstrated isolated activity of the transfer after one year. A superficialis transfer to clawed ring and little fingers functioned to flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and to extend the interphalangeal joints. Transfer of superficialis to finger extensors showed that antagonists acted to provide unresisted extension. The original phasic activity of a muscle was retained in a study of extensor indicis proprius to thumb for opposition. New phasic activity was shown in transfer of extensor carpi radialis longus to digital flexors. In two instances of transfer of spastic wrist flexors to wrist extensors, the original phasic activity was retained, but in only one was the function assumed by the transfer even though wrist extension was improved.


The abducted little finger in low ulnar nerve palsy.

In 12 dissections the extensor digiti minimi tendons inserted into the abductor tubercle of the proximal phalanx. In eight of the 12, the tendons passed to the ulnar side of the abductor-adductor axis of the metacarpophalangeal joint. A separate tendon from the extensor digitorum communis to the little finger was found in only one dissection, with all others showing a connecting band which varies in its obliquity and thus in its adducting effect. To correct an abducted little finger, the ulnar portion of the extensor digiti minimi was transferred to the radial side of the little finger. Two methods were used: (1) the tendon was passed to the volar side of the metacarpophalangeal joint, if the joint could be hyperextended; if not, (2) a simple transfer to the radial collateral ligament was performed.


Proximal row carpectomy with muscle transfers for spastic paralysis.

Fourteen patients with spastic paralysis from various causes (eight with cerebral palsy) who needed minimal two handed activities to assist in self-care and who desired improvement in appearance were treated by proximal row carpectomy. In twelve transfer of flexor carpi ulnaris to extensor carpi radialis brevis was done, and in two the extensors of the wrist were shortened. Various other procedures were done in some patients. Prolonged splinting was carried out. Better extension of the wrist was obtained and supination improved more when the transfer was subcutaneous around the ulnar border than when through the interosseus membrane. Less tendency for the carpus to displace ulnarward was seen when the distal half of the scaphoid was not removed. Strength of grasp and pinch improved, but ability to release objects was diminished due to the more dorsiflexed position of the wrist. Subjective use for two handed activities was improved and the patients were satisfied with the appearance.


The pronator quadratus in motions and in stabilization of the radius and ulna at the distal radioulnar joint.

Based upon the findings of dissections of 15 forearms and clinical observations in patients with disturbed architecture of the distal radioulnar joint, the pronator quadratus was found to be composed of two heads. A superficial head originated from the ulna and passed transversely to its insertion into the radius. It averaged 5.1 cm. in length, 4.5 cm. in width, 0.2 cm. in thickness, with a cross-sectional area of 0.95 cm.2 and a contractile volume of 2.6 cm.3. The deep head ran obliquely from a more proximal origin on the ulna to a distal insertion on the radius, with an average length of 4.0 cm., average width of 3.2 cm., and a thickness of 0.4 cm. Its average cross-sectional area was 1.64 cm.2 and its contractile volume 2.5 cm.3. A group of fibers occasionally was noted deep to both heads, running at right angles to them and paralleling the direction of the fibers of the interosseous membrane. The superficial head initiates pronation while the deep head coapts the joint surfaces and stabilizes the joint.


Opera-glass hand in rheumatoid arthritis.

Characteristic deformities occur in the fingers, thumb, and wrist in the opera-glass hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Shortening and instability are the result of bone resorption and dislocation and can be severely disabling. Early spontaneous fusion of the proximal interphalangeal joint preserves digital length. Functional improvement can be obtained in the fingers by interphalangeal joint arthrodesis and metacarpophalangeal prosthetic arthroplasty and in the thumb with metacarpophalangeal and/or interphalangeal arthrodesis. With interphalangeal arthrodesis, interposition grafts often are required in order to restore length and secure fusion. "Prophylactic" arthrodesis of interphalangeal joints should be considered when resorption seems imminent.


Volkmann's ischemic contracture due to soft tissue injury alone.

Fifteen upper extremities, in 14 patients in whom incipient or actual Volkmann's ischemic contracture was present, were seen in a 5 year period. Nine patients were stuporous due to drug overdose and had laid on the extremity; two had received a recent injury of main arterial trunks; two had sudden severe compression; one with chronic myelogenous leukemia had each arm involved at different times in a bizarre autoimmune response causing massive swelling. No patient had a fracture or dislocation. Pain and tenderness, loss of sensibility, resistant muscle contracture, and rock-hard muscle compartments were warning signs. Immediate fasciotomy was done. Useful function was restored when treatment was carried out in the early stages of the ischemia.


The dorsal ganglion of the wrist: its pathogenesis, gross and microscopic anatomy, and surgical treatment.

During a period of 25 years, 500 dorsal ganglions of the wrist were treated surgically. Three hundred and forty-six were followed for a minimum of 9 months; there were three recurrences. Dissection of the cysts under magnification of six to 25 times and serial microscopic studies showed evidence of a one way, valvelike system between the scapholunate joint and the ganglion. Stress, as a cause of ganglions, is suggested. Operative treatment involved excising all attachments to the scapholunate ligament.


Digital vessel trauma from repetitive impact in baseball catchers.

The impact to the catcher's hand in baseball was studied. Modification or additional padding in the glove seems indicated to prevent vascular injury.


[Electron microscopic and light microscopic studies of optical and cortical afferents in the lateral geniculate body, pars dorsalis, of albino rats with special attention to synaptic organization].

1. In the CGLd of the albino rat there are to be found two forms of retinal terminals in electronmicroscopic investigations, they are identical with 2a and 2b terminals described formerly in Golgi-preparations. 2. The small 2b terminals are situated previously in the extraglomerular neuropil, which is identical with the terminal part of P-neuron dendrites. They establish asymmetric GRAYtype I contacts with dendrites and spines of the relay-cell-dendrites. 3. The large 2a terminals form filamentous contacts with the smooth surfaces of the dendrites of the stem-and branching-zones. Synaptic contacts (GRAY I) are established with the grape-like appendages in the branching zone of P-neuron dendrites. 4. In the glomeruli of the CGLd there are three main components, which are the nerve endings of large optic axons, the interneuron dendritic terminals and the relay-cell-dendrites. They are surrounded by astrocytic processes. 5. In the extra-glomerular neuropil there are numerous small nerve endings, they form GRAY type I contacts with relay-cell-dendrites and their spines. They are partly identical with the type I endings in Golgi-preparations (cortical terminals). 6. After the eye enucleation and ablation of the visual cortex the type 2a and 2b and type 1 terminals degenerate. There are two forms of degeneration, the light and the dark one. 7. After eye enucleation two forms of degenerations in the degenerating retinal axons occur, which are the "watery" and the "dense" form. Besides the astrocytes the oligodendrocytes remove the destroyed particles. 8. The ultrastructural characteristics of the interneuronal dendritic terminals and their possible funktion are discussed. 9. There is added a table of the synonyma of CGLd structures.


Histoenzymological mapping of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii.

The paper deals with a detailed histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii. In AChE in contrast to BChE preparations, most of the nuclei reveal intense activity Interestingly, the hypothalamic nuclei demonstrate positive reactions to AChE but totally negative reactions in BChE preparations. The enzymatic activity in fiber tracts is totally negative for AChE; on the contrary, it is intensely positive for BChE. Neurosecretory substance, in the hypothalamic region, is positive for the two preparations of the enzymes. The role of these enzymes, as related to the functional activities of the various nuclei and fiber tracts, has also been discussed.


[Neuron structure of the rat septum telencephali].

1. The neuronal structure of the septum of adult rats was studied after GOLGI impregnation. On the basis of cytoarchitectonic investigations the septum of the rat was divided into three big nuclei: nuclei septalis lateralis, septalis medialis, and tractus diagonalis (s. ANDY and STEPHAN). 2. The nc. septalis medialis contains cells with pyramidal, oval, round, spindle-shaped, fusiforme or triangular pericarya, while in the nc. septalis lateralis cells with pyramidal pericarya are absent. In the nc. tractus diagonalis four different forms of cells bodies occur: oval, triangular, round, and parymidal ones. 3. The existence of single, characteristic cell forms is not restricted to certain areas within a nucleus; the different kinds of cells are distributed irregularly and arranged ina different distance. 4. Mostly after a dichotome division the dendrites spread into all directions (bipolar to star-shaped dendritic arborisation). An orientation of the dendrites of single neurones into a special direction (i.e. to the ventricle) was not observed. 5. Neurons of the septum have dendritic fields with a mean diameter of 300 mum. The dendritic diameter regularly remains constant in the distance between two branchings and decreases only after the division of the dendrite. 6. The distribution of spines on the dendrites is typical for interneurons. Immediately after their origin from the pericaryon the dividing dendrites have a segment free of spines which extends up to the first outgrowth of a lateral dendrite. In neurons with poorly ramified dendrites this spines-free segment is absent; the first spines are found close by the pericaryon. Bferore and after a ramification of dendrites a different density of spines exists. 7. The neurons of the septum are morphologically and functionally classified as interneurons. Their dendritic fields correspond to those of star cells and are even similar to pyramidal cells. For the cell types described a great structural variability in the dentritic arrangement occurs.


Differences in psychological sex, adjustment, and familial influences among homosexual and nonhomosexual populations.

The present study investigated differences in psychological sex, present and past adjustment, and parental influences among homosexual cross-dressers, homosexual non-cross-dressers, applicants for sex change surgery, and heterosexuals. The homosexual non-cross dresser and heterosexual groups were found to have the most masculine gender role, with the sex change group having the most feminine gender identity. The two homosexual groups were most accepting of homosexuality, with the sex change group having the least acceptance of homosexuality. Support was not found for the prediction that the sex change group would have the worst present and past adjustment followed by the homosexual cross-dressers with the poorest past adjustment. As predicted, however, fathers were perceived as more nurturant in the heterosexual group than among the remaining three groups. These findings suggest that variations in sexual-life-style can be understood as manifestations of different combinations of the components of psychological sex and that a nurturant father is important in the development of a heterosexual life-style.


Age-status labeling in homosexual men.

Ninety-five homosexual men between 25 and 68 years of age were asked to classify themselves as young, middle-aged, or old. Most men in their 20s and 30s described themselves as young; most men in their 40s and all men over 50 described themselves as middle-aged. The popular suggestion of accelerated aging in homosexual men was not supported. Homosexual men who anticipate such accelerated aging might possess poorer physical and or psychological health than those who do not.


Homosexuality in the Rorschach: a new look at the old signs.

Content responses to the Rorschach inkblot test have been used by clinicians to assess homosexuality. In comparing educated, adjusted male homosexuals to educated, adjusted heterosexuals, no differences were found between the groups when the traditional index of homosexuality on the Rorschach was used. The index was unable to distinguish the groups on a number of criteria. The reliability of the index was found to be significantly greater for the homosexual group than for the heterosexual group. It was suggested that the traditional index is not valid and that it should not be used in a clinical setting as a measure to assess homosexuality.


The effects of a homophile organization on the self-esteem and alienation of its members.

Wth the expanding number and kinds of homophile organizations, a need exists to evaluate the effect these organizations have upon their members. Stemming from a previous investigation by the author, this study of the relationship between membership in a homophile organization and the dependent variables Self-Esteem and Alienation was conducted. It was found that Self-Esteem remained unaffected while Alienation levels decreased initially but started rising again a 1-year period of participation in the organization. The author hypothesizes reasons for these relationships and suggest areas for subsequent investigations.


Iatrogenic homosexuality: gender identity in seven 46,XX chromosomal females with hyperadrenocortical hermaphroditism born with a penis, three reared as boys, four reared as girls.

This paper describes seven chromosomal and gonadal females with the adrenogenital syndrome who were born with a penis as a result of extreme fetal androgenization. Four of them were reared as girls and differentiated a female gender identity with tomboyism. The other three were reared as boys, differentiated a male gender identity, and performed sexually as men with women partners. Even though these men are by no means homosexual in the everyday meaning of the term, the sexual relation is homosexual on the criteria of chromosomal and gonadal sex. The prenatal hormonal environment as well as the social experience of the rearing have thus demonstrated a formula for creating the perfect female homosexual.


The use of stimulus/modeling videotapes in assertive training for homosexuals.

The purpose of this study was to develop and apply an experimental approach for teaching assertive behaviors in selective problematic interpersonal situations encountered by homosexuals. Specifically, the approach explicates a treatment format that combines the use of stimulus/modeling videotapes with behavioral rehearsals, videotape feedback, and home assignments. Results of a single-subject interrupted time-series analysis suggest that the client displayed significantly more assertive behaviors on four of the six criterion measures. The findings further suggest that with contextual modification this interventive format can be applied to a variety of sexual behavior patterns.


Code switching and sexual orientation: a test of Bernstein's sociolinguistic theory.

Bernstein's theory was tested in the homosexual's "closed" community to determine code-switching ability and its relationship to jargon. Subjects told a story based on homoerotic photographs where knowledge of sexual orientation was varied. Rather than finding the restricted code associated with in-group communication, an analysis of data trends (since all hypotheses were rejected) suggests that homosexual hemophyly encouraged elaboration, and status differentiation resulted in a more restricted code. Story length was the most significant variable across groups. Some of Bernstein's theoretical explanations require modification to account for subjects' behavior in stigmatized social groups.


Forbidden colors of love: patterns of gay love and gay liberation.

A typology of styles of loving is applied to the search for partners among gay males, using a sample of advertisers in a gay newspaper. Characteristics of advertisers and of the partners they seek are analyzed. The impact of gay liberation ideology on gay male relationships is considered as a model of predicted changes in heterosexual male selection patterns.


Reported consequences of decriminalization of consensual adult homosexuality in seven American states.

This article reports results of a survey of police officials, prosecuting attorneys, and members of homosexual groups in the seven states that had decriminalized private homosexual behavior between consenting adults. Despite the dire predictions of many, the responses indicate that, among other things, decriminalization has had no effect on the involvement of homosexuals with minors, the use of force by homosexuals, or the amount of private homosexual behavior. Additionally, decriminalization reportedly eased somewhat the problems of the homosexual community and allowed the police to devote more time to the investigation of what generally are regarded as more serious criminal offenses.


The role of cognitive and situational variables in aggression toward homosexuals.

The relationship of several antecedents of aggression toward homosexuals was investigated. Attitudes toward homosexuality, perceived similarity to the target homosexual, and type of prior contact with the target homosexual were found to interact in influencing such aggressiveness. The implication of these findings to the "personal threat" and "scapegoating" hypotheses of aggression toward homosexuals is discussed.


Sexual aspirations and sexual behaviors among homosexually behaving males and females: the impact of the gay community.

Questionnaires were administered to 100 males and 168 females who expressed strong homoerotic aspirations. These two groups were further divided into those who were members of the gay community and those who were not. Two questions served to focus the research effort: (a) to what extent is the relationship between homoerotic sexual aspirations and subsequent gratifications different for homosexuality behaving females and males, and (b) what, if any, effect does membership in the gay community have on the sexual facilitation of these aspirations? Analysis of the data suggests that issues pertaining to differences between homosexually behaving males and females cannot be addressed apart from corresponding issues concerning the impact of the gay community as a facilitator of homoerotic sexual aspirations.


A factor-analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals.

A wide spectrum of opinions and beliefs concerning homosexuals was sampled, compiled into a questionnaire format, and administered to a large group of heterosexual subjects. Factor analysis yielded six independent sets of attitudes that describe the variance in heterosexual reactions to homosexuals. The relationship of sex differences and familiarity with homosexuals to variations in response style is discussed.


Homophobia: the quest for a valid scale.

Using a modified version of Smith's "homophobic scale", this study examines attitudinal differences between 60 homosexual and 60 heterosexual Caucasian, middle-class males. While Smith's items fail to meet minimal Guttman Scalogram requirements, significant attitudinal differences were recorded between groups. Furthermore, homosexual subjects were significantly more liberal than heterosexual subjects regarding the propriety of masturbation extramarital sexual activities, as well as the sexual activities of their teenage sisters. Although homosexual subjects evidenced a consistent liberal attitude toward sexual behavior in general many heterosexuals indicated a strong margin of attitudinal uncertainty in their responses.


Lesbian/feminist orientation among male-to-female transsexuals.

Autobiographical case studies of two male-to-female transsexuals reveal a pattern of strong female identity couples with lesbian sexual-affectional preference and feminist value orientation. For both informants there is evidence of social concern and activism from an early age, which led them to perceive their gender dilemmas in a political as well as personal way. This case material challenge the notion that transsexuals are necessarily "sexualy Uncle Toms" and demonstrated that male-to-female transsexuals (like genetic women) can achieve an affirmative lesbian identity; it suggests more generally that the development of sexual identity is an ongoing, lifelong process.


Task demand as reflected in catecholamine excretion and heart rate.

Immediate effects and aftereffects of exposure to a color-word conflict task were studied in two groups of subjects, one of which performed the task without auditory interference ("single conflict"), the other with auditory interference ("double conflict"). Physiological arousal indices were more susceptible than performance measures to the level of task demand. Thus, the higher demand imposed by the double-conflict task was reflected in relatively larger increases of adrenaline excretion and heart rate, both during the conflict task and during the subsequent arithmetic task, whereas the performance measures remained unaffected.


Why do women liver longer than men?

In the contemporary United States, mortality is 60% higher for males than for females. Forty percent of the excess of male mortality is due to arteriosclerotic heart disease, which is more common among men in part because they smoke cigarettes more than women do, and apparently also because they more often develop the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern. Men who do not develop this Behavior Pattern may have as low a risk of coronary heart disease as comparable women. Oophorectomy of young women may increase the risk of coronary heart disease, but administration of female hormones generally does not reduce risk. One third of the sex differential in mortality is due to men's higher rates of suicide, fatal motor vehicle and other accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, respiratory cancers and emphysema. Each of these causes of death is linked to behaviours which are encouraged or accepted more in males than in females: using guns, drinking alcohol, smoking, working at hazardous jobs, and seeming to be fearless. Thus, the behaviors expected of males in our society make a major contribution to their elevated mortality.


Health patterns associated with type A behavior: a managerial population.

Type A Behavior is a behavioral syndrome found to be related to coronary heart disease and characterized by excessive drive, ambition, and competitiveness. Managers from 12 different companies were examined for this syndrome and for a number of the known risk factors in coronary heart disease (blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, smoking, and fitness). Those individuals exhibiting extreme Type A Behavior (Type A) showed significantly higher blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels. A greater percentage of these individuals were cigarette smokers. On serum uric acid there were no differences. In each age group, Type A's were less interested in exercise, although differences in cardio-respiratory fitness were found only in the oldest age group. Type A Behavior also was related to age, education, company growth rates, and stress symptoms. Overall, the Type A1's were found to be higher on a number of risk factors known to be associated with coronary heart disease. With regard to the Type A2's (individuals with less developed Type A Behavior), the findings were not conclusive.


Effect of stress due to anticipated minor surgery upon in vivo platelet aggregation in humans.

When measured just prior to hospital admission, platelet aggregation was faster and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher compared to measurements just prior to surgery and upon discharge fromthe hospital.


Why do women live longer than men?

In the contemporary United States, males have 60 percent higher mortality than females. In Part I, published in the previous issue, we showed that 40 percent of this sex differential in mortality is due to a twofold elevation of arteriosclerotic heart disease among men. Major causes of higher rates of arteriosclerotic heart disease in men include greater cigarette smoking among men; probably a greater prevalence of the competitive, aggressive Coronary Prone Behavior Pattern among men; and possibly a protective role of female hormones. In addition, men have higher death rates for lung cancer and emphysema, primarily because more men smoke cigarettes. In Part II we analyze the other major causes of men's higher death rates: accidents, suicide, and cirrhosis of the liver. Each of these is related to behaviors which are encouraged or accepted more in men than in women in our society--for example, using guns, being adventurous and acting unafraid, working at hazardous jobs and drinking alcohol. We conclude with suggestions for reducing male mortality; for example, by changing the social conditions which foster in men the behaviors that elevate their mortality.


Stress, illness, and illness behavior.

This paper examines adaptation as a transactive process involving the skills and capacities of individuals and their supporting groups on the one hand, and the types of challenges they face on the other. Many difficulties in understanding stress processes in illness result from the confusion between illness and illness behavior. It is argued that the medical record is as much a history of the individual's behavior and social selection processes as it is a reflection of levels of physical health. Various examples are discussed, illustrating how medical records can be misleading in research examining the relationship between stress and illness, and how influences attributed to stress may be the result of illness behavior. The paper concludes by examining alternative conceptual models for studying the relationships between life challenges, illness behavior and illness.


Temporal uncertainty, anticipation time, and cognitive coping under threat.

The effects of temporal uncertainty, anticipation time, and coping orientations on anticipatory reactions to an inevitable electric shock were investigated. One hundred eight male subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental conditions: they knew or did not know (temporal uncertainty) exactly when shock would occur; they waited either 1, 3, or 12 minutes for the shock, and were given either a vigilance, avoidance, or no orientation for preparing for the shock. Physiological measures were recorded continuously and pre- and post-trial questionnaires were completed to assess thoughts and feelings. Temporal uncertainty and anticipation time interacted to affect stress reactivity--i.e., as shock became imminent, temporal uncertainty led to the increased use of avoidant (as opposed to vigilant) modes of coping and was associated with a progressive lowering of reactivity, especially under the longer anticipation times. The results are consistent with the theory that coping processes mediate stress reactions under conditions of threat.


Urban commuting: crowdedness and catecholamine excretion.

Male passengers regularly commuting by train on the Stockholm-Nynäshamn line were investigated on two morning trips to Stockholm. These trips were made under different levels of crowding, before (Trip 1) and after (Trip 2) a period of gas rationing during the oil crisis in 1974. However, seats were available for almost everyone during both trips. One group of subjects boarded the train at its first stop (Nynäshamn), the other midway on its route (Västerhaninge). Physiological reactions were assessed from the rate of catecholamine excretion in urine and subjective experiences were measured by self-ratings. The results showed that feelings of discomfort grew more intense as the train approached Stockholm and the number of passengers increased. Perceived crowdedness increased as the square of the number of passengers. During both trips the subjects from Nynäshamn (longer trip) had a lower rate of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion on the train than those from Västerhaninge. Furthermore, it was found that the rate of adrenaline excretion was higher for both groups during Trip 2, when the train was more crowded. The results support previous findings indicating that the stress involved in travelling by train varies more with the social and ecological conditions of the trip than with its length or duration.


Underload and overload in working life: outline of a multidisciplinary approach.

A research project is outlined in which concepts and methods from social psychology and psychophysiology are integrated in the study of human adaptation to underload and overload related to technically advanced work processes. Attempts are made to identify aversive factors in the work process by studying acute stress reactions, e.g., catecholamine excretion, in the course of work and relating these to long term, negative effects on well-being, job satisfaction and health. Data from a pilot study of sawmill workers support the view that machine-paced work characterized by a short work cycle and lack of control over the work process constitutes a threat to health and well being.


Effects of prolonged stress on coping style in terminal renal failure patients.

Fifty-nine patients with terminal renal failure and 59 comparison subjects matched on age, sex, origin, education and marital status were administered the Shanan Sentence Completion Test at the onset of hemodialysis, to test the hypothesis that 1) prolonged stress reduces the tendency to cope actively and that 2) the extent of reduction would vary according to the patients' background. Findings provided massive support for the first hypothesis; in nearly all aspects of coping style investigated, hemodialysis patients obtained significantly lower scores, indicative of passivity, negative self-perception and of tendencies to withdraw by denial from the harsh reality. Findings on the second hypothesis were equivocal. Only sex and education showed interaction with illness and coping. Women appeared to be more vulnerable than men. The effects of education on coping were reduced as a consequence of the illness. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for stress research and for the advancement of preventive measures in hemodialysis treatment.