[Pathomorphological study of antiviral chemotherapeutic effectiveness of bonaphthon under experimental conditions].

A pathomorphological study of antiviral chemotherapeutic activity of benaphthon was carried out in tests involving intranasal inoculation of mice with influenza A2 (Hong Kong) 68 viruses (infection doses of 1 DL75 and 10 DL75) and of rabbits with herpetic keratitis, provoked by the herpes simplex virus (strain Ela-5699). A single prophylactic introduction of bonaphthon with subsequent 4-day treatment of experimental influenzal pneumonia of mice was found to produce a significant diminution in the frequency of the pneumonia development in experimental animals, a reduction in the number of severe and lethal forms of the malady and, by preventing the development of morphologically grave forms, to improve the prognosis. The use of bonaphthon in experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits, irrespective of the mode of its administration (locally or by mouth) cuts down the period of the keratitis cure almost in half, contributes to a speedier epithelization of the ulcerated surface and to the disappearance of inflammatory manifestations in the very substance of the cornea.


[Characteristics of chemical structure of analogs of the antimalarial drug chloridine (pyrimethamine), detetermining their teratogenic properties].

On an example of substituted 2,4-diaminopyrimidines containing at the 6th position hydrogen, alkyl radicals with a varying length of chains, ramified isoalkyl radicals and aromatic nuclei it is shown that the teratogenous activity is inherent only in some agents, being related to the chemical structure and conformation of the molecules. Accordingly, the principles of elective toxicity lying at the root of current chemotherapy may be extended also to teratology. From this it follows that there exists as a matter of principle the possibility of a purposeful synthesis of new medical compounds that would be devoid of teratogenous activity, but were endowed with valuable curative properties.


Methenamine hippurate ('Hiprex') in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections: a trial in a geriatric hospital.

Fifty-two patients, all of whom were more than 66 years-old and who were hospitalized for periods in excess of two years were treated for chronic urinary tract infection. All patients received a course of antibiotic treatment for seven to ten days and were then put onto treatment with methenamine hippurate 1 g twice daily for six months. Of the original fifty-two patients, twelve did not complete the six month course. During the six month period with "Hiprex' there were far fewer re-infections than in the previous six months during which time they had received intermittent antibiotic therapy and other long-term treatment. There were no adverse reactions and bacterial resistance did not occur.


Treatment with methenamine hippurate in the patient with a catheter.

Methenamine hippurate, 1 g twice daily, was given for four months to twenty-two elderly female subjects with an indwelling catheter. The incidence of catheter blockage was significantly reduced when compared with the control period of similar duration, although bacteriuria persisted throughout treatment. The incidence of symptomatic urinary tract infection also decreased during treatment with methenamine hippurate.


A profile for trimipramine.

A series of sixty-one patients with depressive symptoms were treated with trimipramine in single nightly dosages. Analysis of the data indicated that a favourable outcome was likely to be associated with the following features: absence of gastro-intestinal complaints; absence of hypochondriasis; a level of anxiety not more than the average for psychiatric patients; absence of situational palpitation; possession of a stable work record; and possession of a family history positive for psychiatric disorder. These features are not claimed to be specific to treatment with trimipramine. Age, sex, out-patient/in-patient status and the over-all degree of depression were not found to be relevant. Trimipramine was associated with a favourable outcome in 64% of all cases treated, and in 73% of primarily depressive conditions.


The addition of Visken to methyldopa therapy in hypertension: a multicentre study.

Forty-one patients completed the study where Visken was added to the treatment regimen of patients whose blood pressures were poorly controlled on methyldopa or who were experiencing side-effects with methyldopa. Supine blood pressure was reduced from 177/108 mm Hg before Visken therapy to 159/96 mm Hg after twelve weeks of taking Visken. The dose of methyldopa was reduced from a mean 921 mg at the start to 445 mg at the end. Fourteen patients were able to stop methyldopa therapy. The number of side-effects reported was reduced as the study continued and fifteen patients commented that they felt better on Visken. Nine patients did not complete the trial, three of these because of side-effects, viz insomnia, lethargy and sleep disturbances.


A clinical trial of temazepam, a sleep inducer, in hospital patients.

Temazepam, a common metabolite of diazepam and oxazepam, was evaluated as a sleep inducer. A dose of 20 mg, in a Scherer capsule formulation, was compared with 200 mg of amylobarbitone sodium in a between-patients, randomized study. Patient and staff assessments were used. No statistically significant difference as to onset of sleep, duration or quality of sleep or morning drowsiness was found using the patients' assessments. The staff recorded significantly less daytime dozing and morning hangover in patients receiving temazepam. Side-effects were mild and confined mainly to drowsiness on awakening. Two patients, both on amylobarbitone sodium, withdrew from the study because of increasing confusion.


Cases of overdosage with viloxazine hydrochloride (Vivalan).

Twelve cases of viloxazine overdosage are reported. All patients recovered without sequelae and no ECG abnormalities were observed. Gastric lavage was performed in most cases and was probably beneficial. As viloxazine is rapidly absorbed (Bayliss & Case 1975, Case & Reeves 1975) lavage should be carried out as soon as possible after the tablets are taken. Since the drug is almost exclusively excreted in the urine, it is suggested that forced diuresis be carried out to reduce blood levels as quickly as possible.


Treatment of skin and soft tissue infections with cefadroxil, a new oral cephalosporin.

Oral cefadroxil in doses of 0-6-1-8 g per day given on twice or three times daily schedules was effective in the treatment of thirty-six patients with infections such as abscesses, carbuncles, cellulitis, furunculosis and impetigo. Staphylococcus aureus strains and beta-haemolytic streptococci, alone or in combination, were cultured from lesions before treatment. In vitro studies with test discs showed that all the organisms were sensitive to cefadroxil, but twenty-three of twenty-nine S aureus strains and one of the seven streptococci strains were resistant to penicillin G. Pre- and post-treatment laboratory tests of renal, hepatic and haematopoietic functions produced no evidence of drug toxicity. The cefadroxil dosage effective in this study is lower than that recommended for currently available oral cephalosporins, which must be given on a four times daily schedule.


Effectiveness of two new cephalosporins, cephazolin and cephapirin, administered intermittently in acute and chronic osteomyelitis in children.

Ten patients were treated, most of pre-school age, with acute osteomyelitis, produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, having evolved for approximately one week, with sodium cephazolin at doses of 60 mg/kg/day intramuscularly in two daily injections for the first seven days and then in a single dose every twenty-four hours for four to seven weeks. Nine of ten patients were asymptomatic six months after this treatment. The patient who manifested chronic signs at the end of six weeks of therapy continued to be treated with three weekly injections of the same drug at an equal dose until the completion of six months, at the end of which he was asymptomatic. Ten patients with chronic osteomyelitis having evolved for two months to five years, due to penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were treated with cephapirin at the dose of 30 mg/kg in one daily injection intramuscularly for three to four weeks and then the same dose on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays until the completion of six months. Eight patients who required it were sequestrectomized. Seven of the ten patients improve and remained asymptomatic for the same period of observation. The three patients who did not show marked clinical improvement did exhibit an appreciable radiological recovery. We have presented these regimens of treatment with a view of encouraging research into the intermittent administration of bactericidal antibiotics for pyogenic infections; in spite of the good results, we do not dare to recommend them in daily practice.


A comparative clinical evaluation of a new topical steroid 'halcinonide' and hydrocortisone in steroid-responsive dermatoses.

Fifty patients with symmetrical, bilateral lesions of psoriasis, eczematous dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or neurodermatitis participated in a double-blind paired comparison study in which 0-1% halcinonide (in a cream formulation containing also neomycin and nystatin) was applied to the lesions on one side of the body and 1% hydrocortisone cream to those on the opposite side for two to three weeks. The number of excellent responses to therapy showed the halcinonide combination to be significantly superior (p less than 0-01) to the control cream in all diagnostic categories if considered collectively, and in psoriasis if the responses were grouped according to diagnosis. No adverse reactions occurred during the trial.


The effect of forewarning on the occurrence of side-effects and discontinuance of medication in patients on dothiepin.

Dothiepin was prescribed for 100 depressed out-patients alternately allocated to one of two groups. Patients in Group A were forewarned about side-effects and patients in Group B were not forewarned. None of the patients had previously received dothiepin. After two weeks the patients were questioned regarding side-effects and continuance with medication. Eighty-nine patients were included in the final analysis. The results failed to confirm the hypotheses that forewarning patients of side-effects causes a greater number of patients to complain of such effects, or that where patients experience side-effects, forewarning is associated with any less frequent discontinuance of therapy. Compared with a previous study with amitriptyline, the results of this study are much closer to statistical significance. This may be due to the lower overall incidence of side-effects with dothiepin and calls for further work with a larger sample of patients.


Neonatal jaundice--a comparison between intravenous oxytocin and oral prostaglandin E2.

The total serum bilirubin levels at two and occasionally five days after birth were studied in 162 infants whose mothers received either intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin te2 during labour, and the results were compared with those obtained in forty-two control patients. Following labour of spontaneous onset, whether the mother received intravenous oxytocin or oral Prostaglandin E2, neonatal total serum bilirubin levels were not different from those in controls. After induction by amniotomy and an active agent, higher mean total serum bilirubin levels were found in infants whose mothers received intravenous oxytocin than in those given oral prostaglandin E2; a significant rise in the total serum bilirubin level appeared to occur when mothers received a total of more than 12,000 milliunits of oxytocin or more than 4,000 milliunits per kg birthweight of the infant.


Micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) compared with aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

A randomized crossover trial of micro-encapsulated aspirin (Levius) and aloxiprin (Palaprin Forte) was carried out on thirty-three hospital outpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. Both preparations improved the clincial status of the patients. The difference in response to the two preparations was not significant, except for effect on functional status where the micro-encapsulated aspirin was found to be significantly better at the 5% level. Apart from six complaints of constipation with aloxiprin compared with only one with Levius, the side-effects were similar. The trial has shown that Levius can be conveniently given in divided doses thrice daily without loss of efficacy.


Isolation and identification of paracetamol metabolites.

A comparison has been made of the urinary metabolites of volunteers who had taken therapeutic doses of paracetamol with those of persons who had taken an overdose in an attempt to highlight the metabolic changes associated with massive doses. The main technique for examining urine samples was two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. Other chromatographic techniques were used for the isolation and purification of metabolites. The urinary metabolites after a therapeutic dose of paracetamol were identified as free paracetamol, paracetamol sulphate, 3-hydroxy-paracetamol-3-sulphate, 3-methoxy-paracetamol sulphate, paracetamol glucuronide, 3-methoxy-paracetamol glucuronide, paracetamol 3-cysteine conjugate and paracetamol 3-mercapturate. The same metabolites were also present in urine following overdosage but the proportions were quite different. There was particularly a big increase in the relative amounts of cysteine and mercapturic acid conjugates excreted. No new metabolites were found. The significance of these findings is briefly discussed in relation to the metabolism and toxicology of paracetamol.


A theoretical approach to the management of paracetamol overdosage.

Possible ways of treating paracetamol hepatotoxicity are briefly reviewed. This toxicity appears to be due to an oxidation metabolite which is normally detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, but when in excess, as in paracetamol overdosage, binds covalently to hepatic proteins to cause liver necrosis. Depletion of hepatic glutathione may also lead to other contributory disorders of cellular metabolism. Physical methods of preventing this would appear to be of little value, and treatments are being developed which aim to lessen the production of the toxic metabolite, antagonize its attachment to hepatic tissue or to combat this toxicity via basic cellular mechanisms. At this moment the most effective substances appear to be glutathione precursors and other compounds which interfere with oxidation of paracetamol.


Immunotherapeutic approaches to skin cancer.

Topical application of a relatively low concentration of one or more agents to which the patient has previously been sensitized can mobilize cell-mediated immune systems at the site of neoplastic or premalignant lesions. Such treatment has proved to be effective against both primary and metastatic skin lesions. It is also suggested that dermatologic experience may provide a model for other cancer immunotherapies.


Influenza: the vaccines.

The extreme antigenic lability of the influenza A viruses accounts for the less-than-ideal immune responses to them. With a possible swine flu pandemic in the offing, the "vaccine strategy" required is critical, particularly as the medical and public health communities in the United States embark on the first systematic attempt in history to blunt preemptively the impact of a pandemic.


Recognition and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

Since alcoholism is not only widespread but often cryptic, the index of suspicion for the withdrawal syndrome in an unfamiliar patient should be high, particularly since failure to diagnose it is common and can eventuate fatally. Yet the signs and symptoms are consistent. A staged approach to the diagnosis is outlined and principles are given for the use of sedation and other therapeutic measures.


Alcohol in toxic congestive cardiomyopathy.

Though ethyl alcohol is known to be one of the exogenous toxins that can directly damage the myocardium, nonalcoholic additives to alcoholic beverages (as well as poor nutrition or viral infection) may also play a role in cardiomyopathy. The authors note the interesting fact that, unlike the liver, the heart does not contain an alcohol dehydrogenase and thus lacks a possible protective mechanism against alcohol's toxicity.


Influenza: the disease and its complications.

Among the complications (fortunately relatively few), pneumonias are by far the most common, with about one half resulting from pneumococcal invasion. In the acutely ill, multiple antibiotic therapy may have to be initiated pending definitive etiologic diagnosis. Also, in epidemic or pre-epidemic situations, special measures are advocated for hospitals, since influenza so rapidly becomes the dominant nosocominal infection.


Insulin resistance in obesity.

The insulin resistance seen in obesity, which is characterized by elevated basal levels of insulin and an exaggerated insulin response to such stimuli as glucose ingestion, was thought to be related to another common characteristic of obesity--enlargement of the fat cell. Now, recent studies suggest that the enlarged fat cell is not the major source of insulin insensitivity in obesity and may, in fact, be the victim of the insulin-resistant state.


Rational management of peptic ulcer disease.

If the goal of treatment is healing of the ulcer, then success is usually achieved - repeatedly. In order to avoid recurring episodes, it is essential that both the physician and the patient learn to regard the ulcer as the result of a chronic disease process. This means that management becomes a lifelong undertaking, with antacids and meals used according to schedules that keep gastric pH above ulcerogenic levels.


[Control-lateral sciatrica after surgery for herniated disk].

A study of 1,427 case records permitted the authors to discover 10 cases of reoperation for sciatica which appeared on the opposite side after removal of a dischernia. A new hernia was noted in 6 cases, whereas radiculitis of unknown origin, appeared to be responsible in 4 cases. The 10 patients who became cured, either after removal of the hernia, or after decompression through the foramin. These few cases, in fact rare, may be considered as relapses and thus poor surgical results. The provide a contribution to the understanding of intervertebral disc disease and raise an interesting medico-legal problem.


[Indications and results of ileal neobladder during the development of cervix uteri cancer. Study of 32 cases].

32 uretero-ileoplasties were carried out during the course of carcinoma of the uterine cervix, where therapeutic complications required an urinary by-pass operation. A trans-ileal by-pass to the skin ensured better renal function and comfort than that provided by a skin ureterostomy. The operation carried out in 20 cases after curative radiotherapy,.remains possible with a reasonably low risk: 2 deaths. However, survival depends on the cancer. The operation is legitimate and advisable in urinary lesions due to treatment, but one wonders whether the operation is justified in cases where the carcinoma is inoperable. Present means of resuscitation made this surgery acceptable as far as the immediate risk is concerned and survival is undoubtedly comfortable. On may thus carry out again radical operations provided the lesions are limited and there is no fibropelvis after high dose cobalt-radiotherapy. But purely palliative trans-ileal urinary by-pass operations remain debatable. Their indications depend on the general condition of the patient, the desire of the surgeon to operate and the functional result of these palliative operations should not be lost by carrying out too radical an operation which will shorten survival time.


[Large esophagogastric caustic burns in the adult].

The authors treated, as an emergency, severe caustic burns in adults. They present 13 cases and discuss four deaths. Critical analysis of these observations,compared with the findings of pathology and in the literature, permit one to consider the therapeutic indications. The place of often major surgical operations is discussed in relation to further specialist investigations or the appearance of complications. The results are assessed in 8 patients who were followed up for a long period.


[Ultrasonic aspects of abdominal abscesses and hematomas].

Abdominal ultrasonography often enables to display the fluid collection of an abcess or haematoma. This type of diagnostic procedure is most useful in a post-operative period. The intestinal gases which stop the ultrasonic beam may be responsible for diagnostic failures. Positive results, which are the most frequent, are never the less precious to assess and decide a treatment policy.


Biopsy of the proximal nail fold in collagen diseases.

A research procedure used to study proximal rail folds in connective tissue diseases is described. The technique is simple and one that is suitable and agreeable to patients. It affords study of tissue from the proximal nail fold in three different ways, namely, light microscopy with histochemistry, electron microscopy, and direct immunofluorescence.


Fingertip injuries and a plea for the nail.

Wounds involving the nail bed should be covered immediately by an autograft, a homograft or a heterograft to prevent dystrophy and loss of sensation. The author's technique in performing such grafts is described.


Ungual prostheses.

Adhesives and surgical techniques are of limited value in the fixation of ungual prostheses. A finger-cover prosthesis that allows excellent fixation and good cosmetic result is described.


The surgical treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis.

Surgical removal of the gland-bearing skin of the axillae as a reasonable management of axillary hyperhidrosis is described. The principle, according to the techniques of Skoog, is to peel back, not excise, the hairy zone of the axillary skin and to resect all the hyperfunctioning glandular layer on the deeper face of the dermis without damaging the dermal vascularization.


Replacement of scalp hair by attachment to suture implants.

A series of 1426 hair implants were performed by the author over a period of five years. Complications which were encountered are elaborated on in this article. The method is, nevertheless, an acceptable procedure.


[Relations between the oxytocin test and morphometry of the placenta].

We have studied placental morphometry after delivery in 23 cases in which the oxytocin challenge test was carried out towards the end of the pregnancy. Thus we have been able to compare the results of the two and establish details of placental measurement that have the greatest influence on its function. The following parameters seem to have the most direct influence, by statistical relationship, with placental insufficiency: the total surface of the villi, the concentration of villi per unit sectioned, the surface of fetal capillaries and the mean diameter of these capillaries. On the other hand the mean diameter of the villi and the number of capillaries per villus do not seem to have any relationship to function. These results bring further proof to our old ideas as to the value of placental morphometry and confirm the value of the oxytocin challenge test.


[Peculiarities of hemostasis in the term newborn infant].

Haemostasis in the new-born is a product of various factors which are both qualitative and quantitative. The only factors that compare in levels and quality with those in the adult are factors V, VIII and XIII. They are alterations in the semi-analytical tests for coagulation except in the Stypven time. In contrast with this deficit shown up in haemostasis by global tests coagulation is normal and in truth there is hypercoagulability. Using Laurell's method of immunoelectrophoresis for levels of alpha 2 M high levels of this are shown contrasting with progressively lowered antithrombitic action. These paradoxes no doubt arise from the fact that neonatal haemostasis is analysed using standardised techniques and reactions which were developed for adult haemostasis, from which it is certainly as different as from those of other animals. Neonatal haemostasis is perfectly balanced in normal conditions. Important changes occur however in respiratory distress where there is a drop in factor V and soluble complexes appear, bringing about rough shapes suggestive of the subclinical syndrome of defibrination. This situation will be further developed in a forthcoming article.


[Breast cancer and pregnancy. Apropos of 96 cases followed for 3 and 1/2 years at the Centre Léon Bérard, Lyons].

96 cases where cancer of the breast and pregnancy were associated have been studied at the Léon Bérard Centre of Lyon with a follow-up of at least 3 years. Those patients who had a malignant tumour of the breast, which was treated, and then became pregnant (19 cases) were not made any worse (79 per cent survival in 5 years). This was quite independent of the outcome of the pregnancy. On the other hand, those women (54 cases) in which the cancer was discovered and treated during pregnancy had a far worse prognosis (20 per cent survival in 5 years). This prognosis was made worse by the discovery of the cancer in the third trimester of the pregnancy, and by the presence of lymph node involvement, by termination of pregnancy and by weaning. When malignant tumours were discovered during breast-feeding or weaning (23 cases) the prognosis was equally bad (23 per cent survival in 3 years). The authors discuss the frequency of the association of cancer of the breast and pregnancy, as well as the different factors in the prognosis. They attempt to outline the management that should be carried out in the light of recent publications on this subject.


Childhood leprosy--study of prevalence rates and clinical aspects through surveys in Bombay.

This paper summarises the experience gained through extensive surveys of school children carried out in Greater Bombay over the past five years. The strikingly high proportion of children of 6 to 14 years age group suffering from leprosy attending the Acworth Leprosy Hospital and its peripheral clinic prompted these surveys. While surveys of 10% of child population attending randomly selected municipal schools revealed a general prevalence rate of 3 per 1000, there existed pockets of endemicity of the order of 10.8 per 1000, in some schools situated in the northern suburbs of the city. Even private schools catering to the not-so-poor sections of the community showed prevalence rates of over 6 per 1000, confirming the hyperendemicity of leprosy in Bombay city, with no socioeconomic or age group immune from exposure. Clinical observations of 1265 leprosy cases identified in the course of the above surveys covering a total population of nearly 1.8 lakhs of school children are presented. 24.7% of the cases had either the potential to develop into progressive forms of leprosy in view of the multiplicity of lesions or were already in an advanced stage of the disease. Polyneuritic leprosy together with intermediate and lepromatous types representing 5.8% of all cases (24 cases were confirmed to be smear positive) belonged to the groups posing therapeutic as well as public health problems. Analysis of 953 cases with single lesions revealed greater frequency of distribution (58.4%) of patches in parts of the body which are generally covered. It is striking that 26.4% of the solitary lesions was found in the gluteal regions and thighs, emphasising the need for thorough examinations of these parts during surveys.


Inactivation and relapse in bacterio-negative cases of leprosy under sulphone therapy: a 4 1/2 years follow-up.

Bacterio-negative leprosy cases become inactive in a short period under regular and adequate DDS treatment and this period is shorter in females. The progress is uneventful and is not influenced by factors like age, extent of disease, deformity status etc. The risk of relapse in bacterio-negative leprosy cases is not high though it increases with passing of time. The risk of relapse tends to be higher in cases with extensive disease.


An evaluation of the self administration of DDS in Gudiyatham Taluk.

This study using the dapsone/creatinine (D/C) ratio was undertaken to find out how many of the patients attending the Village Clinics were actually taking the DDS tablets. The Urine D/C ratio was estimated in 35 patients who were receiving a supervised daily dosage of either 50 or 100 mgs of DDS. The D/C ratio was also estimated in 100 out patients who were on either 50 or 100 mgs of dapsone. It was determined that 72% of this group had taken DDS in the previous 24 hours. It was also seen that the 55 patients who were receiving 100 mgs of DDS had taken 79.3% of their dapsone dosage, and the 45 patients receiving 50 mgs of DDS had taken 96% of their dosage.


Clinical trial with clofazimine in leprosy.

This paper summarises our clinical experience with clofazimine in the treatment of 25 cases of reactive states of lepromatous and borderline leprosy and 7 lepromatous patients not responding to dapsone. Corticosteroids, which had to be given for the control of reactions, could be withdrawn and daspone therapy reintroduced during the period of administration of clofazimine. A schedule for the management of moderately severe reactions is recommended. The results of clofazimine treatment were also equally impressive in the group of patients, possibly harbouring dapsone resistant bacilli (in view of their lack of improvement in spite of administration of dapsone under controlled conditions). Clinical regression was associated with a fall in the mean levels of morphological index from 6.8 to 0.5. The need to realise the real indications of this highly useful drug in the treatment of leprosy is stressed.


Experience with the combination of clofazimine (Lamprene) and long-term steroid therapy in the treatment of leprosy.

A study was undertaken in 14 patients and 20 controls to find out if Lamprene can prevent a flare-up of the infection with Myco. leprae in patients who are on long-term steroid therapy on account of persistent reaction or neuritis. All patients were lepromatus (LL). The average duration of treatment was 21 months for the patients on Lamprene combined with steroids and 22 months for the patients on Lamprene only. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the reduction of either the MI (morphological index) or BI (bacteriological index). It appears that long-term steroids therapy has no adverse effect on the bacteriological decline in lepromatous patients provided that they are treated with Lamprene at the same time.


Side effects of clofazimine therapy.

84 patients of leprosy including 15 female patients were treated with Clofzimine on a predetermined dosage regimen. 76 of these were cases of recurrent lepra reaction; 4 cases of proven DDS resistance, 3 of these being complicated by lepra reaction; and 4 were cases of reactional state in Borderline leprosy near the lepromatous end of the spectrum. The common side effect in all cases consisted of red and dark skin pigmentation of varying intensity occuring within 10 weeks of the commencement of therapy. The intensity of the colour was proportionate to the density of the infiltration. Ichthyosis occurred in 66.6% of cases. While the pigmentation was accepted by the patients in general, 10% of the patients considered ichthyosis as stigmatising. While side effects like anorexia, diarrhoea, enlargement of lymph glands and liver, corneal xerosis and loss of weight were self correcting, severe gastrointestinal manifestation, i.e. severe abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 9 patients, 5 of whom were females. Mortality was high in the females. On an incidental finding the Isonizair reduced the severity of the manifestations, it was supplemented in 10 cases on Clofazimine therapy and was found to minimise the side effects and the pigmentation due to Clofazimine. Hydration therapy for the ichthyosis and instillation of normal saline and liquid paraffin for corneal xerosis were found to be very useful.


Quantitative estimation of clofazimine in tissue.

The histological examination and the chemical estimation of clofazimine in the organs removed at autopsy of a patient receiving the drug indicated the accumulation of the drug in the organs of the reticulo-endothelial system and those having a large number of macrophages. The clofazimine levels in the skin from patients receiving the drug and those in whom the drug had been stopped for different periods of time were compared. The skin levels of clofazimine bore a direct relationship to the size of the granuloma. A slow elimination of the drug from the tissues was indicated by the presence of traces of the skin tissue even 1-2 years after stopping the drug. The clinical implication of these findings are discussed.


An analysis of causes of injuries in workers with leprosy and suggestions for preventive measures.

A study of 20 workers undergoing social and vocational rehabilitation and of 30 patients receiving treatment in Ulcer Ward reveals bio-social data and endeavours to uncover the causes of injuries to anaesthetic areas. Suggestions are put forward for prevention of injuries which often lead to ulcers and these suggestions are examined in the light of short trials of various methods.


A preliminary clinical trial of rifampicin in leprosy.

A single dose of 1500 mg. of rifampicin failed to make the lepromatous leprosy patients non-infective by using mouse foot-pad technique. It is essential to extend the trial further.


Case detection through school surveys in Greater Bombay.

Of the 55,502 students examined 214 were found to be suffering from leprosy, the case-detection rate being 3.9 per 1000. Age of the students showed no relation to the occurrence of leprosy. Sex of the student was significant. Leprosy was more common among the male students. Leprosy rate amongst Tamil and Urdu speaking students was significanlty more than amongst Marathi and other language groups. 98% of cases were tuberculoid, 2% cases intermediate and nil lepromatous. 4% of cases were bacteriologically positive. Over 99% of cases were without deformity 86% of cases were in early stages. In a significant number of leprosy cases the single lesion (presumably initial lesion) was on the covered parts of the body.


Integrated surveys as a tool for early case detection in leprosy control programme.

A project for total leprosy case detection particularly early leprosy cases was undertaken in Wardha District which has a rural population of about 6 lacs in 905 villages, through an integrated survey with the help of all health workers like Leprosy Technicians, Sanitary Inspectors, Co-ordinators, Malaria Workers, Smallpox Vaccinators and Auxillary Nurse Midwives. The training given to the Non Leprosy Health Worker was for a period of 3 days making them just fit to suspect all leprosy cases. The final diagnosis was to be made by the fully trained Leprosy Technicians. The surveys were conducted in batches of 3 to 4 workers. Surveys were conducted for 4 weeks at a stretch and working for 5 days every week. Every year two such integrated surveys were conducted. From November 1973 to December 1975, four such surveys were undertaken. During the other period, Leprosy Technicians were conducting the normal surveys. It was found that through these integrated survey it is possible to undertake the survey of all the villages once in two years and the case detection rate at the end of the 4th survey was found to be 85.5% of the estimated cases in the rural areas. Normally, it would have taken about 5 years to complete the survey of all the villages by the Leprosy Technicians alone, and the case detection rate could not have been more than 70 to 75%. Through this programme, Leprosy patients in every early stages have been detected. The paper discusses the methods, planning and the results obtained.


Molecular weight variation among bacterial flagellins.

The molecular weights of flagellins from 29 bacterial strains from 11 genera were investigated using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The molecular weights range from 28,600 for Bacillus sphaericus to 63,200 for one strain of Escherichia coli. Variation in molecular weight was observed not only between genera but also between different species of a genus and different strains of a species.


Purification and location of the major glycoprotein of vaccinia virus.

A glycoprotein component of vaccinia virus was extracted with a non-ionic detergent NP-40 (Nonidet P-40) and purified by gel chromatography. The single antigen extracted by the detergent had a molecular weight estimated between 100,000 and 200,000 daltons. This glycoprotein was found to contain less than 1% hexosamine which would correspond to 5--10 sugar residues per molecule. Antibodies produced against this glycoprotein were able to neutralize vaccinia virus. Using immunoelectron microscopy, this molecule was found to be located in the outer layer of the virion. These results further suggest that this protein called complex E (for external) is a surface component of vaccinia virus.


Topological features of membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii.

Topological and ultrastructural features of membranes from walled and wall-less bacterial cells were compared by examining membranes from Staphylococcus aureus and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Osmotic lysis of protoplasts of S. aureus or cells of A. laidlawii produced membrane vesicles or large membrane fragments, but alumina grinding or sonication of these protoplasts or cells produced much smaller particles whose morphologic origin was difficult to determine. Disrupted membranes from either organism were covered with ribosomes from 15 to 30 nm diameter adhering almost exclusively to the inside of the vesicles or fragments. Membranes were similar in thickness and possessed 5--6 nm globular knobs which were not on stalks, not highly ordered, and easily differentiated from the negative-stained background. Although the globular knobs were regularly visible on membrane sheets from S. aureus, they were seen on A. laidlawii membrane vesicles only rarely unless the membrane vesicles were treated with 0.01% saponin or 90% (v/v) cold acetone, which extracted lipids and glycolipids from the membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles from lysed cells of A. laidlawii showed a widespread distribution of circular pits about 10 nm deep and at least 20-30 nm across, not seen in lysed protoplast membranes of S. aureus.


The effect of cigarette smoke on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P450 content in rat liver and lung microsomes.

Levels of activity of the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome P450 have been estimated in lung and liver of rats exposed to graded doses of cigarette smoke and in human bronchial mucosa of smokers, non-smokers and patients with lung cancer. Exposure of rats to smoke of four cigarettes increased both hepatic and pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Exposure to smoke of four cigarettes daily for seven and 14 days did not result in higher aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase levels in the liver than one day's exposure, but in the lung longer exposures caused greater increases in enzyme activity. Injection of benzo(a)pyrene at two dose levels caused a much greater increase in both liver and lung aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase than smoking. The lower dose maximally stimulated the enzyme in both organs. The changes in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity were accompanied by significant increases in both liver weight and the cytochrome P450 content of liver microsomes but the increase in cytochrome P450 did not parallel those in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. Of 40 surgical and autopsy specimens of human lung and tracheal mucosa from smokers, non-smokers and cancer patients, only one was found to have detectable aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The relationship between aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by cigarette smoke in human tissues and the development of bronchogenic carcinoma in smokers remains unclear.


In vitro inhibition of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by heavy metals.

Inhibition of mouse hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases (AHH), microsomal mixed-function oxidases was obtained with five bivalent metal chlorides. Concentrations ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-1) m. The enzyme system was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of a trioctanoin solution of 3-methylcholanthrene into C57B1/6J mice 24 hours before the hepatic AHH was measured. Activity was calculated as: ng of 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene formed in 20 min at 37 degrees C per mg of protein. Cadmium was the most inhibitory of the metals tested. Zinc inhibited the enzyme system more than iron, manganese, or nickel. At 10(-4) m, ferrous ion slightly stimulated the activity, but at 10(-5) and 10(-3) m, it was inhibitory. Manganese failed to stimulate the enzyme activity as reported by others.


C'3 participation in the rejection of some experimental tumors.

The possibility that C'3 participates in tumor rejection was investigated in DBA/2 mice previously immunized against L1210 leukemia and in Swiss mice previously immunized against Ehrlich's adenocarcinoma. In both the cases, animals treated with an appropriate dose of cobra venom factor to produce a C'3 depletion for some days after the tumor challenge, developed the neoplasia and had a mortality rate analogous to that of non-immunized animals. Studies on the peritoneal washing cells obtained at different times after the challenge revealed that in C'3 depleted immunized mice IgM are present on lymphocytes, macrophages and tumor cells, as in the immunized controls, but no contract between the cells and no macrophage phagocytosis were observed and the number of tumor cells increased progressively. These findings indicate that C'3 is critically involved in the rejection of the experimental tumors considered.


On the relationship between the activity of acetylation, growth of experimental tumors and efficacy of their suppression by hydrazine sulphate.

The growth of experimental tumors was found to involve an intensification of acetylation of sulphadimidine. Inhibition of carcinosarcoma Walker-256 by 88% and sarcoma-180 by 36% on treatment with 60 mg/kg body weight of hydrazine sulphate was followed by decreases in the rate of acetylation of 39.4 and 29.4%, respectively. When treatment failed to suppress tumor growth (sarcoma-45), acetylation level showed no decrease. The results point to a correlation between growth of tumors and their inhibition on the one hand and the level of acetylation on the other.


The thiamin status of early cancer patients with particular reference to those with breast and bronchial carcinomas.

The thiamin status of early bronchial and breast carcinomas has been assessed using "thiamin pyrophosphate" (TPP) stimulating effect of transketolase enzyme activity. The TPP stimulating effect was found to be greater in a high proportion of the cancer patients than in normal subjects, suggesting that these patients may be at risk of thiamin deficiency. The urinary excretory level of thiamin was high in the cancer patients; it is, therefore, unlikely that the biochemical deficiency of the vitamin was due to lack of the vitamin intake. It is, however, possible that the cancer patients were unable to convert thiamin to thiamin pyrophosphate, the active form of the vitamin.


Generalized osteoblastic bony metastases from medulloblastoma.

Osteoblastic bony metastases were observed in a case of medulloblastoma three years after surgery and radiation treatment. There was clinical response to COP therapy (cytoxin, oncovin, prednisone). Radiographic and isotopic bone scan study showed uniform increase in bone density. Serum calcium and phosphorous and acid phosphatase levels were normal. Alkaline phosphatase was elevated and declined with therapy without change in the bone appearance. This suggested an increase in bone deposition activity. However, no increase in calcitonin level was detected either during active disease or following a chemotherapy-induced remission.


Enhancement of the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) by phenylethylbiguanide (phenformin).

Phenlethylbiguanide (phenformin) a commonly used antidiabetic medication has been found to enhance the antitumor effect of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea (BCNU) in advanced subcutaneously implanted murine L1210 leukemia. Enhancement required two doses of phenformin given twelve to 18 hours apart, the treatment starting either before or after BCNU administration. With BCNU alone median survival (MS) was 18 days with 5% cures. BCNU plus phenformin, in optimal dose and schedule, gave a MS of 25 days with 29% cures. Th mechanism of action of phenformin is unknown but may involve several established metabolic effects of this drug.


[Patterns of mechanical stress at the successive stages of early development of frog].

The immediate relaxation deformations have been studied in the embryonic frog tissues from the late blastula stage till the early tail bud stage. As a result, the maps of mechanical stresses were constructed which were characterized by the existence of distinct tension-lines dissecting the embryonic tissues (cross-lines). A few discrete moments of development were established when new cross-lines formed or the previous ones disappeared; they are separated by the topologically invariant periods of development. The cross-lines play an important role in morphogenesis in that they determine the ways of active cell migration and trace the boundaries between different anlages. The orientation of the cross-lines coincides, as a rule, with the direction of predominant tension of tissues during the preceding topologically invariant period of development.


[Proliferation of the cells of iris and pigment epithelium of the retina in the early periods after removal of the lens and iris in Spanish newts].

It has been shown by means of autoradiography that following the simultaneous removal of lens and retina in the eyes of adult ribbed newts (Pleurodeles waltlii) the proliferative processes related to the regeneration of retina, rather than lens, are most active at the early stages of eye restoration. During the lens regeneration in the absence of retina, the proliferation of the cells of pars iridica of the dorsal iris zone, a source of lens regeneration, is delayed, possibly due to the increase of the duration of mitotic cycle of these cells.


[Sex differences in the secretory activity of the gonads and in their sensitivity to gonadotropins in early ontogenesis of rats].

The secretion of estrogens by the ovaries of foetal (15-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ cultures was not detected by fluorimetry when the ovary was taken prior to the onset of folliculogenesis. The time schedule of the process of folliculogenesis in organ culture corresponded to that in vivo. Estrogens were detected in the medium when folliculogenesis was fully established in organ cultures. The secretion began spontaneously and was not affected by the addition of gonadotropins to the medium. On the contrary, the secretion of androgens by the testes of foetal (17-19 days of gestation) and newborn rats in organ cultures was constantly detected by the competitive protein-binding assay. The addition of gonadotropins to the culture medium increased the level of androgen secretion by foetal and newborn rats.


[Ratio of concentration of ions of uni- and bivalent metals in the tissues of developing chick embryos and 1-day-old chickens].

The ratio of concentrations Na+/K+ decreases in the brain and liver and increases in the cardiac muscle during the chick embryogenesis. The maximum concentration of Ca2+ was noted in the tissues under study on 14th day of chick embryonic development and its content decreased reliably at the subsequent stages. The concentration of Mg2+ in the tissues under study decreased during the embryogenesis as well.


[Desmosomes of follicular cells and C-cells in the thyroid gland of rats].

Well developed desmosomes can be seen between the C-cells and follicular cells in the rat thyroid gland. They are structurally similar to the desmosomes at the boundaries of homotypic cells. This observation speaks in favour of the development of C-cells from the initial cells of thyroid embryonic analage.


[Growth of the eye and pigment epithelium of the retina during postnatal development of rats].

By the weight changes, the rat's eye grows during the whole life, whereas its scleral sector with the area equal to that of pigment epithelium of the retina grows most intensively between the 2nd and 5th days after birth. During this period, its weight attains half of the value characteristic of the scleral sector for one year old rats. This period of growth of the scleral sector coincides with the previously established peak of proliferative activity and appearance of first binuclear cells in the pigment epithelium. From the 5th day till the 12th month after birth, the weight of scleral sector increases twice and its area 6 times. This suggests that the mechanical tension of the scleral sector walls is one of the factors of growth of this eye part. On the basis of comparison of the scleral sector growth, changes in proliferative activity and number of polyploid cells in the pigment epithelium of the central zone of fundus oculi, the following periodization of the life cycle of cell population of the pigment epithelium is proposed: (1) from birth till the 15th day--period of principal determination (the number of binuclear tetraploid cells attains 80%), (2) from the 15th day till, at least, the 5th month--period of stabilization, (3) after 5 months--period of senescence characterized by the accumulation of highly ploid tri- and tetranuclear cells; its lower limit is not clearly defined.


[Number of whorls and umbel rays in Acetabularia].

It was found in the proposed model of morphogenesis of Acetabularia that the number of whorls N (as well as the number of umbel rays) depends on the degree of mechanical instability of the deforming cell wall (the greater is instability, the higher is the value N). The genetic control of final morphogenetic processes can be realized by setting definite physical conditions and properties. The theoretical estimates of N carried out for different cases agree fairly well with the experimental data obtained.


[Study of temperature-sensitive mutations in the virilis group of Drosophila. 4. Phenogenetics of a temperature-sensitive mutation affecting the development of imaginal discs in Drosophila virilis Sturt].

The phenogenetics of a new temperature-sensitive mutation diskless-ts (dl-ts, 2nd chromosome) has been studied in D. virilis. The rearing of larvae from the 1st instar at the temperature 31 degrees resulted in the complete or partial arrest of the development of imaginal discs and, consequently, the death of larvae prior to the pupation, at the prepupa stage. The change of temperature from 25 to 31 degrees during the second half of development in the 3rd instar affects the differentiation of imaginal discs. Some organs differentiate completely or partially (eyes, wings, legs) whereas the rest do not develop at all. The sensitive period embraces the whole larval development till the beginning of pupation.


[Reactivation of the nuclei of reticulocytes and erythrocytes in heterokaryons].

The reactivation of the nuclei of erythrocytes, reticulocytes and bone marrow cells has been studied by means of hybridization of the pigeon erythroid cells with the human embryonic cells A1. The process of reactivation of the erythroid nucleus was shown to depend on the stage of erythroid cell differentiation. The nuclei of cells at the earlier stages of differentiation give a higher percentage of heterocaryons (40%, 70%) than those of more mature cells (9%). The activated nuclei of immatur cells formed nucleoli already 24 hrs, whereas those of mature erythrocytes only 3-5 days after the cell fusion.


[Reorganization of the nervous system during regeneration in Dugesia tigrina].

The normal structure of the nervous system in Dugesia tigrina Girard and the total morphodynamics of the nervous system during regeneration have been studied by means of choline esterase assay. The nervous system reacts to local damages of the planarian body; accumulations of nervous elements form in the wound region. Following the transverse cut of a planarian, the regeneration of the nervous system is not reduced to the completion of lacking parts. In this case (as well as in that of asexual reproduction) the nervous system manifests a considerable morphological lability and undergoes morphological rearrangements accompanied by the appearance of additional, frequently unpaired, nerve trunks. The data obtained are to be taken into account in neurobiological studies on planarians.


[Time of the action of genes controlling the activity of aldolase in embryonal development of groudling].

The time of action of the genes controlling the decrease of aldolase activity (21-23 hrs of development) and its subsequent increase (23-36 hrs) was determined by means of inactivation of the nuclei by actinomycin or heavy doses of irradiation at succesive developmental stages. There exist two distinct periods of gene activity; the former (15-18 hrs) determines the rapid fall of maternal aldolase activity and the latter (21-27 hrs) its subsequent replacement by embryonic aldolase. This result is confirmed by the data concerning the changes in aldolase heat resistance in the hybrids of the loach and tropical cyprinids. The genes controlling the synthesis of the new aldolase and the morphogenesis which takes place at the same developmental stages are functioning at different times, i.e. the biochemical and morphological differentiations may occur relatively independently.


[Spontaneous polyploidy in laboratory mice. Embryological and cytogenetic analysis].

The developmental patterns of mice with spontaneous genomic aberrations at the pre- and post-implantation embryonic stages have been studied. The frequency of spontaneous triploidy varies in different strains from 1.7 to 5.8%. Digeny is the principal cytogenetical mechanism for triploidy. The triploid embryos of all the strains under study are characterized by the total delay of development already at the blastocyst stage. The most of triploids die at the stages of neurula and beginning of active organogenesis. A few triploids are resorbed during placentation. In the CBA mice, the triploidization results in the characteristic syndrome: disproportionally reduced amniotic vesicle, hypertrophied allantoic rudiment, reduction of neural plate, absence of head folds, notochord and mesenchyme. The spontaneous tetraploidy in mice occurs very rarely and is accompanied by severe developmental defects already at the preimplantation stages.


[Study of nucleic acid synthesis in rat embryos in relation to phase-specific characteristics of teratogenic effect of chloridine].

The maximal rate of incorporation of 32P-phosphate, 14C-formate and 14C-thymidine in DNA was recorded on the 13th day of development in the rat embryos and that of 14C-formate and 32P-phosphate in RNA and nucleotides of the acid-soluble fraction on the 12th day. The maximal incorporation of 14C-formate was recorded later: on the 15-16th days. Chloridin inhibited the incorporation of 14C-formate in DNA at all developmental stages, irrespective of the sensitivity of embryos to its teratogenic effect. The period of the maximal rate of DNA synthesis coincides with that of highest teratogenic activity of the drug. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that quantitative differences in the intensity of DNA synthesis at different stages of organgenesis provide one of the main causes of differential sensitivity of embryos to the teratogenic effect of inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis.


[Ultrastructural analysis of the effects of dominant cataract-Fr gene in mouse embryos].

An electron microscope study of lenses in 11--15 and 17 days old embryos of mice homozygous by dominant cataract-Fr (CatFr) gene has shown that ultrastructural changes in the nuclear envelope are the earliest expression of the mutant gene. The primary lens fibers of 12 days old embryos CatFr/CatFr, unlike those of the normal ones, are characterized by the decrease in the number of nuclear pores, evagination of the outer nuclear membrane, marked and unequal extension of perinuclear space which connects itself with the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. In 14 days old embryos breaks in the outer nuclear membrane and evaginations in the inner one, fusion of nuclear membranes and breaks of the nuclear envelope are observed and resulted in the release of the nuclear contents with the nucleolus in the cytoplasm. Similar ultrastructural changes are characteristic also of the nuclei of secondary lens fibers at a comparable stage of differentiation. The destructive changes of nuclei are accompanied by the degeneration and autophagocytosis of cellular organelles and matrix.


[Ultrathin structure of normally growing and regenerating cells of Acetabularia mediterranea].

The ultrastructure of nucleus and cytoplasm in regenerating cells of Acetabularia mediterranea differs from that in normally growing ones: the nucleus of regenerating cells form numerous outgrowths; the cortical layer of nucleolus disintegrates markedly; the emission of nucleolar material in the nucleoplasm is observed. In the cytoplasm the portion of active chloroplasts increases and a great number of tubular fibrils appears. In the cytoplasm of regenerating cells the Golgi dictyosomes occur more frequently and the vesicles at their ends are larger than in that of normally growing cells. The changes of macromolecular organization of the nucleus and cytoplasm in question observed at the earlier stages of regeneration (2--12 hrs) suggest the increase of metabolic activity of cells.


[Species specificity of morphogenetic factors of Acetabularia, localized in the cytoplasmic zone adjacent to the cell membrane].

The species specificity of the factors controlling the cap development was established in the experiments with the transplantation of both the intact and centrifuged in the basal direction apical regions of Acetabularia meditteranea on nuclear basal regions of A. crenulata. These factors are found at the stage of 72 hrs of regeneration primarily in the cytoplasmic zone adjacent to the cell membrane which is not displaced during centrifugation. Using direct measurements and radiochemical method, we have shown that the accumulation of proteins proceeded in this zone due, mainly, to their transition from the cytoplasmic zone displaced during centrifugation.


[RNA synthesis in embryogenesis of Drosophila virilis].

The synthesis of different RNA fractions labelled by 3H-uridine has been studied at different developmental stages in Drosophila virilis by means of thermal phenol extraction and chromatography on oligo-alphaT-cellulose. There are two periods of intensive synthesis of poly-A containing (messenger) RNA in the course of embryogenesis. The former (6--12 hrs) is the period of gastrulation and stomodeum development and the latter (15--21 hrs) is the period of intensive differentiation of larval organs. The synthesis of poly-A free RNAs predominates at the stages of blastoderm (2--5 hrs) and mesoderm segmentation and embryo shortening (12--15 hrs).


[Change in testosterone content in the testes and peripheral blood in male rats during postnatal development].

Changes in testosterone content have been studied in the testes and peripheral blood in male rats from the 1st till the 42nd day after birth. The correlation was established between the level of luteinizing hormones in the blood and that of testosterone in the testes during the first 5 days after birth.


[Formation of tetraploid nuclei in regenerating rat liver].

The proliferation of binucleated cells in the liver of young Wistar rats after partial (2/3) hepatectomy was studied by means of autoradiography and cytophotometry. The analysis of the kinetics of 3H-thymidine labelled cells has shown that both the bi- and mononucleated cells proceed through the mitotic cycle and enter mitosis simultaneously. The nuclei of 2nX2 cells enter prophase simultaneously but fuse during metaphase, so that the subsequent division results in the formation of mononucleated tetraploid cells.


[Quantitative evaluation of periodicity of cell movement in the process of aggregation].

A method of quantitative estimation of quasiperiodic cell movements is considered which allows to approximate the process under study by the sum of trigonometric functions. The possibilities of the method are deomonstrated in the analysis of cell and aggregate movement during the development of a sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis from dissociated cells, taken as an example. The spectral composition of the movement of cell aggregates was found to change with time; the high frequencies disappear gradualy and the lower ones appear.


[Temperature sensitivity of genes controlling chromosome elimination in Drosophila hybrids].

The thermosensitivity and thermosensitive period of the genes controlling the elimination of the 6th chromosome of D. littoralis in the hybrids  male D. virillis X female D. littoralis were studied. The appearance of flies with the mutation glossy (mosaics and haplo-6-flies) served as a criterion of chromosome elimination. The genes under study were shown to be cold-sensitive, monophasic. The thermosensitive period lasts 2.5 hrs after egg laying--from the 1st cleavage division till the beginning of migration of the nuclei in the egg cortex. The appearance of almost 100% of haplo-6-flies at at 17 degrees is accounted for by the synchronous elimination of the 6th chromosome of D. littoralis during the first 3 cleavage divisions. The appearance of mosaics at 25 degrees is accounted for by the asynchronous chromosome elimination.


[Protein binding glucocorticoid hormones (transcortin) during peri-and postnatal ontogenesis and pregnancy in rats].

The constants of association and the energy of interaction between transcortin and cortisol, the binding ability and other characteristics of transcortin have been studied in the embryos, sexually immature and mature young and old females, females on the 14th and 21st days of pregnancy, immature and mature males. The constant of association in all the groups amounted to ca. 10(8) and the energy of interaction ca. 10 Cal/mole. The embryos and immature rats of both sexes are characterized by relatively low levels of the binding ability of transcortin. During the sexual maturation, the level of transcortin increased--insignificantly in males and markedly in females. The level of transcortin in the latter remained almost invariable during pregnancy and senescence. By the electrophoretic and sedimentation properties transcortin was the same in different groups. The high level of transcortin during pregnancy corresponded to the high level of hormones bound by transcortin, the level of these hormones in the embryos being much lower than in the mother.


[Morphologic and radioautographic study of reactivation of peritoneal exudate cell nuclei in heterokarya].

The heterokaryons of undifferentiated mouse fibroblasts (L and 3T3-4E/TK-) and various cell elements of the rat peritoneal exudate were obtained under the treatment with inactivated Sendai virus. The reactivation of RNA and DNA synthesis in the nuclei of highly differentiated periotoneal exudate cells and the synthesis of thymidine kinase controlled by the nuclei of peritoneal exudate cells were shown to occur in the heterokaryons. During the process of reactivation, the ring-like nuclei of polymorphonuclear leucocytes acquired the form characteristic of the reactivated nuclei of mononuclears. The morphological changes of heparin-containing granules in the cytoplasm of the heterokaryons of mast cells and undifferentiated fibroblasts suggest the degeneration and breakdown of granules.


[Study of the metanephros of fetuses, newborn and 2-month-old mice developing under conditions of kidney damage to the females by nephrocytotoxic serum].

In the metanephros of foetuses beginning from the 14 days of development and in the newborn mice from females with injured kidneys, marked defects of proximal convoluted tubules and less marked defects of glomeruli were noted what corresponded to the character of kidney injury in their mothers. At the same time the diameter of glomeruli and convoluted tubules, the height and width of their cells increased, but the diameter of their nuclei decreased. These changes are accompanied by distrophic changes, mainly in the cells of convoluted tubules, the most markedly expressed in the newborn mice. No marked histological changes were found in the metanephros of two months old experimental mice.


[Radioautographic study of melanin synthesis in cells of the pigmented epithelium of the retina in adult tritons following surgical removal of the retina].

The results are given for the autoradiographic study of melanin synthesis in the pigment epithelium cells of eye retina in the adult newts by the incorporation of 3H-dioxyphenylalanine (3H-DOPA). The synthesis of melanin began 4--8 days after the operation in the peripheral parts of the eye and but it was not observed in the central region of the eye fundus even 25 days alter the operation. A suggestion is put forward to the effect of the existence of different mechanisms for the initiation of melanin synthesis in these subpopulations of pigment epithelium.


[Formation of the respiratory enzyme apparatus in growing cells. IV. Composition of mitochondrial proteins synthesized in developing and germinating corn seeds].

The mitochondriogenesis in the developing maize embryo involves the accumulation of organelles with the relatively reduced matrix antigen content and relatively abundant several detergent-soluble membrane components, as compared with the mitochondria from differentiated root cells. Several new antigens are incorporated into the mitochondria of embryonic axes and scutella of imbibing seeds. While the qualitative protein patterns are constant, the ratio of individual antigens changes during the subsequent differentiation of root and scutellum cells. At the same time similar spectra consisting of 18--20 groups of mitochondrial polypeptides with the molecular weight from less than 12,000 to 115,000 are synthesized but the ratio of individual polypeptide groups changes differentially.


Is illness behavior related to chronicity in patients with intractable pain?

One hundred patients, referred for the management of intractable pain, completed a 52-item Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ). Responses were scored on 7 scales: general hypochondriasis, disease conviction, psychological versus somatic perception of illness, affective inhibition, affective disturbance, denial and irritability. IBQ scale profiles were used to study the relationship between chronicity of pain and pattern of illness behaviour reported. Except in the case of one scale, no significant correlation emerged. This overall lack of association between chronicity and illness behaviour remained even when the patient sample was restricted to those 20 patients having substantial organic pathology associated with their pain. These findings suggest that degree of chronicity is unlikely to play a major role in determining the illness behaviour manifested by patients with intractable pain.


Electrical stimulation of teeth.

The technical problems of stimulating intact teeth in clinical diagnosis and in pain research are discussed. Bipolar stimulation has no advantage over monopolar stimulation for most applications. A 100 V constant current stimulator is suitable for monopolar stimulation of healthy teeth with a large electrode at about threshold intensity, but, for monopolar stimulation up to 150 micronA and for bipolar stimulation, very much higher voltages are required and no suitable instrument is available. Circuits are given for isolated 100 V and 1kV constant current stimulators.


Detection and decision factors in pain perception in young and elderly men.

The effect of age on ability to discriminate between levels of electrical stimulation of tooth pulp and willingness to report shocks as painful was evaluated using the Sensory Decision Theory. While threshold did not increase with age for tooth pulp stimulation as is often observed for thermal pain thresholds, a significant age deficit in ability to discriminate between suprathreshold shocks was observed. Significant changes with age in willingness to report the electrical shocks as painful were also observed. These results indicate that changes with age in pain perception are complex, involving not only possible discrimination deficits but also changes in bias for and against labeling noxious events as painful. These findings stress the need for within individual comparisons of laboratory techniques for evoking acute pain experiences where variables such as age are under consideration.


Release of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine by plasma taken from patients during and between migraine attacks.

Experiments were carried out in order to further delineate the pathophysiology of the fall of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) during a migraine attack. Platelets from normal subjects were incubated with 14C-labelled 5-HT, and the release of 5-HT was measured following exposure of these platelets to plasma taken from migraine patients during an attack or at headache-free intervals. Plasma taken during attacks released significantly more 5-HT. It is concluded that factor(s) exist in the serum during migraine attacks, which can cause 5-HT release from normal platelets. The identification of this factor may be important.


The language of pain: intensity.

Thirty-nine adjectives which may be used to describe a pain experience were rated on an "intensity" continuum by 93 subjects, and in a second study by an additional 90 subjects. In each study these ratings were intercorrelated and factor-analyzed. The first 6 factors extracted were rotated to a simple structure criterion. The first factor was identified as an "intensity" factor. Examination of the adjectives indicated that intensity relates to "affective-evaluative" adjectives rather than "sensory" ones. The implications of these findings for the language a patient may use to communicate the intensity of a pain are discussed.


[Characteristics of distribution of fleas from small mammals and birds in the southern taiga of Priirtysh'ie].

The analysis of the landscape distribution of fleas from small mammals and birds in the southern taiga of Priirtishje is given. According to their abundance and faunistic composition the population of fleas from small mammals can be arranged into four groups: fleas of forest floodland landscape, those of forest-meadow floodland landscape, fleas of settlements and bogs.


[Mass tracing of Aedes vexans vexans by means of radioactive phosphorus for the study of their flight range from the breeding sites].

In the valley of the Upper Yenisei IV instar larvae of A. vexans vexans were traced with 32P and then 1.86 mln imagos were released. Among 442 857 mosquitoes caught after hatching 243 were traced. Most of the traced individuals did not yet start looking for prey and were caught during the first five days near the hatching site. 14 radioactive females were caught within 4.5 km distance from the hatching site in the following weeks.


[Biological properties of promastigotes of Leishmania having undergone lyophilization].

Materials are presented of a comparative study of morphological and cultural properties and virulence of liophylized cultures of Leishmania tropica major after their rehydration or after a long passage on the NNN medium. Results of investigations of two initial strains and three substrains obtained after the recovery of liophylized cultures have shown that liophylization does not reduce essentially the initial strain virulence. The strains undergone liophylization and passed repeatedly on the NNN medium have a tendency to a quicker virulence reduction rate as compared to initial ones. The culture of promastigotes recultivated after liophylization does not differ from the initial one in the ranges of 1-7 passages in its morphology, mobility and ability to grow on the NNN medium.


[Certain principles of the secondary simplication of the life cycles of helminths].

On the basis of the analysis of regularities accompanying the secondary simplification of the life cycles of helminths on account of the reduction in the number of the animals-hosts 8 rules have been formulated. They are based on the following important regularities. 1. At the secondary simplification of the life cycles of helminths never fall out the first intermediate host in Trematoda and the definitive host in Nematoda. This phenomenon is suggested to be called "the host stability in the life cycle". 2. Mostly often from the life cycles fall secondarily out those hosts which join in the life cycle at its first complication later. 3. The phase of the helminth having transformed into a parasitic form at the first complication of its life cycle remains the same at the secondary simplification of this cycle.


Metastases from single as compared to repeated tumour cell doses.

Tumour formation from single or repeated small i.v. tumour cell doses was studied in a syngeneic tumour-host system. Only marginal differences were observed between different dose schedules, once the critical cell dose level was surpassed.


[Effect of procercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus on the biology of their 1st imtermediate hosts Cyclops strenuus].

The effect of procercoids of T. nodulosus on the periods of metamorphosis, fecundity, survival and the capacity to infect C. strenuus at all copepodid stages (I-V) was studied experimentally. It has been first shown that early copepodid stages (I-III) can be easily infected and serve as first intermediate hosts of T. nodulosus. Under the effect of the parasite the metamorphosis periods of the I and 2-nd copepodid stages increase considerably even at the low infection intensity while at the IV and V copepodid stages--only at the high infection intensity. If the infection takes place at the IV copepodid stage the female fecundity decreases even at a high infection intensity. The life span of infected and noninfected cyclops coincides. At early developmental stages the relations in the system "T. nodulosus-C. strenuus" manifest themselves in different ways and result in the breach of the important biological function of the host.


Experimental allergic sialoadenitis. IX. The regional lymph nodes after antigenic challenges of the parotid glands in rats.

The regional lymph nodes of the parotid gland of rats were examined histologically. The nodes were removed from untreated animals or rats given instillations of BSA or saline into the parotid duct. Anti-BSA antibodies were assessed in the saliva and serum. Patterns of reactivity of the lymph nodes did not correlate with the presence or absence of salivary and serum antibodies. The occurrence of antibodies in the saliva appears to reflect the activity of immunocytes residing in the parotid gland. The morphological features of the lymph nodes correspond to the overall immunological experience.


[Osmotic tolerance and adaptation to hypotonic medium of Echinorhynchus gadi (Acanthocephala, Echinorhynchidae)].

Minimum of the osmotic pressure in the intestine of the cod corresponds to the osmotic pressure of sea water of 10%. The sorbtion level of neutral red by intact E. gadi remained practically unchanged after their maintenance in sea water of 8-10 to 30% during 24 hours (ecological optimum). Specimens of E. gadi transferred from 10 to 4% displayed compensatory recovery of the normal sorbtion level of the dye by the 5th-6th day of the experiment. The ability of Acanthocephala possessing extreme eutelia to a physiological adaptation is indicative of its not obligatory participation of mitotic processes in the acclimation.


Aortic endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions in early stages of experimental atherogenesis and in scurvy.

The endothelial and sub-endothelial lesions during early stages of experimental atherogenesis and scurvy have been studied by means of scanning EM and transmission EM, making use also of the Con-A reaction. The surface coat modifications were accompanied by formation of vacuoles in the endothelial cells and by sub-endothelial 'oedema', not only in rabbits fed a hypercholesterolic diet but also in scorbutic guinea pigs. The endothelial lesions were sometimes found even before clear modifications of the Con-A surface reactive layer were apparent.


Plasma cell alterations in ulcerative colitis. An electron microscopic study.

Colon biopsies from 37 young patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC) were investigated by electron microscopy with special regard to the inflammatory infiltrate of the lamina propria mucosae, which is characterized by lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. There are close topographical relations between plasma cells and other inflammatory cells. In particular, different forms of plasma cells occur, which mainly differ in shape and contents of their rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The different degrees of development and dilatation of the RER express different functional states. The frequent occurrence of Russell bodies, Mott cells and necrobiotic plasma cells is explained as a--at least partial--pathologic alteration of plasma cells in UC. In context with recently published immunohistochemical findings these observations permit the assumption of an imbalance of the local Ig-system in UC.


[Genetic-physiological compatibility and karyotypes of stem nematode].

The paper presents literary and the authors own data. The potato stem eelworm Ditylenchus destructor has a set of chromosomes 2n=44-48 and does not cross with the close species D. dipsaci from onion, garlic, parsley and parsnip. Most stem eelworms of the collective species D. dipsaci have n=12 and cross with each other producing fertile progeny. Some forms of stem eelworms, e.g. those of broad beans, plantain, dandelion and falcaria are polyploid. Intraspecies and intrapopulation polymorphism according to the number of chromosomes was recorded. Some races do not cross, some cross but unilaterally, some races produce sterile, non-viable or little viable hybrids. The species D. dipsaci should be regarded not only as a complex of species but as a group of forms at different stages of intraspecies differentiation.


[Tarsal gland of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae)].

In the tarsi of all legs of Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor daghestanicus, Rhipicephalus turanicus and Hyalomma asiaticum the multicellular gland was observed. The gland is formed by a single layer of glandular cells that form a central cavity where two ciliary structures in a cuticular (scolopoid) sheath are situated. A possible function of the gland is discussed in the article.


Note on the ultrastructure of the Guérin T-8 transplantable tumour.

The ultrastructure of the Guérin tumour T-8 is described. Although this transplantable tumour has its ancestry in an uterine adenocarcinoma, there is no more evidence of gland formation. Desmosomes, or any other form of cell attachment organelle, were totally absent. The tumour has now a very anaplastic sarcomatous appearance.


[Carassotrema koreanum Park, 1938 (Trematoda, Waretrematidae) and a new species of this genus from fresh water fishes of North Vietnam].

In freshwater fishes of North Viet-Nam were found representatives of the family Waretrematidae, Carassotrema koreanum and a new species of this genus, C. ginezinskajae sp. n., close to C. koreanum and differing from it in the structure and extent of yolk glands, relatively larger sizes of the pharynx and suckers, the location of spines and body shape. The described species differs from the other species of this genus, C. mugilicola, in the shape and location of testis, structure and location of yolk glands, intestine extent, size of suckers and pharynx, presence of cirrus, location of spines on the body and in other characters. Asymphylodora pavlovskajae Ha Ky, 1969 and Asymphylodora ginezinskajae Ha Ky, 1969 are reduced to synonyms of Carassotrema koreanum and C. ginezinskajae sp. n.


[New species of spiral nematode from the mountain tundra of Kamchatka].

A new species of nematodes, Rotylenchus alpinus sp. n., is described. The species was found in the rhizosphere of Vaccinum uliginosum and Arctous alpina from the mountain tundra of Kamchatka. It differs from the close species R. orientalis in having a higher place of entering of the oesophagal dorsal gland duct, well developed hind ovary and in having males. From R. goodeyi the species differs by a lower place of entering of the dorsal gland duct, smaller sizes of the body and gubernaculum.


[The importance of Scotochromogenous mycobacteria in the urine].

In order to find the significance of the presence of Scotochromogenous Mycobacteria in the urine, 155 cases with this finding and without other Mycobacteria were analyzed. Most had urinary symptoms (91.6%), abnormal urine analysis (62.5%), negative urine culture (71.7%), and changes in intravenous pyelograms (89.5%). Clinical and laboratory improvement was noticed in 70% of those who received antituberculous drugs and in 30% of those who did not receive them (P less than 0.01). All of the foregoing characteristics were present in each 23 patients with repeated isolations of Scotochromogens in the urine, and could be cases of urinary-tract disease due to Scotochromogens. In other patients this Mycobacteria could coexist with M. tuberculosis, or be a contaminant, although Scotochromogens were not found in the urine of 100 control subjects, a significant difference to these patients (P less than 0.0001).


[Certain aspects of transformation of 21-acetate of the Reichstein substance "S" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis].

The transformation of acetate from the Reichstein substance "S" by the culture of Tieghemella orchidis was studied upon a single and fractional addition of the substrate. The effect of streptomycin sulphate, Tween-80, ethanol (steroid solvent) and steroid solution on the respiratory activity of the culture was investigated upon a single and fractional addition of the steroid. During transformation the respiratory activity of the culture decreased--by the end of the process (18-20 hours) it fell 2-2.5-fold upon a single addition of the steroid (1 g/l) and by 20% upon a fractional addition of the steroid (2 g/l). In the latter case the respiratory activity dropped step-by-step if the concentration of the steroid was 1.4-1.6 g/l; simultaneously the transformation activity declined.


[Relationship between exoprotease activity, spore and crystal formation and virulence of bacteria of the group Bacillus thuringiensis].

Experiments were carried out to investigate the activity, spore and crystal formation and virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacteria of this group showed different exoprotease activity. Strains of one serotype differed in the level and time of occurrence of peak enzyme activity. Exoprotease activity of the bacteria cannot be indicative of their toxicity because it did not correlate with their virulence. Exoprotease activity can be used to characterize bacteria during their classification  and to determine finer differences between strains within one serotype.


[Mass-spectrometric study of the mechanism of microbial oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde].

In order to clarify mechanisms of nicotinic acid synthesis during microbial transformation of 3-methylpyridine, microbial and spontaneous air oxygen oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde to nicotinic acid in the H218O environment was studied. It was shown that during spontaneous oxidation the label was incorporated into one atom of oxygen in the carboxylic group of nicotinic acid. During the microbial oxidation the label was equally incorporated into both atoms of oxygen in the carboxylic group of nicotinic acid. It is concluded that the mechanisms of spontaneous and microbial oxidation of 3-pyridinaldehyde are different. It is suggested that the possible precursor of nicotinic acid during microbial oxidation may be hydroxy-3-pyridinaldehyde.


[Leukemia of plasma cells].

A case of plasma cell leukemia is reported, together with a review of the literature, including a summary of the signs, symptoms and laboratory findings usually present. The relationship of this leukemic state to ordinary multiple myeloma is discussed.


[Thermogenesis of mesophilic, thermotolerant and thermophilic strains of microorganisms--producers of fungal cell wall--destroying enzymes].

Investigations were carried out to clarify the relationship between thermogenesis and production of yeast wall lyzing enzymes by the mesophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis, thermotolerant strain of Actinomyces sp. II and thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10. The enzymic lyzing activity was measured in the culture liquid filtrate of those microorganisms. The thermophilic strain of Actinomyces sp. 10 showed the highest enzymic activity. The thermogenetic curves of the cultures had several inflections. The mesophilic culture of Bacillus subtilis whose enzymic lyzing activity was the lowest displayed the highest heat release.


[Effect of porphyrins and their derivatives on biosynthesis of vitamin B 12 and the development of Propionibacterium shermanii].

The effect of uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin and their cobalt-containing derivatives on the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and development of propionibacterium shermanii was studied. The compounds under study stimulated the vitamin synthesis by growing cultures and resting suspensions of these bacteria. Cobalt porphyrins as the sole source of cobalt were used in the vitamin B12 biosynthesis. An addition of cobalt porphyrins to the growing culture of propionic bacteria increased in accumulation of their biomass. Possible mechanisms of porphyrin involvement in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12 and the specific role of cobalt porphyrins in the bacterial activity are discussed.


[Purification of pancreatic kallikrein by the method of affinity chromatography].

Pancreatic Kallikrein was purified by affinity chromatography on BPTI-Sepharose. Immobilized BPTI was prepared via three stages: a) formation of the BPTI--acetylated trypsin complex; b) coupling of the resultant complex with CNBr-activated Sepharose; c) dissociation of the bound complex at pH 2.0 to yield immobilized BPTI and acetylated trypsin. The final product contained 59 X 10(-3) micronmoles insolubilized BPTI/ml Sepharose. Trypsin occurring in commercial Kallikrein preparations was separated by the batch procedure with ovomucoid-Sepharose. This method allows 100-fold purification of commercial Kallikrein.


[New strain of methylotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas oleovorans--a polysaccharide producer].

A new strain of facultative-methylotrophic bacteria was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas oleovorans. The culture grew on the methanol-containing medium (up to 6%). In addition to methanol, bacterial growth was provided by different organic acids, multicarbon alcohols and carbohydrates. During growth bacteria synthesized extracellular polysaccharide (up to 400 mg/ml). The compound included glucose, galactose and xylose.


[Modification of the spectrophotometric method of determination of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal in enzymatic preparations].

In quantitative measurements of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxal in enzymes routinely used phenylhydrasine was substituted for 4-nitrophenylhydrasine. This increased the sensitivity of the method by 70%. The modified procedure had another advantage: it allowed measurements of the optic density of resulting 4-nitrophenylhydrasones at 430 nm for acid solutions and at 550 nm for alkaline solutions.


[Isolation of iodine-protein components from sea algae].

The isolation of iodorganic compounds from the Black Sea red alga Phyllophora nervosa and its by-products obtained from industrial treatment was investigated. The algal biomass was pressed to remove alkali, subjected to 5-10 min treatment with 11-12% sodium hydrate, and drying at 125-130 degrees C and washed to yield 95% iodine and over 80% proteins. Iodine was found to be bound with protein of Phyllophora. Properties of the isolated iodine-peptide fractions were studied.


[Model for a sociopsychiatric out-patient clinic? (author's transl)].

In the psychiatric social services of the Public Health Departments in Berlin (Charlottenburg, Spandau, Kreuzberg), data concerning the clients, the work of the coworkers and the quality of client care were collected. More than 80% of the clients of the psychiatric social service suffer from severe psychiatric disturbances: alcoholism, psychiatric geriatric illness and schizophrenia. This diagnosis range  differs significantly from that of the physicians in a private practice. Competition, therefore, does not exist between the psychiatric social services and the psychiatrists in a private practice. --The coworkers of the social istuation (housing, profession, salary and social contacts) to be poor for every second (to third) client and unfavorable for the course of the disease. Psychiatric social care in the areas of medicine, nursing and welfare as well as the coordination of the care was evaluated as unsatisfactory for every second (to third) client. --Dor social workers and physicians, the percentage of direct patient-oriented activity was about 45%, the percentage of indirect patient-oriented activity was about 55%, about 40% of the work-time was used for administration. An improvement in the organization could free more work-time for meaningful activity. --The psychiatric social services fulfill an important function for out-patient care, particularly for the severly mentally disturbed. The existing gaps in client care cannot begin to be closed by just expanding the psychiatric social services in terms of personnel in the Public Health Department. Extensive structural changes must also be made in regard to psychiatric care.


[Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of various in vitro tests for the study of thyroid performance (author's transl)].

Discriminating analysis was employed in an evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of individual in vitro tests of thyroid performance (T3 resin uptake, T4, FTI, ETR) and PB131I determination, and their combinations, when used for the differentiation of euthyroid, Basedow hyperthyroid, hyperfunctioning autonomous adenoma, and hypothyroid cases. The results are discussed with reference to optimization of the data: radiation dose ratio.


[Sialography and scintigraphy in salivary pathology (author's transl)].

58 cases of salivary glands pathology were investigated by means of sialography and scintigraphy in order to compare these methods. The usefulness of this association is discussed and a number of significant cases are presented.


[Angioscintigraphy with gammacamera in vascular pathology of the encephalon (author's transl)].

Serial angioscintigraphy with 99mTc-pertecnetate and gamma camera was carried out in more than 500 cases of cerebropathies with various but prevalently vascular pathogenesis. Pictures are described and discussed with reference to the differential diagnosis, and a number of significant cases are reported in detail.


[67Ga scintiscanning in the diagnosis of lung diseases (author's transl)].

The results observed with 67Ga scintiscanning in 101 cases of lung disease are presented and discussed in relation to the final diagnosis, and hence the reliability of the examination.


[133Xe functional evaluation of the lung in obstructive syndromes (author's transl)].

124 patients with obstructive broncho-pulmonary syndromes have bzen studied with 133Xe moving scanning. The method and the results are described; 5 cases are reported in detail.


[Diagnostic possibilities of scintigraphy with radiocholesterol (author's transl)].

Scintigraphy of the suprarenal glands with 131I-iodocholesterol has been performed by means of a linear scanner or gamma-camera in 56 subjects. The results are presented and discussed and some cases are reported in detail.


[First attempt at evaluating the overall risk induced in the diagnostic use of radionuclides (author's transl)].

An attempt to evaluate the total radiation risk caused by the diagnostic use of radionuclides was made. The estimate was based on the calculation of the genetically significant dose the mean dose in the bone marrow and the dose in the whole body and in the organs which accumulate the radionuclides. The statistical data were furnished by the nuclear medicine service of the Province of Varese.


Changes in cell age cohort composition of tumors and normal tissues by radiation and chemotherapy.

The cell cycle is now known to be important in normal and tumor tissue and to be altered by a variety of states and therapies. The fact that there is considerable normal variation in cell ages or age cohorts present in both normal and tumor tissues has only recently been widely appreciated. These differ in normal, malignant, young and adult tissues. They are also greatly perturbed by radiation or chemotherapeutic injury. How to combine multi-modality therapy to optimize tumor control using available agents while sparing normal tissues is a problem for the future of cancer therapy and radiation oncology.


The esophagus in collagen disease. Radiologic findings.

A prospective cineradiographic and manometric study of pharyngeal and esophageal dysfunction was performed in 54 patients with rigidly defined scleroderma, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Cineradiography was inaccurate in pharyngeal dysfunctions specific for polymyositis. Manometry was an accurate but insensitive test. Manometry was also significantly more accurate than cineradiography in identifying patients with smooth muscle dysfunction (scleroderma). Cineradiographic finding of absent esophageal peristalsis accurately identified patients with scleroderma but it identified only a small percentage (33 percent). Cineradiography finding of diminished esophageal peristalsis was found in scleroderma (23 percent), polymyositis, (30 percent), and SLE (11 percent) and has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is a non specific finding suggestive of collagen vascular disease rather than specific for scleroderms.


The decline and early fall of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage.

Seven years' experience (1965-1972) with neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage at the University of Colorado was reviewed. Pulmonary hemorrhage still occurs frequently as a preterminal event in hyaline membrane disease. As an isolated "pure" entity, however, pulmonary hemorrhage has shown a marked decline. This phenomenon is probably related to advances in neonatal intensive care. The radiographic pattern of "pure" pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn is most commonly a diffuse alveolar infiltrate. Since pure hemorrhage is now an uncommon entity, the radiologist can reasonably suggest this diagnosis on rare occasions only, in the clinical setting of profound hypoxia.


Complete interruption of the aorta in Noonan's syndrome.

A patient is presented who lived to age 60 with complete interruption of the aorta associated with Noonan's syndrome. On chest x-ray there were calcified mediastinal masses and bilateral rib notching. Angiography demonstrated complete interruption of the aorta with markedly dilated tortuous intercostal arteries. The roentgenographic studies are correlated with the surgical and pathological findings. Noonan's syndrome is discussed.


Neoplastic involvement of terminal digits masquerading clinically as benign disease.

Two patients with primary and four with metastatic distal phalangeal lesions in whom a wrong diagnosis of benign disease was initially made are presented with a brief review of the literature and a discussion of the clinico-radiographic features. Primary phalangeal lesions may be either epidermoid carcinoma or malignant melanoma are are often confused with paronychia, while most metastatic lesions are due to pulmonary or breast cancer and simulate a felon clinically. Primary nail bed lesions are characterized radiographically by external cortical erosions; metastatic lesions tend to show a diffuse demineralization and extensive destruction of the whole digit.


Evaluation of intracranial aneurysms by computed tomography.

Useful information has been gained by review of eight cases of intracranial aneurysm demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) and correlation with cerebral angiograms. The angiograms demonstrated one or multiple aneurysms, the precise location of the aneurysm, and presence of arterial spasm. The CT scan can delineate the full size of the aneurysm when the sac has been partially obliterated by thrombus, the presence of hematoma, infarction, hydrocephalus, and intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage. These associated features are more difficult to evaluate by angiography alone.


Radiographic evaluation of patency of interposition mesocaval shunts.

The technique of side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis with the interposition of a prosthetic graft was described in 1970. We report the result of venographic evaluation of patency of this type of shunt in our patients. Demonstration of an unoccluded graft; resistance to retrograde injection of dye against the blood stream into the superior mesenteric vein; rapid clearing of dye from superior mesenteric vein following injection and "lamellar flow defect" in the vena cava above the site of anastomosis during vena cavogram, were considered criteria of patency of the interposition mesocaval shunt.


Percutaneous cholangiography with the Chiba University needle: a new, safe, and accurate method in the diagnosis of cholestatic syndromes.

A modified technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography utilizing the Chiba University needle is described. This new technique employs injection of dye through a thin flexible 22 gauge needle with a short bevel while it is slowly withdrawn under a fluoroscopic monitoring. The results of several investigators are reviewed and indicate that failure to visualize the biliary radicals with the Chiba University needle virtually rules out extrahepatic obstruction. It is anticipated that this technique will replace the traditional sheathed needle cholangiography as a diagnostic modality in the evaluation of the jaundiced patient.