Interactions of actin, myosin, and a new actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages. II. Role in cytoplasmic movement and phagocytosis.

Actin and myosin of rabbit pulmonary macrophages are influenced by two other proteins. A protein cofactor is required for the actin activation of macrophage myosin Mg2 ATPase activity, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein aggregates actin filaments (Stossel T.P., and J.H. Hartwig. 1975. J. Biol. Chem. 250:5706-5711)9 When warmed in 0.34 M sucrose solution containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol, these four proteins interact cooperatively. Acin-binding protein in the presence of actin causes the actin to form a gel, which liquifies when cooled. The myosin contracts the gel into an aggregate, and the rate of aggregation is accelerated by the cofactor. Therefore, we believe that these four proteins also effec the temperature-dependent gelation and aggregation of crude sucrose extracts pulmonary macrophages containing Mg2-ATP and dithiothreitol. The gelled extracts are composed of tangled filaments. Relative to homogenates of resting macrophages, the distribution of actin-binding protein in homogenates of phagocytizing macrophages is altered such that 2-6 times more actin-binding protein is soluble. Sucrose extracts of phagocytizing macrophages gel more rapidly than extracts of resting macrophages. Phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages involves the formation of peripheral pseudopods containing filaments. The findings suggest that the actin-binding protein initiates a cooperative interaction of contractile proteins to generate cytoplasmic gelation, and that phagocytosis influences the behavior of the actin-binding protein.


Ultrastructural features of chromatin nu bodies.

Spread chromatin fibers and isolated chromatin fragments prepared from chicken erythrocyte nuclei were stained with dilute aqueous uranyl acetate. High-resolution electron micrographs reveal two new morphological features exhibited by many of the chromatin nu bodies: (a) lateral association of the nu body with the connecting strand, and (b) a centrally stained spot approximately 15 A wide, possibly corresponding to a hole or crevice within the nu body.


Mechanical damage to rabbit tracheal epithelium from inhaling inert pyrite dust of needle-like structure. Part II.

The ultrastructure of rabbit tracheal epithelium was studied 2, 8 and 26 hours after termination of 8-hour inhalation of ground pyrite dust. Pyrite particles persist in the cytoplasm of ciliated cells throughout the interval followed up. Only through degeneration and elimination of these cells from the epithelium is the inhaled dust gradually removed from the mucous membrane. Goblet cells discharge pyrite-containing  mucus into the  ciliary border region for a period of 26 hours after cessation of inhalation thus inducing further damage to the ciliary border and the apical regions of the cells even after termination of inhalation. The morphological appearance of the ciliary border, especially in the first phase after termination of inhalation, suggests a disturbance of the self-cleaning function of the eipithelium of respiratory passages. The inhalation of aerosol of needle-like structure causes mechanical damage to tracheal epithelium. Substantial retardation of the onset of epithelial regeneration and slow rate of elimination of the inhaled aerosol from the tracheal mucosa was noted.


[Evaluation of the incidence of congenital rubella in GDR].

Annual number of congenital rubellas in GDR was evaluated by means of a mathematic model. Dates of inmunity rate of rubella in L. and P. districts obtained by means of haemagglutination inhibition reaction were taken into account. From these dates of a number of possible primary cases of rubella infection in wifes in the first 3 months of pregnancy as well as literary dates on mean number of monsters determined after the infection, i.e. 10--15--25% cases, were evaluated. There were obtained in relation with different mean numbers of monsters 37--56--93 cases of congenital rubellas for live born children from mothers at the age of 14 to 45 years. It results in total that the incidence of disease for live born children from mothers up to 45 years, is 0,2--0,5%, i.e. 2--5 children with congenital rubella on 10 000 live born children. Compared with literary data, it results a good correlation between proper evaluations and numbers of congenital rubella incidence quoted by other authors. In view of these evaluations, a conclusion to introduce protective rubella vaccination, is fully justified.


International and national aspects of epidemiological plague surveillance in the USSR.

General principles and organizational forms of epidemiological surveillance of plague in the USSR both in seaports andin natural foci are discussed. On the basis of the analysis of the authors' experience over many years and taking into consideration literary data, the authors recommend a minimum, but in their opinion effective amount of a successful realization of these recommendations, it is expedient to establish a special team (or teams) consisting of 10-12 members.


The epidemiology of epidemic parotitis in the USSR.

Morbidity from epidemic parotitis in the USSR in the period from 1958 to 1972 ranged within the limits of 266.6 and 521.7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. A 3--4 years cyclic recurrence of rises and falls in morbidity was observed. The bulk of cases of disease occur in the winter-spring period. In towns, parotitis is registered 3 times more frequently, in the mean, than in rural districts. More than 95% of patients in the USSR consisted of children under 15, while in Moscow, children aged 3--5 years were the most affected group. In Moscow in the period from February 1, 1972 to January 31, 1973, the morbidity in men was 493.2 per 100 000 and in women 339.5 per 100 000 (ratio 1:1.45).


The density of microflora in the oral and pharyngeal cavities.

A method for quantitative assessment of the microbial density on the mucous membranes in the oral and pharyngeal cavities is described. The results of the assessment are in agreement with the theoretical assumption based on the existence of a natural electrostatic filter. The highest density of microbes is on the tonsils where the positive pole of the filter is situated, so that a synergism between the defensive immunological role of the tonsils and the bioelectric potential pattern is obvious. The microbial densities in the oral cavity are more or less interdependent whereas the findings on the pharynx rear wall are isolated being probably perturbed by repeated swallowing.


Identification of Leptospira andamana isolated from the spinal fluid of a fatal case of leptospirosis in São Paulo, 1963.

The IAL-S. P. strain was isolated from the spinal fluid of a patient male, aged 35, black, a sewer worker with fever, myalgia, jaundice, vomiting and meningitis symptoms with a 5-day incubation period after the lower half of the body had been submerged for 2 hours in sewers when unblocking a drain. Leptospires were isolated by direct inoculation of the spinal fluid taken on the 9th day of the illness into the Fletcher's media and into guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal route. The patient gave a positive agglutination test for L. andamana with cross-reaction with L. sejroe. The strain was identified as L. andamana by the cross-agglutination-lysis test and the cross-absorption test. The IAL-S. P. strain is undoubtedly not saprophytic but parasitic and pathogenic for man and animals, however its biological properties resist to the oligodynamic action of Cu and Hg and the 8-azoguanine action as in the case of the Patoc 1 strain. I could be recommended to reconsider whether the strain belongs to L. interrogans, L. biflexa or to another group because the grounds for L. andamana being saprophytic were denied by this report.


Composition of immunoglobulins in brucellosis patients using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography.

The composition of immunoglobulins in patients with brucellosis was studied. The method of ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose columns was used to define more precisely the physico-chemical character of cysteine-resistant antibodies. The study of IgM, IgA and IgG fractions obtained from the patients sera showed the IgG fraction to possess the greatest serological activity in the agglutination reaction, in the passive haemagglutination reaction and in Coomb's test. Specific antibodies in the remaining 2 fractions  (IgA and IgM) were found only in single patients in low titres, mainly in Coomb's test (incomplete antibodies). The study of IgM, IgA and IgG serum fractions before and after cysteine treatment revealed cysteine-resistant antibodies to be usually IgG globulins. The presence of specific IgG antibodies in the sera of patients was found to correlate with active clinical manifestations of brucellosis.


Investigation of some problems of virology and creation of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections in the institute of poliomyelitis and virus encephalitis, academy of medical sciences of the USSR.

Several great problems are clearly distinguished in the development of the Soviet medical virology. The team of the Institute of Polliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis of the AMS of the USSR actively participates in the study of these problems. They include the investigation of theoretical questions of general virology, creation and improvement of means of specific prophylaxis of virus infections, virological examination of diseases endemic for single districts of the USSR as well as the search for, discovery and exploration of new viruses, causative agents of disease. The achievements of the team of the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Virus Encephalitis in the field of liquidation of poliomyelits, creation of new effective preparations against tick-borne encephalitis, rabies and other neurovirus infections are a clear consequence of the prophylactic trend of the Soviet health care, thoughtful planning of scientific work and broad, complex conception of scientific investigations, close connection with other scientific institutions, involvement of specialists of contiguous disciplines in scientific problems, international cooperation inthe elaboration of the mentioned problems within the framework of the CMEA, the use of the most modern and most perfect methods of scientific work and the accomplishment of all socio-economic and medical measures.


Administration of antibiotics in combination. Determination of antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine after simultaneous administration of macrolides and tetracyclines.

The authors deal with antibacterial effectivity of blood serum and urine in simultaneous administration of macrolids and tetracyclines under in vivo conditions, using Staphylococcus aureus strains. The obtained results suggest that pharmacodynamic effect, i.e., higher effective concentration, is induced in some combinations of these preparations. It was found mainly after the administration of the combinations of erythromycin 250 mg + doxycycline 200 mg in all the chosen reference strains S. a. The results have also shown that the combination of erythromycin with tetracycline has a higher effect when an erythromycin-resistant strain is used than when using a strain resistant to tetracycline.


Motility evaluation of bull spermatozoa by photon correlation spectroscopy.

Quasi-elastic light scattering techniques are employed to evaluate motility of bovine spermatozoa. The electric field correlation function CE(k, tau) has two components CE(k, tau) = alphafm+(1-alpha)fd, where fm is the correlation function due to motile cells, fd is due to dead cells and alpha is the fraction of motile cells. A function which is a linear combination of the experimentally measured fd and an empirically determined function fm is fit to the CE(k, tau) data. In this way, alpha and the approximate analytic form of fm are determined. The distribution of swimming speeds P(v) is derived from fm using an inverse Fourier sine transform procedure. Results for the time dependence of motility of bull sperm in Hank's balanced salt solution are presented.


Force-length relations of glycerinated rabbit psoas.

Force-length curves of glycerinated rabbit psoas were determined in media of physiological interest. In one set of experiments the free [Ca++] was constant at 10(-5) M and the [MgATP] varied. At low [MgATP] the elastic properties are those of a highly ordered, inextensible fiber; at high [MgATP] they are representative of a much more elastic body. At intermediate concentrations sigmoidal shaped curves were observed as were also found when [MgATP] was constant and the free [Ca++] varied. These curves closely resemble coexistence curves that have been reported for fibrous proteins.


Heavy metals and spermatozoan motility. III conformational changes induced by divalent cations and by ATP in flagellar proteins.

Conformational changes of flagellar proteins of sea urchin spermatozoa caused by divalent cations and nucleotides were investigated by examining the circular dichroism spectra of axonemes and outer doublet microtubules. The alpha-Helix content of the flagellar components was diminished in the presence of zinc, cadmium and mercury, while no other heavy metals contributed to such a change. The original content of alpha-helix was restored by the subsequent addition of ATP or GTP, the former being more effective. An oscillation was found to occur in the alpha-helix content measured at 222 micron in the presence of zinc and ATP. On the other hand, ATP caused a marked reduction in alpha-helical structures of axonemes in the presence of magnesium or calcium, especially in a medium containing KCl. The effect was rather specific for ATP. The obtained results were discussed in relation to the basic mechanisms of spermatozoan motility.


[Pattern stimulation and salivary secretion (author's transl)].

Experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temporal stimulus pattern of chorda or sympathetic stimulation on salivary secretion of the rabbit or the dog. Stimulation of short or long period was adopted. The latency and the velocity of secretion were recorded. The amount of secretion increased with the increase of the number of stimuli within moderate range. The optimum interval of chorda stimulation was about 50 msec, but it was somewhat longer for shorter period of stimulation. Various patterns of stimulation were adopted (1) by varying the interval, the number of stimuli and the period of stimulation, (2) by changing stepwise the interval halfway through stimulation and (3) by intermittent stimulation. Experiments on the effect of sympathetic stimulation were also reported. Fitness of Michaelis-Menten's equation for the relationship between the number of stimuli and the amount of secretion was tested. Moreover, the other equation that described this relation satisfactorily was derived from the hypothesis of superposition of unitary processes. It is suggested that the response of a excitable tissue to repetitive stimuli, if it be pattern sensitive, can not be predicted only from the intensity, the frequency and the number of stimuli without considering their temporal configuration.


Male pseudoheterosexuality and minimal sexual dysfunction.

Male heterosexual activity is not always heterosexual. Frequently it only appears to be, but, in fact, it is an attempt at denial of underlying homosexual feelings. There is often a correlation between such "pseudoheterosexuality" and minor sexual dysfunctions. Insight alone is not sufficient to provide relief, but when the patient can be helped to a comfortable acceptance of his homosexual feelings as a normal and healthy facet of his personality, very often the dysfunction is relieved, and there is a marked change in the ability of the individual to achieve gratification in genuine heterosexuality.


Changing attendance patterns to sex therapy programs as a function of location and personnel.

This paper explores innovative treatment modalities that may encourage the participation of lower socioeconomic minority clients in sex therapy programs. It suggests the consideration of informal therapeutic settings, flexible hours, and an immediate contact with the therapist. It lends support to the concept that equal time be given to education and communication skills in counseling. It also stresses the necessity of directive yet permissive techniques to bridge the communication gap by identifying areas of commonality, especially when confronted with the lower socioeconomic minority client. The paper compares this approach with a sex therapy approach more oriented to the middle class.


Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion induced by stimulation of thalamic nuclei.

The effect of electrochemical stimulation (anodic current, 100 micronA/30 sec) of thalamic nuclei was studied in nonanesthetized freely-behaving rats bearing chronic implanted electrodes and plastic cannulae inserted into the jugular vein for blood sampling. Stimulation of the anterior thalamic nuclei, the nucleus (n.) mediodorsalis thalami (MD) and the n. posteromedianus thalami at 2 p.m. on the day of proestrus prevented spontaneous ovulation and the release of LH which takes place on that day. No effect on ovulation or LH release was observed after stimulation of the n. lateralis thalami, the n. ventralis thalami or other thalamic nuclei or after passing a cathodic current through the n. MD. Stimulation of the n. MD resulted also in a significant decrease of the elevated serum LH levels found after an injection of progesterone into ovariectomyzed estrogen-primed rats. These results indicate that nuclei of the medial thalamic region are capable of inhibiting LH secretion. No stimulatory influence of LH release was observed after thalamic stimulation in ovariectomized estrogen-treated rats.


Plasma norepinephrine during the rat estrous cycle and after progesterone treatment to the ovariectomized estrogen-primed rat.

In four-day cycling rats studied during the estrous cycle, the levels of circulating norepinephrine (NE) showed a sharp rise concomitant with the LH surge in the afternoon of proestrus. Following the peak, plasma NE fell rapidly to the minimum value by the morning of estrus. The administration of progesterone to ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats resulted in a surge in plasma NE levels 4 h after progesterone treatment. The maximal levels attained were 3-fold greater than baseline values, falling rapidly to reach basal values 8 h after the administration of progesterone. The amine levels remained unaffected 12-20 h later. The LH values attained a maximum 8 h after the injection of progesterone. In rats treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by 0.1 ml of oil instead of progesterone, neither the NE nor the LH peak were observed. These findings are discussed with respect to the significance of increased amounts of plasma NE related to the LH surge.


Surface differences of normal and transformed cells as detected by a new, fluorescent labeling technique.

A method was developed to label the outer surface of chick embryo fibroblasts with fluorescamine. Cells were labeled in less than a minute without disruption of the monolayer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved two distinct areas of fluorescence: a group of high molecular weight polypeptides and several rapidly migrating species. The latter were demonstrated to be phospholipids by thin layer chromatography. Fluorescamine did not label internal components of the cell, as evidenced by two intracellular proteins which were found to be nonfluorescent. Intact normal cells were labeled threefold more than transformed cells, indicating a possible loss of reactive sites at the surface.


[Device for measuring the miction output].

An apparatus enabling it to register the micturition rate both under natural conditions and during catheterization of the urinary bladder is recommended for gauging the miction output. The method of measuring the miction (urinary) output is very simple. Formulas listed in the paper permit one to calculate the relative urethral resistance from the amounts of miction and cetherterized urinary outputs.


Attack-induced changes in response to decapitation of plasma catecholamines of victim mice.

Male mice of 3 different strains (NIH, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ) were exposed individuality (victims) to attack by trained fighter Swiss Webster mice for 10 minutes daily for various numbers of days. Immediately after the last attack the victim mice were decapitated along with unattacked control mice of the appropriate strain, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) were measured. The concentration of NE was significantly lower in decapitated C57BR/cdJ mice than in the other 2 strains. The concentrations of E and NE in the plasma of decapitated C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ mice were significantly greater after 4 days of attacks, whereas in NIH mice plasma levels of only NE were greater and this occurred only after 14 days of attacks. After 7 days of exposure to attack, C57BR/cdJ and A/HeJ victim mice were permitted to rest for various periods of time. In C57BR/cdJ animals plasma E returned to almost normal levels after 2 days, and NE after 4 days, while in A/HeJ mice plasma E and NE returned to control levels already after 1 day of rest.


Variations in immunoglobulin concentrations in Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs.

The serum immunoglobulin concentrations in two-day-old Finnish x Dorset Horn lambs, which were born and nursed indoors, were high and unrelated to littersize, except when young ewes had large litters, or when ewes lambed twice in a year. The results contrast sharply with those from Merino and Blackface lambs, examined previously, whose mean concentrations were much lower, and generally fell substantially with increasing litter-size. The superiority of the Finnish x Dorset Horn sheep in this respect is attributed to the ability of the lambs to suck particularly vigorously, shortly after birth, especially when large litters are compared, and to a higher rate of colostrum production by the ewes. The correlations between the immunoglobulin concentrations in the lambs and their growth and survival were significant but slight.


Breed differences in the position of the urethral meatus of gilts.

In a strain of Pietrain the distance between the vulva and the urethral meatus is greater than that of other breeds of pig. This difference is such that it is difficult to catheterise the bladders of Pietrain gilts since the available specula are either too short in length or too wide in diameter.


Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in the Philippines: a review.

The known endemic areas in the Philippines are the provinces of Mindoro Oriental and Sorsogon in Southern Luzon; the provinces of North, East and Western Samar; Leyte; and Bohol in Eastern Visayas, and all the provinces of Mindanao with the exception of Misamis Oriental, Davao Oriental and Maguindanao. The total snail area in 22 affected provinces is estimated aorth latitude. There are 655,124 estimated cases out of 3,961,000 exposed population or a prevalence of 16.5% based on the results of stool surveys conducted by Regional Schistosomiasis Advisory Teams and projected to the total population in the endemic areas.


The biology of Schistosoma japonicum, Philippine strain: a review.

Some important and adequately studied aspects of the biology of Schistosoma japonicum in the Philippines were reviewed and presented. The identity of the species of human blood fluke in the Philippines was established by Tubangui who also was the first to complete the life cycle of the parasite in his laboratory. Successful cross-infections of different strains of S. Japonicum from different mammalian hosts including man suggest that there is only one common strain for all of the definitive hosts in the Philippines. Studies on egg-laying habits, factors affecting hatching of eggs, eruption of cercariae from snails, cercarial survival and undocumented obervations are considered in this review.


Advances in pathophysiology of schistosomiasis japonica: a review.

Schistosomiasis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction to eggs deposited or trapped in the tissues. Granuloma formation, depending on extent, if in the liver will lead to portal hypertension while if in the lungs, will lead to pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.


Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of Bathmostomum sangeri Cobbold, 1879, of elephants.

Bathmostomum sangeri is an intestinal parasite of the elephant. Males measured 12.15-14.25 mm in length; females measured 14.98-17.68 mm in length. Buccal capsule is well-developed and funnel-shaped. There is a raised and transverse fissure ridge around the oral margin. The internal wall of the buccal capsule is raised into a series of circular ridges or lamellae. Teeth or cutting plates could not be seen. Spicules are stout, wing-like structures. The telamon is pear-shaped, but a gibernaculum is not present. There are two pairs of papillae on the either side of the cloacal opening. The female tail is gradually tepering.


[Ultrastructure of the centrometric regions of mouse chromosomes in metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei].

The chromatin ultrastructure was studied in the centromeric region of mitotic chromosomes and in interphase nuclei of mouse cells after differential staining on C-band. A new method is suggested to study centromeric region of chromosomes treated by the Giemsa banding technique. Fibers of chromosomes appeared to be packed denser in the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes than in arms. The disposition of chromatin fibers in the centromeric chromocentres of interphase nuclei is the same as in the centromeric regions of mitotic chromosomes.


[Effect of acetycholine on the Ca2+ transport system in sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog skeletal muscle].

In fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum of the frog abdominal straight muscle the functional properties of Ca2+ transport and effect of acetycholine on those properties were studied. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation was decreased due to stimulation by acetylcholine the Ca2+ out-flow from the reticular vesicles. The ratio Ca2+/ATP decreased and the Ca2+-ATPase activity was increased. The Ki vlaue for the inhibition by acetylcholine of Ca2+ absorption was 60micronM. Effect of acetylcholine on the Ca2+ transport depended on the temperature of medium.


[Activity of various enzymes of the initial stages of glycerolipid biosynthesis and glycerophosphate content in alcoholic intoxication].

A distinct increase in activity of glycerokinase and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and in content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate were observed in brain and liver tissues of rats treated with ethanol for 40 days. The similar alterations were observed after treatment with ehtanol for 80 days but in these conditions the content of L-alpha-glycerophosphate in liver tissue was decreased.


[Phospholipids and free ethanolamine in the brain and liver of albino rats in alcoholic intoxication].

An experimental alcohol intoxication was accompanied by an increase in content of total phospholipids and phosphatide acid in rat brain with simultaneous decrease in content of free ethanolamine. The phenomenon demonstrate the activation of phosphatidogenesis. In the liver tissue an opposite alterations were observed; the lipolytic reactions were activated.


3H-GABA uptake and acetylcholinesterase activity in dissociated cell cultures of the medial hypothalamus.

Medial hypothalamic tissue of 1 to 4 days old rats was dissociated and cultured in vitro for 8--10 days. Neuronal perikarya were demonstrated by supravital methylene blue staining and electron microscopy. Synapses with typical vesicles and subsynaptic thickening were also observed. 3H-GABA was taken up into a small percentage of the cells in the cultures. Neuron-like perikarya and long processes accumulated the label while many neurons contained much less activity. Some astroglial and oligodendroglial cells and processes also accumulated GABA. A few neurons in these cultures contained acetylcholinesterase. It is concluded that neurons concentrating GABA and containing acetylcholinesterase are present in the hypothalamus of rats of 1 to 4 days of age and can be maintained in dissociated cell culture.


[Adenylate deaminase of the liver mitochondria in normal state and in alcoholic intoxication].

AMP-deaminases were isolated and partially purified from subfractions of soluble mitochondrial proteins of rat liver under normal conditions and in ethanol intoxication. Repeated freezing and thawing of the mitochondrial fractions from liver of rats, which were treated with ethanol (1 ml of 32% solution daily for 7 days, intraperitoneally), liberated into the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins significantly less AMP-deaminases, as compared with the control animals. The enzyme preparations obtained from intoxicated and intact animals were quite similarly inactivated by controlled heating, deaminated at similar rates AMP, ADP, FAD and some other nitrogenous compounds (but did not deaminate adenosine and some structural analogues of AMP). However, an inhibitory effect of the structural analogues of AMP and of nucleosides was significantly higher towards the AMP-deaminase from healthy rats as compared with the corresponding enzyme preparations obtained from the ethanol-treated animals. The increase in velocity of enzymatic AMP deamination in the subfraction of soluble mitochondrial proteins apparently does not represent a suitable target for possible therapeutic approaches to control the phenomenon, observed in the experimental ethanol intoxication, of stimulation of the deaminating activity in total mitochondrial fraction of rat liver.


Effect of thyroid hormone on initiation of persistent oestrus in the rat.

When rats are exposed to continuous illumination persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile rats) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries under exposure to constant light, and irregular ovulation continues to occur. Replacement with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus. However, in adult persistent-oestrous rats (90 days after exposure to continous illumination) thyroidectomy does not interrupt persistent vaginal cornification. In rats receiving 100 microng of testosterone propionate subcutaneously at 5 days of age, persistent oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries develop. Thyroidectomy at 24 days of age (juvenile) prevents the onset of persistent oestrus and the development of polyfollicular ovaries, however, ovulation is not observed. Replacement treatment with 1.75 microng L-thyroxine in these rats produces a prolonged oestrus and polyfollicular ovaries. However, in adult persistent oestrus rats, thyroidectomy at 130 days does not interrup persistent vaginal cornification. From these facts, it may be inferred that circulation of a physiological level of thyroid hormone in juvenile rats is necessary for the development of oestrogen binding receptors in the hypothalamus. Therefore, a hypothyroid state during the juvenile stage interferes with the development and maturation of hypothalamic controlled pituitary ovarian function.


Observations on the effects of danazol on the female reproductive tract of mice.

Antifertility and oestrogenic effects of Danazol have been studied in female mice. Danazol brings about suppression of ovarian weight, presumably by inhibiting gonadotropin secretion. Enlargement of uterine horns and well defined vaginal keratinization was seen in Danazol treated ovariectomized animals. The results were similar to that of oestradiol dipropionate confirming the estrogenic activity of Danazol.


[Characteristics of RNA isolated from the nuclear RNA-synthesizing complex of influenza virus].

When Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells infected with classical fowl plague virus and treated with actinomycin D were pulse labeled for 10 min with 3H-uridine, it was mainly incorporated into nucleoplasm structures sedimenting in sucrose gradients at 120S. At 2-hr exposure of the infected cells to 3H-uridine radioactivity was found in nucleoplasm in the area of 65S and in the cytoplasm in 30-40S zone. The analysis of RNA isolated from these structures gave the following results. The RNA isolated from 120S structures sedimented in two zones of sucrose gradient: 11S and 16-23S. The 11S RNA was resistant to RNA-ase, while 16-23S RNA was sensitive to RNA-ase. A similar (16-23S) RNA was isolated from virus-specific structures 65S and 30-40S.


[Comparative antiviral and interferonogenic activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes of poly(I).poly(C) and poly(G).poly(C) in different cell systems].

The antiviral and interferon-inducing activity of synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes poly(I)-poly(C) and poly(G)-poly(C) was studied in chick embryo, mouse embryo and rabbit kidney cell cultures. In chick embryo cell cultures both polyribonucleotides had similar antiviral activities. The interferon-inducing activity was more marked in poly(G)-poly(C) than in poly(I)-poly(C). In the other two cell cultures poly(I)-poly(C) was considerably superior in both activities. The revealed differences in the comparative activity of the polyribonucleotides in relation to the kind of tissue culture were not associated with differences between them in toxicity, sensitivity to pancreatic RN-ase or with possible differences in the duration of the contact with cells necessary for the achievement of the antiviral effect.


Effects of cadmium chloride on the testis and sex accessory glands of the Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti (Wroughthon).

A single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride caused reversible destruction in the testis of palm, squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. Marked regression in testicular weight and seminiferous tubule diameter associated with complete necrosis of germinal epithelium was observed after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days of cadmium administration. A significant increase in the concentration of testicular cholesterol was observed after 5 days treatment. Decrease in the citric acid concentration of prostate gland was associated with the degenerative changes of the spermatogenic elements. Reduced fructose concentration in the seminal vesicle and prostate of cadmium treated animals indicate an inhibition of androgen production. Decreased androgen production was also reflected by the atrophic seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymides. These effects were reversible and about 70% seminiferous tubules showed normal spermatogenesis. The cholesterol, fructose and citric acid concentration of testis and sex accessory glands returned to subnormal levels after 45 days of cadmium chloride treatment. It is suggested that the degenerative effects of cadmium chloride are dose, time and species dependent.


[Abortive influenza virus infection in Ehrlich ascitic cancer cells. Further studies of the properties of ascitic virus].

Non-infectious virus particles produced by influenza virus (classical fowl plague)-infected Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells have the same morphology, size and sedimentation rate as the standard virions. Their main difference from the allantoic virus is their extreme fragility. They remain intact upon a short-term centrifugation in sucrose solutions but desintegrate upon prolonged centrifugation. In isopicnic fractionation they are detected in two forms, with a density of 1.23 g/ml retaining the hemagglutinating but not the neuraminidase activity and with a density of 1.27 g/ml deprived of both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity. In the electron microscopic examination the 1.23 g/ml structure appears as virus particles with defective areas in the surface spikes layer whereas the 1.27 g/ml structure has no spike layer at all. The protein analysis by polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis revealed a sharply reduced amount of the membrane protein in the ascitic virus. A hypothesis is suggested according to which the reduced amount of the membrane protein is the cause of the unusual fragility of ascitic virus particle membranes as a result of which they readily lose glycoproteins which, in its turn, leads to their reduced infectious activity.


The poly(A)-containing ribonucleoproteins in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.

The sedimentation characteristics and protein composition of the polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles separated from the polysomes of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by means of ribonuclease treatment were studied. The results were compared with the corresponding characteristics of the poly(A)-containing particles of the cell nucleus. The sedimentation coefficient of the poly(A)-containing RNP from poly-ribosomes was found to be 11 S, while that of the nuclear particles was 14 S. In Cs2SO4 equilibrium density gradient values of p=1.25 and 1.34 gcm-3 were obtained for the nuclear particles and the poly(A)-RNP separated from polyribosomes, respectively. The molecular weights of the proteins making up the polysomal poly(A)-particles were found to be over 40 000 daltons, i.e. 54 000, 48 000, 68 000 and 89 000 daltons for the four polypeptides present in considerable amounts. As far as electrophoretic mobility is concerned these proteins were indistinguishable from the proteins of the nuclear poly(A)-containing RNP. However, the ratio of the components in the two types of particle proved to be quite different.


Microinjection of tRNA into amphibian oocytes.

The microinjection technique affords us the possibility to introduce purified components into living cells and to answer the question of what effects the change introduced has on cellular metabolism. This technique can therefore be used to test the hypothesis that transfer RNA plays a regulatory role in cellular protein synthesis. Prior to these experiments it is important, however, to test whether transfer RNA microinjected into amphibian oocytes is stable and functional inside this cells. These two questions are answered affirmatively in this report. The stability of tRNA was tested by following the content of TCA precipitable counts inside the oocytes at different times after microinjection of radioactive yeast and E. coli tRNA and by polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis of the material recovered from the cell. The results clearly indicate that tRNAs are resistant to the action of occyte ribonucleases that degrade other RNAs such as 5S RNA. The functionality of the injected tRNA was tested by assaying the intracellular aminoacylation of microinjected yeast tRNA. The aminoacylation of bulk yeast (3H) tRNA introduced into Xenopus laevis oocytes was tested by the capacity of the material recovered 5 hours after injection into the cell to form a ternary complex with wheat protein synthesis elongation factor 1 and GTP. The complex only forms with aminoacyl-tRNA and not with unacylated tRNA. This method showed that at least 80% of the tRNA introduced into the cell was aminoacylated in vivo. A direct assay for internal aminoacylation made use of microinjection of pure tRNAPhe and subsequent determination by phenol extraction of (14C)Phe-tRNA content of oocytes that had been incubated for 2 hours in a medium containing (14C)phenylalanine. The results obtained showed that the oocytes could internally aminoacylate 200-500 times more tRNAPhe that the cell normally contains. Appropiate controls demonstrated that the aminoacylation was aminoacid and tRNA specific and that periodate oxidized tRNAPhe could not be in vivo aminoacylated but tRNAPhe deprived of its Y base could accept the aminoacid. A brief study demonstrated that bulk yeast tRNA and tRNAPhe without its Y base did not inhibit endogenous protein synthesis but a similar amount of tRNAPhe caused 50% inhibition and periodate-oxidized tRNAPhe a 95% inhibition.


[Morphofunctional characteristics of the thyroid and parathyroid glands of the progeny in the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism].

The posterity of female albino rats given di-thyroxin (15 mkg/100 g) during gestation and lactation differ from off-springs of intact rats by less body weight and increased gas-exchange. Their thyroid galnds show evident signs of functional suppression, e. g. decreased relative weight, diminished height of thyrocytes, cytochemical shifts in the content and topography of RNP and the ascorbic acid. During the first 30 days of the postnatal life the parathyroid glands have greater weight than controls, are characterized by a number of morphological and cytochemical signs suggesting their increased functioning.


[Fulminant hepatic failure in neonatal period (author's transl)].

A newbron baby that following an exchange transfusion due to A incompatibility, presented an hepatic and renal failure, is reported. Hepatic necrosis and associated renal patholgy suspected ruging evolution treated with exchange transfusions and peritoneal dialysis for three days, with improvement but, died at eight days of age. Necropsy findings confirm clinical suspect of hepatic necrosis. Pathology more frequently associated and management of fulminant hepatic failure is commented.


[Determination of antithyroglobulin antibodies: comparison of three immunologic methods (author's transl)].

Antithyroglobulin antibodies were investigated in various thyroidopathy using 3 immunological technics. The radio-immunological methods are a little more sensitive and more reproducible that passive hemagglutination. In the radio-immunological methods the polyethylene glycol precipitation is less expensive but less sensitive and less reproductible than the double precipitation procedure. This one imply to perform a dilution curve of positive serum because of the modifications of the slope during the dilution. This technic allows a detection with high frequency of antithyroglobulin antibodies particularly in Hashimoto thyroiditis and chronic thyroiditis. One can observe the higher incidence in primary hypothyroidism and in Graves' disease which seems to imply auto-immun factors in these diseases.


[Experimental studies on the etiological mechanism of congenital microcephaly].

Pregnant mice were injected intraperitoneally on different gestational day with either one or three successive doses of 30 mg/kg of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), which has been known to interfere with DNA synthesis. Some of them were injected intraperitoneally with tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) consecutively. The fetuses and the youngs were sacrificed at various hours and days after treatment. Pyknotic nuclei or nuclear debris were observed at the matrix layer three hours after the injection of single dose of ara-C. Nuclear debris were increased as time elapse and they were most prominent 12 hours after treatment. However, 24 hours later, new matrix layer was regenerating. Twenty-four hours after treatment with two successive doses of ara-C, labeling index in the matrix layer was about one third of that of control. Cerebral hemispheres of the treated youngs were reduced in size. The youngs, treated with three successive doses of ara-C on day 13, 14 and 15 of gestation, showed most severe microcephalus. Cytoarchitecture in the cortices of these microcephalic mice was characterized by irregular arrangement of the pyramidal neurons and their dendritic branches. Autoradiographic study revealed that cortical neurons which were produced at the regenerated matrix layer after ara-C treatment migrated to the surface of the cortex.


[Contrast media enhancement in cranial computed tomography --studies of iodinated contrast infusion (ICI)].

The effect of infusion of iodinated contrast material on the enhancement of the computed tomography were studied in several kinds of the intracranial lesions. Especially, relationship between the degree of the enhancement and the time interval after the infusion was examined. It was found that the appearance of the enhancement effect were different according to the pathological types of the lesions. There were also time differences even in the same lesion before the full size of the lesions was demonstrated. The pathological type of the lesions could be suggested from the enhanced figures of the lesions, but the diagnosis would be more accurate in consideration of the localization of the lesions. It was thus concluded that this method was useful for the detection of the precise localization and the size of the lesions which were not so clearly demonstrated in conventional cranial computed tomography.


[Wallenberg's syndrome with sleep-induced dyspnea--a case study].

One case with Wallenberg's syndrome followed by the neck clipping of the posterior inferior cerebellar aneurysm was reported. The patient was 49 years old female with the subarachnoid hemorrhage, who had previously no history of the cardiovascular disease. The vertebral angiogram revealed a saccular aneurysm of the left vertebral artery at the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The preoperative neurological examination were normal, except for the slight degree of the meningeal irritation. The surgical intervention was successfully performed on 39th day after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Postoperative course was eventful, presenting the typical Wallenberg's syndrome, which was complicated the accompanying signs. The troublesome accompanying signs were chiefly automatic respiratory dysfunction (sleep-induced dyspnea), autonomic dysfunction (Horner's syndrome, perspiration, hypertension), and restless confusion. The postoperative vertebral angiogram showed the obliteration of the aneurysm and the sufficient circulation of the vertebrobasilar system, especially the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. The mechanism of "sleep-induced dyspnea" was discussed in detail from the literatures. In addition to the above mentioned, it should be stressed that the recognition of "sleep-induced dyspnea" and the other accompanying signs are important for the treatment of the patient with the brain stem lesion.


[Olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy with personality changes and slight disturbance of intelligence].

H. I., a housewife aged 55 years, began feeling a gait disturbance at 48 years old. After this she had incoordination of arms, dysarthria and tremor of hands. Aged 54 years, she could not stand up by herself. In addition to these neurological signs she had a change of character, such as losing control of herself, unreservedness and unceremoniousness, and slight disturbance of intelligence. She died at the age of 55 years about seven years after the onset. Histopathologically, noticeable changes were observed on the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum; the severe neuronal loss of the pontine nuclei and the olivary nuclei with demyelination and gliosis of the cerebellopetal fibers. Especially a great deal of lipofuscin granules in the nerve cells of the frontal and temporal lobe were observed. In the substantia nigra some pigmented cells were deleted. This case was diagnosed as olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy clinico-histopathologically. We discussed conserning the etiology of the changes of personality and slight disturbance of intelligence in relation to histopathological changes. It is speculated that the mental disorders are due to the degeneration of the nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes.


[Atypical mitochondria and crystallines in chromatolytic neuronal swelling].

Chromatolytic neuronal swelling was observed in the various brain regions, e. g. precentral cortex, pons and anterior horn of the spinal cord etc., of a 50-year-old woman showing psycho-organic syndrome and various neurological symptoms over a period of 14 years. In these inflated, chromatolytic nerve cells, atypical mitochondrias and paracrystalline structures were seen. Atypical mitochondrias contained membranous trans-somal bridges composed of about 60 A parallel filaments with a spacing of about 80 A. Paracystalline structures consisted of 7-16 hexagonal lattices with electron-light dots 160 A in diameter and with 280 A spacing. The goniometer revealed another featue of the paracrystals, i.e., lamellar structures consisting of 4-10 parallel filaments 120 A thick with a spacing of 160 A. These paracrystals were compared with similar structures in physiological and pathological conditions and the significance of the atypical mitochondrias was discussed.


[Intracranial hemorrhage in an infant due to vitamin K deficiency --successful management of spontaneous intracerebral and subjural hematoma].

A one-month-old male infant with spontaneous intracerebral and subdural hematomas due to vitamin K deficiency was described. He was breastfed. Loose stools continued and began to contain blood. He had fever, vomiting and convulsion, and became drowsy. The blood studies showed anemia and hypoprothrombinemia. Left carotid angiograms revealed intracerebral and subdural hematomas. He was treated successfully by immediate operation and administration of vitamin K. 2) Vitamin K deficient hemorrhage beyond the immediate newborn period was discussed with reference in the literature. Three etiologic factors included, decreased vitamin K intake, decreased intestinal absorption of vitamin K and decreased production of vitamin K by colon bacteria. The most important factor of the three seemed to be low vitamin K intake. Intracranial hemorrhage was recognized in about one third of the cases in the literature. It was emphasized that vitamin K deficiency occurring beyond the immediate newborn period was very important as a cause of intracranial hemorrhage in infancy.


[Effects of norepinephrine and phentolamine on acute intracranial hypertension].

It is accepted that cerebrovascular dilatation is a constant response during the advanced stage of intracranial hypertension. Severe intracranial hypertension ultimately associates with profound vasodilatation and reduces cerebral blood flow to zero. This irreversible state is called cerebral vasomotor paralysis by Langfitt et al (1965). The rich adrenergic nerve supply of the cerebral vessels suggests that pressor amines possibly affect the cerebral circulation and the cerebral vascular tone. This study is to investigate the reactivity of norepinephrine and phentolamine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with severe intracranial hypertension. The ICP and systemic blood pressure (SBP) monitorings were carried out continuously after the evacuation of intracerebral hematomas due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Severe intracranial hypertension due to brain swelling was observed in these patients. Three stages were defined according to the reactivity to norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP. In Stage I, norepinephrine caused a transient decrease in the ICP and phentolamine caused a marked rise in the ICP. Stage II was marked by the absence of the ICP response to norepinephrine and phentolamine. During Stage III, the ICP changes synchronously with a variation of the SBP after the administration of norepinephrine and phentolamine. In Stage I patients, the mean ICP level was between 500-1000 mmH2O. Tracing of the ICP in this group showed transient rises called pressure waves and the waves were recurring increases in the ICP to value of 300-500 mmH2O superimposed on an elevated level of the ICP. On the other hand, in Stage II and III patients, the ICP level exceeded 1000 mmH2O. Tracing of the ICP in these groups showed only variations by the arterial pulses. The patients in Stage I had a well prognosis for life if proper treatments such as continuous ventricular drainage were carried out. The patients in Stage II and III had a poor prognosis for life inspite of continuous ventricular drainage. There are varying stages in cerebrovascular dilatation accompanying intracranial hypertension. We have no information on the mechanism of this cerebrovascular dilatation at present. However, we speculate that the pressor amines such as norepinephrine may partly participate in the mechanism responsible for the vasodilation. So, we attempt to grade the degree of this vasodilatation according to the reactivity of norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP. It is presumed that cerebrovascular dilatation is slight and reversible in Stage I patients, whereas cerebrovascular dilatation is profund and irreversible in Stage II and III patients. Continuous ICP recording and examination of the reactivity to norepinephrine and phentolamine on the ICP are valuable when considering the prognosis for life in patients with severe intracranial hypertension.


[Effects of ATP on cerebral circulation--morphological observation of cerebral circulation and cerebral vasculature].

Review was made on the effect of adenosine triphosphate, 1.0-3.0 mg/kg intravenously, on the cerebral circulation and the presence of the dilating action on the cerebral blood-vessels in cats. 1. The group of the normal intra-cranial pressure showed, as reported previously, the transient hypotension and its complicated decrease of cerebral blood-circulation at the initial period for 30-100 check, then demonstrating the increase of cerebral blood-flow for 200-1000 check. Its increased volume and duration were dose-dependent. 2. The group of the loaded intracranial pressure of 20-30 mmHg (slightly elevated group) showed the increase of cerebral blood-flow, like the group of the normal intracranial pressure. However, the effect of ATP showed the decrease or disappearance in accordance with the elevation of the loaded pressure. 3. Cerebral vasodilating effect of ATP was promptly observed after the administration, and its degree was 30-50% in photographical observation. 4. Increasing effect on cerebral blood-flow and cerebral vasodilating action of ATP were similar in the pattern to that of vasodilators such as papaverine hydrochloride.


[Intracranial pressure--volumetric pressure and driving pressure].

In order to understand the pathogenesis of increased intracranial pressure, the concept of the driving pressure (DP) from the intracranial vascular system was proposed. The DP consists of the transmission of atrial pressure (ADP) and venous pressure (vp). It is well known that when the animals died, the intracranial pressure decreased to the atmospheric pressure. This means that the DP is important in maintaining the static pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The theoretical equation of the intracranial pressure was expressed as follows.ICP=ADP+VP (1) ADP is expressed as (2). ADP=eta (BP-VP) (2) The pressure transmission rat (eta) was calculated as the ratio of the CSF pressure to the systemic arterial blood pressure in the experimental and clinical cases. In the normal CSF pressure, eta was very small (2.0 X 10(-2)), while in the severe intracranial hypertension, eta approached to 1. The concept of the driving pressure was useful to analyze the static intracranial pressure and the pulse pressure.


[Clinicophysiological studies of orbicularis oculi reflex in brain stem diseases].

Orbicularis oculi reflex is consisted of two components; one is early reflex response (R1) which is 14.1 +/- 2.2 msec in latency, and the other is late reflex response (R2) that is 35.0 +/- 8.6 msec in latency (mean +/- 2SD). R1 is observed on the ipsilateral side of stimulation and R2 is visible bilaterally on ipsiand contralateral sides of stimulation. Clinically orbicularis oculi reflex can be recorded easily, however, its clinical and physiological significance has not been clearly solved. Orbicularis oculi reflex was tested on patients with the brain stem lesions of various kinds, and the factors influencing to the reflex pathways were examined, such as the site and the type of lesions, sleep, several anesthetics and the level of consciousness. Results obtained were as follows; 1) both R1 and R2 disappeared or prolonged in latencies by nuclear as well as peripheral facial nerve palsy, since the facial nerve was the final common pathway. 2) on cases of facial sensory disturbance R1 prolonged in latency with concomitant delay of R2 response. 3) both R1 and were attenuated as soon as the alpha rhythmicity of the EEG was disappeared. Administration of thiamylal also attenuated both the R1 and R2, however, ketamine (a dissociative anesthetic) enhanced the R1 in amplitude and suppressed R2. These findings indicated that the R1 and R2 were in some extent regulated from brain stem reticular formation and the orbicularis oculi reflex should be an useful diagnostic measure to detect imparied consciousness. 4) also the reflex should be used to know the extent of neoplastic process in the cerebellar hemisphere to the brain stem. 5) recovery curve of R1 from double shock stimuli (conditioned and test) indicated that this reflex was different from H wave of the spinal cord because of absent refractory period and shorter facilitatory period ranging between 40 to 60 msec.


[Simple method of differential diagnosis of peripheral and central vertigo--development of diagnostic method and studies of 178 cases].

In patients who complain of vertigo or who have equilibrium disorders, it is often difficult to determine the etiology of the disorder, that is to determine whether it is dependent on a peripheral or central vestibular disorder. To attempt to determine the etiology in these cases, we divised a new method, the caloric eye tracking pattern test (CETP-Test). Seventeen normal subjects and 161 patients were tested. The latter group included 33 with peripheral disorders such as Meniere's disease, benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus, and others, and 128 with central disorders such as vertebral basilar artery insufficiency, cervical vertigo, and others, were tested. The cases of central disorders were limited to those patients whose eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation was normal. In normal subjects and in patients with peripheral disorders, it is well known that caloric nystagmus has little influence on the eye tracking pattern. In contrast, in patients with central vestibular disorders, caloric nystagmus evokes abnormalities on the eye tracking pattern, either superimposed or saccades, despite the fact that the eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation is normal. First we administer the eye tracking stimulation test using a target which moves horizontally at 0.3 cycle per second. Next, we perform the caloric test on the right ear, using 20 c.c. of ice water for 10 seconds. During the evoked caloric nystagmus we administer the eye tracking test once again. The eye tracking pattern is recorded for 20 seconds beginning 50 seconds after the start of the ice water injection. The procedure repeated on the left ear. The results on each case are presented as three patterns of ENG-recording. We may stat that in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders, visual suppression of caloric nystagmus remains functional. Caloric induced nystagmus does not affect the CETP. In patients with central vestibular disorders, visual suppression of caloric nystagmus does not function properly because of defects in the visual suppression mechanism. Therefore, caloric nystagmus greatly influences the CETP. Consequently, the CETP may not be smooth when CETP test is administered to patients with central vestibular disorders. We may say also that the visual suppression to the vestibular nystagmus is evoked more strongly by pursuing a moving visual stimulus than by gazing a stational target. These results allow for a differential diagnosis between peripheral and central disorders.


[Congenital anomalies of cerebral artery and intracranial aneurysm].

It is well known that congenital anomalies such as polycystic kidney, aortic coarctation, Marfan syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome are apt to be complicated by intracranial aneurysms. In this report we attempt to reveal the relation and incidence between cerebrovascular anomalies and intracranial aneurysms. The etiology of aneurysms has been discussed, too. 12 cases of persistent trigeminl artery, 2 cases of persistent hypoglossal artery and 11 cases of fenestration were obtained from 3841 patients who were angiographically examined in our clinic for 5 years. The incidence is 0.31%, 0.05% and 0.29%, respectively. Persistent trigeminal arteries were complicated by 2 cases of intracranial aneurysms and one case of arterivenous malformations (AVM), persistent hypoglossal arteries were complicated by one case of aneurysm, and fenestrations were complicated by 2 cases of aneurysms and one case of AVM. One case of congenital agenesis of right internal carotid artery was obtained which was complicated by aneurysm of anterior communicating artery. Totally, 8 cases of aneurysms and AVM were obtained from 26 cases of cerebrovascular anomalies (incidence 30.8%). On the other hand, thalamic or caudate hemorrhage revealed the highest incidence of complication of intracranial aneurysms among intracerebral hematomas (10.7%). Compared with the incidence of aneurysms between cerebro vascular anomalies (30.8%) and thalamic or caudate hemorrhage (10.7%), the difference is statistically signigicant (P less than 0.05). The cause of intracranial aneurysm has not yet been clarified. But it is well accepted that the defect of tunica media vasorum is most responsible factor as to the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms. We concluded that the genetic error of cerebral vessels including defect of media caused intracranial aneurysms, and this result was supported from the evidence that cerebrovascular anomalies showed statistically high incidence of complication of intracranial aneurysms.


[Intracranial pressure monitoring apparatus for clinical use balanced pressure sensors].

Three types of pressure sensors, (1) electric pressure switch, (2) fiber optic pressure switch and (3) pressure indicating bag for intracranial pressure monitoring which were developed by the author are described. Advantages and disadvantages between them are also discussed. The electric pressure switch is relatively simple in construction but has a possibility of producing micro-shock hazard in case of accidental electric leakage. The fiber optic pressure switch is the safest for the micro shock but its structure is rather complicated and fragile. The pressure indicating bag is simple to make and durable to use. However, it has a hydrostatic effect.


[Left atrial myxoma with repeated multiple cerebral emboli].

A case of left atrial myxoma with repeated multiple cerebral emboli is reported. A-44-year-old man first developed a sudden right hemiparesis in October 1969. After intensive physical theraphy, strength improved and he was able to return to his work. In March 1970, he suddenly lost consciousness and remained comatose for a day. Upon waking, he had a profound right hemiparesis, motor aphasia and Gerstmann's syndrome. He was admitted to Hiroshima City Hospital on August 1, 1970. The cardiac examination, including an electrocardiogram, was entirely normal. Laboratory studies revealed a normal blood count and urinalysis; erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated (32mm/hour). On a left cerebral angiographic study, performed on September 6, 1971, multiple aneurysmal dilatations of the branches of the left middle cerebral artery were demonstrated. No specific diagnosis was made. In January 1973, he developed dysarthria, dysphagia and quadriplegia because of the recurrent cerebral attacks. He had a high temperature continuously for three days and died on May 30, 1974. At autopsy a myxoma with the peduncle was attached to the septal wall of left atrium, and there were old infarcts in the brain, the myocardium and the kidneys.


[Congenital muscular dystrophy associated with micropolygyria of the cerebrum and cerebellum].

The characteristic features of micropolygyria were demonstrated in the cerebral and cerebellar gray matter of two cases, 5 and 16 years old males, of congenital muscular dystrophy. (Fokuyama type). The micropolygyria of the cerebral cortex showed an undifferentiated cytoarchitecture, e. g. status verrucosus deformis. On the surface of cortical molecular layer, subpial mesenchymal fibres, tangential myelin fibres and marginal glial fibres were observed to be still proliferated even at the stages examined and all the fibres were caved into the cortical cell layer associated with the molecular layer, without secondary sulcus formation. It is proposed that micropolygyria without secondary sulcus formation described in the present paper is named as "pachygyric micropolygyria", while four-layered type of micropolygyria with normal sulcus formation is "eugyric micropolygyria". On the other hand, micropolygyria of the cerebellar cortex was found to be consisted of various sized fragments in which basic structures of the cerebellum were preserved. On a part of surface of the cerebellar cortex the cytoarchitecture of cell layers was shown in inverse order. The Purkinje cell were irregularly migrated and the external granular layer remained in the molecular layer showing ectopic features. Tangential myelin fibres, connecting with fibres of the folial white matter, were observed to exist on the surface of the internal granular layer.


[2 cases with unusual lid-jaw co-movements].

General review of the literature makes it apparent that there exist various combinations of associated movements between cranial nerves. Most of them involve four of nerves, the oculomotor, the abducens, the facial, and the motor potion of the trigeminal nerve. We report two patients in whom left upper eyelids produced peculior up and down movements in accompany with mastication. The one was a 9-year-old female who had shown left eye-lid retraction since 3 months; the other, a 4-year-old male, had produced the synkinesis one year since. Either children showed contraction of left palpebral levators associated with volitional mouth opening, deviation of the mandible toward the right, and sucking. Their pupils were normal and their upper eye-lids showed no ptosis on the affected side. The EEG showed high voltage rhythmic slow waves in parieto-occipital areas bilaterally. Head injuries or hereditary defects not being recorded in their histories, their synkinesis is assumed to be congenital in orgin. Abnormal neural connections have been presumed to be affected in the course of the development between the trigeminal and the oculomotor nuclei within the midbrain. In triggering the synkinesis, however, stretched muscle-spindles of the masseter muscle most play an important role. After all, synchronizing lid-jaw co-movements as observed in our two children represent an unusual pattern of the Marcus Gunn phenomenon.


[Autopsy case of progressive subcortical gliosis].

A case of a 44-year-old male with progressive subcortical gliosis was presented. The clinical manifestations included mental activity, difficulty in attention, euphoria and inability to work. The impairement of memory was not evident and his personality was fairly well preserved. Neurological examination showed no abnormality. The course was progressive without remission and the patient died with pneumonia approximately fifteen months after the onset of the disease. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable except for slight degree of glucosuria and elevated F.B.S. Electroencephalography and carotid angiography were within normal. Neuropathological finding revealed that brain weighed 1200 g. and moderate degree of atrophy on frontal to parietotemporal lobes was evident. Occipital lobe was not involved. Microscopic examination revealed such changes as fibrillary gliosis in the cerebral white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord. The lesion in the cerebral white matter was predominent in the frontal lobe. Striatum and brain stem also showed mild degree of fibrillary gliosis. No senility related change such as senile plaque, granulovacuolar degeneration and Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangle was found. The clinicopathologic findings in this case supported a diagnosis of progressive subcortical gliosis which was first described by Neumann in 1949.


[Traumatic aneurysm of the peripheral cerebral artery].

Two cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reported. Case 1. A 6-year-old girl was severely injured on her head by automobile accident. Plain skull films showed depressed fracture in the left frontal region. Left common carotid angiogram 25 days after the injury revealed small aneurysm of a cortical branch of the anterior cerebral artery. Cranioplasty and removal of the aneurysm was performed. Postoperative course of this patient was uneventful. Case 2. A 4-year-old girl fell downstaris and struck her left temporal region. On admission, she was unconscious and plain skull films showed multiple linear fractures. No aneurysm was demonstrated in the right common carotid angiogram immediately after the head trauma. Since her general condition gradually improved, she discharged 23 days after the head trauma. 63 days after the injury, she developed sudden onset of severe headache, vomiting, and status epilepticus. Right common carotid angiogram showed a large aneurysm arising from a branch of right pericallosal artery at the free edge of the falx. Parent artery of the aneurysm was clipped. Postoperatively, the patient made uneventful recovery. 60 reported cases of traumatic aneurysm of peripheral cerebral artery were reviewed and analyzed in etiology, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment and pathogenesis.


[Clinicopathological studies of the vegetative state--distinction between the vegetative state and brain death].

10 cases showing vegetative state and 2 cases of brain death due to severe brain damage were observed and the differences of clinicopathological findings between both states were discussed. The cases of vegetative state can be divided into three groups, first is widespread lesion in the cerebral cortex, second is in the cerebral white matter and third is in the brain stem. While, the diffuse whole brain damage including the vegetative center of the central nervous system causes brain death. We should like to emphasize that the most important structure to maintain the human life is the vital center in the brain stem, and that a human being, in whom only those function can be preserved, is possible to be alive as vegetative state. Prognostic value of the EEG indicating quality of survival noted in early stage after severe brain damage has not so important as the flat EEG revealed in brain death.


[Morphohistochemical study of the rat placenta administered a hepatotropic poison at different periods of pregnancy].

Intragastric administration of CCl4 (0.3 ml per 100 g of body weight) to female rats caused a marked injury of the placental tissue and particularly of the chorionic epithelium of the labyrinthine portion with the maximal development of dystrophic necrobiotic processes on the 14th-16th day of pregnancy (when the poison was administered 48 hours before the animal was sacrificed). There was noted an increase in the number of mitoses in the epithelial cells at all the periods, and a statistically significant enlargement of the nuclei and the nucleoli of the cytotrophoblastic cells on the 17th--18th day of the intrauterine fetal development. CCl4 administration led to the reduction in the content of histochemically detectable glycogen in the cytoplasm of the chorionic epithelium and to the fall in the amount of amylase-resistant glycoproteins, protein and RNA in dystrophically altered cells.


[Effect of polychlorocamphene on the organs and their neural apparatus in pregnant animals].

Experiments conducted on pregnant albino rats showed that in daily oral administration of polychlorokamphene--a chlorine organic compound widely used in agriculature--in a dose of 12 mg/kg (1/20 LD50) there was interrelation between the structural and the enzymatic changes in the nerve elements of the organs under study. They consisted in the focality of the affection of the nervous structures of the brain cortex,  and in increase in the destructive processes involving the nervous structures of the heart, uterus, spinal cord at the end of  pregnancy. A peculiar enzymatic reconstruction with the preservation of the activity of the cholinesterase (CE)-positive pericellular structures (whose number was markedly decreased in comparison with control) was noted against the background of reduction of the CE activity. The prevalence of destructive processes by the end of pregnancy was conditioned by a considerable accumulation of the preparation in the heart, uterus, and the brain (as shown by thin-layer chromatography). The presence of polychlorkamphene in the organs of fetuses pointed to disturbances in the permeability of the transplacental barrier and to a possible influence of the preparation on the development of the fetal nervous system.


Use of cell-cycle information in the preparation of drug combinations: results with cytosine arabinoside plus actinomycin D1,2.

Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) plus actinomycin D acted synergistically in killing L1210 and DON cells. The time course of cell-kill by the combination was different from that seen for either drug alone. The results obtained (both with L1210 and synchronous DON cells) suggest that cells blocked in G1/S with continuing unbalanced growth are particularly sensitive to the combined action of ara-C and actinomycin D.


Histochemical demonstration of an increase in acetylcholinesterase in established lines of human and mouse neuroblastomas by nerve growth factor.

Cells of three established lines of human neuroblastoma and an established line of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma were grown in control medium or in experimental medium containing mouse nerve growth factor (NGF). Cultures were stained histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during log growth and at confluency. Human neuroblastoma cells grown in medium containing NGF were morphologically more differentiated and they were stained much more intensely for AChE during both phases of growth than were cells in control cultures. The enzyme was distributed over cell bodies and neurites. Neuroblastoma cells of the mouse line were not stimulated to form neurites by NGF, but they were more intensely stained for acetylcholinesterase than cells grown in control medium. These observations support earlier findings that NGF stimulates differentiation of human and mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro.


Biological effects of vinyl chloride: an experimental study.

Plasma activities of alkaline phosphatase, (AP), transaminases and total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with isoenzymes were determined in mice inhaling 50 and 550 ppm vinyl chloride (VC). The animals were also autopsied and the tissue pathology was studies. The total LDH activity was elevanted in both dose groups along with a shift to cathodic enzymes. AP was increased in animals exposed to 500 ppm and transaminases were not at all changed. Enzyme changes occurred after the appearance of tumors. Alveologenic adenomas occurred in all animals at the higher dosage and in about half of the animals inhaling the lower dose. Subperitoneal and subcutaneous hemangiosarcomas were frequent in both dose groups; but especially among 50 ppm animals. Only one animal had a hemangiosarcoma of the liver. No liver fibrosis was seen. All primary subperitoneal and subcutaneous tumors were located in fat tissue. Telangiectasis was observed in two animals in the 500 ppm series. The importance of blood vessel changes in the toxicology of vinyl chloride is discussed.


[Effect of cholinergic drugs on serotonin metabolism and emotional reactions in rats].

The effects of physostigmine and m-cholinolytics on emotional reactivity, aggressiveness, exploratory behavior, along with simultaneous influence on the endogenous serotonin metabolism, enhanced by 1-tryptophan serotonin metabolism in the brain, were studied. Upon blocking the peripheral effects with methylatropine-physostigmine exerted a tranquillizing action on emotional reactions without producing any significant changes in the serotonin metabolism. Physostigmine acted as an antagonist to the traquillizing effect of 1-tryptophan, facilitating the catabolism of serotonin. M-cholinolytics--atropine and benactyzine exercised a tranquillizing action on emotional reactions, increasing the serotonin level in the forebrain and diencephalon.


[Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on the body of rats].

Experiments involving chronic introduction of ethanol (36 per cent of caloric value) as a part of a specially devised liquid ration demonstrated the trainability of rats to sharply decrease, their antistress resistance to significantly decline, especially in rats kept on a low-protein diet. A general tendency toward a reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase in different sectors of the brain was revealed both in animals receiving alcohol against the background of a normal protein allowance and in those kept on a low-protein diet (when compared with the enzyme activity in animals maintained on a ration with a normal of protein).


[Pregnancy type nephropathies experimentally induced in rats].

The theory behind our work is the following: toxaemia may be due to the accidental passage of fetal proteins into the maternal organism. Particularly suspect are alpha-fetoproteins from the fetal blood or the amniotic fluid. The experiments were carried out on rats by injecting amniotic fluid or fetal serum into the rats by different routes and rhythms and in different doses. Arterial blood pressure readings showed that the levels were consistently higher than those of controls. The study of the kidneys anatomo-pathologically shows the following triad: intense congestion, tubular lesions, connective tissues affected. These lesions are reversible. The discussion concentrates on the similarities and differences between these findings and pathological changes found in kidneys in pregnancy.


[Interaction of allogeneic lymphocytes and precursor cells during the primary and secondary immune response].

A mixture of lymph node cells from CBA mice and spleen cells from C57Bl/6J mice stimulated by the cheep erythrocytes fro the first or second time was transplanted in the lethally irradiated mice (CBA X C57Bl/6j)Fl. The interaction of allogenic cells during the secondary immune response was accompanied by the complete inactivation of antibody producents. Under the ratio of interacting cell elements 1 : 1-1 : 2, 93-96% of precursor cells and 98% of antibody forming cells were inactivated. Under the ratio 1 : 5, the index of inactivation of precursor cells fell down to 35%. During the primary response, under the ratio 1 : 1, only 20-48% of precursor cells and 68% of antibody forming cells were inactivated. Under the ratio 1 : 2, no inactivation of precursor cells was observed and, under the ratio 1 : 10, the antibody formation was stimulated. Following the delayed by 1-3 days transplantation of CBA lymphocytes, the cooperative effect was registered with respect to the spleen cells from C57Bl/6J mice stimulated by the erythrocytes for the first time. The interaction of allogenic cells resulted in the 3-4-fold increase in the number of antibody forming cells.


[Obtaining chimeric embryos of groundling for study of the role of cellular interactions in early development].

A methos of production of chimaeric embryos of the loach by parabiosis of whole embryos and a whole embryo and an isolated blastodisc is proposed. The parabiosis was shown to be possible between the embryos of both the same and different ages during cleavage and blastulation. The relation between the frequency of parabiosis and the age of embryos and temperature was studied. An electric coupling is established between the cells of parabionts, similar by its value to that between the cells of each parabiont. The interrelations of cells of chimaeric embryos are considered as a model for studying the role of cell interactions during embryogenesis.


[Duration of meiotic prophase stages during oogenesis in the newt Triturus cristatus cristatus].

The duration of the early stages of meiotic prophase was determined in the oogenesis of T. cristatus cristatus by means of autoradiography. The oocytes were being investigated during 39 days from the moment of 3H-thymidine injection. It was shown that preleptotene lasts 1--2, leptotene ca. 4, zygotene 5 and pachytene 26 days. When studying the preparations obtained 1 day after the injection of 3H-thymidine, the silver grains were found to be localized over the nuclei at all stages of meiotic prophase; this suggests the amplification of rDNA which begins in leptotene-zygotene and ends in early diplotene.


[Damaging effect of 3H-uridine on tissue culture cells during the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth].

The Chinese hamster fibroblasts entered the stationary phase of growth after 5.5 days of cultivation. The induction of the culture proliferation occurred within the first 4 hrs of cultivation in the fresh nutrient medium. After addition of 3H-uridine in high concentration and with high specific activity (75 micron Cu/M and 23 Cu/mM), in the stationary phase a lesser number of cells with aberrations and a higher mitotic index were noted than in the logarithmic phase. 3H-uridine injured the cells in the stationary phase of growth but  to a lesser extent than those in the logarithmic phase, i. e. during the intensive RNA synthesis in cells.


[Method of obtaining enzymatic preparations of lipase from the fungi of the genus Geotrichum under semi-industrial conditions].

A method of manufacturing stable enzymic preparations of lipase from fungi Geotrichum candidum and G. asteroides under semi-industrial conditions has been developed. The paper describes the preparation of the inoculate, fermentation nutrient medium, scheme of cultivation and isolation of the raw enzyme with a yield of 31.2%.


[Elimination of phenylalanine from amino acid mixtures obtained from yeast hydrolysates and autolyzates].

In order to obtain amino acid mixtures devoid of phenylalanine, adsorption of aromatic amino acids was studied during their chromatography on ion-exchange resin IA-Ip. When 40 g of the amino acid mixture were passed through 400 ml of the swollen ion-exchange resin, phenylalanine and tyrosine were eliminated and 67% of dry substance were yielded. Ion-exchange resin adsorbed phenylalanine and tyrosine could be regenerated. The use IA-Ip is advantageous as compared with that of ion-exchange resin Amberlite IR-45 and activated charcoal.


Hypodontus macropi, Mönnig, 1929 from a Bennetts' wallaby Macropus rufogrisea.

Hypodontus macropi was found in Macropus rufogrisea. Males measured 12.73--13.93 mm in length; one female was 19.07 mm in length. The buccal capsule was funnel-shaped. The mouth opening was directed antero-ventrally. There was a pair of large cutting plates on the dorsal margin of the buccal capsule. The brusal rays were well-developed. Spicules were equal and each bore a cuticular wing. A gubernaculum and a telamon were present. The vulva was situated near the anus. The female tail, 0.163 mm in length, was suddenly tapering.


Bovine ostertagiosis, a review. Analysis of types and syndromes found in France by post mortem examinations and total worm counts.

We have completed an analysis of the total worm counts (including digests) performed on 74 weaned cattle of various ages and sacrified in our laboratory. We identified 21 cases of animals suffering from Ostertagiosis (harbouring over 40,000 adults + immatures in the lumen and the mucosa) or moribund animals showing symptoms and lesions of Ostertagiosis. The results are presented with the Parasite profiles (percentage of G.I. genera) and Parasite levels ("Very low, Low and Average" for carrier animals and "High" and "Very High" for animals suffering from parasitism). We have observed typical cases of Type I on weaned calves but not on calves grazing when suckling their own dams (Charollais, Limousin type), Pretype II and typical Type II on 2 year old or older animals. Variants of Type II were found : Fasciologis/Ostertagiosis complex and Parturient Ostertagiosis which seems to be well-known by practitioners. Complexes of a clinical Type II + stage of Pretype II with 1 to 2 million hypobiotic L4 larvae could explain the difficulty to control very severe diseases. Oedematous ostertagiosis is also described as an original type or syndrome in 2 to 3 year old cattle : the typical lesion is a dramatic oedema of the abomasum which is found enlarged up to X 2 or X 3 times its normal size/weight. The abomasal folds and the edges are filled with a watery oedema and have an appearance of "foetal membranes". As only few parasites are present the disease is considered to be an allergic over reaction in adult animals. It is recommended that the peptic digestion of the abomasal mucosa and differential counts of the various developmental stages of the parasites be added to the routine technique used in diagnosis laboratories.


[Effect of thyroxine on the diurnal rhythm of the mitotic activity and parameters of the life cycle of cells of the liver and esophagus].

The duration of the cellular cycle and the diurnal rhythm of the amount of mitosis were studied in young rats in normality and under the influence of thyroxin. The parenchymal and connective-tissue cells of the liver and cells of the liver and the cells of the oesophagus epithelium basal layer were studied. It was found that under the influence of thyroxin there occured a shortening of the periods of the cellular cycle and a 3--6 h shift to the left of the diurnal rhythm curve of the amount of mitoses. In thyroxinized animals the 21--95% increase of the amount of mitoses in the period of maximum values of the mitotic index during a day was observed as compared with control animals. A conclusion is made about the diurnal rhythm of sensitivity of G0-phase cells to the synchronizing factor, suggesting the decisive significance of the state of the cell population in the interaction of the tissue and hormone cells. The data obatained in the work show that the thyroid hormones regulate the cellular reproduction in the organism by stimulating the cells in the division cycle, synchronization of greater amount of cells by the moment of beginning of the mitotic cycle at a definite time of day and by shortening the period of the cell mitotic cycle.


[Recovery processes in 2 cases of bilingual aphasia].

Recovery processes of two English-Japanese bilingual aphasics were investigated with special emphasia on the effect of language therapy. Although the two patients had different types of aphasia (one Broca's aphasia and the other Wernicke's aphasia), the degree of the language impairment initially manifested in English and Japanese was almost equivalent in each case with the pattern of impairment corresponding to the respective types of aphasia. In either case, language therapy was conducted in English, and the course of recovery during the first six months was analyzed. The results indicated that auditory comprehension improved almost simultaneously in both treated (English) and untreated (Japanese) languages regardless of the type of the patients' aphasia. In contrast, oral language production in Broca's aphasia improved only for the treated language while that in Wernicke's aphasia improved simultaneously for both languages. Writing ability seemed to improve as a function of language therapy in both cases. The implications for the relationship between spontaneous recovery and the effects of treatment were discussed.


[Antiepileptic activity of clonazepam--an antiepileptic benzodiazepine derivative].

Clonazepam, an antiepileptic benzodiazepine derivative was administered into 30 patients mainly with incurable type epilepsy. Results were as summarized below: (1) Clonazepam was effective in 44.4% of 36 cases of seizures. The initial effect was noticed in 55.6%. (2) Clonazepam was proved to have a broad spectrum in its efficacy. It showed the highest rate of effectiveness, 71.4%, on psychomotor seizures. (3) Clonazepam was effective in all 4 cases of the photogenic epilepsy which shows the photosensitivity in the EEG. With the exception of 1 case, the sensitivity in the EEG also disappeared responding to clonazepam. (4) The Jacksonian type of the partial motor seizure disappeared in 2 cases after the administration with clonazepam. (5) The effects of clonazepam of EEG were examined in 24 patients. The abnormality of the basic activity, the diffuse epileptic discharge and the focal epileptic discharge were improved in 29.2%, 61.5% and 66.7%, respectively. In addition, the rate of the clinical effectiveness was high in the cases with the centrencephalic discharge. (6) Side effects were observed to have appeared in 38.9% of the patients. They were mostly drowsiness and ataxia. (7) Based on the above-mentioned results, it can be claimed that clonazepam is effective on psychomotor seizures, photogenic epilepsy and the secondary type of generalized convulsion (Jacksonian).


[RI cisternography with 111-In-DTPA].

In contrast to 169Yb-DTPA the usage of 111In-DTPA, a new radiopharmaceutical, is not as yet popular for RI cisternography. This report deals with a comparative study of these two radiopharmaceuticals for RI cisternography. For the past one year 301 RI cisternography. For the past one year 301 RI cisternographies were performed in 160 cases at the Neurosurgical Survice of Shizuoka Rosai Hospital. Among those 169Yb-DTPA was used in 137 occasions, 111In-DTPA in 53, and both 169Yb-DTPA and 111In-DTPA in 30. The results of this study were as follow. 1. 111In-DTPA was chemically stable in intrathecal administration. 2. A reactive fever was minimal with 111In-DTPA if any. 3. There was no adverse reaction, such as aseptic meningitis, following 111In-DTPA cisternographies. 4. The effective half-life of 111In-DTPA was 16 hours, and that of 169Yb-DTPA 22 hours in this series. This means the men were exposed to radioactivity less with 111In-DTPA than with 169Yb-DTPA. 5. However, there was no difference in diagnostic value between these two radiopharmaceuticals, even 48 hours after intrathecal administration. From this study 111In-DTPA appears to be more suitable for RI cisternography than 169Yb-DTPA.


[2 cases of unilateral hydrocephalus developing in the fetal period].

Dilatation of the lateral ventricle may occur as a result of unilateral hydrocephalus with obstruction of the foramen of Monro. Two cases with congenital dilatation of unilateral ventricle are presented, in which no obstruction of the foramen of Monro was demonstrated. The patients had infantile spasm, asymmetry of the skull and face, and contralateral hemiparesis. Angiography showed embryonal type of the middle cerebral artery. These findings suggest probable presence of active unilateral hydrocephalus in the fetal period.


[Histopathological findings of the nerve and muscles in familial primary amyloidosis, with special reference to the mechanism of amyloid fibril production].

T. I., a male aged 38, had a hereditary primary amyloidosis over four generation in his family history. He had peripheral neuropathy with dissociated sensory disturbances in the lower limbs, impotence, gastrointerstial dysfunction and orthostatic hypotention. N. suralis and M. quadriceps femoralis taken from him were examined by light and electron microscopy. N. suralis contained a lot of amyloids reacting with congo-red in the nerve fibres. Amyloid fibrils were remarkably observed around the blood vessels. They were continuous with the basement membrane of the endotherial cells. A few deposites were observed around the Schwann cell and fibroblasts. In M. quadriceps femoralis, amyloid like fibrils were noted in the perivascular spaces. Especially, a great deal of amyloid fibrils were continuous with the basement membranes. From this finding, it might be speculated that the basement membrane may play an important role in the production of amyloid fibrils.


[Experimental study on epilepsy using a "kindling preparation". Correlation between septal seizure development and psychomotor seizure].

The seizure development was investigated in seven septal kindled cats for examining a participation of septal area in psychomotor epilepsy. Daily electrical stimulation (mean: 33.5 days) of septal area could lead to the "kindled" generalized convulsion. Six stages of behavioral seizure development were distinguished: 1) attention reaction, 2) the above and immobility, 3) the above and autonomic manifestation, 4) the above and facial twitching, head nodding, 5) the above and tonic extension of contralateral forepaw, 6) the above and generalized clonic convulsions. Self-sustained after-discharge and independent interictal spike discharge appeared in the hippocampus in stage 2 or 3, in the amygdala and the globus pallidus in stage 3 or 4, and also in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in stage 5. Positive transference phenomenon was confirmed in bilateral hippocampus, amygdala and globus pallidus. These findings show the progressive dissemination of secondary epileptogeneses in these secondary brain structures during the septal seizure development. Electrographic and behavioral seizure development mentioned above were completely identical to those in the hippocampal seizure that we have reported previously. It is concluded that psychomotor epilepsies may not only be triggered by the hippocampal and amygdaloid foci but by the septum and its related structuresfoei.


[Cerebellar hemangioblastoma with multiple aneurysms].

We have reported a case of cerebellar hemangioblastoma in a 50 year-old Japanese female in which bilateral kidney and ovarian cysts, adrenal adnomatus hyperplasia, and erythrocytosis were observed. Futhermore, an aneurysm not initially observed was detected by cerebral angiography done 23 months after tumor extirpation. We have evaluated the relationship between cerebellar hemangioblastoma and concurrent multiple aneurysms with reference to reported cases.


The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function.

The terminology of lower urinary tract function will be standardized by the ICS. This report contains the recommendations dealing with urinary incontinence, procedures related to the evaluation of urine storage (cystometry, urethral closure pressure profile) and units of measurement.


[Neurochemical aspects of corrective effect of fluoracizine in triphthazine-induced catalepsy in rats].

Following introduction of triftazine (2 mg/kg) and phthoracizine 8 mg/kg, separately and in combination, the intensity of catalepsy, the content of dopamine, norepinephrine (fluorometrically), of acetylcholine (biologically) and the activity of cholinesterase (calorimetrically) in the caudate nuclei and the frontal part of the cortex were determined in rats. It was established that with its one-time administration phthoracizine, while keeping down the intensity of triftazine-induced catalepsy, prevents, at the same time, the development of a number of biochemical effects, viz. there appears a distinctly pronounced tendency toward mormalization of the dopamine, acetylcholine levels and of the cholinesterase activity. A multiple joint administration of the drugs is also attended by lowering the intensity of catalepsy. Then, biochemical changes manifest themselves in more complex interrelations.


The challenge: PSRO and optometry.

Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSRO) will be reviewing services rendered under Medicare/Medicaid and Maternal and Child Health. The United States has been divided into 203 PSRO areas. In states with three or more PSROs, a statewide Professional Standards Review Council will be set up. A national Professional Standards Review Council advises the Secretary of HEW and Congress on the progress of the PSRO program. Norms, criteria and standards will be used in the PSRO review process. It is hoped that the PSRO system will be able to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of health care being paid for by the Federal government.


PSRO's and optometry.

Public Law 92-603 is reviewed and reference made to sections where optometry can be involved. A guide to the development of a program for inclusion in the PSRO program is discussed and a challenge to the profession is issued.


Critical closing pressure in the fetal vessel of the human placenta in vitro. II. Compared effects of a beta adrenergic substance, Salbutamol, on the critical closing pressure and vascular resistance.

Salbutamol effects upon the fetal vessels of the human placenta were studied in vitro, comparing the changes induced upon the critical closing pressure (CCP) and viscous resistance (R). Four normal full-term placentas were used. In each of them, 4 cotyledonary areas were perfused, thus obtaining a total of 16 measurements for the observation of spontaneous variations (blank), by perfusion with Krebs solution, and the same amount for the variations due to Salbutamol. The concentration used was 10 microgram/ml, with a 4.25 ml/min flow. The relative effect of Salbutamol upon CCP was its decrease--30.4% against a relative spontaneous variation of --3.6%. The mean relative effect upon R was much lower, --9.4%. against a mean relative spontaneous variation of + 3.3%. The advantages of using CCP instead of R as a parameter of vascular contractility are discussed. Furthermore, Salbutamol is suggested to be useful in improving fetal placental circulation.


Effects of oxamate, an inhibitor of lactate dahydrogenase, upon the spontaneous or oxytocin-induced motility and over pyruvate levels of uterine horns isolated from ovariectomized or estrus rats.

The stability with time of the spontaneous as well as the oxytocin-triggered functional activity of uterine borns isolated from induced estrus rats and immersed in a medium with lactate as the substrate was not affected by the presence of oxomate (an inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase) at 10 or 20mM. On the contrary, the oxytocin-driven and the spontaneous motility of preparations obtained from 15 days castrated rats diminished significantly following in addition of the enzyme inhibitor. Furthermore, uterine borns from ovariectomized animals injected with 17-beta estradiol, regain the lack of functional sensivity towards oxamate. In addition, determinations of pyruvate levels in homogenates of uterine tissue, previously suspended in lactate medium (as in the functional experiments), demonstrate to be significantly reduced, following oxamate. Several possible reasons, attempting to explain these findings, are discussed.