Effect of absorbable cellulose on the renal parenchyma.

Both kidneys of 12 dogs were injured and the wounds were covered with Surgicel which was fixed by means of adhesive. The results were checked by visual inspection and histological tests. The method seems to be suitable for use in appropriate human cases.


Determinantion of testosterone concentration in semen of men with normal or subnormal sperm counts and after vasectomy.

Semen from 58 male subjects, aged 22 to 50, was assayed on an individual basis to determine whether T was present in it. Of the subjects examined 23 were normospermic, 14 oligospermic and 9 azoospermic; 12 men had undergone vasectomy were also included in the study. In 39 of the subjects plasma testosterone was estimated. A competitive protein binding technique was employed for T assays while dried extracts of semen were examined by combined gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry and mass fragmentography. Measurable amounts of T were detected in all seminal specimens assayed. This was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry which showed a spectrum suggestive of T. The ratio of unconjugated to conjugated steroid in semen was found to be approximately 1:10. Levels of unconjgated T were similar to those found in plasma of normally menstruating women. The mean seminal concentration of unconjugated T (+/-SD) in the specimens assayed was 0.71 ng/ml+/-0.08 for the normospermic, 0.79+/-0.14 for the ezoospermic, 0.69+/-0.09 for the oligospermic, but only 0.38+/-0.04 for the vasectomized subjects. Plasma levels for this androgen were within the range found in normal men of comparable age.  Significant correlation between plasma and seminal T concentration could not be demonstrated and there was no correlation between either of the above parameters and the seminal volume, the number, abnormal form percentage and the motility of spermatozooa in the normo--or oligospermic group. However, when the two groups were pooled into one, significant correlations were found between plasma, (but not seminal T concentration) and the seminal characters examined, perhaps suggesting the number of specimens from the groups should be increased to obtain valid data. Administration of human chorionic gonadotropin produced a marked plasma response as well as a rise of seminal T levels in 3 normospermic subjects whereas cyproterone acetate caused reduction of plasm T levels but had no consistent effect on the seminal concentration of ts steroid although the sensitivity of the seminal method may not have detected smaller changes at this level.


Protein content of human seminal plasma and spermatozoa in relation to sperm counts.

Protein concentrations of seminal plasma and spermatozoa were estimated in human normospermic, oligospermic and azoospermic semens. The protein content of seminal plasma ranged from 20 to 60 mg per ml semen and was found to be unrelated to sperm counts. Suspended sediments of azoospermic specimens were found to contain on the average 570+/-86 microng protein per ml semen. This value is about four times higher than in severe oligospermic specimens (0.2 X 10(6) -6.5 X 10(6) cells per ml semen). It is suggested that in azoospermic disorders seminiferous tubules secrete abnormally high amounts of proteinacous material which cannot be eliminated by washings. In addition, destruction of immature cells may contribute to increased protein conten in these specimens. Protein determinations in washed spermatozoa showed a negative relationship between the amount of protein calculated per 10(6) cells and original sperm counts. This trend demonstrates an altered protein metabolism in the spermatozoa of oligospermic specimens which might be responsible for fertility incompetence.


Complex of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with Cu2+ ion. I. The apoenzyme-Cu complex.

D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase binds one Cu2+ ion per subunit, which results in the formation of a specific metal-protein complex. This complex exhibits a sharp absorption band around 370 nm, and a broad, small absorption band in the 600-700 nm region. The shape of the absorption spectrum of Cu-GAPD complex in the visible range depends on the anionic composition of the solution. The Cu-GAPD complex is stable in solutions containing phosphate or pyrophosphate anions, but undergoes a slow change in sulfate-, and a rapid change in chloride-containing solutions. The Cys-149 residue of the enzyme is essential for the formation of the Cu-GAPD complex. The sharp absorption at 370 nm presumably corresponds to a charge transfer interaction between the sulfur and the metal ion. Similar absorption bands are shown by the Cu-complexes of papain and thiol-alcalase enzymes. It is assumed that in addition to the reactive thiol groups an imidazole residue in the active site of these enzymes is also involved in the complex formation, and the specific Cu-GAPD Cu-papain and Cu-thiol-alcalase complexes contain a Cys-Cu-His chelate structure.


[Biochemical study on the 1st case of analbuminemia in France].

A new case of analbuminemia was described as follows for a six month's old child of Algerian origin. The discovery of the disease was made by chance, the clinical signs were limited to small oedema. The serum albumin concentration was 64 mg/1 and its immunochemical action was identical to that of normal albumin. The system reacted by an increase of the synthesis of globulins. For the subject, the alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruleoplasmin, hatoglobin, alpha2-macroglobulin, transferrin, immunoglobulins M contents were three times higher than the standard figures. The analysis of the distribution of non esterified fatty acids ususally carried by albumin was normal. On the other hand, it was possible to show that the presence of free bilirubin independant from proteins could be detected for a concentration of 17 micronmol/l. A study of the family showed a standard repartition of albumin and globulins. The genetic origin observed in the symptoms was confirmed by the consanguinity of the parents.


[Use of an ion exchanger as a rapid means of extraction, applied to the determination of urinary estrogens and pregnanediol in pregnancy, using colorimetry or gas chromatography].

The method described permits, after classical hydrolysis, extraction without a solvent of estrogens during pregnancy. It also permits estimation of pregnanediol which is eluted in a different fraction. Twenty estimations may be carried out in half a day on test samples of from 2 to 10 ml of urine. The estimation of total estrogen by colorimetry takes into consideration the efficiency of extraction by the use of a standard range treated under the same conditions. For gas chromatography, two internal standards are added to the urine after hydrolysis: these are 16,17-epiestriol and 5 beta pregnane-3 alpha, 17 alpha, 20 beta triol (PGTS) have respectively the same behaviour as estriol on the one hand and pregnanediol and pregnanetriol, on the other hand. They take into consideration resin extraction and chromatographic behaviour and may be used for quantitative estimation. The graphs of standardisation and recovery have been studied for the main estrogens together with pregnanediol. The various eluates were controlled by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.


Different scientifical orientations in approaching so-called schizophrenics.

The literature on the phenomenon of "schizophrenia" presents different scientific orientations. These are classified under five headings: biophysical, intrapsychic, phenomenological, behavioural and socio-cultural. This classification corresponds to the different contemporary professional orientations. However, each orientation provides only the interpretation of one aspect of the total phenomenon studied. Moreover, most interpretations are still imperfectly developed. A comprehensive transdimensional approach is a task for the future.


[Action of 4 percent sulfuric acid on various species of mycobacteria].

The action of treatment with 4 p. cent sulphuric acid for 10 minutes, was tested on 13 strains of mycobacteria. Rapidly growing mycobacteria, e.g. M. diernhoferi, M. chelonei M. abscessus, M. Fortuitum, proved much more sensitive than slowly growing mycobacteria, e.g. M. xenopi, M, scrofulacem, M. kansaii, M. avium, M. marinum, BCG, M. tuberculosis and M. Bovis. We observed the persistance of a certain number of viable bacteria in spite of a duration of contact of 120 minutes, Albumin in the culture medium used presented a protective effect together with the high concentration in bacteria.


[Relationship of decerebrate rigidity maintenance with muscular contraction permanence after spinal cord section in dogs].

The mammalian spinal cord seems to be capable of information retation in simmilar fashion to the cerebral cortex memory storation. The intercollicular transection otherwise, relieving bulbar and mesencephalic areas from cerebral and cerebelar influences produces tetanic contraction on antigravidity muscles due to somatory with stimuli originated from muscle spindle. This phenomena is very suitable to memory retention studies since myotatic reflex is monossinaptic, occurs in this case, on a simple nervous structure (the spinal cord) and can be easily identified and quantitified, through muscular responses. In the present work, decerebrate rigidity effects upon spinal cord before and after spinal section, was studied. Physiological parameters were recorded in order to maintain the experimental condition of the dogs, as close as possible to normal, Our results showed that thirty and forty-five minutes in time difference of decerebrate rigidity influence on spinal motoneurons has little effects in tetany persistance after spinal section. However, ninety minutes period of time between the two transections produces considerable increase in rigidity permanence after spinal cord section. The relationship of our results with differents types of memory and the basic mechanism involved in the response is unknown and will be the subject of future investigations.


The interaction between neuroleptic treatment and sociotherapeutic approach in chronic schizophrenics. Investigations with haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide.

In the modern treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients two major trends can be outlined: sociotherapy and psychopharmacotherapy. Therefore it is an important question whether these two therapeutic approaches interact in a positive or a negative way. Selected examples of experiments about the interaction of haloperidol, penfluridol and pimozide with sociotherapy are given and discussed. It is also demonstrated that the learning capacity of the patients depends on the particular type of neuroleptic.


Long-acting neuroleptics and their place in community mental health services in the United Kingdom: the Salford experience.

In approaching the goal of a comprehensive community service at the city of Salford (England), the long-acting neuroleptics seem to be an essential step toward a system of continuous care for schizophrenics considered vulnerable to relapse. The hospitalisation experience of a sample of 211 patients is measured on "mirror-image" basis, i.e. an equal length of time for each patient before and after the start of long-acting phenothiazines. The results show a very substantial reduction in hospital stay.


Conjoint measurement in psychiatric research.

In order to study complex drug-patient-milieu interactions, conjoint measurement models can be of great help in finding out whether there are any interaction patterns in the data and, if so, in specifying the kind of interaction. Some examples are given. The possible applications as well as the limitations of this technique are discussed.


Catecholamines and the abundance of blood cells in a fresh water tropical teleost (Colisa fasciatus) in relation to cold-shock.

Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (0.05 microng/g) elicited characteristic changes in the abundance of circulating leucocytes at selected time intervals (viz., 3, 15 and 27 min. and, later, at intervals of 48 minutes up to 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h) post-injection in Colisa. Leucocytosis was evident as 15, 27 and 75 min, and tendency towards leucocytosis was observed at 123 and 267 min.; at 3, 171, 219, 315 and 363 min. and at 12 and 24 h, the total leucocyte counts for the experimentals and controls were not significantly different. No such corresponding significant changes were observed in the abundance of circulating erythrocytes or thrombocytes. Leucocyte sequence elicited by epinephrine was also apparent in Colisa which had been exposed to a temperature of 2 degrees C for one minute. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine (3.0 mg/l aquarium water), an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, abolished the cold-shock leucocytic phases, except 27 min. leucocytosis which emerged unaffected. Exogenous norepinephrine (2 microng/g) and isoproterenol (0.1 microng/g) failed to elicit any significant change in the number of circulating leucocytes, erythrocytes, or thrombocytes. Clearly adrenergic mechanisms are involved in the cold-shock leucocyte stress sequence. The results suggest alpha-activating role of epinephrine during the leucocyte stress syndrome in Colisa and, apparently, epinephrine is leucocytic.


[Ultrastructure of the gonadal primordia of the viviparous lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) during the period of colonization by the germ cells].

This ultrastructural study was carried our during colonization of the gonadal primordia by the germ cells which reach the gonads after interstitial migration. During the period of colonization, the germinal epithelia have no basal membrane. The epithelial cells are linked together by desmosomal junctions; they contain many free ribosomes, some lipid droplets, few granular reticula. The Golgi apparatus and the agrangular reticulum are well developed and situated at the distal pole of the cells. The outline of the germinal epithelia is regular in front of the coelomic cavity. At first, the outline of the basal surface is very irregular because the epithelial cells put out many cytoplasmic processes. Then, cytoplasmic processes become more sparse and the outline of the basal surface more regular. The germinal epithelia do not show swellings linked with a merocrine type of excretory process as in the chick (Cuminge and Dubois, 1971). However, this does not rule out a chemotactic type attraction of the germ cells. The first germ cell which arrive in the gonadal areas are incorporated into the epithelia. Later on, the germ cells are immobilized by the mesenchymal cells of the gonadal primordia which prevent them from reaching the epithelia. These germ cells stay in the medullary area of the young gonad which contain a greater number of germ cells than the epithelia.


[Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery. Review and report of two cases (author's transl)].

Two cases of aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery are reported. This is a congenital heart disease with every low incidence. To our knowledge only 62 cases have been previously reported. Patent ductus arteriosus is the usual associated anomaly. The first of our cases is associated with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension with severe pulmonary vascular bed changes; surgical closure was considered unadvisable. Aortic-pulmonic window is associated in the second case; cardiac surgery was carried out and the patient died posoperatively. The previously reported cases are reviewed and are compared with anatomic, physiopathologic, clinical, angiohemodiamic and therapeutic features of our cases. Congestive heart failure and inespecific left-to-right shunt clinical features were present early in life, mostly in the first month. Anatomic and funtional evaluation is only possible by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography, because pulmonary hypertension appears at a very early stage and once fixed makes surgical treatment unadvisable.


[Quantitative studies on the regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers. II. Variations of the number and size of regenerating nerve fibers after localized crushing or total section].

1. The number and size of myelinated nerve fibers have been determined at standard levels, in the nerve to medial head of right and left gastrocnemius muscles of 112 rats in which the left sciatic nerve had suffered an experimental lesion according one of the following four modalities: localized crushing, total section followed or not by suture and resection of a nervous segment of about 1 cm. 2. In the nerve to medial head of right gastrocnemius muscle (contralateral nerve used as control), the number of myelinated fibers decreased in average to 10% after crushing, 5% or 4% after section followed or not by suture. However, an increase of 6% was observed after resection. The mean values of the mean diameters showed a decrease of 8% after crushing and 5% after section without suture. This value did not seem to be affected by section followed by immediate suture and after resection, it increased of 11%. On the whole, male rats appeared to be more sensitive than female to the effects of the operation. 3. The nerves of 12 rats have been observed from 15 to 334 days after resection of about 1 cm of sciatic nerve. The 20% of the regenerating myelinated nerve fibers which have succeeded to cross over such a distance had a distribution which remained unimodal; the diameter of the large fibres did not exceed 8 micronm. 4. 34 rats have been sacrificed from 15 to 715 days after sciatic nerve section which was not followed by suture. The number of myelinated nerve fibers became normal again during the 4th month and reached afterwards a mean value of 130%, with very marked variations. The nerve fibre distribution was most frequently unimodal, but may came bimodal one year after the operation in certain nerves. Their mean diameter never exceeded 60% of the normal. 5. The nerves of 34 rats have been examined from 15 to 720 days after section and immediate suture. The number of myelinated nerve fibers returned to normal during the second month and increased afterwards to an average of 150% with very important variations. The nerve fiber distribution was generally unimodal, but may become bimodal 7 months after the operation. Their mean diameter reached only 50 to 55% of the normal. 6. 32 rats have been sacrificed from 10 to 720 rats after a localized crushing. The number of myelinated nerve fibers come back to normal during the 4th week and later increased up to a mean of 115%. Their distribution became early bimodal from the 97th day onwards. Although, their mean diameter nerver exceeded 80% of the normal, the histograms of the regenerating nerve and of the control nerve could be almost superposed during the second year.


[Diabetes insipidus in infancy. I. Review (author's transl)].

Diabetes insipidus and its' treatment, are revised. New pathogenic concepts stressing the roll of osmoreceptors in its' etiological causes are explained. In the diagnosis, great importance is given to recently sistematized proof by Miller-Moses. This allows, to evaluate the grade of deficiency in vasopressin as well as new therapeutic possibilities, using differents drugs other from the classical "oily" solution of vasopressin.


[Acro-osteolysis idiopathic distal (author's transl)].

A six year old girl. With a clinical picture of acro-osteolysis idiopathic non familial associated with other anomalies is presented. Literature is reviewed and the clinical, radiologic, pathologic and etiopathogenetic features are commented, pointing out the diferent associated abnormalities that other authors did not consign: facial, anacraneal dysplasia, epiphyseal separations and dislocations of radius, and peroneal incurvation.


Labeling of lectin receptors during the cell cycle. (Localizabión de receptores para lectinas durante el ciclo celular). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 100-104, 1976. The topographic distribution of specific cell surface receptors for concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin was studied by ultrastructural labeling in the course of the cell cycle. C12TSV5 cells were synchronized by double thymidine block or mechanical selection (shakeoff). They were labeled by means of lectin-peroxidase techniques while in G1 S, G2 and M phases of the cycle. The results obtained were similar for both lectins employed. Interphase cells (G1 S, G2) present a stlihtly discontinous labeling pattern that is similar to the one observed on unsynchronized cells of the same line. Cells in mitosis, on the contrary, present a highly discontinous distribution of reaction product. This pattern disappears after the cells enters G1 and is not present on mitotic cells fixed in aldehyde prior to labeling.


Effects of thyroidectomy and replacement therapy on the adrenal and testis of the bird myna, Acridotheres tristis.

Thyroidectomy in Myna, Acridotheres tristis, increased the levels of cholesterol, ascorbic acid and decreased the activity of the adrenal. The size and activity of the testis also decreased following thyroid removal. The weight of the two glands and activity of testis was not affected by 0.25 mg of 1-thyroxine. The chemical and histological changes of the adrenal were however reversed. It is suggested that thyroid deficiency leads to reduced output of the trophic hormones from the adenohypophysis of the bird resulting in decreased size and activity of the gonad and of the adrenal.


In vitro degradation of ribosomes.

The cytoplasmic ribosomes from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris are found to be of two types taking into consideration their stability "in vitro". In the group of unstable ribosomes the large subunit is degraded. The other group apparently does not suffer any degradation under the conditions described. However the RNAs extracted from both types of ribosomes are degraded during sucrose density gradients. The degradation of the largest RNA species has been reported previously, but no comment has been made about the stability of the ribosome itself.


[Paraneoplasic Cushing' syndrome. Neurosecretory granules in a lymph node metastasis in electronic microscopy (author's transl) (proceedings)].

The authors relate a case of paraneoplasic Cushing's syndrome by mediastinal tumor, probably of thymic origin. All the clinical and biological signs recall similar cases previously related. An "ACTH-like" substance has been found by biological method in a lymphoide metastasis. The main interest resides in the anatomo-pathological findings and more especially in electronic microscopy. The abundance of the neurosecretory granules is a characteristic feature of the malignant cells observed. These granules appear to the authors identical to those observed in other secretory thymomas and various tumors.


Changes in plasma membranes during the prereplicative phase of the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid glands of mice.

A single intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol induces resting cells from the acini of the mouse parotid gland to enter the proliferative cycle. Parotid plasma membrane from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice were prepared by differential centrifugation of the homogenates. Comparing the chemical composition of plasma membranes from non-stimulated and isoproterenol-treated mice, no variation in the phospholipid/protein ratio was observed. However, the levels of neutral sugars, hexosamines and sialic acid fall drastically in the early prereplicative phase. The decrease in neutral sugars and hexosamines in plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol is imitated by pilocarpine, which induces secretion but little or no increase in DNA synthesis. However, pilocarpine does not mobilize sialic acid from the plasma membrane. Moreover, dosis of isoproterenol that elicits secretion but not mitosis in the acinar cells, does not induce the movement of sialic acid from the plasma membrane. The mobilization of sialic acid from plasma membranes caused by isoproterenol was also demonstrated in an in vitro system. Treatment of the plasma membrane with chloroform/methanol shows that around 60% of the sialic acid is present in the less polar phase. We conclude that the separation of sialic acid from the plasma membrane is one of the early steps in the sequence of events leading to DNA synthesis and cell division in the isoproterenol-stimulated parotid gland of mice.


[Study of the microcirculatory bed by a method of demonstrating lactate dehydrogenase].

The method of detection of lactate dehydrogenase with some modification was used to study the microcirculatory bed in total preparations of serous membranes and plane sections of organs of any square surface. The employment of non-fixed material, the short time (from 15 to 60 min) necessary to obtain preparations of any size and simultaneous determination of the localization and the degree of the activity of the enzyme--are, to the authors opinion, undoubtful advantages of the given method, which can be an addition to the well-known impregnation method of determination of the microcirculatory bed.


[Tomography of the maxillary sinus].

The maxillary sinuses were studied roentgenographically and tomographically in 108 patients (with intact sinuses) and in 16 anatomical preparations of the cranium. It has been established that the main features of the laminar picture of the maxillary sinuses can be determined by two main properties of tomography as a method: the possibility to lead the portions of the sinus osseous walls of greater-length as compared with conventional roentgenography out to the edge-forming zone due to oblique course of the ray beam, and vise versa, disappearance of outlines of these walls in those sections where they are considerably inclined in relation to the roentgen film plane. A description of the laminar roentgen-anatomical picture of the maxillary sinuses in naso-frontal, nasomental and lateral projections is presented. It is stresses that in each of these projections several main types of the laminar picture of the maxillary sinuses can be detected, characterizing different depth of sections.


[Anatomo-topographic features of the deep lymph nodes of the neck in adult humans].

Profounod cervical lymph nodes were studied on 35 corpses and 30 complexes of organs of the head and neck in adult man by method of dissection after a preliminary injecting the lymphatic vessels and nodes. Under study were the lymph nodes of the anterior part (prelaryngeal, prethyroid, pretracheal and paratracheal groups) which are disposed under the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia. The lymph nodes of the lateral area of the neck are concentrated along the internal jugular vein, accessory nerve and the transversal artery of the neck. The lymph nodes disposed along the internal jugular vein are divided into 3 groups: superior, medial and inferior. The lymph nodes disposed in the lateral area of the neck are of different types. The obtained data can be used for decoding data of lymphography.


[Structure of the gastric mucosa following experimental antrectomy].

The important role of the antral part of the stomach in sustaining the gastric mucosa tissue homeostasis has been shown in chronic experiment in dogs. In 5-13 months after antrectomy the thickness of the gastric mucosa diminishes by 21% at an average, the height of the fundal glands-by 29%, the amount of the parietal cells-by 54%, the amount of basic cells-by 34%. Hypoplastic lesions of the gastric mucous membrane develop and complete within the first months after antrectomy. After the 5th month the degree of hypoplasia fails to markedly increase, i. e. the shifts found are not of constantly progressing character.


[Arterial blood supply to the laryngeal part of the pharynx].

The sources, anastomoses and variations of bloodsupply of the laryngeal part of the pharynx were studied in 100 corpses of different sex and age. It has been established that the fronto-lateral divisions of the laryngeal part of the pharynx are supplied with blood by pharyngeal branches of the superior and inferior paryngeal arteries. Ligation of the pharyngeal arteries during laryngectomy prior to their entering the larynx, i. e. before the divergence of the pharyngeal branches from them, as conventional, causes restriction of supply of these parts and can contribute to disjunction of the pharyngeal suture. The trunks of laryngeal arteries with their pharyngeal branches should be preserved, if possible. The posterior wall of the laryngeal part of the pharynx is divided into three zones depending on the main arterial sources (the ascending pharyngeal, superior and inferior thyroid arteries).


[Anatomic transformation of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine following immunization].

The experimental investigation of the lymphatic bed of the small intestine after immunization was performed in 15 rabbits. Ten rabbits were taken as control. The rabbits were immunized by administration of kidney antigen with the complete Freund adjuvant. The animals were killed on the 7-8th days after two cycles of immunization, three injections in each cycle. The interval between the injections was three days, between the cycles - one month. Polychrome injection of arteries and veins was made. The lymphatic bed was filled with Gerota's mass. The chylus sinuses, lymph capillaries and vessels of experimental animals were found to be dilated 2-6 times as compared with normal. There appear many blind processes on the walls of lymph capillaries and vessels. Intraorganic lymphatic pathways were more dilated as compared with extraorganic. The ileum was found to be more reactive in immunization than other two parts of the small intestine.


[Linear dimensions of the lamina of the tectum mesencephali during human ontogenesis].

The dynamics of the establishment of linear dimensions of the lamina of tectum mesencephali in ontogenesis was studied in 145 preparations of human brain. The investigation was performed with by the M. M. Sauliak-Savitskaja apparatus (1953). The obtained data were processed by the method of mathematical analysis. The relief of the superior colliculi was found to be formed earlier than that of the inferior colliculi. The linear dimensions of both colliculi are practically equal to those of adult men during the third year of life. No correlative relationship between the sex of the objects under study and the linear dimensions of the lamina of tectum mesencephali was found as well as between thr right and left parts of the lamina tecti. The linear dimensions of it in all age groups are very variable.


[Features of the structural organization of the dolphin (Phocaena phocaena) lateral geniculate body in comparison to other dolphins].

The work describes a new for dolphins type of the cytoarchitectonic organization and topographo-anatomical features of the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body found in the dolphin Phocaena phocaena. In dolphins only the alveolar type of organization of the formation in question had been known which was principally different from the laminar and nuclear types characteristic of the terrestrial mammals. The Phocaena phocaena proved to have the nuclear type of organization of the external geniculate body, as well as in certain mammals. In addition, a fact of a sharp quantitative diminution of the external geniculate body as compared with other dolphins has been revealed which is of interest for the physiology of vision. This fact is of significance showing the total amount of nerve cells in the dorsal nucleus of the external geniculate body of the Phocaena phocaena to be equal to 6,6% as compared with the white-sided dolphin. Since the above diminution proved to be selective and did not take place in the anterior tuber of the quadrigeminum, the author puts forward the idea that a considerably less afferentation comes to the visual cortex of the Phocaena phocaena than to that of other dolphins, due to some, yet unknown, restriction of the visual function.


[Nuclei and fields of the rabbit hypothalamus].

Common features and distinctions in the structure of certain fields of the rabbit hypothalamus were established on the basis of cytoarchitectonical and cytological analysis. It has been shown that there are three types of nerve cells in the nuclei and fields of the hypothalamus which can be referred to somato-, cyto- and karyochromic elements of the nervous system in accordance with the Nissl classification. All the cellular structures of the hypothalamus can be divided into heteromorphic and isomorphic types. The medial and lateral hypothalamic fields of all the rostro-caudal length of the hypothalamus are referred to the first type. The hypothalamic nuclei occupying its basal part are referred to the second type. On the basis of the obtained data concerning the neuronal composition of the fields and nuclei of the hypothalamus, it can be divided into three zones: the medial zone, including 3 medial hypothalamic fields disposed along the 3d ventricle; the lateral zone comprizing two a lateral hypothalamic fields occupying its lateral parts along its all length and the basal zone including hypothalamic nuclei disposed mainly in the ventral part of the hypothalamus.


Chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 with special reference to the extent of interpeptide cross-linking.

The chemical structure of the cell wall peptidoglycan of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 was studied. Estimation of cross linkages between peptide subunits in the peptidoglycan by dinitrophenylation showed that about 30% of the total 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (A2pm) residues were involved in cross linkages. The presence of interpeptide bridges was also demonstrated by isolating bisdisaccharide peptide subunit dimers from Chalaropsis muramidase digests of the cell wall peptidoglycan by gel filtration followed by ion-exchange column chromatography, although most of the building blocks obtained were uncross-linked disaccharide peptide monomers. The chain length of a glycan moiety of the peptidoglycan obtained by treatment with the L-11 enzyme and gel filtration of the digest was also studied. The chain length varied from 7 to 44, but 30% of the glycan fragments had muramic acid at the reducing end and a chain length of 28 to 44. In conformity with the above structural study it was demonstrated that a particulate enzyme fraction obtained by differential centrifugation of a sonicated preparation of V. parahaemolyticus catalyzed a penicillin-sensitive transpeptidation reaction, using UDP-MurNAc-14C-pentapeptide and UDP-GlcNAc as substrates.


Effect of prolonged trifluoperazine, imipramine and haloperidol administration on serum cholesterol. An experimental study in rabbits.

As a result of prolonged intragastric administration of trifluoperazine (TFZ) and imipramine in rabbits, a significant rise in serum cholesterol was observed after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Haloperidol was ineffective. Hypercholesterolemia produced by TFZ was not associated with increased estriol excretion in urine. Histochemical examination of aorta of TFZ-treated animals showed positive 'Schultz's reaction' for cholesterol, suggesting a possible causal relationship between TFZ-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherogenesis.


Protection of carrageenin edema and trypsin hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin by naphthylthiosemicarbazides and their cyclized oxadiazoles.

Seven 1-(naphth-1-ylacetyl)-4-substituted thiosemicarbazides were synthesized and cyclized to the corresponding 2-(naphth-1-ylmethyl)-5-arylamino-1,3,4-oxadiazoles. All compounds, with the exception of two slbstituted oxadiazoles, possessed low anti-inflammatory activity. The protection afforded by these compounds against carrageen-in-induced edema ranged from 3 to 43% where cyclization, in general, decreased anti-inflammatory activity. All compounds (1 mM), possessed antiproteolytic activity where in vitro protection of trypsin-induced hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin, in most cases was greater with oxadiazoles.


The effect of diftalone on collagen and glycosaminoglycans metabolism.

Diftalone showed a distinct inhibition effect on the collagen formation in sponge granuloma as well as in chick embryos articular cartilage. The inhibitory effect was expressed even in corneal and articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAG) sulphation and GAG formation in granulation tissue. According to our previous results diftalone showed a similar inhibition of collagen and GAG biosynthesis as other effective antirheumatic drugs.


The lymphocytic absorption of p,p'-DDT and some structurally-related compounds in the rat.

The lymphatic absorption of a series of 14C-labelled compounds structurally related to p,p'-DDT has been examined in thoracic duct-cannulated rats. The compounds (p,p'-DDT, p,p-DDT, P,P'-DDD, p,p-DDD, DDE, DDA and 2,4-D) varied markedly in lipid solubility, as well as in extent of lymphatic absorption, urinary and biliary excretion, and localization in body fat. More than 12% of the dose was recovered in 24-hour thoracic duct lymph of rats treated with the p,p'- and o,p-isomers of DDT and DDD and with DDE, and this percentage was increased by concomitant fat absorption. A strict parallel between lipid solubility and lymphatic absorption was not observed in this series of compounds, possibly because of differences in their rates and routes of excretion.


Displacement of albumin-bound antimicrobial agents by bilirubin.

The ability of bilirubin to displace antimicrobial agents from their binding sites on albumin was studied in vitro by equilibrium dialysis. Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillins and cephalosporins of different degrees of protein binding were tested. It was found that bilirubin reduced the protein binding of all four classes of antimicrobial agents, although by varying degrees. This effect was most pronounced with the compounds which had the highest degree of protein binding, such as cloxacillin, cephazolin, methacycline and sulfisoxazole, all of which are bound greater than 80% by albumin. On the other hand, the drugs with less than 25% binding, such as ampicillin, cephalexine and tetracycline were not ostensibly displaced by bilirubin. Scatchard plots of the binding of sulfamethoxazole to albumin in the presence of 400 mumol/1 of bilirubin, showed that bilirubin almost completely displaced the sulfonamide molecule from the high affinity site on the albumin molecule. Reduced protein binding of drugs in hyperbilirubinemic infants may have pharmacokinetic significance.


Inhibitory action of aliphatic alcohols on smooth muscle contraction.

The addition of 0.05-0.20 mM CaCl2 to the isolated guinea pig ileum immersed in a depolarizing (excess potassium), and calcium-free Tyrode solution produces a dose-related contraction, which is reversibly blocked by aliphatic alcohols of low molecular weight. The inhibitory potency of the alcohols increases with the length of their carbon chain, and may be due to an interference with the movement of calcium across the smooth muscle cell membrane.


[Angiodysplasia of the colon].

The authors present a case review of a congenital abnormality of the inferior mesenteric blood vessels which resulted in ischemia of the descending colon and rectosigmoid area. The resulting colitis is only very rarely secondary to a vascular congenital abnormality. In this case, rectosigmoidoscopy, barioum study of the large bowel and a biopsy of the rectal mucosa pointed towards the ischemic nature of the lesion. This led to the selective angiographic study of the inferior mesenteric vessels with findings of a dilated inferior mesenteric artery and angiodysplasia. Surgical treatment included tying off of the inferior mesenteric artery and resection of the descending and rectosigmoid colon followed by transverse colon-rectum anastomosis. The angiographic and histopathologic studies were of great importance in establishing the true nature of the patient's clinical syndrome. One must keep in mind that the rectosigmoidoscopic findings may be seen in other disease states which do not have a vascular origin. These include Crohn's disease, severe amoebiasis and penumatosis of the intestine.


[Retrograde jejuno-gastric invagination as a complication of gastric surgery].

A review of the world's medical literature concerning retrograde jejunal-gastric invagination reveals that it is a very unusual complication. It is sometimes seen following gastric surgery and presents with the clinical picture of a high intestinal occlusion. From the clinical point of view the diagnosis is difficult but the radiologic study with contrast medium is always useful. Nonetheless, thirty percent of the cases are diagnosed correctly only at autopsy. There are now 146 cases published in the literature and in all the etiologic factors are different from those observed in other types of invagination. Early diagnosis and treatment improve the prognosis and eliminate a fatal outcome, as is seen in the two cases herein presented.


[Cholecystocholedochal ascaridiasis].

Ascaridiasis, as shown by Stoll is one of the most frequent parasitosis the world over; in our country is very frequent and its incidence is greater in the tropical areas. The emigration of the ascari to the biliary tract is cause of obstructive jaundice and acute cholecystitis. The clinical picture sometimes is taken for the one produced by biliary lythiasis. In the two cases presented the diagnosis was made during the trans-operative period. Ascaridiasis of the biliary ducts is more frequent in women; as judged by our cases and the cases reported by López Domínguez, Laviada and Tovia. The surgical treatment in our cases was cholecystectomy and cholocostomy with good results. This entity should be kept in mind as cause of obstructive jaundice or acute cholecystitis.


[Spontaneous perforation of the bile ducts in childhood].

At the pediatric surgery service of Centro Médico La Raza during 20 years six spontaneous perforations of biliary ducts have occurred. Two groups of causes are proposed; the first includes previous biliary ducts malformations with two sub-groups, one with great malformations as partial atresia, cystic dilatation and cystic disease of the biliary tract; the second sub-group includes weak areas. The second group has no previous pathology. Precipitating causes are infections and obstructions. Three of the six patients corresponded to duct perforation and three to gallbladder perforation; the initial diagnosis was different to biliary pathology in all the patients. Male were predominant; there was no previous pathology in any patient; this is difficult to interpret as all of them presented with important morphologic changes. Treatment possibilities are discussed comparing our experience with others'.


Spermatogenesis in free living mite, Pergamasus viator Halaŝ. (Parasitidae, Mesostigmata). II. Spermiogenesis.

The paper presents the results of ultrastructural studies on the spermiogenesis in the mite, Pergamasus viator Halaŝkova. The cysts containing 16 spermatids per cyst, are localized in the anterior part of the saccular gonad. The process of spermatid maturation has been divided into three stages: of the early spermatid, middle spermatid and late spermatid. The modifications of spermatid occuring during the spermiogenesis include: a change of cell shape, modifications of its organelles and formation of new structures like the superficial layer of cellular processes, striated bodies, granular bodies, flattened cisternae and canaliculi, central canaliculi, and stiff bands. Within the nucleus the chromatin condenses to threads or lamellae, to form subsequently several electron-dense granules. The remaining nucleoplasm is filled with an electron-dense material, which appears in the middle spermatid and gradually accumulates. The above modifications occuring in the course of spermiogenesis and their relation to the data available from the literature concerning the spermatogenesis of allied groups of animals are discussed in length.


Neuroendocrine organs of the lemon-butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. II. The corpora cardiaca-allata complex of the adult.

The retrocerebral endocrine organs of the adult lemon-butterfly; Papilio demoleus have been described. The organs are subaortic lying closely behind the brain. While the nervi corporis cardiaci I (NCCI) originate from the protocerebrum of the brain, the NCCII seem to take their origin in the tritocerebrum in common with another nerve named earlier as the tegumentary nerve. The corpora cardiaca (CC) and corpora allata (CA) are closely approximated to each other obliterating the nervi corporis allati (NCA) which are conspicuous in the larva of the same species. An intercardiacal bridge (ICB) connects the CC of the two sides and acts as a possible centre of distribution for the neurosecretory material (NSM) to the gut. Histological evidence suggests that the NSM inside the CC remains intraaxonal without being primarily unloaded in the organs for storage. The intrinsic secretory cell of the CC are intimately associated with the neurosecretory fibres from the brain and bear fairly thick axons. No NSM could be detected in the CA of this insect.


The effect of carbofuran-toxication on the chloragogen tissue of Tubifex tubifex Müll. (Oligochaeta).

Chloragogen cells, subserving ion exchange and electron accepting functions, were studied in Tubifex tubifex after insecticide treatment. Chloragogen cells were strongly influenced by in vivo carbofuran poisoning. The first alterations in the chloragogen cells became activated, both the formation and release of the chloragosomes reached a high rate. The released chloragosomes were phagocytosed by the amoebocytes. At an advanced stage of the toxication a heavy loading of the apical cytoplasm of chloragogen cells with lipid droplets, finally degenerative changes both in the chloragogen cells and amoebocytes were observed. Possible mechanisms of the carbofuran toxication and of the protective function of chloragogen cells in T. tubifex are discussed.


Histology and seasonal changes in the testes of a hill-stream fish Schizothorax plagiostomus.

Histology and annual cyclic changes in the testicular activity of S. plagiostomus have been described. The reproductive cycle has been divided into eight phases. The weight and volume of the testes and GSI show correlation with each other, and increase twice in a year (September and March), indicating the existence of two spawning periods. A distinct dormant period during winter intervenes the spawning peaks. Although the testes contain mature spermatozoa during winter, spermiation remains halted until last week of February. On the return of favourable environmental conditions in March, spermiation begins again and complete depletion takes place.


An electron microscope cytochemical study of calcium ion localization in the honey-bee flight muscle.

The authors studied the sarcomere ultrastructure and distribution of calcium ions in the cross striated flight muscles (longitudinal-dorsal and tergosternal) of the honey bee after being fixed in osmium tetraoxide and buffered to 7.4 pH and also according to the method of Carasso and Favard (1966). they ascertained an intensive and constant reaction to the presence of calcium on the level of myofilaments within the periphery of the sarcomeres and light and dark mitochondria. Calcium concentrations are not detectable in the Z line and M line. The authors carried out a control of the results using the method of Carasso and Favard (1966).


Efferent connections of the nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex in the cat.

The nucleus lateralis posterior-pulvinar complex of the thalamus displays an integrative function. The efferent connections of this nuclear group were examined by the authors in the cat. In their work, they utilized also the earlier observations on the afferent connections of the nucleus. The nuclear complex projects to the associative fields encompassed by the visual- and the acoustic cortex without intruding into the primary cortical areas. On the other hand, its afferent connections are, apart from the associative field, also yielded by the primary visual and acoustic cortex. All this is completed by the reciprocal connections of the LP-pulvinar complex with the visual- and acoustic system, as well as between the associative areas of the cortex.


The central effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-amino-butyric acid and carbachol on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (10 microgram), gamma-amino-butyric acid (20 microgram) and carbachol (1 microgram) were injected through the soft skull into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days, at the slightly subneutral ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) produced no immediate change in oxygen consumption, whereas colonic temperature fell rapidly. One hour after injecting 5-HT, when colonic temperature had decreased by about 0.5 degrees C, oxygen consumption increased and after a lag of 30--40 min was followed by an increase in colonic temperature. Gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) increased oxygen consumption and colonic temperature after a latency of 30--60 min. Carbachol was followed by an immediate decrease in colonic temperature and oxygen consumption. Colonic temperature was below the pre-injection level throughout the five-hour period of observation.


The central effect of noradrenaline on thermoregulation in the neonatal guinea pig.

Noradrenaline (10 microgram) injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle of guinea pigs aged 2 to 12 days produced a rapid increase in oxygen consumption and in colonic temperature at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees C. The increase was most pronounced in the youngest animals and decreased with advancing age, but was still significant at 12 days of age. Species differences and the role of ambient temperature in the responses are discussed.


Effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the positive inotropic response of heart muscle to elevation of external Ca++-concentration, to increased driving frequency, and to paired stimulation.

Electrically driven left guinea pig atria were exposed to positive inotropic stimuli which are thought to be related to the turnover of calcium ions. For increasing contractibility, the following procedures were used: a) varying the concentration of CaCl2 in the bath fluid; b) stimulation at frequencies from 1.0 to 3.0 Hz; c) paired stimulation. Positive inotropic responses to the increase of the rate of stimulation and to paired stimulation were not affected by 0.1 microgram/ml tetrodotoxin (TTX). This excludes the adrenergic contribution to the positive inotropic effects observed. Actions of the positive inotropic stimuli were studied both in the absence and in the presence of 0.1--1.0--10.0--1000.0 ng/ml of PGE1-PGE1 in the highest concentration used increased contractile force. The inotropic stimulus-response curves were not affected by PGE1 at any concentration. This finding suggests there is no interaction between Ca ions and PGE1 in the contractile mechanism of the guinea pig heart muscle.


Factors influencing the urinary fluoride level in subjects drinking fluoride-poor waters.

The influence on the urinary F level of the short-term consumption of drinking water of 1 mg/litre fluoride content, of the ingestion of low (1.0 to 2.0 mg) and higher (7.0 and 8.0 mg) fluoride doses and of tea has been studied. Excess fluoride is rapidly excreted with urine, and may disturb the results of urinary fluoride estimation. The urinary F level responds sensitively to the ingestion of fluorine.


Effect of drinking waters of high fluorine content on the urinary fluoride level.

The urinary fluoride level has been studied in 307 subjects consuming drinking waters of different fluoride concentrations. The urinary fluoride level was found to increase with the fluoride content of the drinking water. The urinary F level of the population group drinking water of optimum fluoride concentration was 1.14 mg of fluoride per litre. Thus, in regions where the drinking water contains an insufficient amount of fluoride, the fluoride content of domestic salt must be adjusted so as to ensure an about 1.14 mg/litre urinary F level of the population.


Urinary fluoride levels of population groups consuming salts different in fluoride concentration.

The effect of urinary level of a prolonged consumption of table salts containing 200, 250 or 350 mg/kg of fluoride has been studied. Urinary F concentration was increasing with all the three kinds of salt. In the group of consumers using 200 and 250 mg F/kg salt the equilibrium has been reached, but the urinary F level was still below that observed in populations who are drinking water of 1 mg/l F concentration. The equilibrium in the 2--14-year age groups consuming 350 mg F/kg salt could not yet set in. It is concluded that even a mixture of 350 mg F/kg is not in excess of the optimum and is far from the tolerated limit. Thus, this latter mixture may be used for caries prevention in areas with F-deficient drinking water, although it may be still less than the optimum.


Concentration dependence of the veratrine effect on inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in skeletal muscle.

The concentration dependence of the effect of veratrine in inducing depolarization and membrane potential oscillation in the frog sartorius muscle has been studied. (1) On increasing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the latency period of the development of membrane potential oscillation and depolarization is proportionally shortened. (2) On changing the veratrine concentration from 0.025 to 1 mM, the magnitude of depolarization is raised logarithmically. (3) When the veratrine concentration reaches 0.05-0.1 mM, both the amplitude and the frequency of the membrane potential oscillation increase. On rising to 1 mM, a further increase in frequency to eight-fold occurs especially in the later phase of oscillation. At this concentration range, the amplitude of oscillation inversely proportional to the concentration of veratrine. (4) On increasing the veratrine concentration above 0.1 mM, the membrane potential oscillation ceases after a temporary rise of frequency. This inhibitory effect of veratrine is, however, reversible, and oscillations appear again, despite the absence of veratrine in Ringer's solution. This also proves the persistance of the veratrine effect.


Effect of intraventricular oxytocin and vasopressin on self-stimulation in rats.

Oxytocin (500 mu u) and vasopressin (50 mu u) were injected into the lateral ventricle and its effect on hypothalamic self-stimulation has been studied. Oxytocin increased, while vasopressin decreased the self-stimulation rate tested 10-20 min following application. The hypothalamic and mesencephalic serotonin content decreased slightly while plasma corticosterone content did not change 20 min after oxytocin and vasopressin administration compared to the injected control animals. The data suggest that vasopressin and oxytocin have an opposite effect on self-stimulation and this action is not mediated through the brain serotoninergic or pituitary-adrenocortical axis.


Benign adenomatous neoplasm (adenoma) of the middle ear.

This presentation is a study of the pathogenesis, clinical behaviour and therapeutic response of 20 cases of a primary adenomatous neoplasm confined to the middle ear cleft. The investigation supported origin of the tumour from the middle ear mucosal epithelium. Clinical behaviour was that of a benign, localized, non-metastasizing neoplasm. Simple localized surgical removal of the tumour afforded an excellent prognosis in all cases. The designation of the tumour entity as adenoma of middle ear is proposed.


Aspirin idiosyncrasy in patients admitted for nasal polypectomy.

Investigation of 100 consecutive patients admitted for nasal polypectomy revealed only 3 patients with aspirin idiosyncrasy and asthma. It is important that this combination be recognized but fortunately this can be done by the history. Incidental findings were that nasal polypi are much commoner in men and that the incidence of atopy was the same as that in the general population.


Anaesthesia for electrocochleography.

Until recently Ketamine has been the anaesthetic most commonly used for electrocochleography. It was believed that the use of a conventional anaesthetic machine would produce artifacts in the recordings but experience has shown that this is not the case; in fact quieter tracings are obtained due to the abolition of muscle potentials. Ketamine is preferred for children under 3 years old but the others receive a general inhalation anaesthetic. The intramuscular route is chosen for the administration of Ketamine in order to minimize the occurrence of hallucinations in the recovery period. Consistent results have been obtained with a dosage related to the metabolic rate of the child. One milligram of Ketamine is administered for each 35 cm2 of surface area. General inhalation anaesthesia is given by a semiopen circuit and an oral endotracheal tube is used. Induction is with methohexitone or nitrous oxide and halothane, and maintenance is also with nitrous oxide and halothane. The main drawback is pollution of the atmosphere of the sound-proofed testing room with halothane. This has been overcome by ducting the expired gases outside the room using an Enderby valve.


Radiological bone changes produced by intraoral squamous carcinomata involving the lower alveolus.

Forty-eight per cent of patients with clinical involvement of the lower alveolus by an intraoral squamous carcinoma showed radiological evidence of bone involvement. This was usually an irregular invasive bone defect, but a smooth pressure erosion is also common. 'Floating teeth', displaced bony fragments, pathological fractures, and rarely an expanded inferior canal are less common radiological signs.


Myringoplasty.

Myringoplasty is a deceptively difficult procedure in which surgical finesse and experience dictate success in terms of hearing improvement as well as closure rate. In essence, it is the complete removal of epidermal ingrowth followed by the placement of a non-epithelialized graft on the medial surface of the tympanic membrane which has withstood the test of time.


Functional laryngectomy (cricohyoidopexy).

Two techniques of subtotal functional laryngectomy are described: cricohyoidopexy which is used for supraglottic tumours, and cricohyoidoepiglottopexy for glottic tumours. These operations have been carried out on 61 patients, with tumours too extensive to be managed by the usual partial laryngectomy. The functional results are good, and 94% of the patients have been decannulated.


Observations on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig cochlea and the changes resulting from the administration of the diuretic furosemide.

An electron microscope examination of the stria vascularis of guinea pigs and the structural changes occurring after administration of furosemide has been made. The use of ruthenium-red, which stains cell coats, has shown that the atria is impermeable to the passive diffusion of material from both the endolymph and the spiral ligament. The first changes after administration of furosemide are observed 4 hours after injection; small spaces develop between the cells. After 5--6 hours the spaces have enlarged but the tight junctions between marginal cells remain intact. The intermediate cells show signs of atrophy. In severely affected animals the intermediate cells have so shrunk that the spaces are very large and the marginal cells clearly resolved. These latter cells show no structural damage. In this severely affected tissue it is seen that the blood vessels are entirely surrounded by marginal cell extensions. It is suggested that the intermediate cells may have a regulatory function. The damage appears to be recoverable, since 6 hours after injection the spaces have decreased in size although some signs of intermediate cell atrophy are still apparent.


Multiple sclerosis. The value of clinical vestibular examination.

A clinical vestibular examination was carried out on 82 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) selected on McAlpine's criteria. Spontaneous nystagmus, positional nystagmus or pathological caloric test were found in 49 (60%) patients. Pathological horizontal optokinetic nystagmus occurred in 47 (57%) patients. In 36 cases horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was pathological to both sides, in 28 cases combined with a pathological vertical optokinetic nystagmus, indicative of diffuse intracerebral lesions. Lesions in the central vestibular system and in the optokinetic pathways were frequently discovered in early or atypical cases of MS.


A facial fatigability test: a method for detecting 'latent' facial motor lesions by fatigability.

This is a simple test for the early recognition of a clinically 'latent' facial motor lesion, which detects the difference in fatigability between the two sides of the peri-oral musculature. Fatigue is produced by the patient's effort to maintain maximal contraction against lateral traction of the angles of the mouth by two weighted hooks. Fatigue is expressed as the distance between the midline of the philtrum and a mark on each hook. Distance plotted against time gives a 'facial fatigue curve'. In the authors ' experience the test has revealed pathological fatigability in 8 cases, 2 intrameatal and 4 large acoustic neuromas--1 of the four not yet confirmed by surgery--and 2 inflammatory processes in the internal auditory meatus, but failed in 1 of intrameatal acoustic neuroma.


Pulmonary complications following supraglottic laryngectomy.

Supraglottic laryngectomy has been generally assumed to protect the patient from aspiration changes in the lungs. This paper details a retrospective survey, the results of which suggest that respiratory infections are common after supraglottic laryngectomy and that pneumonia is a fairly common cause of death. The need for prolonged follow-up after this operation is emphasized.


Age-dependent distribution of isoamylases in human parotid saliva.

The number of isoamylases present in parotid saliva from 53 healthy men and women of different ages was determined. A basic pattern of 6 isoamylases was evident in all samples. With increasing age, an increasing number of additional isoenzymes was observed which migrated faster towards the anode. These 'fast isoamylases' are derived from the basic isoenzymes by deamidation. The significance of deamidation of proteins as age increases as well as the increasing number of 'fast isoamylases' in saliva from mucoviscidosis patients are discussed.


A quantitative study of microscopical changes in the epithelium and subepithelial tissue of the laryngeal folds, sinus and saccule.

The folds, sinuses and saccules from III unselected larynxs removed at autopsy were examined microscopically for epithelial and subepithelial abnormalities. Squamous metaplasia and 'dysplasia' of the vestibular and vocal folds respectively, particularly the former, were commoner in men than women. Two distinct varieties of 'dysplasia' were observed, and the close relationship between 1 of them and changes, possibly of vascular origin, in the subepithelial tissues of the vocal fold suggested cause and effect.


The aetiology of chronic laryngitis.

Fifty-eight patients with chronic laryngitis, defined as diffuse laryngeal inflammation, of an average duration of approximately 1 year, were investigated. The sex incidence was equal and the average age 45 years. Occupational factors were of minor importance, and the smoking habits of the patients were the same as those of a similar matched population. Of the haematological factors investigated, anaemia, diabetes, renal disease and syphilis were of no importance whatsoever. The most important aetiological factor was sepsis of the upper and lower respiratory tracts which was present in over half the patients.


Radical neck dissection.

Radical neck dissection was described in 1906, and the following half century saw it being increasingly accepted without any significant change. More recently a number of differing concepts have arisen. While the value of the original radical operation is established, the more recent modifications are not yet substantiated by proper trials.


'Fast isoamylases' in parotid saliva of heterozygous carriers of cystic fibrosis.

An increased number of 'fast isoamylases' is found in the parotid saliva of children with cystic fibrosis and their heterozygous parents who are clinically healthy. 'Fast isoamylases' are generated, at least in part, from the 6 isoamylases of the basic pattern by deamidation of asparagine and glutamine residues. This basic pattern is present in the parotid saliva of all subjects we have tested so far. A shift in the equilibrium between amidation and deamidation processes is discussed in terms of its possible significance for the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and for ageing.


Upper respiratory problems in the yellow nail syndrome.

A case of the Yellow Nail Syndrome is described. The characteristic nail changes were associated with pleural effusions, lymphoedema of the face and legs and upper respiratory symptoms. The finding of extremely hard ear wax has not been reported previously. A satisfactory response to combination diuretic therapy was seen. The case of recognition of the Syndrome is emphasized together with the danger of excessive investigation if the nails are not inspected. Possible mechanisms for the formation of extremely hard cerumen are discussed.


Dynamic cardiac scintigraphy with a multi-imaging device.

Cardiac kinetics can be visualized in two ways after i.v. injection of radiopharmaceutics for labeling either the myocardium or the cardiac chambers. The simpler way is the acquisition of the data in analog mode, using a multiimaging device. Thanks to a short time constant for the image advance, the cardiac cycle is divided into 16 frames, the first being triggered by the R wave of the ECG. The data of a large number of synchronized cycles are integrated on a film. This permits an almost continuous way to follow the kinetics of the studied compartments along the cycle. Several views can be registered successively. This procedure yields separately immediate information on the morphology and dynamics of the myocardium, and chambers. To evaluate quantitatively various parameters of left ventricular function a data processor is connected to the gamma camera. Examples of the two types of data are shown and demonstrate that both are useful for appreciating the value of kinetics though they are not yet accurate enough to replace in every case contrast radiologic techniques. Nevertheless, the indications for these procedures are continuously growing, due to technical progresses and the noninvasive nature of the investigation.


Myocardial scintigraphy.

Results of myocardial scintigraphy in 103 individuals are reported. This test method was introduced by the authors in 1973; 131Cs chloride served the purpose of tracer. Beside a group of 17 control individuals, 63 patients with myocardial infarction, 9 with myocardiosclerosis, and 14 with other affections were tested. The normal scintigram in full-face, profile, and left half-profile positions of the patient is first described, then the typical picture of these same positions in infarctions with anterior and posterior localizations, and also in myocardiosclerosis of various origin. The valuableness of the new radioisotope test method has been duly stressed. It affords direct and precise information about the localization and the extensiveness of the morbid process which has led to cicatricial alterations in the heart muscle.


Pertechnetate uptake of joints in rheumatoid arthritis.

A new isotopic method for evaluation of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis is reported. By use of repeated whole body profile scanning a double tracer examination with 99mTc-pertechnetate and 113mIn-transferrin was performed. Total pertechnetate activity and total indium activity were measured over both hands, both feet, the ankles, and over the knee joints. In addition, the extravascular component of pertechnetate uptake and the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity were calculated for these regions. The activity curves were followed up to 2 h after tracer injection in seven female patients presenting with rheumatoid arthritis and in six female controls. The four parameters calculated were compared and statistical analysis revealed the most significant discrimination of both groups for the ratio extravascular/total pertechnetate activity 2 h after injection (P less than 0.002).


The use of technetium-99m labelled heat-damaged red cells for the quantitative measurement of splenic function.

A comparison of the rates of clearance of 51Cr labelled and 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells in 25 patients and 4 control subjects is reported. Very little correlation was found between the clearance half-times of the two types of labelled cells when the cells were labelled with 99mTc prior to heat damaging. The correlation was improved when the labelling step occurred after the cells had been damaged. Urinary excretion measurements revealed that the rate of excretion of 99mTc could be as much as nine times that of the 51Cr label. 99mTc labelled heat-damaged red cells were found not to be sufficiently stable a preparation for use in quantitative clearance studies.


A simple method of evaluating the penetrability of Spitz-Holter drains with the aid of radioisotopes.

A simple, reliable, and innocuous method is described for evaluating the penetrability of cerebrospinal shunts with the use of 99mTc O4. After introducing 25 muCi of 99mTc O4 in a volume of about 0.2 ml into Rickham's reservoir, series scintigrams in the lateral or AP direction are made with the aid of a Nuclear Chicago Pho Gamma HP Scintillation Camera. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the surgical findings. No complications have so far been observed.


Comparative evaluation of 99mTc-generators.

A total of 34 99mTc-generators from eight different manufactures were studied in 1974 and 1975 with regard to their performance and to the quality of the eluates. With some exceptions the generators performed well and proved their ability to act as a reliable source of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Two cases of mechanical malfunction and two cases with a low elution yield of 99mTc were observed. Four generators were overloaded with 99Mo. The 99mTc-pertechnetate did in most cases fulfil the requirements of the Nordic Pharmacopeia.


Studies of chemical and biological properties of 99mTc-DMS (dimercaptosuccinic acid)--renal imaging agent.

Studies of the chemistry of preparation of tin chelate 2.3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) complexed with 99mTc with respect to its biological properties have been made. We have varied molar ratio of reactants (DMS:Sn/II/), concentration of Sn-DMS chelate and pH of 99mTc-DMS injection solution and examined their influence on biodistribution. Biodynamics of labeled solution at time intervals of from 0.5 to 4 h have also been measured. Animal experiments were carried out on mice and rats. Radiochemical purity was checked by paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gel-filtration through Bio-Gel P-2. A sterile, pyrogen-free lyophilized "kit" for labeling, stable for 6 months, was made on the basis of achieved results. The results of its clinical application are also reported.


99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine: a new renal scanning agent.

A new radiopharmaceutical, 99mTc-Sn-acetylcysteine, for renal scanning is reported. The preparation is simple and quick. It can also be adopted in the kit form. The complex has the advantage of great stability and fast clearance over earlier reported renal scanning radioagnostic agents.


Radio diagnosis using 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine.

A comparative study of 125I-fibrinogen and 203Hg-thymidine using 144 Ehrlich carcinoma-bearing mice, indicates that tumor affinity of carrier substances with covalent labeling could be better used for scintigraphic tumor diagnosis. Halogenated or possibly metallo-organic compounds offer an alternative to the metal complexes in general use up to now.


Nicotine-11C: synthesis and distribution kinetics in animals.

In order to study "in vivo" the distribution kinetics of (-)-nicotine in animals, this molecule was labeled with carbon-11. Two synthesis methods are described. Immediately after intravenous administration of (-)-nicotine-methyl-11C in rabbits the gamma-camera shows a strong radioactivity build-up in the brain and kidneys. The biological interest of this carbon-11 labeled molecule is discussed.


Enhancement of abnormality in gamma images using Kohonen filters.

A new method of processing digital images consists of a numerical filter which suppresses normal features producing an enhancement of the abnormality. The resulting filtered image aids the observer in the recognition of the abnormality. The filter is developed from verified normal images in the computer memory. The enhancement of pathologic accumulations with respect to surrounding activity was improved on the average by a factor of 2.6 for 13 lateral brain images.


Fractures in haemophilia.

Eight cases of fractures in haemophiliac patients are presented. The clinical and radiological features, behaviour and response to treatment indicate that they are normal, not pathological fractures. If fractures in haemophiliac patients are treated early and correctly both from a haematological and orthopaedic point of view, the results are comparable with those in normal subjects. The haematological and orthopaedic management is discussed.


External skeletal fixation with continuous adjustment of stability and compression.

A method of external fixation with continuous adjustment of stability is described. It allows interfragmentary compression, even on oblique surfaces in any plane and even when applied only on one side of the bone.


Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of exstrophia vescicae.

Bilateral posterior iliac osteotomy as a preliminary stage in the surgical treatment of congenital extrophy of the bladder allows easier approximation of the soft tissues in front of the urethra and facilitates closure of the rectal muscles and fasciae, reducing or abolishing the need for using fascial strips and carrying out plastic procedures to close the skin.


Metacarpal loss treated by metatarsal substitution.

In the hand severe trauma and tumours are the most frequent causes of loss of bone substance in the metacarpals. To save the function of the complete digital ray repair by bone grafting is essential. A technique is described for transferring all or part of a metatarsal bone as a hemiarticular graft for substituting metacarpal bone loss.


Aneurysmal bone cyst (a study of 127 cases, 72 with longterm follow up).

127 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst are analysed, seventy two of which were followed up from one to fifteen years after treatment. Statistics on sex, age, site and localisation are reported. Symptoms, radiographic features, histological appearances and differential diagnosis are discussed. In half the cases the cyst was clearly shown to be of subperiosteal origin. The aetiology is unknown, but the pathogenesis seems to consist of a haemorrhagic and hyperplastic (not neoplastic) process which is progressive but has a tendency to become stabilised on reaching a certain point of maturation. Local excision is indicated or, in cases where this is difficult to carry out, radiotherapy. Recurrences occurred in 12 per cent of the cases, always within one year after operation. All cases were eventually cured and there was no evidence of malignant transformation.


Exposure in the post-operative management of surgical wounds. Report of a trial.

The ancient method of leaving operative wounds completely exposed to the air throughout the healing period is assessed on the basis of a trial in 100 surgical wounds (excluding traumatic wounds and wounds of the hand and knee). The method offers two chief advantages; the wound can be regularly and easily inspected, and any collection of secretions which can lead to skin complications and superficial sepsis can be dealt with. The results are analysed and compared favourably with those of conventional dressing techniques.


Sympathetic disorders in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn.

In addition to the classical description of involvement of the cervical sympathetic in low root lesions (Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome), other sympathetic syndromes have been described accompanying the motor and sensory changes in obstetrical paralysis of the upper limb. Loss of sweat secretion can be deomonstrated by electrical skin resistance tests, and the authors describe their apparatus and method of investigating this in the newborn. Although sweat secretion is often scanty in the newborn, it can be enhanced with appropriate techniques, particularly in the areas richer in sweat glands. This method of investigating sympathetic nerve function has been used to clarify the location of the neurological damage and therefore it is of some value for the prognosis in obstetrical paralysis of the newborn.


Experimental model for studying the invasive characteristics of malignant tumours transplanted in bone and muscle of rats.

The subject of experimental research in bone oncology is comparatively neglected in the literature though it is recognised that such research could offer fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the biological behaviour of tumours in bone. A model for experimental study is proposed which is easy to carry out and effective in producing results. It consists of transplanting a highly malignant tumour with a 100 per cent "take" rate, such as Guérin's T8 or Oberling's aleukemic myeloma, in the tibia or femur of the rat. Some morphological and histochemical changes associated with the invasion and spread of these tumours in bone are reported. Observations were also made on their behaviour in muscle.


New aspects of the structure of articular cartilage. The "tidemark" seen on the scanning electron microscope.

New observations are reported based on scanning electron microscopy, of the interface ("tidemark zone") between articular cartilage and the underlying calcified strata; also on the structure of adult articular cartilage.


Ewing's sarcoma of the soft tissues? Case report.

A case is reported of a malignant tumour of the soft tissues of the leg, with histological and pathological features comparable with those of Ewing's sarcoma of bone. This extension of the term Ewing's sarcoma to the soft tissues is proposed and the differential diagnosis is discussed.


Haemangioma of bone with radiographic appearances simulating a giant cell tumour.

A case is described of haemangioma of the proximal end of the humerus which simulated a giant cell tumour on radiography. An attempt at biopsy, carried out elsewhere, had failed because of severe haemorrhage from the tumour during operation. It was treated by en bloc resection and endoprosthesis with a good result after one year.


Intradural lumbar disc hernia. Report of two cases.

Penetration of disc tissue inside the dural sac in the lumbar region ("intradural disc hernia") is a rare occurrence. Two cases are described which presented as multi-root syndromes of the cauda equina. Some clinical aspects are discussed together with the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare type of disc hernia.


The duo-drama.

A model of psychotherapy based on a 'dramatic look' is presented. It is an aspect developed from the demotorization of psycho-drama reduced to two actors Dialogue - in the sense of Plato and Buber - is looked at as action and dealt with accordingly. A pre-step of interpretation: confrontaion is used 'in flagranti' within the framework of here and now. The patient is continuously confronted with his 'action'.


Policy decisions and the reduction of mental hospitalization of the aged.

Inappropriate hospitalization of elderly persons in mental institutions has been a cause for much concern. Reduction of this type of hospitalization has become an accepted national policy. The observed variations among the states in the rates and trends of hospitalization of aged patients may indicate that trends income states are more congruent with national policy than those in others. In an effort to account for the wide variation among the states, time trend analyses of rate changes of hospitalized aged were made for a sample of states. These reveal that there are relationships between impatient trends and specific policies and programs for the aged. The results provide insights into mental hospitalization of elderly persons, and indicate how the inappropriate mental hospitalization of the aged can be reduced.


The role of the community mental health centre in prevention.

The writer discusses some theoretical concepts regarding community psychiatry and the role of the community mental health centre with special attention to the primary preventative programmes, the limitations of the field of influence and the scope of activity within any given community. It would appear that most psychiatrists see their work as the delivery of psychiatric care, hopefully resulting in secondary and tertiary prevention. While the healing and supportive functions are of major significance, the mental health community centre has also an important educative part to play in primary prevention, in helping to upgrade the well-being and the social competence of the people in its sphere of influcence.


Is it possible to educate a psychiatrist?

The author, who served as Executive Secretary and Editorial Consultant to the Conference on Education of Psychiatrists held in June 1975, presents here in some of the major findings, concerns, and dilemmas encountered by the conferees as they considered the current status of psychiatric education and the course it should take in the coming decade. The fundamental problem is that there is no firm consensus defining what a modern psychiatrist is or what he sould be. Basically the complete psychiatrist sits on a three-legged stool of biological, psychological, and social science. But the stool wobbles because the legs are of different length and thus far no one has been able to even them out.


Immune response in dog 2 effect of dose of antigen on antibody production.

The primary antibody response of dogs and rabbits to both 'H' and 'O' antigens of Salmonella typhosa following intravenous injection with a formalin killed vaccine from 2.4 x 10(6) to 2.4 x 10(10) organisms/kg body weight was analysed. The animals were restimulated 80 days later with various vaccine concentrations. The lgM anti-'O' and lgG anti-'H' and 'O' antigens in the dogs, were significantly weaker in both primary and secondary response than the comparable rabbit group. Primary lgM anti-'H' response in the dog was found to be greater, equal, or less than that observed in the rabbit. A closer analysis of the primary response indicated that both animal species show the same latent period and doubling time in respect of anti-'H', and the differences observed are probably the result of the number of progenitor cells stimulated by the antigen. On the other hand the suppressed response of the dog to 'O'-antigen is the result of an overall weaker response of this animal to the antigen. The secondary anti-'H' lgM response was found to be greater than, equal to, or less than the primary response in the same animal. The significant inhibition of this response was observed in those animals which received a high primary dose of antigen.


[Use of telethermography in patients with Holter's cerebrospinal fluid shunt].

The authors describe their experience with thermography in the study of the permeability of Holter's ventriculo-atrial shunt. Thermography has the advantage of permitting immediate visualisation and photographic documentation of the permeability. It appears that the thermographic findings show a good correlation with the functional state of the shunt in 88% of the cases examined. Causes of possible errors are discussed. It is concluded that thermography is a valuable method to assess the patency of Holter's ventriculoatrial shunt.


[Cystic meningioma. An aspect of "forme humide" of Masson].

The presence of a no haemorragic cystic cavity in to a meningioma is a rare event. It has different pathogenetic mechanisms. It can sometimes, be the result of a wide necrotic area as it is frequently observed in the meningoblasomas that have had an extensive vascular developments. In our three cases the cystic cavity seems to be the result of a particular vacuolar and mixomatosa degeneration of the neoplastic tissue. Our cystic meningiomas are similar to damp meningioma of Masson.


[Super-selective catheterization and embolization of the arterial pedicles of 2 meningiomas of the posterior fossa].

In two cases with meningioma in the posterior fossa, the angiographic study, completed with the super-selective catheterization of the main pedicles, was followed by the technic of embolization. In the first case, a large meningioma, extending from the clivus to the left cerebello pontine angle, was supplied mainly by the ascending pharyngeal artery. In the second case, a huge meningioma, originating from the left inferior tentorial surface, was irrigated predominantly through the posterior branch of the middle meningeal artery and through the left occipital artery. Super-selective catheterization allowed us to better know in both cases the tumoral vasculature and to identify precisely the territory nourished by each supplying artery, from the external carotid artery.


[Liquorrhoea and acute meningitis. Complications of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula secondary to a skull fracture suffered 45 years previously].

A case is described in which liquorrhoea and meningitis occur as complications of cerebrospinal fluid fistula. The patient incurred the initial skull fracture 45 1/2 years prior to that. Three hypotheses as to the long interval are discussed. The authors propose to look for a cerebrospinal fluid fistula after every important trauma of the skull.


[The role of diastematomyelia in the differential diagnosis and treatment of kyphoscoliotic paraplegia].

By its frequent association with malformative scoliosis and neurological symptoms diastematomyelia has an important place in the diagnostic and treatment of cyphoscoliotic neurological syndromes. In all these cases and even in cases without neurological deficits the diagnosis of disatematomyelia should be done by routine myelography. The indication for operation is often curative in cases with neurological signs and prophylactic in those without.


Digital blood pressure in normal subjects and patients with peripheral arterial disease.

Systolic toe blood pressure was measured in 10 normal subjects and 17 patients with peripheral arterial disease during a warming and a cooling period, in which the skin temperature on the first toe was changed from 33 degrees C to 24 degrees C. In normal subjects systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 110 mm Hg to 120 mm Hg during cooling (P less than 0.01), while the systolic arm blood pressure was unchanged during the study (125 mm Hg). Among the patients systolic toe blood pressure increased from an average of 56 mm Hg to an average of 70 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), while arm blood pressure increased from an average of 167/79 mm Hg during warming to 175/83 mm Hg during the cooling period. It is emphazised that despite the small, but significant, increase in digital blood pressure during the cooling period, changes in distal temperature will only have a small influence on the digital blood pressure, when one is evaluating patients with suspected or manifest peripheral arterial disease. In general, measurement during vasodilatation is to be preferred, since curves are easily obtainable.


Myocardial metabolism and performance during sodium salicylate infusion in dogs.

The effect of sodium salicylate on net myocardial free fatty acid (FFA) uptake, myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and the mechanical activity of the heart was studied in eight intact, anesthetized dogs. Sodium salicylate was given intravenously under basal conditions and during isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis. Under basal conditions, sodium salicylate significantly reduced arterial FFA concentration, but did not influence net myocardial uptake of FFA, and MVO2 was unchanged. During isoproterenol infusion sodium salicylate reduced arterial FFA concentration 28% (P less than 0.01) and significantly reduced net myocardial uptake of FFA from 44.5 +/- 9.0 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 22.3 +/- 2.1 mumol/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05) and MVO2 from 20.3 +/- 2.2 to 160 +/- 1.9 ml/min-100g tissue (P less than 0.05). The reduction in MVO2 could not be explained by reduced mechanical activity of the heart. Most probably the mechanism for the reduction in MVO2 effected by sodium salicylate during isoproterenol infusion was mediated by reduced myocardial FFA consumption.


The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on gastric mucosal content of energy-rich phosphate bond.

The mucosal content of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate in mini-pig corpus gland area and in pyloric gland area was examined after aspirin ingestion in acute experiments and after ingestion for several weeks. Ingestion of aspirin led to a statistically significant decrease of adenine nucleotide content in corpus gland and in pyloric gland area. An inverse correlation between the pH of the aspirin suspensions and the size of the decrease was established in the short-time experiments. In non-affected pyloric gland area mucosa and adenine nucleotide content was significantly lower than in the corpus gland area. Pyloric mucosa was more susceptible to aspirin-induced lowering of adenine nucleotide content than was the corpus mucosa. Prolonged aspirin ingestion led to statistically significant reductions of adenine nucleotide pool. The findings explain the decrease in mucous secretion and in acid secretion demonstrated in several studies. The finding of lower and more susceptible adenine nucleotide pool in the pyloric area might be the explanation for the preponderant occurrence of aspirin ulcerations in this region.


Effects of different doses of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in the dog.

This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of increasing doses of intravenously administered lysine-acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal function in dogs. The first purpose was to examine the acute effects on renal water and solute output. The second purpose was to correlate the para-aminohippuric (PAH) clearance measurements with measurement of renal PAH extraction and renal blood flow (RBF). After 7 mg/kg ASA (20-80 microgram SA/ml plasma) a decrease in sodium excretion was observed in all dogs. With increasing ASA doses, the urine sodium excretion declined to 23% of the control period excretion. Tubular reabsorption of free water increased 10%. A significant and dose-related decrease in PAH clearance was observed in all dogs, from 108.7 ml/kg ASA to 58.8 ml/min after 200 mg/kg ASA. The creatine clearance was unchanged. PAH extraction fell in all dogs, RBF (measured by flowmeter decreased 21% at the highest plasma SA levels, as compared with 46% decrease in PAH clearance. ASA seems to inhibit tubular transport of PAH. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by ASA offers one explanation of the effects of RBF and sodium excretion.


Effects of different doses of chlorpromazine on renal function in the dog.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of low 'alpha-blocking' and higher 'membrane-stabilizing' doses of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on renal function. CPZ was given at slow infusion rate either intravenously or into the left renal artery at three levels (0.5-1.0, 3-8, and 10-15 mg/kg) to 10 anesthetized dogs. An increase in plasma hemoglobin sometimes occurred within few minutes after infusion of more than 10 mg/kg CPZ, probably due to a hemolytic effect of such high doses. Systemic infusion of 0.5-1 mg/kg CPZ caused an increase in urine volume, sodium excretion, and renal plasma flow, and a decrease in filtration fraction and free water clearance was demonstrated in all dogs. At higher CPZ doses renal plasma flow increased further, whereas urine volume and electrolyte excretion were of the same order at all dose levels. A 21% decrease in tubular maximum para-aminohippurate transport (Tm(PAH)) was observed at the highest CPZ doses. After unilateral renal intra-arterial CPZ infusion the percentage change in urine volume, urinary sodium excretion, and Tm(PAH) were of the same order on the infused side as on the contralateral side. Even though the results at all dose levels can be explained by an 'alpha-blocking' effect of CPZ, possible membrane-stabilizine effects of CPZ cannot be excluded.


Effects of androgens on oxygen affinity in vivo and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of red cells in peripheral arterial insufficiency.

The effect of testosterone on the red cell concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and on the in vivo oxygen affinity of venous blood was investigated. Six male patients with peripheral arteriosclerosis received 500 mg testosterone enantas intramuscularly for 15 weeks. Six matched controls received 2 ml NaCl weekly for the same period of time. The hemoglobin concentration, the hematocrit, and the 2,3-DPG concentration increased significantly during testosterone treatment, while no significant changes in the oxygen affinity could be detected. It is concluded that testosterone in the doses applied here does not improve oxygen unloading from the blood.


Differences between capillary and venous blood glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests.

The simultaneous capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were measured during 36 oral glucose tolerance tests performed in 36 postmenopausal women. Three of the subjects had chemical diabetes mellitus. In samples obtained before and 120-180 min after the glucose load the differences between capillary and venous blood glucose concentrations were low, whereas samples taken after 15-90 min showed a mean capillary-venous difference of 1.8 mmol/l. This is higher than previously stated by the World Health Organization and the British Diabetes Association. If the definitions that were recommended by these two bodies are used for defining whether the result of an oral glucose tolerance test is to be considered 'normal' or 'abnormal', the present results indicate that the verdict will in some cases be influenced by the route by which the blood was obtained.


Radioimmunological determination and characterization of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity in normal human plasma.

A radioimmunological method for determination of human cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is described. DFP-treated human cathodal trypsin is used as standard and tracer. Freshly drawn normal human plasma contains about 25 microgram/l of cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity measured as DFP-treated cathodal trypsin. The normally circulating cathodal trypsin-like immunoreactivity is shown to consist mainly of cathodal trypsinogen.


Determination of bradykinin in blood by a sensitive radioimmunoassay.

Antibodies of high avidity (maximum Km 1.3 X 10(10) L/M) were produced in rabbits against bradykinin coupled to ovalbumin with toluene 2,4-disocyanate. Tyrosin8- bradykinin was labelled to a specific activity of 530-700 Ci/mmol with 125I by means of lactoperoxidase. Sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay was 0.01 microgram/l blood. Specificity studies demonstrated the essential role of the C-terminal arginine of bradykinin for binding to antibody. Mean recovery of [3H]bradykinin internal standard after the preparation of 86 blood samples was 39.0%. The major loss occurred during ethanol precipitation. In venous blood collected at random conditions from 32 normal subjects the bradykinin concentration ranged 0.04-0.46 microgram/l and showed no sex difference.


Radioimmunoassay of vasopressin in unextracted plasma.

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arg8-vasopressin (AVP) in unextracted human plasma was based on a sensitive anti-AVP rabbit antiserum, inhibition of enzymatic damage to [125I]AVP and AVP, and the use of an individual plasma blank, to correct for interference of plasma factors with the RIA. Sensitivity was 0.4 pg of synthetic AVP detected, corresponding to 1.2 pg/ml of AVP in human plasma. Recovery of AVP added to pooled plasma was 94 +/- 9.3% (mean +/- S.D.) in the low range (AVP, 2.8 pg/ml added) and 106 +/- 11.7% in the high range (45.0 pg/ml added). In 26 healthy, ambulatory subjects on ad lib, water intake, plasma AVP concentration was 2.0 +/- 1.22 pg/ml in the supine position and in 28 healthy subjects, 6.2 +/- 4.3 pg/ml in the upright position. Water loading suppressed the plasma AVP concentration. Smoking caused increased plasma AVP in 3 subjects despite water loading.


Evaluation of the sampling technique and storage of blood using the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler syringe.

To evaluate the B 109 Arterial Blood Sampler (Radiometer), 10 different samples were analyzed for Pco2, Po2, and pH. The aerobic sampling technique, followed by storage for 2 h in water at 1 degrees C, induced small, but clinically insignificant, changes in the measured values.


Relation between corpus allatum and haemolymph proteins in Sphaerodema rusticum Fabr.

The active and inactive stages of the corpora allata have been described on the basis of size and nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. The polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis of the haemolymph has been done in the males and different stages of reproducing females. A protein fraction with a value 14 less than or equal to Rm less than 16 has been observed only in females. Out of 8 protein fractions, 5 showed oscillations in their concentration at the time of vitellogenesis. Finally active stages in the corpora allata are correlated with the fluctuations in haemolymph protein concentration.