[Group behavior of mice in population cages].

A model of a population cage has been proposed, intended for a quantitative and qualitative estimation of the group behaviour of mice, for determining the type of their interrelations and identifying the dominant in the group. In experiments on 120 mice the fundamental types of interaction between mice (peaceful or conflicting) have been singled out in the apparatus, as well as the behaviour phases of each type of interaction. It has been shown that the type and phases of interaction in mice depend on the presence of a dominant in the group, the sex and age composition of the group, the degree of adaptation to one another, and the previous experience (being kept in isolation or in a group). The final effect of group interaction is determined not by a simple sum of individual characteristics of the animals, but is subordinated to the rules of zoosocial behaviour, i. e. the formation of stage by stage dominant- subordinate relationships.


[Autonomic components of voluntary reaction in children with different ratios of direct and verbal stimuli].

Interconnection between effector vegetative components of voluntary activity in children (6 to 7 years) has been studied on a model of arithmetic count with a different ratio of direct (kinesthetic, visual) and verbal stimuli. It has been shown that perception and processing of direct signals set up optimal conditions of vegetative providing for voluntary activity in children. A statistically significant correlation has been found between the characteristics of interconnection of vegetative components (relationship betwpen the heart rate and arterial pressure) and the level of capacity for mental work ("efficiency coefficient"). This dependence suggests that the neurodynamics in vegetative providing for voluntary reactions reflects the functional state of higher integrative brain activity in children.


[Role of the posterolateral nucleus of the cat thalamus in conducting peripheral and cortical polysensory influences].

The posterior lateral thalamic nucleus (LP) of the cat has separate inputs for ascending signals of different sensory and subcortical origin, as well as for cortifugal activity. With somatic stimuli, only non-specific and reticular signals come to LP. They are not directly involved in the genesis of evoked potentials (EP) in the parietal cortex (P) and the somatic zones I and II (SI and SII). With visual stimuli, specific and reticular impulses directly concerned with the formation of visual EPs in the P and the visual zone (VI) are projected to LP. The cortifugal action of VI, SI and SII influences the same modality in LP. The descending effect of P on visual and somatic signals in LP is actieved along autonomous pathways and consists in dissimilar types of direct (as in VI) and indirect (as in SI and SII) descending influences of different projection zones on impulses of the same modality in the given nucleus.


[State of non-specific activating and inhibitory systems of the brain under hypoxic conditions].

The functional state of the rabbit brain activating system was evaluated by the activation reaction, and the thalamic inhibitory system, by the recruiting response. At the initial phase of hypoxia, excitability of the activating system was enhanced, while at the same time the eugmenting phase of the recruiting response diminished and its inhibitory phase was prolonged. At the "altitude" of about 7000 m, against the background of a gradual weakening of the ascending activating influence of the reticular formation and the hypthalamus, the recruiting response assumed the form of regular; equally  negative potentials, which testifies to the activie synchronizing influence of the inhibitory system. At a "rise" to 8500 m, against the background of slow synchronized EEG waves, in most cases there was no activation reaction to the stimulation of the reticular formation and hypothalamus. Neither was there any recruiting response to the stimulation of non-specific thalamic nuclei.


[Effect of excitation summation during interaction of self-stimulation zones].

A study was made on rats with electrodes implanted in the lateral preoptic hypothalamic area, of the interaction between distant foci of "positive" excitation in a situation when one of the foci (conditioning one) was set up by the animal itself by self-stimulation with a rhythmic current, while the other (testing) was imposed through stimulation of a different positive point with rhythmic and direct currents. Imposed stimulation of the distant positive zones by rhythmic current within a sufficiently wide range of intensities intensifies the self-stimulation in the conditioning focus. Polarization of the testing positive zones by a DC cathode produces a two-phase reaction of the conditioning points of self-stimulation: initial inhibition at the action of relatively weak DC intensities attended with its subsequent intensification when intensity of the polarizing current increases. It is suggested that the motivation (low-threshold) and reinforcing (high-threshold) components may be involved in the mechanism of phasic interaction between excitation foci in the self-stimulation system.


[Food getting conditioned reflexes in hedgehogs].

The object of the study were the characteristics of formation of complex food-procuring conditioned reflexes in hedgehogs to visual stimuli of different complexity, to a simultaneous complex, and the interaction of visual and auditory sensory modalities. It has been shown that hedgehogs are capable of learning to choose one of the three simultaneously presented visual stimuli and perform a sequence of complex motor behavioral acts in stage-by-stage learning. Conditioned reflexes to stimuli of different modality were elaborated with difficulty only at their interaction. Higher nervous activity of hedgehogs (insectivorous) is characterized by primitive organization, weakness of inertness of nervous processes and limited integrative possibilities.


[Effect of early visual deprivation on the recovery cycle of evoked potentials to photic stimuli in the rabbit cortex].

The influence of visual deprivation on the recovery cycle of the primary positive component (P1) of the visual evoked potential under conditions of dark or light adaptation was studied on eight adult unanaesthetized rabbits raised in darkness. The EP recovery cycle of visually deprived animals, studied in conditions of dark adaption, reveals a significant shortening (as compared with normal) of the initial depression period of testing responses. At the same time a significant lengthening of the facilitation phase and a sharp exaltation of the testing responses is observed. Unlike the norm, transition from dark- to light-adaptation of the deprived animals does not bring about any essential changes in the recovery cycle. An assumption is made that visual deprivation leads to a reduced effectiveness of the processes of successive inhibition. It is also assumed that enhanced excitabilty of a part of the cortical elements, apparently in the system of recurrent excitation, is likely to be one of the consequences of deprivation.


["Novelty" neurons in the frog auditory system].

Some neurones in the torus semicircularis of paralyzed lake frogs (Rana ridibunda) exhibited strong response habituation to tonal bursts following with interstimuli intervals of 1 to 5 sec. The habituation became less evident with a devrease of the repetition rate or increase of the stimulus intensity. These units revealed the phenomenon of "postzero" habituation. The frequency selectivity of the units exhibited by their responses to the first stimulus presentation was very poor. Usually the habituation occurred within a wide frequency band, although there were some exceptions. Afther the habituation was completed, the unit's response could be elicited by tones of a different frequency. The more distant on the frequency scale the tones were, the more vigorous was the reaction. Some properties of these "novelty" units can be explained by assuming that they are multipolar neurones located in the nucleus magnocellularis of the torus.


[Model of conditioned relex formation and analysis of the functional significance of the electrographic correlates of learning].

The formation of a conditioned reflex was studied on the basis of a net model in which the main data on the interconnection between cortical units were brought. In the course of learning the model reproduced practically the entire complex of electrographic manifestations of conditioning known from experiments. The mechanisms of emergence of theta-activity and spatial synchronization of biopotentials were studied. Attention is drawn to the fundamentally different dynamics of excitability change in the cortical projections of conditioned stimuli and conditioned reaction. The forms of participation of subcortical structures in the formation of conditioned connection are discussed.


[Elementary neuronal ensembles as the basis for the functional organization of the brain].

The structural basis of neuronal assemblies is made up of morphological associations of neurones determined by the properties of the central projection of afferent pathways. Underlying the functional organization of probabilistic neuronal assemblies is the formation of conjugated relations between neurones of the central zone of synergically activated units and the surrounding zone of inhibited neurones. The characteristics of informational activity and neuronal assemblies are related to the optimization of perception processes and reorganization of sensory information, and to the selection of useful information from the general sensory flow, especially in the course of formation of a habit. The observed characteristics of the work of probabilistic neuronal assemblies are considered as manifestations of formation of structural, functional and informational redundancy, the basic mechanism ensuring reliable functioning of the informational-controlling brain systems.


[Participation of cat motor cortex neurons in the afferent reorganization of the "placing reaction"].

Neuronal activity of the cortical representation of the biceps (CRB) and triceps in the cat pericruciate motor cortex and EMG of the forepaw muscles were recorded during the performance of unconditioned (to a stimulation of the dorsal side of the paw) and conditioned (to ventral stimulation) placing reactions of the forepaw (PR). After learning: 1) ventral stimulation acquired the capacity to evoke (with a latency not exceeding 20 ms) the same enhancement of the CRB neuronal activity, as evoked by dorsal stimulation eliciting PR in naive animals; 2) EMG thresholds of biceps response to stimulation of the motor cortex through a microelectrode did not change: 3) likewise unchanged was the relative number and magnitude of CRB neuronal responses to a local tactile stimulation of the ventral side of the contralateral forepaw. The constanct sensory input to the motor cortex after learning apparently acquires the capacity to evoke an enhancement of CRB neuronal activity sufficient for achieving PR.


[Participation of thalamic relay nuclei in the genesis of barbiturate spindle-like activity].

The specific relay ventro-postero-lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus was electrocoagulated in cats with the view of studying its role in the genesis of the barbituric spindle activity in the cortical projection zone on the side of ablation. It was shown that the specific nuclei, although of considerable importance to the spindle modulation of the potentials, are not its only source. Involved in modulation is also the nonspecific thalamo-cortical system acting along the pathways independent of the specific system. The leading role in the genesis of reaction of rhythmic slow after-effect, which is a variety of spindles, belongs to the specific thalamo-cortical system.


[Analysis of the influence of amygdalar stimulation on conditioned and unconditioned alimentary reflexes].

The paper summarizes the results of studying the effects of subliminal stimulation of the basolateral part of the amygdala nuclei complex on alimentary secretory conditioned and unconditioned reflexes (11 dogs, 150 tests of low-frequency and 95 tests of high-frequency stimulation). It has been found that stimulation of the basolateral amygdala taking part in the inhibitory system of alimentary behaviour control may exert not only inhibitory but also activating influences on the alimentary secretory reaction. The inhibitory effects are, however, much stronger than the activating ones, particularly with low-frequency stimulation. Subliminal stimulation of the basolateral amygdala affects dissimilarly inborn alimentary reactions and conditioned, acquired reactions. Conditioned secretory reactions in most cases (up to 80% of the tests) are inhibited, while unconditioned ones, are activated. It is suggested that the amygdala plays a different role in these two types of reactions.


[Effect of polarization of different levels of the visual and motor analyzers on instrumental conditioned reflexes in dogs].

Dogs with stabilized instrumental conditioned reflexes of tonic form to a bell and flickering light, exhibited a depression or complete inhibition of the reflexes after a short anode polarization of the lateral geniculate body (LGB). Polarization of the superior colliculi exerted a similar influence but to a lesser degree. Prolonged polarization of the visual cortex completely inhibited conditioned reflexes to light at the very first or second minute of its action. The degree of inhibition depended on the current intensity, the area of its action and the functional state of the animal. Polarization of the sensorimotor cortex resulted in a delay and often in complete inhibition of the instrumental reflexes. Polarization of the red nucleus also inhibited the reflexes. Evoked potentials recorded from the LGB, the superior colliculi and the visual cortex underwent considerable changes (decrease of the primary response and disappearance of the secondary response) after polarization of the sensorimotor cortex.


[Conditioned reflex mechanism in the hypothalamic regulation of diuresis].

In chronic experiments on dogs with urethrae brought out to the skin of the abdomen and electrodes implanted in the hypothalamus, the possibility was studied of the involvement of a conditioned component in hypothalamic control of the kidneys activity under a direct action of electric current on a hypothalamus. The beat of a metronome and the experimental surroundings served as a conditioned stimulus, stimulation of the hypothalamus was used as an unconditioned one, and diuresis -- as a manifestation of the conditioned reflex. It was found that the conditioned mechanism is also involved in the complex mechanism of hypothalamic control of kidney activity. Such conditioned changes of diuresis may be effected in different functional states of hypothalamic nuclei.


[Transformation of the synaptic apparatus of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex following creation of a polarization dominant].

Ultrastructural transformations of axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses of the rabbit sensorimotor cortex were studied during: 1) polarization of the cortical surface with a DC anode and 2) the setting up of a polarization motor dominant. A comparison between the structural characteristics of the examined region of the cerebral cortex of the two groups of animals revealed transformations in the synaptic apparatus, which may be regarded as a result of the formation of a temporary connection: an increase in the number of axo-dendritic synapses with considerably thickened postsynaptic membranes; an increase in the number of axonic terminals with a concentration of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria content. The indicated changes were more pronounced in the deep layers of the sensorimotor cortex.


[Polymyalgia rheumatica. Clinical histological study of 46 cases].

The nosological relationship between Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and Cranial Arteritis has been studied by comparing 46 cases of PMR with 21 cases of cranial arteritis. Symptoms consistent with cranial arteritis were present in 83% of the PMR patients, but only 32% showed giant cell arteritis in the biopsy of temporal arteries. The difference is explained by the segmental involvement of the arteritis. The patients with cranial arteritis had symptoms of PMR in 48%. It is concluded, that PMR and cranial arteritis are both manifestations of the same disease. Temporary signs of generalized arteritis seem to occur often in PMR and may lead to fatal complications. PMR may last up to ten years. Because of the potential fatality of this disease, a temporal artery biopsy is indicated in every suspicious case in order to provide a sound basis for the required long term therapy with corticosteroids.


[Thermography with liquid crystal in scleroderma].

The typical thermographic pictures of hands of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis are described. The pictures were made with liquid crystals. Thermography with liquid crystals is also suitable for the evaluation of changes in temperature during treatment.


[Modification of a rheumatoid model disease using a benzopyron preparation].

The influence of a benzopyrone-preparation on the process of an experimental erysipelas in the rat, an animal model for the human rheumatoid arthritis, was studied. By plethysomometric determination of the paw volume it was shown that the swelling of the paw was significantly smaller in the benzopyrone-group than in the control-group. Furthermore it was observed that the administration of benzopyrones significantly reduced cornea-oedemas, a characteristic of the erysipelas model. The reduction of body weight, occurring during erysipelas disease, is not significantly improved by benzopyrone administration. The mortality, which is much smaller in the benzopyrone-group (30%) than in the matened control group (60%), demonstrates the good tolerance of the drug. The revealed results are described and the influence of benzopyrones on this rheumatoid disease is discussed.


[Morphological changes in the articular capsule tissue after preliminary synoviorthesis].

Synovial tissues, surgically removed after synoviorthesis, were investigated microscopically. 198Au metallic desposits were seen until five years after the intraarticular injection. Light fibrotic changes were present, however these tissues exhibited also necrotic changes. 90Y could not be detected microscopically. Inclusions of necrotic cartilage in the synovial membrane may indicate cartilage disturbances due to 90Y. Osmium acid was identified by Xray-microanalysis.


[Significance of renovasography in the elucidation of hypertension].

About 10% of all cases of hypertension are nephrogeneously conditioned. The renovasography gives the clearest evidence for the morphological diagnostics of changes of the renal arteries and the parenchyma. In 180 hypertensive patients with pathological findings of the renal angiography most frequently pyelonephritic changes were proved. Then follow changes of the arteries, kidneys with urinary stasis, polycystic degenerations and hypoplasias. These diseases were, however, also found in 108 patients with normal values of blood pressure. Possibly cases are concerned in which no haemodynamic effect of the disease is present. In advanced findings reductions of organs were registered. In a part of the cases the sizes of the kidneys were found within the normal values. Only some patients with hypertension had enlargements of the organs. When multiple renal arteries were present a hypertension was significantly more frequent than in a supply of the kidneys by means of one artery each.


[Kidney hypoplasia and hypertension].

The basis of the examination is a clinical material of 14 years (from 1960 to 1973) of the urological clinic of the Medical University "Semmelweis", consisting of 160 patients with renal hypoplasia. In 116 of these cases a nephrectomy was performed. The average postoperative observation time was 7.8 years. By removal of the hypoplastic kidney the hypertension could be successfully influenced in 72% of the cases and in 16% moderately; in 12% of the patients the high blood pressure remained unchanged also after the intervention. On account of the recognition resulting from the examinations that by the hypoplastic kidney alone no increase of the blood pressure is caused, but the developmental anomaly forms a basis for the development of the hypertension, is emphasized that the early removal of this abnormally developed kidney is by all means indicated.


[Complex angiographic diagnosis of space-demanding processes in the kidney including renocystography].

Issuing from the experiences of the complex angiorgraphic diagnostics of space-demanding processes of the kidneys in 400 patients value and sequence of different angiographic methods including renocystography are discussed. The diagnostic certainty in hypo- and avascular tumours by the renal phlebography and in cystic processes is essentially increased by percutaneous puncture. In malignant tumours before operation the judgement of the endovenous extension is always to be demanded, which is most certainly achieved by direct venography. A diagnostic step programme is proposed, to make possible the rational use of the methods.


[Clinical picture of urogenital tuberculosis].

On the basis of a survey on 28 cases with ascertained urogenital tuberculosis from 1971 to 1975 clinical picture and findings of the examinations are discussed. The cases in question are not a representative cross-section, since primarily ascertained cases of urogenital tuberculosis are treated in special departments. On account of the participation of the bladder which - compared with former cases - seems to be less frequent in interest of the early diagnosis is referred to the importance of the urinary findings and the excretion urography.


[1st experiences with the ultrasonic-Doppler-method in the diagnosis of testicular torsion].

In some cases the differential diagnosis of the torsion of the testicles may be difficult also for the experienced clinician. It is reported on a new method of the delimitation of the torsion of the testicles compared with inflammatory changes of the testicles and the epididymis. By means of the ultrasound-Doppler-method the blood supply of the vasa spermatica is registered. Missing Doppler-signals in the direct measurement above the spermatic cord in comparison to the collateral side are typical for a complete torsion of the testicles.


Vocalizations of South African mustelines.

Vocalizations of African weasels (Poecilogale albinucha) and polecats (Ictonyx striatus) were tape recorded and analysed sonagraphically. Calls are described in terms of function. Adult calls of both species are divided into the categories: threat, defence, and greeting. Female polecats also vocalized during copulation. Three calls peculiar to the young of both species were recorded. Basically similar tonal patterns of homologous vocalizations by both mustelines can be recognized. Calls of blind young could be recognized as primitive versions of adult calls. The limited vocal repertoire of the animals, with most sounds of a threatening or defensive nature, is typical of solitary species. Similarities between the languages of the two study species and other mustelines can be recognized.


Vocalization in juvenile crocodilians.

Evidence is presented that the grunts and distress calls of juvenile alligators (Alligator mississipiensis) are examples of graded calls, which are given in different form depending largely on contest. Representative sonagrams of the distress calls of three other species of crocodilians (Caiman crocodilus, Crocodylus niloticus, and Crocodylus siamensis) are presented and compared with sonagrams of alligator distress calls. These findings are discussed in light of current knowledge of the bioacoustics of other vertebrates.


Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic wild asses (Equus africanus and E. hemionus).

The social organization of Equss africanus (African Wild Ass) was observed during the breeding season, that of E. hemionus (Asiatic Wild Ass) for a very brief period outside the breeding season. Territoriality could be observed in both species and the systems were found to be basically identical to that of Grevy's zebra. Territories are very large, measuring on the order of 200 km2 in E. africanus and probably even more in E. hemionus. Members of both species live in unstable groups of variable composition, and there was no indication of permanent bonds between any adult individuals.


A comparison of homing behavior in feral and homing pigeons.

Three series of experiments were conducted to determine whether the orientational and homing behavior of feral pigeons ("Commons") in the U.S.A. is comparable to that of homing pigeons. Wild-caught adult and juvenile Commons showed meaningful nonrandom orientation when released at unfamiliar sites. When such birds were phaseshifted 6 h fast, their vanishing bearings were deflected approximately 90 degrees counterclockwise, thus indicating use of the time-compensated sun compass. Young Commons reared and trained with Homers of the same age differed behaviorally from the Homers in a variety of ways and many fewer returned home from training and test releases, but the season for the fewer returns appeared to be more concerned with social behavior than with orientation capability.


[How do mother and young of the bat Myotis myotis recognize each other after mother's return from a hunting flight?].

Mouse-eared bats leave their young at their sleeping place during the nocturnal hunting flight. The young wait for their mothers' return crowded together in small groups. It is examined whether mother and offspring recognize each other upon the mother's return. It is experimentally shown that each recognizes the other by smell and ultrasonic sound.


[Studies on influence of intensity factors on the population dynamic of migratory root nematodes with special consideration of the genus Pratylenchus Filipjev. III. Influence of three years irrigation (author's transl)].

Results of a field experiment on the effect of three years irrigation on the population dynamic of migratory nematodes of the cereals are described. In case of constant high moisture content the Pratylenchus spec. were inhibited. A cumulation of this effect during three years was not observed. The influence was only low on the species of the genus Tylenchorhychus, Paratylenchus, on the species of the families Aphelenchoididae/Aphelenchidae, Dorylaimidae, and on the saprophytic nematodes of the order Rhabditida.


Karyotype alterations of BHK-21 cell lines by persistent virus infections I. Development of the cell lines and conventional chromosome analysis.

From BHK-21 cell cultures inoculated with different viruses cell lines with persistent infection were developed and examined for alterations in their karyotypes. In all cell lines studied, even in those no longer producing infective virus chromosomal breaks and interchanges were observed. Besides these effects probably induced directly by the virus infection, a shift in the number of chromosomes was found. Based on certain properties of the BHK-21 cell lines carrying a virus infection a hypothesis is discussed concerning the cooperation of various cellular and viral factors which enable a virus to persist.


Karotype alterations of BHK-21 cell lines by persistent virus infections. II. Analysis of the banding patterns.

Results of banding pattern analysis of the chromosome set of cell lines derived from BHK-21 by persistent infection with different viruses (Schwöbel et al., 1977) are reported. Almost all metaphases contained several structurally altered chromosomes which could not be identified. On the other hand, for each cell line analysed a characteristic karyotype could be established. The possible relevance of the results with respect to persistent virus infections in vivo is discussed.


Toads as natural reservoir of salmonella.

The investigation conducted on 329 toads for the presence of Salmonella, Arizona and Edwardsiella revealed that 36.7% toads were intestinal carriers of Salmonella. None of the toads proved positive for Arizona and Edwardsiella. The Salmonella population (S. brijbhumi) in the intestines of 5 of the 27 toads  ranged from 1.5 X 10(9) to 2.5 X 10(10) organisms per gram of faecal matter. Some of the serotypes viz: S. tel-hashomer, S. brijbhumi and S. goverdhan were recovered more frequently than others. An unnamed serotype (4, 12, 27:k:-) and S. goverdhan var 1 + (1,9,12:k:1,6), hitherto undescribed in the literature, have also been reported.


[Suppression of sorbose fermentation of Salmonellae by salicine (author's transl)].

Fermentation of sorbose by Salmonellae splitting this sugar with delay is restrained to a varying degree in presence of salicine, depending on the concentration of this glycoside. There is no support that salicine might become metabolized in this process. A similar salicine effect on the delayed fermentation of dulcitol has not been seen.


[On the genetics of the delayed attack of substrates by strains of the Salmonella group (author's transl)].

The delayed attack of sugar alcohols by Salmonellae essentially goes back on a mutative event but doesnot represent a phenotypical or genotypical uniform phenomenon. The - frequently occuring - regularly split of sugars is caused by a simple looking fixed rate mutative event, and is characterized by an only moderate variation of the latent period preceding acid formation. In contrast, irregularly delayed splitting strains attack the substrate varying and, when occasion arises, with an extremely uncertain latency. Fermentation capacity of some strains attacking dulcitol irregularly can be induced by irradiation with ultraviolet light, and can be reduced to a certain degree by treatment with acridine orange, but cannot be transferred to other strains by conjugation. We presume that at least the uv inducible type of irregularly delayed splitting is governed by an episomal genetical element which is active only in the autonomous state but is repressed when being integrated within the chromosome.


[Effects of dimethylsulfoxide and salicine on the delayed adaption on sorbose and dulcitol of Salmonellae (author's transl)].

Among the majority of Salmonella strains splitting sorbose or dulcitol with delay dimethylsulfoxide shortens the latent period preceding acid formation and abolishes the deceleration of sorbose adaption caused by salicine. In other strains, especially S. paratyphi B cultures, DMSO doesn't touch sorbose adaption directly but amplifies the restraing effect of salicine. From the whole of our findings it can be concluded that in the first group of strains sorbose adaption starts with segregation of adaptive sorbose permease positive mutants, followed by the - salicin-sensitive - induction of this permease, the appearance of mutants aditionally metabolizing sorbose constitutively, and, finally, the substrate-promoted particular growth of adapted cells. The latter category of strains, however, apparently possesses a wild type (constitutive or adaptive?) sorbose permease but splits off mutants with adaptive metabolizing enzymes the induction of which is salicine-sensitive. The amplification of the salicine effect by DMSO found in these strains might be refered to an enhancement of salicine uptake caused by DMSO.


Potential variability of Leptospira serovars belonging to the same group.

3 clone strains of monjakov and pomona serovars were cultured with prolongation in a medium containing homologous immune sera. Separate subcultures were cloned in a solid medium, while isolated clones were typed in microagglutination test with whole and absorbed immune sera and in some cases in an absorption test. The results showed that the mutants of subcultures with the minimal and maximal time of contact with the immune serum turned out to differ greatly from each other in antigenic properties. While antigenic mutants of earlier subcultures were constantly connected with serovars of Pomona serogroup, mutants of subcultures adapted to immune serum were serologically more related to butembo serovar of Cynoptery serogroup. The results obtained showing potential variability of serovars belonging to Pomona serogroup could be significant from the viewpoint of classification and phylogeny of Leptospira.


In vitro and in vivo studies on the role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in resensibilization of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.

Resensibilization in vitro to seven antibiotics under the influence of DMSO was studied in 624 resistant strains of five species of bacteria (E. coli, S. typhi, S. pyogenes, S. viridans, S. aureus), 61 strains of tubercle bacilli resistant to isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and 19 strains of tubercle bacilli resistant to rifampicin (RMP). DMSO in concentrations of 0.1-10.0% caused reversion of sensitivity in strains of E. coli, S. pyogenes and S. viridans. Reversion in vivo of sensitivity to INH of tubercle bacilli was studied in experimental tuberculosis of guinea pigs. Tubercle bacilli previously resistant to INH recovered complete sensitivity to the drug, enabling animals infected with the INH-resistant strain of bacilli to be treated with INH.


Rickettsiae of the spotted fever isolated from Dermacentor marginatus ticks in South Germany.

Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group were detected by haemocyte test in 8 (12%) of 51 partially engorged Dermacentor marginatus females collected in March/April 1975 in South Germany. Four strains of rickettsiae were isolated from ticks positive in haemocyte test. It was concluded with isolated strain BRD-1 and homologous immune guinea pig, hamster and mouse sera in CF cross reactions with antigens and immune sera against other members of the SF group, that the newly isolated strains are similar, almost undistinguishable from Rickettsia slovaca.


[Electrophysiological evaluation of the age-related characteristics of the central nervous system in children with spastic cerebral palsy].

As a result of the conducted studies, the authors were able to demonstrate that in children from 4-9 years with cerebral spastic paralysis the potentiated tonic reactions are preserved (the reflex of distention from the gastrocnemius muscle, cervico-tonical reflex to the extremities and reaction of support). The frequency and regularity of alpha-rhythm on the EEG of these children differ significantly from similar ones of normal children of the same age. As the children grow older, the frequency of exaltated tonic reactions decrease and at the same time the frequency and regularity of alpha-rhythms increases, however the differences compared to age norms are preserved. The authors are of the opinion that in older children with infantile cerebral paralysis, despite the retardation of the morpho-functional development of the higher areas of the brain, the degree of cortical maturity is sufficient to inhibit an increased activity of the stem centres regulating the muscular tone.


[Modern problems of hereditary neuromuscular diseases].

The authors outline some disputable questions of the nozological independence of different nervous-muscular diseases and their classification. Special attention is being drawn to the pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy and to the importance of studying cyclic nucleotide metabolism.


[Duchenne's muscular dystrophy in a girl with 45,X/46,XX chromosomal mosaicism].

The paper is concerned with a case history of a girl with a rare combination of 2 rare anomalies (only 4 cases in the world literature); monosomia by X chromosome and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Mosaicism 45,X/46,XX in a 5 year old girl with a mild picture of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy was confirmed by a study of the kariotype in lymphocytes of the peripheral blood and skin fibroblasts. The authors indicate to a necessity of a thorough cytogenetical study in girls, if there is a clinical picture of Duchennes muscular dystrophy.


[Clinical and genetic aspects of hereditary acro-osteolysis].

The report concerns a description of a case of hereditary acroosteolysis with peculiar clinical and X-ray symptoms. It is being stressed that the neurological changes in different cases differ by their manifold signs and are sometimes the prevalent syndrome. The authors conducted a genetical analysis of 11 cases of hereditary acroosteolysis, which were seen in Dagestan. The paper contains some considerations of the differencies of hereditary acroosteolysis from other similar disorders.


[Clinical picture and course of hereditary extrapyramidal diseases in children].

The report contains a description of the clinical development of hepato-cerebral dystrophy in 11 children and of deformans muscular dystrophy in 7 children. The authors indicate to expressed visceral disorders in patients with hepato-cerebral dystrophy and to positive results in the treatment by thiol preparations. The paper also contains an observation with an inheritance of deformans muscular dystonia of a dominant type. Due to a clinical polymorphism of hepato-cerebral dystrophy and deformans muscular dystrophy in children a possibility of a wide phenocopy of this pathology should be taken into consideration.


[Changes in the free amino acid spectrum in torsion dystonia patients].

The authors accomplished a study of the concentration of free aminoacids in the blood and urine of patients with torsion dystonia by means  of a high voltage electrophoresis with a subsequent ascending chromatography. A division of such patients into 2 clinical forms is reflected in the found concentration of free aminoacids in the blood and urine. In patients with the rigid form along with generalized hyperacidemia there are also significant changes in the concentration of aminoacids of the aromatic line. In the group of patients with the hyperkinetic form the most significant changes were seen for valine, methionine, serine, alanine and cystine, while as the spectrum of aminoacids of the aromatic line is practically unchanged. The found changes in the spectrum of free aminoacids are most likely connected with disorders of catecholamine metabolism in torsion dystonia.


[Catecholamines metabolism in extrapyramidal disorders in children].

The author examined the catecholamine metabolism in 78 children with polyetiological extrapyramidal lesions of the nervous system. Most of the cases were with the pallidnigral syndrome. A sharp drop in the catecholamine excretion, especially of the dopamine and DOPA were detected in the akinetico-rigid forms. In torsion muscular deformant dystonia there was the most expressed drop in the DOPA excretion. Under the impact of a pathogenetical treatment by L-DOPA in most of the cases there was an improvement of the clinical state and in the indices of the catecholamine metabolism. A study of the catecholamine metabolism permitted to detect certain aspects in the pathogenesis of different forms of extrapyramidal lesions in children.


[Clinical picture and characteristics of the course of tic hyperkinesis in children].

The author examined 90 children with ticose hyperkinesis. On the basis of a thorough study of the clinical picture, course of the disease and the use of laboratory methods all the patients were divided into 3 groups: with regressive, remittent and progradient development and characteristic clinical signs. For each group a corresponding treatment with a good effect was selected.


[Neurosis-like tics in children].

The author examined 115 children from 4-14 years who suffered from ticose hyperkinesis. The specific traits of the background (somatical diseases, organic brain diseases, mental disorders, the MBD syndrome permitted to eliminate 4 groups of patients. On the basis of the achieved results the author comes to the conclusion that in the pathogenesis of a pseudoneurotic tic an important role is being played by a premorbid insufficiency of the motor analyzer. Comprehensive treatment is being recommended, with a consideration of the background against which the hyperkinetical syndrome arises.


[Significance of the hypertensive syndrome in the clinical aspects of the late residual stage of infantile cerebral palsy (based on ultrasonic encephalographic data)].

The report is concerned with an analysis of the results of an echoencphalographic study of 201 children with infantile cerebral paralysis in the form of spastic diplegia. The examined children were from 3-14 years with different degrees of motor disturbances and intellectual defects. The echoencephalograms in 22% of the cases detected a displacement of M-echo to 2 mm and more. In 20%--there were signs of a light dilatation of the III brain ventricle and in 41%--of moderate dilatation. A correlation of echoencephalographic data with clinical symptoms demonstrated that a displacement of M-echo signs of a dilation of the III ventricle are more frequently encountered in children with a more severe motor and intellectual deficiency. The authors studied the influence of a comprehensive treatment (medicamental therapy, therapeutic physical training, corrective training, physical and mental loadings on the liquorodynamic disbalance. The study demonstrates the informativeness of the echoencephalographic method not only in the detection of the hypertensive syndrome, but in defining the degree of its expressiveness and during the development of the hypertenensive syndrome under the influence of different therapeutical measures.


[Changes in the bioelectrical activity of the biceps femoral muscles in the diplegic form of infantile cerebral palsy].

The author performed an EMG study of the biceps femoris muscle and their proximal and distal parts in 15 normals and 42 patients with diplegic forms of infantile cerebral palsy. In patients with infantile cerebral palsy there were significant coordinational disturbances in the bioelectric activity of the muscles of the thigh during walking and an orthostatic position. These changes had characteristic traits depending upon the influence of preserved primitive tonic reflexes.


[So-called infantile cerebral palsy].

On the basis of a comprehensive clinical study of 60 children and a pathomorphological study of the postmortem material the authors established, that in the so-called infantile cerebral paralysis the polymorphic neurological symptomatology is not fully reflected in the existing classifications. Separate clinical forms do not correspond to the pyramidal cerebral pathology, but have an extrapyramidal, cerebellar, hypothalamic and spinal character. The pathomorphological examination detected areas of devastation with a proliferation of the neuroglia, different forms and sizes of cavities in all the brain lobes, in the extrapyramidal system, in the hypothalamic area, cerebellum and spinal cord. The authors suggest that there should be a reconsideration of the terminology and classification of the so-called infantile cerebral paralysis.


[Clinical and electrophysiological comparisons in minimal cerebral dysfunction in school-aged children].

Clinico-electrophysiological studies of 74 children of school age with speech disorders demonstrated that the syndrome of the minimal brain dysfunction frequently develops on the background of early organic brain lesions. These data were confirmed by a combination of speech and motor disturbances in 70.3% of the studied children as well as by changes in the electro- and echoencephalograms. That is why one of the criteria for eliminating the syndrome of the minimal brain dysfunction should be the state of the motor and speech systems in combination with EEG data.


[Rate of excitation spread along a peripheral nerve in healthy infants in the 1st year of life and in infants who have had intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxia at birth].

The velocity in the extension of excitation through the peripheral nerves was studied in 99 normal babies of the first year and in 135 children with intrauteral hypoxia and asphyxia during delivery. In children with perinatal lesions of the CNS there were changes in the absolute volumes of the velocity of excitation and the rate of its increase compared with the group of normal children. The data correlate with the results of histological studies of the peripheral nerve.


[Nature of the reflex excitation of the spinal motor neurons in children with isiopathic scoliosis].

In 32 girls from 12-14 years with expressed idiopathic scoliosis (III-IV stage) the authors studied H-reflexes, evoked from the soleus muscles. In 16 patients they established an expressed asymmetry in the expressivity of H-reflexes from the right and left sides. This asymmetry was found in a localization of the primary arch of spinal distortion in the sacral part. In a localization of the primary arch in the thoracal part, the asymmetry in the reflectory excitation of sacral motoneurons is not expressed. It is being assumed that changes in the motoneuron apparatus of the spinal cord are the reason of the appearance of a scoliotic deformation of the spine.


[Pathogenesis of nervous system lesions in epidemic parotitis in children].

The authors studied antibodies to the nervous tissue in the blood (pair serum with an interval of 10 days) and in the CSF in 155 patients with epidemic parotitis and signs of neurotoxicosis, parotit meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Depending upon the intensivity of antibody elaboration 3 groups were distinguished. The first group (40 cases), with a high content of antibodies to the nervous tissue, was characterized by a prevalence of encephalitic forms (in 30 of the 40 cases). In the second group (32 cases) with a less antibody content there was a prevalence of meningitis, while meningoencephalitis was seen only in 3 cases. The third group (83 cases) with a low concentration or absence of antibodies was characterized by a mild course of the disease. This group included as well patients with neurotoxicosis. These data may indicate involvement of allergic mechanisms of a retarded type in the pathogenesis of remote lesions of the nervous system in epidemic parotitis.


[Clinical manifestations of disseminated sclerosis in childhood].

The author studied children from 6-14 years with disseminated sclerosis in the area of a  decreased risk to this disease. The early period of the disease in this age group was very difficult to discern. As a rule, disseminated sclerosis in children in detected by a retrospective analysis of the clinical development. In children, as in adults, the clinical course has a remittent development, where there are remissions and exacerbations. More frequently than in adults, the disease acquires a hyperkinetic form, which is considered to be most malignant. Probably the disease occurs not at 12-15 years, as it is being pointed in the literature but much earlier (4-5 years). Exacerbations of disseminated sclerosis in children, unlike exacerbations in adults occur not so much from the influence of cold factors as from warm. In order to avoid a hyperdiagnosis of disseminated sclerosis in children a differential diagnosis should be made between hereditary-degenerative disorders of the nervous system and progressive forms of panencephalitis.


[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a child].

The paper deals with a case history of a 12-year-old boy, with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis. The process beginning with the bulbar syndrome and an adjunction of lesions of the central and peripheral motoneurons of the pyramidal path, had a malignant development. After 6 months the boy died from a respiratory paralysis. An analysis of the disease and histological data permit to allocate this observation to rare "slow" infections--the child form of lateral amyotrophical sclerosis.


Characteristics of the interests, enthusiasms and fantasies of children and adolescents with a developing schizoid psychopathy.

A retrospective clinico-dynamical study of the interests fascinations and phantasies in 32 adolescents with a forming schizoid psychopathy demonstrates that these psychopathological phenomena, their content and motivation are determined mainly by microsocial environmental influences and are connected with the intellectual development, thinking and peculiar direction of the forming schizoid personality. These psychopathological structures do not go beyond the framework of overvalued and reactive structures.


[Catamnesis of patients with Kanner's early infantile autism syndrome].

By means of a follow-up study the author studied 28 patients who at the age of 3-6 years were diagnosed as suffering from early infantile autism. In 6 cases the mental state of patients was characterized by traits of dissociated oligophrenic-like defect with preserved autistic forms of contacts, residual disorders of the syndrome of Kanners early autism, simbiotical dependency from the parents. In 15 cases there was a personality distortion, with traits of autism, emotional poorness, motor insufficiency, indifferent negativistic forms of contacts, mental retardation of the pseudooligophrenic type. In 7 cases there was a formation of a psychopathic state of a schizoid type.


[Delusion of imagination in childhood].

The paper is concerned with a study of patients with attack-like progressive schizophrenia--children from 7-9 years. The clinical picture was characterized by affective--delusional attacks of a paraphrenic structure. The interpretative delusion of persecution was in combination with delusional structures of the type of confabulations with false reminiscence.


[Pathomorphosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents].

In order to study the pathomorphosis of schizophrenia in children and adolescents the authors accomplished a comparative study of 2 groups of patients, first admitted to hospitals during 1948-1952 and in 1970-1972. It was established that during the past 20 years the clinical picture of schizophrenia had undergone significant changes, related mainly to the acuity of the debut, degree of progressivity of the process, as well as to the traits of the psychopathological picture of the disease.


[Analysis of the factors that determine the dynamics of the clinical picture of epilepsy in preschool-age patients].

The author accomplished a comparative study of 2 polar groups of patients (unfavorable and favorable development of the disease), who fell ill up to 5 years of age. By means of a correlational analysis significant differences were found which were related to the character of the main etiological factor, indices of individual reactivity of the patients, influence of the type and frequency of attacks.


[Structures of the morbidity in a group of neuroses and neurosis-like disorders in children and adolescents].

The authors conducted a comparative study of the prevalence and structure of neuroses and neurotic-like nonprocessual disorders in children according to the results of a frontal epidemiological study of 15000 rural and urban population from 0-14 years of age. The obtained data of the prevalence and structure of neurotic and neurotic-like disturbances may serve as a basis for solving some practical problems and particularly for a scientifically grounded programme of mental health services.


[Clinical characteristics of the initial period of stuttering in childhood].

The author studied 34 stuttering children from 2,5-3,5 years, where 2 groups were distinguished: with neurotic and pseudoneurotic stuttering. It was established that in these 2 groups there were differences in the psychopathological and speech disorders. There are such forms of the disease where there may be a combination of neurotic as well as pseudoneurotic states. It is being stressed that treatment in the initial period is most effective.


[Age approach to the diagnosis of general mental retardation (based on the example of preschool children)].

In comparison to normal children of the same age, in oligophrenic children there were qualitatively special structures of the intellectual mnestic functions, attention, auditory and visual perception, higher emotions and brain bioelectric activity. These data have an importance for the diagnosis and elaboration of standarized indices of oligophrenic patients in preschool age.


[Clinical aspects, therapy and prevention of psychotic disorders in children and adolescents with cerebral residual-organic insufficiency].

By means of a follow-up study the author examined 36 patients with cerebral residual insufficiency in the age group from 10-16 years. A psychotic and nonpsychotic variants of this form of pathology was detected. A psychotic decompensation may be evoked by a nonspecific exogenous factor. The clinical picture of a decompensation is characterized by affective disturbances and symptoms of changes consciousness. The treatment programme of the acute period of an exogenous-organic psychosis should include analgetics, desensitation, neuroleptical drugs, lithium carbonate, dehydration and cardio-vascular preparations.


Kinetics of deamination of cytosine nucleosides with etherified sugar hydroxyls.

The kinetics of deamination of derivatives of the therapeutically important 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine with etherified (methylated) sugar hydroxyls has provided additional direct evidence for involvement of the 2'-hydroxyl in intramolecular catalysed deamination. In the case of 1-beta-D-lyxofuranosylcytosine, the kinetics of deamination of its 2'-O-methyl and 3'-O-methyl derivatives pointed to similar involvement of the "up" 2'-OH in intramolecular catalysed deamination. Participation by the 3'-OH, which is also in the "up" position, was excluded. A qualitative correlation was shown to exist between the electron density distributions on C(4) and C(6) of the cytosine rings in cytosine, 1-methylcytosine and cytidine, and their relative susceptibilities to deamination.


Preparation of O'-METHYL derivatives of 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladenine.

Treatment of the therapeutically important 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyladine in strongly alkaline medium with dimethyl sulphate led principally to etherification of sugar hydroxyls and, to a minor extent, to formation of products with a methylated exocyclic amino group. The various O'-methyl derivatives of xylofuranosyladenine were fractionated on a strongly basic ion exchange column, and isolated in pure form. Also isolated was 9-beta-D-xylofuranosyl-N6-methyladenine and its 2'-O-methyl derivative. The products were identified from their 1H NMR spectra, for which extensive data are tabulated. The susceptibilities of the various derivatives to calf intestinal adenosine deaminase were examined in relation to those of other adenine nucleosides; in particular, 5'-O-methylation led to total loss of substrate properties for the riboside, arabinoside and xyloside of adenine.


Segregation of the ability to degrade lupanine in Pseudomonas lupanini.

Two types of mutants differing in the ability to degrade lupanine were obtained from the JD1 strain of Pseudomonas lupanini: lus growing slowly on lupanine, and lun unable to utilize lupanine as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The mutation rate for the spontaneous lus mutants was 0.28%, and for the mitomycin C-induced lus mutants, 3-24%. Rifampicin induced solely lun mutation. The plasmid nature of the lupanine degradation pathway is discussed.


Preparation and properties of formycin analogues methylated on the pyrazolo ring nitrogens and/or the ribose cis-hydroxyls.

1. Diazomethane treatment of formycin A in the presence or absence of SnCl2 as catalyst, was used for the preparation of the 2'-O-methyl, 3'-O-methyl, N1-methyl and N2-methyl derivatives. The four possible dimethylated derivatives, 2'(3")-O,N1(N2)-dimethylformycins, were obtained by controlled treatment of formycin with diazomethane in the presence of SnCl2, and subsequent column chromatography for product isolation. 2. All the foregoing products were characterized and identified by chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectra, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Extensive u.v. spectral data, and spectrally determined pK values, for the various derivatives are presented. 3. N2-Methylformycin B was also prepared by enzymatic deamination of the parent N2-methylformycin A. 4. The sequence of elution of N1-methylformycin and N2-methylformycin on a strongly basic ion exchange column suggested that the latter is in the syn conformation. The susceptibility of N2-methylformycin to adenosine deaminase shows that this analogue may adopt the anti conformation on reaction with the enzyme. 5. The active species in the SnCl2-catalysed monomethylation of the 2'(3') cishydroxyls of ribonucleosides by diazomethane was shown to be an organo-tin product of the reaction of SnC2 with diazomethane. This product, not identified, contained no nitrogen or chlorine. 6. A simple column chromatographic procedure is described for the desalting of heterocyclic bases and their nucleosides with pK values for ring protonation down to about 0.


Menometrorrhagia of the puberty: therapy with Clomiphene (Clomiphene and puberal menometrorrhagia).

The authors administrated the Clomiphene, in different doses, to 8 patients among 27 observed. These patients were checked for a long time by basal body temperature and in some cases, measuring total urinary estrogens and pregnandioluria. The therapy was administrated in 38 cicles of the 163 cicles observed. This drug got evident results on flux duration, less significant results on the cicle length. The Clomiphene produced ovulatory cicles in 58 per cent of the cases, against 7 per cent of spontaneous ovulatory cicles of the same patients. The drug effect is better in the cases with normo or moderate hypo or hyper estrogenism, not so good in the cases with a remarcable hypoestrogenism. The therapy with Clomiphene did not produce any inconvenient. The results got were put in comparison with those of the other drug (Ciclophenile) and the superiority of Clomiphene was confirmed.


Endogenous acid releases secretin in man.

In search of a physiological stimulus for secretin release, the effect of gastric acid secretion was investigated. In six healthy volunteers, pentagastrin (1.5 microgram/kg, hr i.v.) was administered without and with aspiration of gastric contents, and plasma secretin was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Administration of pentagastrin without aspiration of gastric juice resulted in steadily increasing plasma secretion which was significantly elevated at the end of 60 min of pentagastrin infusion and also in the post-infusion hour. These results are compatible with the concept that endogenous acid being delivered from the stomach to the duodenum does contribute to the release of secretin which in turn may serve as a physiological stimulus for pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.


A longitudinal study on the occurrence of autoantibodies in the course of acute hepatitis B.

The presence or absence of autoantibodies in acute hepatitis B was investigated longitudinally in a prospective study of 38 patients, 37 of whom recovered completely. Antibodies to nuclei, bile canaliculi or mitochondria were not found in any of the 354 investigated sera. Smooth muscle antibody (SMA) was present in 23 patients for median 4 weeks and from (median) -1 to +3 weeks from peak SGPT. Titers reached from 1:10 to 1:400, with a median of 1:50. In the patient with persistent HBs-antigenemia, SMA - present in low titer (1:10) - persisted as well. Besides smooth muscle cells, other localisations were: glomerular (15 patients), around hepatocytes ('polygonal' 11 pts), around renal tubuli (10) and in the gastric mucosal layer (8). These fluorescence patterns, the presence of which was not correlated to the SMA titer height, disappeared either earlier than or simultaneously with smooth muscle cellular fluorescence. A maximal titer greater than 1:50 was associated with a thymol turbidity ten times the upper limit of normal or more (i.e. greater than 25 S-H U) and with the peak serumgammaglobulin about simultaneously with peak SGPT. The presence of SMA was not correlated with extrahepatic manifestations nor with the peak values attained for ESR, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin.


Characterization of methylumbilliferone (mendiaxon r)-induced choleresis in the isolated perfused rat liver.

The influence of the choleretic drug methylumbilliferone on bile formation in the isolated perfused rat liver is characterized. The compound induces rapidly an elevation of bile flow, bile acid secretion and soium excretion. The increased production of bile is of canalicular origin. The choleretic effect was defined as "bile acid like" choleresis due to excretion of the drug into the bile. It is discussed that the excretion of methylumbilliferone can influence the transport of bile in form of a positive cooperation on transport mechanism.


On the late prognosis of type A virus hepatitis.

5.2% healings by second intention must be added to the 91.4% healings by first intention. The proportion of patients (1.1%) who could not be followed up for various reasons is but small. In view of the findings of this epidemiologically founded study, it seems justified to conclude that the long-term prognosis of acute type A virus hepatitis may be considered to be favourable since healing occurred in 96.6%.


Brush border peptidases and arylamidases in the experimental blind loop syndrome of the rat.

Peptidase and arylamidase activities were assessed in purified brush borders from jejunum of rats with surgically created blind loops. The blind loop segment and the jejunum proximal and distal to the blind loop were studied. Comparable jejunal segments from control rats were also studied. The blind loop syndrome was documented by presence of macrocytic anemia. Enzyme activities were determined on purified brush borders. In rats with the blind loop syndromes enzymatic activities hydrolizing sucrose, L-Leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-lysyl-beta-naphthylamide, alpha-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide, L-phenylalanyl-alanine and L-leucyl-glycine were significantly reduced as compared to controls (P less than 0.001). After a short course of antibiotic therapy enzymatic activities returned to normal. Our findings suggest a reversible intestinal mucosa damage in the rat with blind loop syndrome.


The inhibitory effect of heparin on trypsinogen activation with enterokinase.

The effect of heparin on the activation of trypsinogen by enterokinase and on trypsin activity has been investigated. Proteolytic activity of trypsin has been determined using caseinolytic method. It has been found that heparin inhibits trypsinogen activation only when it is preincubated with proenzyme before introduction of enterokinase to the tested system. In these experimental conditions heparin in final concentrations from 1 to 20 U/ml exhibits inhibitory effect diminishing trypsinogen activation to about 65% initial activity and in higher concentrations only to 50%. Heparin introduced to the tested system simultaneously with enterokinase or to the active trypsin did not appear evident inhibitory effect.


Effect of physical exercise on gastric basal secretion in healthy men.

Behaviour of basal gastric secretion of electrolytes, lactic acid and pyruvic acid was studied in twenty-minute portions in 14 healthy men in rest, during exercise and restitution. On bicycle ergometer in sitting position all studied men performed the average work 15 120 +/- 1800 kpm during 20 minutes. It was found that basic gastric secretion didn't change significantly during exercise, but its significant decrease occurred during twenty-minute restitution after exercise. During restitution secretion of Cl, Mg and Ca also significantly decreased while their concentrations didn't change in gastric juice. During physical exercise it was found the increase of lactic acid secretion in gastric juice; it was statistically significantly higher during restitution than in rest period (p less than 0.001) and during exercise (p less than 0.02).


Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer.

The relationship between chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer was studied in 97 patients, 51 with duodenal ulcer and 46 with gastric ulcer. Six biopsies (three from the antrum and three from the body) were obtained under direct vision by means of an Olympus panendoscope. Chronic gastritis was classified according to the grade of inflammation (slight or moderate and intense), and to its location (antritis or pangastritis). In gastric ulcer the relationship between frequency of chronic gastritis and the site of the ulcer (antrapyloric, at the angulus, body of the stomach) was also established. Antritis was just as frequently observed in duodenal ulcer (94%) as in gastric patients (96%), but severe inflammation of the antrum was higher in G.U. (43%) than in D.U. (17%). Chronic gastritis of the gastric body was always accompanied by antritis, both in G.U. and in D.U. and was observed in 63% of the former group and 37% of the latter. Severe inflammation of the glandular portion of the stomach occurred in only one patient with D.U (2%) and in 7 with G. U (15%). In the present investigation, no relationship between between the site of gastric ulcer and the frequency of chronic gastritis was observed.


MSH-producing gastric tumour.

MSH-producing gastric tumour. A case report. A patient with melanosis due to MSH-production by a gastric tumour is described. It is also possible that the tumour was producing gastrin, whereas there was no sign of increased ACTH-production. This is the first patient described with a MSH-producing tumour without concomitant ACTH-production.


[Lung topography and function in thoracic deformity].

In kyphoscoliosis, a rotation of the convex-sided lung around a vertical axis, can be observed. In comparison of "pure" scoliotics with kyphoscoliotics, the degree of kyphosis seems to counteract the rotating effect of scoliosis. This effect is possibly related to the duration of the deformity, insofar as, rotation increases primarily due to scoliosis and then tends to disappear with age-related development of accompanying kyphosis. The clinical relevancy and the kyphosis-dependent changes lf lung function, are discussed.


[Pharmacokinetics of a combination of magnesium-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate and meso-inositol hexanicotinate].

The absorption, blood level and renal excretion of chlorphenoxyisobutyric acid (clofibric acid) were examined following oral dosage of the magnesium salt (magnesium clofibrate) in a combination preparation containing meso-inositol hexanicotinate. Absorption of clofibric acid was found to be identical with that obtained with ethyl-alpha-p-chlorphenoxyisobutyrate (Clofibrate) reaching almost 100%. After dosage with the combination preparation, the maximum blood level of clofibric acid was achieved after 2 hours, in contrast to 4 hours for Clofibrate. No accumulation of clofibric acid in the blood was found after 60 days treatment with combination preparation at a daily dosage of 3 tablets. Urinary excretion of clofibric acid for both the combination drug and Clofibrate was 90% in 48 hours.


[Simplified gas chromatography determination of free and total cholesterol].

Gas-liquid chromatographic methods are more exact than colorimetric and enzymatic procedures for the estimation of cholesterol. In this paper an exact and very quick method of determination of cholesterol is described. This is attainable by omittance of any extraction and by addition of stigmasterol as an internal standard and simultaneous denaturation of the proteins. The method is well suitable for determination of the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, a determination which requires not only accuracy, but also the exact moment of the enzymatic inactivation.


Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate. I. A trial in children.

Eighty children, aged from 2 weeks to 14 years, were anesthetized using intravenous agents only. Anesthesia was induced by etomidate 0.3 mg/kg together with atropine and fentanyl 2 to 5 microgram/kg. Muscle relaxation was provided by suxamethonium, alcuronium or pancuronium. Unconsciousness was maintained using a continuous infusion of etomidate, initially 0.04-0.05 mg/kg/minute, but adjusted to the apparent requirements of the child. Oxygen, or oxygen/air mixtures were inhaled, or used for ventilation. Maintenance of anesthesia was assessed as good in only 85% of patients, with movement in response to surgery being seen in the remaining 15%. Unsatisfactory anesthesia was particularly associated with lack of experience in the technique, and unparalysed patients. Recovery was generally good, and rapid, with a mean waking time of 4.8 minutes. It is unlikely that this technique will find widespread use. It demands constant observation of the patient, looking for signs of consciousness; and trying to avoid having an awake, paralysed patient, or giving an overdose of etomidate.


Total intravenous anesthesia with etomidate. II. Evaluation of a practical technique for children.

A practical technique for the administration of anesthesia to children is described, using only intravenous agents. Anesthesia was induced using etomidate 0.3 mg/kg, analgesia being provided by fentanyl or pentazocine, and muscle relaxation by suxamethonium or pancuronium. Unconsciousness was maintained by infusion of a 1% solution of etomidate given at a pre-determined rate of 30 microgram/kg/min. Paralysis was maintained throughout the period of surgical stimulation, in the majority of patients by continuous infusion of suxamethonium 0.1 mg/kg/min. The chosen rate of infusion of etomidate appears to be adequate to reliably maintain sleep in children, yet allow rapid recovery of consciousness when the infusion is stopped, thereby relieving the anesthetist of concern about these points. The maintenance of complete paralysis throughout operation removes the possibility of movement, the major cause of unsatisfactory anesthesia using only intravenous agents.


Ectopic neurones in the hippocampus of the postnatal rat exposed to methylazoxymethanol during foetal development.

Ectopic neurons have been detected in the hippocampus of postnatal hooded rats aged 5-24 days. These rats were exposed to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAMac) during foetal development by injecting the mother rats with this neurotoxin. At birth, the hippocampus of rats exposed to MAMac showed a normal cytoarchitecture; ectopic neurones became prevalent from 5 days onwards. These ectopic neurones were restricted to subfields CA 1-2 of Ammon's horn, and evidence is presented which suggests that these ectopic sites are formed by neuronal emigration from stratum pyramidale. Ectopic neurones have been shown to occur in genetic abnormalities of man, and in the mutant mouse 'reeler'. MAMac is a powerful methylating agent especially for guanine which is present in DNA and RNA. It is postulated that viable cells with an altered DNA-RNA state may in some way be predisposed to the formation of ectopic cell clusters after a latent period. The movement of neurones from stratum pyramidale provides a convenient animal model for investigating the mechanisms by which ectopic neuronal sites are formed by abnormal migratory patterns.


Capillary size and density in the cerebral cortex of rats with a porto-caval anastomosis.

Morphometric investigation by automatic image analysis of alkaline phosphatase positive brain capillaries was performed in control rats and in rats with a 30 days old porto-caval anastomosis. Rats with a porto-caval anastomosis showed an increased capillary diameter Di and as a consequence of this a decreased capillary surface-to-volume ratio Si/Vi. The free capillary distance was increased and the capillary length per unit brain volume LVi was decreased in the shunted rats compared to the controls. There was no difference in the percentage of the projected capillary area AAi% between the two groups. It is suggested that the dilatation of the capillaries in rats with a porto-caval anastomosis is caused by the altered haemodynamic properteries with a low mean blood pressure although the cardiac output is increased and that the alteration in free capillary distance and length per unit brain volume LVi is caused by dispersion by cortical edema induced by the porto-caval anastomosis.


[Symptomatology of dyscalculia in the presence of cortical lesions (author's transl)].

The authors examine the function of calculation in 26 patients presenting lateral local cortical lesions. They analyse the symptomatology of acalculia in relation to the location and lateral position of the lesion, and define the influence of concomitant constructive apraxia or aphasia before proposing a method for the classification of calculating disorders.


Quantitative aspects of transplantation of experimentally induced tumors of the nervous system.

Quantitative aspects of transplantation have been studied experimentally in ethylnitrosourea-induced nervous system tumors. The number of cells needed for successful transplantation, the biological behaviour-increase of malignancy-of the tumor in relation to the number of cells used during the various passages, and the relationship between number of grafted cells and induction time have been examined. A "critical" number of cells was necessary to ensure a positive result; thereafter, the induction time was directly related to the logarithm of the number of cells implanted.


Hereditary "cavitating" leucodystrophy in Dalmation dogs. Light and electron microscopic studies.

A recently recognised progressive disorder of central myelin in Dalmatian dogs is described. The disease is probably transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance. The symptoms started at the age of 3-6 months and were dominated by visual deficiency and/or progressive locomotive abnormalities. Pathologically, the most consistent lesions were found bilaterally in the region of the centrum semiovale. The optic nerves were also frequently affected, the basal ganglia and spinal cord were affected infrequently. The main lesions were confined to myelin, while axons and nerve cells were spared, particularly in the early stages of the lesions. Numerous phagocytes were observed which contained engulfed myelin and other lipid breakdown products. Ultrastructurally and histochemically the disease differs from previously described types of leucodystrophy.


An ultrastructural study of developing cerebral infarction following bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

An ultrastructural study of cerebral infarcts in spontaneously hypertensive rats 1--5 h after  bilateral carotid artery occlusion was performed. The alteration of the neocortex consisted of shrinkage of the neurons surrounded by swollen astrocytic processes. Distension of the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the neuronal cytoplasm appeared early, while changes of the mitochondria were slight. Though there appeared slight to moderate perivascular astrocytic swelling, endothelial swelling was rare and there was no severe narrowing of the capillary lumen. There were no filling defects of colloidal carbon injected to the blood vessels of the ischemic brains. Ischemic neuronal alterations were proved to develop in the absence of severe morphological changes of the microvasculature in the developing cerebral infarcts in the present experimental model.


Development and inhibition of the target phenomenon in tenotomized rat muscle.

The sequence of development of the target phenomenon in tenotomized gastrocnemius muscle was studied: the presence of target fibres was preceded by the occurrence of contraction bands and of "moth eaten" appearance of the fibres. This phenomenon was far more pronounced and occurred earlier in type II than in type I fibres. This target phenomenon and the contraction artefacts could be inhibited in the tenotomized muscles by simultaneous neurotomy or immobilization of the muscle with a plaster cast. Delayed denervation inhibited also the target phenomenon, if performed less than 5 days after the tenotomy. These series of experiments seem to indicate that the target phenomenon occurs in more irritable muscle fibres and that muscular activity is needed for its development.


Pathological study on experimental Heinz body anemia: intracellular changes of phagocytized red cells in macrophages of the spleen and liver.

Heinz body anemia was experimentally produced in mice by phenylhydrazine injection and the mechanism of hemolysis was investigated. Both in acute and chronic experiments, the "culling" function of the spleen was more important in removing the red cells containing Heinz bodies than the "pitting" function. In addition to extravascular hemolysis, intravascular hemolysis in the spleen, liver and in the peripheral circulation was evident as manifested by the presence of ghost cells and hemosiderin deposition in the kidney. In the absence of the spleen, the liver can replace the function of the spleen to a certain extent and selective removal of Heinz bodies by the Kupffer cell was occasionally demonstrated. Deposition of yellowish-brown pigments was noted in the cordal macrophages and the Kupffer cells, but the precise nature of these pigments is unknown.


Morphological study of the Paneth cell. Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and duodenum of man.

The Peneth cells in intestinal metaplasia of stomach and the duodenum in human subjects were studied ultrastructurally, and the fine structures of these cells were compared. Paneth cells showed the ultrastructure of serozymogenic cells and secreted their secretory granules by merocrine process. The rod or tubular dense bodies were observed in the apical region of some Paneth cells. The structures may have some relation to the secretion of the secretory granules. The secretory granules with less dense layer in the periphery, which had never been described in the Paneth cell of man, were also observed. Morphologically intermediate cells between Paneth cell and goblet cell were found. Some of the Paneth cells might be phagocytized by undifferentiated crypt cells. The Paneth cells in intestinal metaplasia were fundamentally the same as those in duodenum at least in morphology. Difference between them was that Paneth cells with many phagolysosomes in the lower cytoplasm were observed more frequently in the duodenum than in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach. The physiological functions of the Paneth cell have been discussed.


Two cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

Two cases of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome were reported with a review of pertinent literature. The first case was a 59-year-old man, whose autopsy was warranted. Signs and symptoms manifested in this case were basal cell carcinoma, generalized multiple nevi, multiple cysts in the jaws and long bones, pits in the palm and sole, frontal and occipital bossing, ossification of the falx cerebri, a bifid rib, renal fibroma and a patent foramen ovale. The family history revealed a hereditary predisposition as to the syndrome. The patient in the second case included basal cell carcinoma, multiple nevi, multiple jaw cysts, pits in the palm and sole, frontal bossing, calcification of the falx cerebri, cervical vertebral fusion and high-arched palate.


Immunohistological analysis of intravascular agglutination in a case of ABO incompatible blood transfusion by means of mixed cell agglutination reaction.

Applicability of the mixed cell agglutination reaction (MCAR of Davidsohn) in histological examination was tested in a case of ABO incompatible blood transfusion, who had died of severe head injury two days after an accident. Massively disseminated intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes was identified as immune agglutination by the modified method of MCAR (ISHIYAMA & OKADA) with precise knowledge of topographic isoantigen localization in tissues. The immune specific agglutination mimics intravascular changes such as hyperemia, stagnation and hemorrhage derived from various circulatory disturbances obtained in routine autopsy materials.


Gastric teratoma of children--a case report with review of the literature.

A case of gastric teratoma in a 3-month-old male infant is reported. A large mass showing endogastric growth was located on the lesser curvature of cardiac region and measured 6.5 X 5 X 4 cm. Histologically the tumor was composed of the elements derived from three germ layers including squamous, cuboidal and high columnar epithelium with or without cilia, fat tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage and neural tissue. Large parts of these elements appeared to be predominantly mature but some of the neural tissue showed primitive immature structures. Forty-four reported cases of gastric teratoma were briefly reviewed.


[Late catatonic syndrom symptomatic of a degenerative encephalopathy (author's transl)].

The authors have observed the evolution of a late catatonic syndrome in a 50 years old woman, without psychological background. They have observed a progressive mental (intellectual) deterioration which have had for a long time a partial and paradoxical aspect, while on the thymic and affective stade an atypical melancolic picture evolved toward a schizophrenic syndrome with catatonic traits which finally came to a stade of marasmus and death after three and a half years of illness. A psychological examination performed at mid course confirmed the mental deterioration without intellectual disorganisation (Wechler) while the Rorschach indicated schizophrenia. The neuro-radiological explorations, repeated several times, have demonstrated the existence of a diffuse cerebral atrophy on the white substance and yet more on the cortex, and it was possible to follow the aggravation of this atrophy. Repeated biological tests were less informative: albumine in the CSF was 0.15 to 0.63 g % and an isolated increase of alpha1-globulines in the CSF was observed at the electrophoresis 4 months before the exitus. Histological examination of cortical biopsies and of the white substance indicates a degenerative encephalopathy with spongiosis and cortical atrophy. Because of the limited value of the histopathological examination, one cannot suggest a systematic interpretation of the catatonic symptoms.


[The concept of postconcussional syndrome (author's transl)].

The author shows that postconcussional syndromes develop along three lines: somatic functional troubles, character and affective troubles, efficiency troubles. Most patients present such symptoms within six months after the trauma. In some patients, the syndrome remains for several reasons. The presence of objective sensory troubles, the weakness of socio-economic status and the lack of professional qualification, a psychiatric history and a history of emotional shock constitute precipitating factors. The necessity to determine, along these criteria, a high risk population to be followed psychologically after the hospitalisation is underlined.


Gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint. I. Anatomy and histology.

The gastrocnemio-semimembranosus bursa and its relation to the knee joint was investigated in an autopsy material. Arthrography, dissection and microscopy were performed. The area between the joint and the bursa is described. The frequency of communicating bursa is higher in older individuals and this is due to degeneration of the joint capsule.


[Subjective misconcepts of social status and coronary troubles (author's transl)].

The study of various social parameters as risk factors for coronary diseases gives contradictory results. The inadequacy of social status and the consequent subjective misconcept could reconcile these apparent oppositions. The present research seems to confirm the fact that misconcepts induced by inadequacity of social status are more frequent and more intensive in patients with coronary troubles.


Simultaneous arthrography of the talocrural and talonavicular joints in children. III. Measurements on normal feet.

Simultaneous arthrography of the talocrural and talonavicular joints was performed on 32 normal feet from an autopsy material, and corresponding examinations were conducted clinically on 22 feet with no signs of deformity. The material comprised the age group 0 to 8 years. A linear correlation was observed between the length of the talus and the width of the talar trochlea. The radius and chord of the trochlear curvature increased proportionately with the length and trochlear width. These relationships were expressed as indices, by means of which the normal values for the radius and chord of the trochlea may be calculated for children up to 8 years of age. The mean value, standard deviation and tolerance limits were calculated for the central angle of the trochlear curvature and for the plantar and medial deviations of the talonavicular joint. These angles were found to be virtually constant between the neonatal period and the age of 8 years.


[Rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric patients. Description of a program and follow-up of 89 patients transfered to rest homes].

The reevaluation of the existence and function of the psychiatric hospital increases the problem presented by chronic patients. This study analyses the outcome of 89 chronic psychiatric patients transfered in rest homes. Is this alternative extramural solution for chronic hospitalization disirable? If yes, under which conditions? The favorable results of our survey have confirmed our basis hypothesis: all these patients do not need care structured on hospitalization.


Angiography in giant-cell tumours of bone.

The angiographic appearance of 9 cases of genuine giant-cell tumour of bone, 6 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst and one case of non-ossifying fibroma is described. Differential diagnosis would appear to be possible to a certain extent. The non-ossifying fibroma was poorly vascularized. The genuine giant-cell tumours were hypervascularized as well as some of the aneurysmal bone cysts making a differential diagnosis in these cases impossible. On the other hand, a poorly vascularized tumour devoid of soft tissue component and arteriovenous fistulas is probably an aneurysmal bone cyst. A hypervascular soft tissue component is of great prognostic value in cases of geniune giant-cell tumour.


[Clinical and therapeutic approach of the borderline patient in psychiatric clinic (author's transl)].

The author summarises the evolution of the borderline concept in the literature. He emphasizes the specificity of the pathological objectal relation and the lack of development of the ego in the separation-individualisation phase. The clinical approach of the borderline patient shows the lability of interpersonal relations of the borderline patient and the presence of a variable and polymorphic symptomatology. The author gives some considerations which are essential in undertaking a treatment with the borderline patient during a brief hospitalisation in a psychiatric service. This type of treatment is based on an early clinical diagnosis, a homogenous, logical and adequate attitude of the therapeutic team, the organisation of an adequate therapeutic team where the patient can learn to accept his own pathological findings and the initiation of an individual psychotherapy.


Thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography. Prevention with acetyl-salicylic acid.

The effect of acetyl-salicylic acid to prevent thromboembolic complications in coronary angiography is reported. No significant difference in fatality rate between the period without and the period with acetyl-salicylic acid was found but significantly less cerebral emboli when acetyl-salicylic acid was given prophylactically.


Cineangiographic diagnosis of papillary muscle involvement in rheumatic mitral stenosis.

Left ventricular cineangiography was performed in 25 patients with normal mitral valves and in 49 patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease to estimate the spatial relations between the mitral valve leaflets and papillary muscles. The findings in the pathologic group were compared with observations at operation or with the excised mitral valves. It is concluded that fusion of the papillary muscles with the mitral valve leaflet or severe shortening of the chordae is predicted with a reasonable accuracy preoperatively by means of left ventricular cineangiography. The surgical implications are discussed.


Angiography of the regenerating liver after lobar resection.

Angiography was performed in 18 patients before and after resection of parts of the liver. The regenerative process was a rule complete within few months and had a characteristic appearance with mainly stretching and displacement of arteries.


Effect of methylglucamine salts of iocarmic and iothalamic acids on hemodynamics, acid-base equilibrium and coagulation.

The effects of electrolytes, osmolality, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, hematocrit, blood volume and coagulation occurring after a rapid intra-aortic injection of a monomer and a dimer (salts of methylglucamine of the iothalamic and iocarmic acids) were compared. The effects of the monomer agreed with previous results but the effects of the dimer differed from those reported in the literature.


Radiation therapy in Burkitt's lymphoma. Long term results.

In 40 of 61 irradiated patients with Burkitt's lymphoma the long term results were evaluated. Five patients were primarily irradiated while the remaining patients had late recurrences or were chemotherapy failures. Seven patients were alive and free of recurrence after 6 months and 4 after 24 months.


Lymphography as a guide during laparotomy in Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

Lymphography of 123 newly diagnosed patients with lymphoma was followed by staging laparotomy without intra-operative abdominal roentgenography. These patients were retrospectively evaluated for residual abnormal nodes with postoperative abdominal roentgenography. Sixteen patients with pathologically normal nodes at laparotomy had residual lymphographically abnormal nodes at postoperative roentgenography. Nine patients received less extensive irradiation than they would have if the remaining abnormal nodes had been biopsied and found to contain tumor. Two had shortened survivals as an apparent consequence.


Lymph node calcification in Hodgkin's disease following irradiation.

Calcification at the site of lymph nodes previously affected by Hodgkin's disease and irradiated was found in 8 patients in a series of 481 consecutive cases. The patients were all women, young at the time of diagnosis, and had a long survival. The calcific deposits developed in the anterior mediastinum.


Staging laparotomy and survival in carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Pretreatment staging laparotomy in carcinoma of the uterine cervix has been advocated because surgical staging may detect disease not apparent clinically. An analysis of survival and local control data from previously reported large series of patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix shows that surgical staging does not increase survival rates. It is likely that surgical staging may also increase morbidity from therapy.


High risk breast tumor patients.

A unique scheme for placing the most breast carcinoma patients into the least population includes newly developed systems to analyse 64 clinical and radiographic risk factors in combinations. The calibration sample consisted of 540 cancerous and 641 non-cancerous breasts. In an independent validation sample of 73 carcinoma and 462 non-carcinoma breasts, 90 percent of the potential malignant breasts were correctly classified with only 12 percent of the non-malignant breasts misclassified. Thus, the scope of prediction and delineation of malignant and non-malignant and non-malignant groups is extended.


Lymph drainage from the upper and middle third of the rectum as demonstrated by 198 Au.

Extensive lymph node dissections have  been performed in an attempt to increase survival after abdomino-perineal excision or anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma. The lymph drainage from the upper and middle third of the rectum was demonstrated by means of 198Au which was injected into the submucosa. Less than one percent was drained to pelvic lymph nodes, giving little support for pelvic lymph node dissection for carcinoma in the upper and middle third of the rectum.


Dose to the shielded thymic region of irradiated mouse cadavers.

Frozen mouse cadavers were exposed to 220 kV roentgen irradiation with the thymic area covered with a lead plate sized 18 mm X 24 mm X 4 mm oe 18 mm X 12 mm X 4 mm. Lif-Telfon rods were used for dose measurements. With larger plate the mean dose from scattered radiation, in percent of that in the uprotected abdomen, was 12.77 (thymic lobes) and 18.34 (vertebra). With the smaller shield the figures were markedly increased, 16.70 and 23.77, respectively. Since the percentage dose is relatively high, the amount of scattered radiation may have biologic significance.


Response of ciliated cells during irradiation at different dose rates.

Early radiation effects on the physiologic activity of ciliated cells during exposure have been investigated at 0.34Gy/s and 0.05 Gy/s. The results obtained indicate a more intense early biologic effect at a higher dose rate. The mechanisms of radiation injury are discussed.


The effect of stimuli emitted by sucklings on the course of their feeding by bitches.

A change in feeding behavior on the 15th and 16th day of the maternal cycle was observed in experimental bitches whose own litter was partly replaced, on the onset of the 15th day, by foster puppies 12-13 days younger. The number of feeding acts and the overall feeding time increased, as compared with the indices for 2 days preceding the exchange of puppies (the 13th and 14th day of the maternal cycle). In the control group, where puppies were not exchanged, no increase in the above behavioral indices was observed on the 15th and 16th day, and they remained at the level recorded on the 13th and 14th day of the cycle.


The effect of stimuli emitted by sucklings on tactile contact of the bitches with sucklings and on number of licking acts.

Bitches changed abruptly their maternal behavior on 15th and 16th day of the maternal cycle, following an exchange - on the beginning of 15th day - of some puppies from their own litter for other 2-3 days old puppies. The total time of tactile contact with puppies on days 15 and 16 greatly increased as compared with the 13th and 14th day, i.e., the days immediately preceding the exchange of puppies. The number of licking acts also increased. In control bitches, whose puppies were not exchanged, the indices of maternal behavior showed no increase on days 15 and 16, compared with days 13 and 14 of the maternal cycle. The foster 2-3 days old puppies were also a source of much stronger stimuli releasing care-giving reactions than the own, correspondingly older puppies.


Regulation of the secretory cycles of mucous and serous cells in the human bronchial gland.

Studies of the human bronchial gland in organ culture have allowed us to elucidate some of the factors controlling the synthesis and secretion of bronchial mucus. The secretory cycles of mucous and serous cells appear to differ, the former alternately accumulating and discharging secretory material, while in the latter synthesis and discharge occur simultaneously. Parasympathomimetic agents increase the secretory rate of mucous and serous cells by stimulating discharge, but have no effect on the rate of precursor incorporation into intracellular glycoproteins. Glycoprotein synthesis inhibitors reduce the incorporation of precursors into intracellular macromolecules but do not reduce the rate of discharge of preformed glycoproteins. The rate of glycoprotein synthesis appears to be greater in mucus-secreting cells of hypertrophied glands than of normals. Ouabain reduces the incorporation of glucose and threonine, but not glucosamine, into mucous and serous cells but has no effect on the rate of discharge. In hypertrophied glands, ouabain--sensitive threonine, but not glucose, transport appears to be increased. Exposure of rats to tobacco smoke causes an increase in the size of tracheal and laryngeal glands and in the secretory rate of mucous cells. The anti-inflammatory agent, phenylmethyloxadiazole, prevents both tobacco smoke-induced effects, presumably by reducing the secretory activity of mucous cells.


Gastric mucus viscosity and peptic ulcer.

The following observations have been made: 1. The viscosity of a substance as complex as mucus requires study at different rates of shear and shear stresses. 2. Visible gastric mucus behaves as a pseudoplastic substance. 3. Duodenal ulcer patients have a higher gastric mucus viscosity than controls. 4. Pentagastrin stimulation in duodenal ulcer patients leads to the secretion of gastric mucus of low viscosity. 5. This decrease in the viscosity of gastric mucus on pentagastrin stimulation does not occur in patients with gastric ulcer. 6. Truncal vagotomy leads to an increase in the viscosity of gastric mucus under basal and stimulted conditions.


The turnover of mucin glycoprotein in the stomach.

It is proposed that the gastric mucosa, during early stages of fasting, accumulates secreted mucin on the luminal surface of the tissue. The accumulated mucin is subsequently released from its adherent state, on precipitation by freshly secreted acid from the stimulated parietal cells, or, as an alternate mechanism, simply by the passage of ingested food. The gastric mucosa on stimulation by ulcerogenic aspirin, on the other hand, responds immediately to the insult by rapid shedding of its adherent mucin, then, within 5 minutes by an almost complete shut-down of respiration and biosynthesis, not only of glycoproteins but also of proteins and nucleic acids. However, oxygen consumption and biosynthesis quickly revive, in an endeavour to restore the mucosal tissue which has survived, with the result that the turnover of intracellular contents is augmented very much more than its normal rapid rate, illustrated in the gastric epithelial cell by Bennett in 1971 and in the non-secreting duodenal columnar cell by Bennett and Leblond (1970). 14C-Fucose was found in the Golgi apparatus, 2 minutes after injection into the animal, while within 20 minutes it had reached the surface membranes before extrusion.


Glycoprotein alterations in human colonic adenocarcinoma.

A marked diminution in membrane glycoproteins containing blood group A activity was observed in colonic cancer tissues. This change was associated with a reduction of the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis and a decreased concentration of N-acetylgalactosamine in the cancer tissues. Glycosidase activities were unchanged. In addition to the changes associated with blood group A, we also found a decrease in sugar content, alterations in other antigens, and changes in the levels of several glycosyltransferases in cancerous tissues.