[Psychiatric morbidity of patients hospitalized at the internal medicine ward].

Report on two studies to investigate psychiatric morbidity in patients hospitalized in an internal medicine ward of a distric general hospital. In the first charts of 783 patients hospitalized in 1975 were evaluated retrospectively, while the second study (conducted in 1976) involved clinical assessment by the author of 244 newly admitted patients. A psychiatric diagnosis could be established in some 70% of all patients hospitalized in the internal medicine ward, and the morbidity rate in patients for whom therapy was indicated was 40%. Investigation of the medication utilized on the ward revealed that psychopharmacologic agents (chiefly given as hypnotics) were the most frequently prescribed group of drugs, whereas they were administered to 25% of patients on a regular basis (without indication as hypnotics). These high figures emphasize the need to decentralize psychiatric services and to intergrate psychiatry into internal medicine.


[Synoviorthesis of finger joints using erbium-169. Parameters influencing the clinical results at middle-term].

Synoviorthesis of the finger joint with erbium-169 is a beneficial therapeutic procedure which produces reduction of articular pain and swelling in 2/3 of cases. The effect is lasting and shows only slight regression during the first 24 months. However, if the rheumatoid disease is very active, or if the articular lesions are primarily erosive, the results are poorer. No correlation was found between therapeutic results and the radiological findings prior to 169E treatment. Erbium-169 reduces inflammation and leads to progressive articular fibrosis. Any chronic synovitis of interdigital joints resistant to appropriate conventional anti-inflammatory treatment may benefit from radio-synoviorthesis with erbium-169. Erbium-169 synoviorthesis is is technically easy to perform and free of side effects. It is a palliative measure which the authors consider a valuable complement to the classical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.


Consequences of detergent pollution of the sea: effects on regenerating sponge cubes of Geodia cydonium.

Regenerating cubes of the sponge Geodia cydonium cyconium were used as a model in the investigation of detergent pollution in the sea. The anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and a 1:1 mixture of Faks and Radion, two commercial laundry detergents, were used in the concentration range from 1 X 10(-9) g/ml (1 ppb) to 1 X 10(-5) g/ml. It is shown that SDS is taken up, weakly accumulated but not incorporated into the macromolecular fractions of the sponge. At concentrations of 0.1 ppm and above, SDS decreases the uptake of thymidine, uridine and phenylalanine into the acid-soluble sponge fraction. Their incorporation into the acid insoluble fractions, which have been isolated, was different from the controls at 10 ppb and higher levels. Faks and Radion were less active by a factor of 10. However, they showed similar effects. The chemical composition of the regenerating sponge cubes with respect to DNA, RNA and protein content has been evaluated. The alterations are less pronounced on detergent incubation than precursor uptake. The use of the cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide-turbidity-dilution technique reveals drastic qualitative changes in the nucleic acid fractions. The relevant literature on biological effects of detergent is listed. It is shown that this investigation extends the scale of known effects far into the low and pollution-relevant concentration levels.


Rapid flameless atomic absorption analysis of the metallic content of sewage sludges. I. Lead, cadmium and copper.

The application of flameless atomic absorption analysis to the determination of cadmium, copper, and lead in sewage sludges is described. The technique is sensitive and very rapid, since the normal lengthy sample pre-treatment has been virtually eliminated. The method can be potentially extended to a large range of metals in all types of sludges.


Effect of food deprivation on low level hexachlorobenzene exposure in rats.

The purpose of the present study was to determine if food deprivation could modify the biological activity of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the rat. Male and female Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups containing 6 animals. Groups 1, 3 and 5 were fed standard control diet ad libitum for 2 weeks. For the next 4 weeks their respective diets contained 0, 20 and 100 ppm HCB. Groups 2, 4 and 6 were also fed a standard control diet for 2 weeks but at an intake of approximately 50% of those groups fed ad libitum. For the following 4 weeks food deprivation was continued but the control diets were replaced with diets  containing 0, 40 or 200 ppm HCB. The parameters measured were food, body weight changes, changes in tissue weights, microsomal enzyme activity and histopathology of liver, kidneys, adrenals and pancreas. Tissue residue profiles were established for plasma, liver, brain and adrenals. Food deprivation augmented the induction of microsomal enzyme activity by HCB in both males and females at both dose levels. Liver hypertrophy was observed in both males and females fed 200 ppm HCB and subjected to food libitum. Food deprivation resulted in a higher plasma, liver, brain and adrenal accumulation of HCB in both males and females.


Bovine protoporphyria: the first nonhuman model of this hereditary photosensitizing disease.

Protoporphyria, a photosensitizing disease documented only in humans, was transmitted as a recessive trait to seven female calves. Cutaneous lesions were extensive, and erythrocyte and fecal protoporphyrin concentrations exceeded by far those of human protoporphyria. Average ferrochelatase activity was decreased to one-half of normal in the liver of carriers, and to about one-tenth of normal in liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, and marrow of protoporphyrics.


Early development of X-cells in kitten lateral geniculate nucleus.

Lateral geniculate nucleus cells of the kitten were classified as X-cells or Y-cells with a contrast reversal test and their latencies to optic chiasm shock were measured. X-cells with mature latencies were found as early as 21 days. Y-cells did not have adult latencies at 40 days. The early development of some X-cells may be due to differential rates of fiber myelination and synaptic maturation within the lateral geniculate nucleus.


Hair element content in learning disabled children.

Hair samples from 31 learning disabled and 22 normal children were analyzed for content of 14 elements. Significant group differences were determined and a discriminant function was completed which separated the groups with 98 per cent accuracy. Elevated lead and cadmium content in the learning disabled group is viewed as being of particular importance.


Acceleration patterns of the fetal heart rate before and during labour.

In infants in whom accelerations of the fetal heart rate were present during the first stage of labour, the incidence of low Apgar scores was significantly less than in those in whom accelerations were not present. Absence of acceleration patterns during the contraction stress test (CST) was associated with a lower birth weight. In patients in whom acceleration patterns were observed during a positive CST, fetal distress occurred in the minority of subsequent labours. When accelerations as well as late decelerations are observed during a CST, the possibility of a false positive test should be excluded.


Intra-uterine temperature measurements during fetal tachycardia.

Intra-uterine and oral temperatures were recorded in 23 patients with fetal tachycardia during labour, as well as in 22 patients without fetal tachycardia. In the tachycardia group, the mean intra-uterine temperature was 38,83 degrees C, against 37,44 degrees C in the control group. The oral temperatures were 38,05 degrees C and 33,98 degrees C respectively. Furthermore, a high incidence of neonatal infections occurred in the tachycardia group--11 against 1 in the control group. To distinguish infection from other causes of fetal tachycardia, intra-uterine temperature measurements could be applied as a diagnostic aid.


Colposcopy and selective biopsy in patients with abnormal cervical cytology.

Patients with atypical or positive findings on cervical cytology should be referred to a special colposcopy clinic as the next step in investigation. Colposcopy complements cytology, and when combined with selective biopsy of the worst-affected area allows a high level of diagnostic accuracy (90,7%). The necessity for diagnostic conization with its risks is markedly reduced. When all three modalities were used in combination, only 0,7% of invasive cancers were missed.


Complications and outcome of induced labour.

One thousand and twenty-two induced labours are reviewed retrospectively. The incidence of induction of labour differed significantly in the various ethnic groups. Hypertension was the major indication and labour was successfully induced in 95,4% of patients. One-fifth of induced labours ended in caesarean section. The major complications associated with induction, fetal distress, cephalopelvic disproportion and hypertonic uterine inertia, and preventable. The perinatal loss associated with induction is mainly due to factors not related to induction per se.


The effect of furosemide on serum prolactin levels in the postpartum period.

Furosemide, in combination with breast binding and milk fluid restriction, seems to inhibit postpartum lactation effectively, but has no effect in reducing serum prolactin levels. Inhibition of milk secretion must therefore be mediated by other mechanisms.


Plasma hormone levels, cervical mucus, and vaginal cytology in normal pregnancy.

Plasma oestradiol (E2), oestriol (E3), progesterone (P), human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and human placental lactogen (HPL) levels, karyopyknotic index (KPI) and cervical mucus pattern were studied serially throughout pregnancy in 17 normal women. Hormonal patterns were similar to those reported by previous investigators. The P/E2 and P/E3 ratios were high in the first trimester but remained constant thereafter until term. There was no consistent change in E2, E3, and P levels and in P/E2 and P/E3 ratios in relation to onset of labour. With 2 exceptions, the cervical mucus and vaginal cytology were normal for pregnancy. The study provides a basis for a subsequent investigation into hormonal changes in threatened and recurrent abortions and the effect of treatment with HCG.


Age patterns of Tswana women with carcinoma of the cervix.

We report the results of the cervical cytology studies done on 6 756 initial smears of Tswana women in the newly established cytology laboratory at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital. We have detected a high incidence of positive smears (31 per 1 000), a figure which is among the highest in the recorded literature. We also emphasize that the age patterns (profiles) of Tswana women with carcinoma of the cervix present a shift to the left in comparison with results of similar studies in Black or White population groups, and that there is immense benefit to be gained by the expansion of cytology laboratories.


Phaeochromocytoma and pregnancy: a case report.

A case of maternal death associated with phaeochromocytoma is reported. Diagnostic difficulty and the poor maternal and fetal prognosis are discussed. A note of caution about inadvertent use of sympathomimetic agents in such patients is included in the discussion.


Spurious primary amenorrhoea: a case report.

An unusual case of 'primary amenorrhoea' is described, in which clinical, cytogenetic, biochemical and hormonal features were all normal. Failure to obtain withdrawal uterine bleeding after therapy with a combined oestrogen/progestagen preparation, together with the finding of normal cyclical oestrogen and progesterone secretion, the latter reaching normal luteal phase levels, strongly suggested end-organ (endometrial) failure. However, 6 weeks after a searching interview by one of us (H.C.), during which sufficient evidence was uncovered to implicate major emotional factors as contributing to her state of amenorrhoea, the patient began menstruating and has menstruated regularly ever since. It is likely that the patient denied the existence of her menstrua and that the term 'spurious' primary amenorrhoea would most appropriately described this condition.


Feline brain abscesses due to Cladosporium trichoides.

Cladosporium trichoides was isolated from brain abscesses of two cats. No obvious route of entry was found in either case. The brain was the only organ cultured. No other significant lesions were observed during necropsy. These are the first reported cases of such infection in animals.


Mycotic keratitis due to Rhizoctonia sp.

A case of mycotic keratitis due to Rhizoctonia sp. is reported for the first time. Fungal hyphae were detected in corneal scrapings and cultures were found positive for Rhizoctonia sp. on two occasions. Species could not be identified and it has been disposed in Herb. IMI as Rhizoctonia sp. (IMI 200029). The isolate grew faster at 37 degrees C than at 28 degrees C and its pathogenicity was established in rabbit's eye.


Protothecosis of Atlantic salmon.

The organism causing sporadic outbreaks of a visceral disease of salmon parr in fresh water stocks of a fish farm was identified by histological examination as a Prototheca species. Cultures confirmed the diagnosis and the organism, which does not conform to the characteristics of known Prototheca spp., is described as a new species Prothotheca salmonis.


Cutaneous infection in man caused by Fusarium moniliforme.

Fusarium moniliforme was isolated from a pustular lesion on the hand of an otherwise healthy male. Branching hyphae were seen in pus stained by the periodic acid-Schiff method. Pustular lesions containing branching hyphae were produced in mice after subcutaneous injection of microconidia. The experimental infection in mice and the naturally occurring lesion in man healed without treatment in 1 to 2 weeks. Although production of catenulate microconida was abundant on several common laboratory media, the characteristic macroconidia of F. moniliforme were produced only on barley-pea-rice straw agar.


Skin and nail infection by Scytalidium hyalinum sp. nov.

Eight cases of fungal infection are described in which an arthrosporic hyphomycete has been isolated from patients of Jamaican and West African origin. In most cases the organism was the only one isolated and in one case it was isolated 3 times over a 5 month period. The fungus is described as a new species of Scytalidium (S. hyalinum).


[Foot mycetoma of double etiology].

A patient coming from an area of dry tropical forest was studied. This patient had in his right foot two tumor-like growths localized, one in the anterior and superior part of the foot, the other near the malleoli. From the first tumor, light-colored grains were obtained, and Actinomadura madurae was cultured. From the tumor near the malleoli only black grains were isolated from which a Pyrenochaeta sp. was cultured.


Phospholipid turnover in Trichophyton rubrum.

Phospholipid synthesis, interconversion and breakdown in T. rubrum were followed by radioactive tracer. Synthesis and catabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine are most rapid; phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol are metabolised rather slowly. Catabolism of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine are uniform and their conversions to phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol are suspected.


Studies of the characteristics of AFDC recipients.

Recently the Social Security Administration was given responsibility for the administration of the aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) program. The major source of national data describing AFDC recipients is a series of studies of the families that receive payments under the program. Eleven such studies have been conducted on an intermittent basis since the program began in 1936. The surveys have been made biennially since 1967 and have resulted in microdata files available for analytical purposes. Results of the study conducted for the May 1975 caseload indicate that AFDC families are becoming smaller, shifting from bigger cities to smaller ones, are likely to be headed by a woman, and are more likely to be white than black.


Beneficiaries affected by annual earnings test in 1973.

Every year a number of social security beneficiaries under age 72 lose some or all of their benefits because of the annual earnings test. This article describes those affected in 1973--who they were, how much they earned, and how much they lost in cash benefits. The relationships between certain beneficiary characteristics--such as age, sex, race, primary insurance amount, and family status--and the amount of earnings and lost benefits are examined. About 1.4 million retired workers aged 62-71, or nearly one-sixth of all such persons on the rolls, were affected by the earnings test. Relatively fewer women retired workers than men incurred benefit losses because relatively fewer women worked and those who did had lower earnings. Black retired workers and those of other minority races had lower earnings than did their white counterparts. About 400,000 dependent and survivor beneficiaries lost benefits because of their earnings. This total included more than 150,000 widowed mothers, or about one-fourth of all such women on the rolls.


What can we learn from the visual care system of the British National Health Service?

The development of the British National Health Service over the past three decades is described, with particular emphasis on delivery of eye care. Differences between the British and American systems are discussed with consideration of the general political, philosophical and socioeconomic conditions of both countries.


[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. III. The Stomacher method and the spiral plate method].

Two aids in the assessment of bacterial counts were evaluated. The Colworth-Stomacher technique is a reliable alternative to the relatively more expensive and more labour-intensive blendor method of homogenizing meat. In the suspensions obtained by the two methods, equally high bacterial counts were observed. The Spiral plate method provides equally high numbers of bacteria as does the pour-plate method, and reproducibility of the results is identical. In counting the total number of aerobic bacteria, the two methods show a very high correlation: r = 0.99.


[Entropion in newborn lambs. A simple method of treatment (author's transl)].

Entropion in newborn lambs apparently is hereditary and not due to blepharospasm, as it is believed to be in dogs in some cases. A simple method of treatment is described: a wound clip measuring 14 mm. is applied parallel to the margin of the affected eyelid.


[A simple and reliable test for creatinine in small animal practice (author's transl)].

Three simple photometers were tested for their suitability to determine concentrations of creatinine in small animal practice. Combination of the photometers with a "cuvette test" produced satisfactory results on comparison with a reliable reference method.


[Toxocariasis in calves. Recent diagnosis and treatment (author's transl)].

Toxocara vitulorum, a parasite of suckling calves, was again diagnosed in Belgium in imported cattle of French origin. The infectious larvae are present in the milk and colostrum; they do not undergo further migration in the tissues of calves. This form of transmammary migration is not specific of T. vitulorum, but was also reported in S. ransomi in pigs. Treatment with levamisole at a dosage of 5 mg/kg results in complete disappearance of the worms. In addition to the cycles, the elements of a specific parasitological diagnosis are also described.


[Water regulation in slaughter-houses and meat works. Showering pigs intended for slaughter (author's transl)].

On a number of relatively cold and hot days, the effect of showering pigs in the pens of a pig slaughter-house was studied. During the resting period of approximately two hours, 50 per cent of a group of 459 pigs were showered and the other 50 per cent were not. The situation in the pens, the variations in body temperature and the quality of the pork were determined. It can be concluded that showering pigs intended for slaughter in pens using water of approximately 13 degrees C: -- reduces pollution in the slaughter line; -- results in a significant decrease in body temperature; -- reduces the number of animals showing an abnormal quality of the pork on hot days. Showering has a less beneficial and occasionally even adverse effect on the quality of the pork on cold days.


[The use of routine testing for pregnancy in sows using ultrasonic apparatus (author's transl)].

Description of a method by which routine tests for pregnancy can be performed in sows at an early stage using ultrasonic apparatus. A calculation model based on field studies shows that this method of testing used as a routine procedure is mainly of importance on those pig-breeding farms on which the quality of fertility is doubtful.


Fine structure of the golgi complex during mitosis of cartilaginous cells in vitro.

Chondrocytes were isolated enzymatically from guinea-pig epiphyses and grown in vitro. The fate of the Golgi complex during mitosis in relation to changes in the cytoplasmic microtubules was then studied by transmission electron microscopy. Interphase cells were observed to be polarized, with the Golgi complex occupying a well-defined juxtanuclear area of the cell's cytoplasmic pole. During prophase the cytoplasmic microtublues were largely lost, the nucleus moved to the center of the cell and the Golgi complex dissolved into single dictyosomes spread diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. The distribution of other organelles also changed to a more random pattern. In telophase, i.e. after the completion of nuclear division, the mitotic spindle decomposed and cytoplasmic microtubules reappeared. Furthermore, the organization of the Golgi complex and other organelles returned to that characteristic of interphase cells. Previous studies on cells treated with colchicine have indicated that the polarized distribution of cell organelles is dependent on the presence of intact cytoplasmic microtubules. It is suggested that the disappearance of such tubules observed here to be coupled with the disorganization of cell interphase structure fulfills the double function of providing free tubulin units from which to build the mitotic spindle and ensuring an approximately equal distribution of dictyosomes and other organelles to the daughter cells during cytokinesis.


The squid accessory nidamental gland: ultrastructure and association with bacteria.

The structure of the accessory nidamental gland of the female squid, Loligo pealei, has been investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The accessory gland has many of the structural features of a secretory organ. The basic structural unit is a tubule composed of a single layer of epithelial cells containing ordered arrays of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a lumenal surface covered with microvilli, cilia, and structural specialization presumed to be involved in secretion. The lumen of each tubule is filled with a dense population of bacteria. During sexual maturation of the squid, the accessory gland changes in color from white to mottled red. The accessory gland of the sexually mature squid has a mixture of red, white, and yellow tubules; in each case, the color of the tubule is due to the bacterial population occupying the tubule. Since the red color of the gland is due to the pigmentation of the bacteria, the bacteria must be responsive to the sexual state of the host, possible through a change in the nature of the material secreted into the tubule lumen. The bacteria can be cultured easily. but in culture they fail to synthesize the red pigment.


An ultrastructural study of peripheral neurons and associated non-neural structures in the bivalve mollusc, Spisula solidissima.

The ultrastructural morphology of peripheral neurons and associated structures in the bivalve mollusc. Spisula solidissima have been studied in an effort to describe the synaptic topography and to provide anatomical correlates of previous physiological observations. The somata of the peripheral neurons are located within the perineurium at branch points of the siphonal nerves. There are many fiber-fiber synaptic contacts which are characterized by isolated sites of contact with membrane specialization and unilateral accumulation of synaptic vesicles. There are also synaptic contacts involving the somata, both axo-somatic and somato-axonic, the two being distinguishable on the basis of the polarity of vesicle accumulation. All of the observed synaptic profiles were similar in appearance regardless of the neuron loci involved. Much of the non-synaptic soma surface is covered with processes of glial cells. Likewise, in many cases, individual fibers and groups of fibers are encases with glial processes. Unique clusters of membrane bound, pigment containing glial like cells occur throughout the nervous system of Spisula. The heterogenous appearance of the inclusions and the presence of lysosome-like bodies in the cytoplasm of these cells suggest a possible phagocytic role.


Ultrastructural changes in intersegmental cuticle during rotation of the terminal abdominal segments in a mosquito.

The terminal abdominal segments of male Aedes aegypti rotate 180 degrees within 24 hr after adult emergence, rotation occurring in the intersegmental membrane between abdominal segments VII and VIII. The ultrastructure of this rotating membrane is compared with non-rotating intersegmental membranes at different developmental stages. The deposition of cuticle in both the rotating and non-rotating intersegments appears ultrastructurally similar, and follows the sequential pattern described for the insects. Shortly after adult emergence, however, disruptive changes occur in the membrane cuticle that are more pronounced in non-rotating intersegments. This disruption occurs initially 1 hr after adult emergence and becomes maximal within 3 hr. Disruption appears to occur by the addition of fluid to the cuticle and results in a ten-fold increase in cuticle thickness in non-rotating intersegments but only a two-fold increase in thickness in the rotating intersement. While in the disrupted condition, the non-rotating intersegmental membranes become extensively folded whereas the cuticle in the rotating intersegment becomes stretched. During rotation, strain forces in the rotating intersegment result in a reorientation of microfibers in the cuticle from parabolic to parallel. This reorientation is presumably brought about by plastic flow.


Distribution of antibodies to the troponin complex, troponin-C and troponin-I in chicken skeletal muscle as determined by a simplified method for immuno-electron microscopy.

Antisera against the troponin complex, troponin-C and troponin-I have been utilized to locate these proteins in normal, adult chicken skeletal muscle and in filaments prepared from chicken acetone dried powder. The antisera had been previously characterized by immunochemical methods and were employed to ascertain the distribution of the proteins by a simple method for immuno-electron microscopy. Glycerinated chicken breast muscle was treated with the antisera, unreacted antibody was washed from the muscle, and a goat anti-rabbit gamma-globulin was added to enhance the electron density of the antigen-antibody complexes. A periodic distribution of anti-troponin-C at a mean interval of 389 A was observed along the thin filaments in the sectioned tissue. Anti-troponin-I was deposited every 399 A (P less than 0-01). Thin filaments were prepared from acetone dried powder and reacted with the antisera. The anti-troponin-C was located every 389 A; anti-troponin-I, every 399 A (P less than 0-01). Our technique for immuno-electron microscopy is compared with that used by others, and the significance of the findings is discussed.


Effect of melatonin implants on gonadal weights and pineal gland fine structure of the golden hamster.

Weekly subcutaneous implants of melatonin in a beeswax pellet prevented the testicular regression which normally occurs in hamsters exposed to short photoperiod for 8 weeks. Normal (14L:10D) hamster testes were indistinguishable from the testes of melatonin-treated (1L:23D) hamsters. The exogenous melatonin had varied effects on the fine structure of the golden hamster pineal gland. Pineal ocyte nuclear characteristics of melatonin-treated hamsters (smaller average diameter, less polymorphism, and more heterochromatin) as well as apparent reductions in the amounts of hypertrophic SER and lipid moieties seemed to indicate that melatonin caused inhibition of pineal gland activity, and in this respect counteracted the effects of short photoperiod. However, an apparent increase in the number of large mitochondria, membrane whorls and dense-cored secretory vesicles in pinealocytes of melatonin-treated hamsters suggests enhanced pineal gland activity.


[The afterloading system of Essen for the intracavitary radiotherapy (author's transl)].

An afterloading system for the intracavitary radiotherapy is described which works with a unique radiation source of 10 Ci 192Ir moving in steps of 1 cm. The times during which the source stops can be determined at a control panel. By using an intermediate piece of 10 cm, a total course of the source of 20 cm can be obtained. The course of the source can be calculated individually by a computer program. This program even takes into consideration an additional deep therapy if the position of the deep therapy field in the target volume is known. This method allows to adapt the total isodoses very precisely to the course of the tolerance doses.


[Dosage in interstitial therapy with gamma emitters (author's transl)].

In this study a system of dose measurement and dosage in the interstitial is proposed. The radioactivity needed for the individual patient can be calculated by means of a simple formula. The author discu-ses rules for the distribution of the sources, clinical principles and the possibility of a combination with the external deep therapy.


[Fractionation and protraction in the intracavitary local irradiation of gynecological tumors (author's transl)].

The difficulties of dosage and temporary adaptation of the short time afterloading therapy to an optimal healing result combined with a minimum of side-effects in radiotherapy of gynecological tumors aren't still solved yet. Only a therapy scheme which parts from the good results of the long term radium therapy in combination with an adequately dosed and distributed deep therapy has a chance to replace the radium therapy of gynecological tumors in the long run.


[CT-tomometry. Part 1: Inhomogenities of tissues--treatment planning (author's transl)].

By experiments at the CT-total-body-scanner we have related to each other the delta-Nrs., chemical constitution, and density of chemical compounds and of tissues of men. For the bone tissue the relation between delta-Nr., Ca-concentration, and density is given in tabular. The uncertainties of the relations evaluated by experiments are within the acceptable values for the most cases occurring in treatment planning. In the second part we will extend the relations to the application of contrast enhancement in the diagnostic.


[CT-tomometrie. Part 2: Diagnostic--contrast media of iodine (author's transl)].

By experiments the relation is established between delta-Nr. and concentration of iodine in tissue.


[Importance of the tumor duplication time for the clinical radiotherapy (author's transl)].

Malignant tumors of man have duplication times ranging between few days and several years. This fact allows to estimate the age of tumor and metastases. The decision whether a curative of a palliative irradiation is to be executed can be taken according to the development and the age of the tumor. The duplication time has an influence on the fractionation of the irradiations and the possible focal dose and also on the time after which check-up examinations are to be made. A method for the determination of the tumor volume by means of radiographs is described in the appendix.


[Effects of fractionated whole body X-irradiation on the CNS of fetal mouse. Topographic and quantitative micromorphologic characterisation (author's transl)].

Whole body X-irradiation of pregnant NMRI-mice between day 11--13 after conception results in pathological morphogenesis of the CNS. These effects are reduction of dimensions of forebrain, desorganisation of structure and occurrence of spherical cell arrangements, the so called rosettes. These can be especially found in dorsal parts of the hemispheres and have been registered qualitatively by its number and dimension in the dose range between 3 X 110 R and 3 X 120 R. A clear correlation between the number of rosettes and the reduction of thickness of the hemisphere-walls can be demonstrated. These results will be fundamental for further studies concerning with reparation processes of the irradiation damage in postnatal stages.


[Experimental investigations on the immunity development in irradiated mice after local and parenteral immunization with tetanus-toxoid (author's transl)].

Using the "tetanus-mouse" model the differences in immunity development between animals exposed to irradiation (300 R and 400 R) and animals not exposed to irradiation after nasal and subcutaneous vaccination was investigated. Immunization was carried out 1, 3, 6 and 10 days before and after exposure to irradiation. Efficacy of immunization was tested by challenge with 10 X LD50 tetanus-toxin and by antitoxin determination with L+-method. The degree of the immune response was dependent on 1. the irradiation dose, 2. the interval between active immunization and the ensuing or preceding irradiation, 3. the mode of vaccination (local or parenteral) and 4. the vaccination dose.


Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. I. Background and methods.

An epidemiological study was conducted to determine the geographical variations in stroke mortality among three U.S. areas. They were Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). In each area samples were drawn of the population in the 35--54 age group. The subjects were interviewed and examined to obtain the information required on medical conditions and/or living habits which would characterize each area. A brief medical and family history, as well as demographic and personal data, were obtained by interview. The medical examination included blood pressure, ECG, blood and urine chemistry, height and weight. In all three cities the response rate in the final sample selected was 90% (2,375 individuals) interviewed and 74% (1.939 individuals) examined.


Three-area epidemiological study of geographic differences in stroke mortality. II. Results.

An epidemiological study was conducted of geographic differences in stroke mortality between the following areas within the United States; Savannah, Georgia (high stroke rates), Hagerstown, Maryland (intermediate stroke rates) and Pueblo, Colorado (low stroke rates). Population samples 35--54 years of age of the three cities were drawn for interview and examination to determine medical conditions and living habits of these populations. The population samples were compared with emphasis on possible risk factors for stroke: serum cholesterol and glucose tolerance test determinations, weight and height measurements, blood pressure and cigarette smoking. The gradient of increasing prevalence of stroke-related risk factors from low to intermediate to high for the three cities was present for blood pressure in black females and white males and for glucose tolerance tests in whites and nonwhites. No other consistent pattern of increasing prevalence of risk factors for stroke was evident.


Stroke and mortality rate in carotid endarterectomy: 228 consecutive operations.

A retrospective study of 228 consecutive carotid endarterectomies was conducted to determine the operative stroke and mortality rate in two 600-bed community hospitals. The combined stroke-mortality rate for the series was 21.1% (48 of 228). Eleven endarterectomies were performed for asymptomatic bruits and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 18.2% (2 of 11). Fifty-seven endarterectomies were performed for transient ischemic attach(s) in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 21.1% (12 of 57). Seventy-one endarterectomies were performed following a mild-moderate stroke in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 21.1% (15 of 71). Twelve endarterectomies were performed following a severe stroke in the symptomatic carotid artery distribution and the combined stroke-mortality rate was 41.7% (5 of 12). There was no trend toward more or less operation strokes or deaths from 1970 to 1976. The similarity of results among the eleven board-certified neurological and vascular surgeons who performed the 228 endarterectomies suggests that the operative stroke and mortality rates for carotid endarterectomy reported here are likely to be representative of those in many other community hospitals in this country in the 1970s.


Vascular endoscopy --- an adjunct to carotid surgery.

Technical advances in optical instrumentation have made vascular endoscopy a potential method for intraoperative evaluation of carotid endarterectomy. A prospective protocol was designed to evaluate the efficacy and practicality of this technique using the Hopkins Optical System in 35 carotid endarterectomies. The external carotid artery was examined after completion of the endarterectomy. The distal internal carotid artery was examined after removal of the shunt with all but 1 cm of the arteriotomy closed. Total time required for the procedure was less than 5 minutes in 21 cases and between 5 and 10 minutes in 14. Positive findings were noted in 71% of the external carotid endarterectomies which consisted of intimal flaps in 13 cases and intimal shreds in 25. In 2 patients (6%), internal carotid endoscopy revealed intimal shreds capable of embolizing and probably capable of causing a postoperative neurologic deficit. This technique permits a precise and complete evaluation of the vascular reconstruction.


Diagnostic reliability of the percutaneous ultrasonic Doppler technique for vertebral arterial occlusive diseases.

There is little data on the diagnostic reliability of the ultrasonic Doppler technique for vertebral arterial occlusive lesions. Percutaneous vertebral Doppler examination and the vertebral angiograms were compared to determine the diagnostic reliability of this technique in 64 vertebral arteries of 53 patients with cerebrovascular disease. The percutaneous vertebral Doppler findings were quantitatively analyzed using a sound spectrograph and were classified into three types: no flow signal type, poor flow type and normal flow type. In nine patients with the no flow type the angiograms revealed vertebral occlusion or a missing vertebral artery in six, giving a diagnostic reliability of 67%. In 17 patients with poor flow type the angiograms revealed vertebral occlusion or a missing vertebral artery in five, terminal narrowing of the artery in nine, and hypoplasia in two giving a diagnostic reliability of 94%. For all vertebral arteries examined with this technique, including normal ones, the diagnostic reliability was 92% (59/64). Percutaneous vertebral Doppler examination has clinical usefulness as a screening test for occlusive vertebral arterial diseases.


Diagnostic significance of CSF spectrophotometry and computer tomography in cerebrovascular disease. A comparative study in 231 cases.

Two hundred and thirty-one patients with cerebrovascular disease were examined by spectrophotometry of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and by computer tomography. Many were followed by repeated examinations. Specific diagnoses --- bleeding as opposed to non-hemorrhagic or hemorrhagic infactions --- were indicated in 97% by spectrophotometry and in 65% by CT scan in 201 of the 231 cases (excluding 25 patients with transient ischemic attacks and five patients with cerebral tumors with cerebrovascular onset). Comparison between the two methods revealed agreement in most cases, with disagreement in only a few. The specific diagnosis was generally established on only one examination by both methods: repeated examinations were necessary in only a few cases. The results indicated that a combination of the two complementary methods established the diagnosis in almost all cerebrovascular disorders. This was particularly evident if the examinations were performed 24 hours to 21 days after onset of disease.


Levels of reliability in fertility survey data.

A number of factual and attitudinal questions asked in the 1973 Taiwan KAP-4 survey were repeated in a postenumeration survey one month later in order to assess the reliability of responses of the 286 women reinterviewed. The level of reliability is found to vary depending on the measures used and on whether the focus is aggregate data or individual responses. Analysis of consistency of responses shows that while overall reliability at both aggregate and individual levels is reasonably good, there is greater reliability for factual than for attitudinal data. Nevertheless, consistency of responses on factual questions varies considerably depending on the salience of the topic to the respondent. Estimates of reliability are shown to depend on the measure used and on the skewness of the distributions of the responses.


Differentiation of early subarachnoid hemorrhage from traumatic lumbar puncture.

The problem of early differentiation of "traumatic tap" from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied in the rabbit by determining the changes in percentage of hemolysis and in lactate concentrations in CSF within the first twenty-four hours following induced SAH. The 0.3 to 7% hemolysis which occurred was relatively independent both of the time following SAH and of the number of red blood cells (rbc) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There was, on the other hand, a significant and time-dependent increase in CSF lactate concentration early after SAH, suggesting the potential clinical value of the detection of increased lactate with a relatively normal lactate/pyruvate ratio in hemorrhagic CSF. Until this can be evaluated in human subjects, however, determination of the rbc counts or total hemoglobin concentrations in serially collected samples of CSF remains the best clinical method.


Recurrent stenosis at site of carotid endarterectomy.

Five patients studied by the authors and 28 mentioned in the literature indicate that recurrent stenosis occurs in no less than 0.6% of patients after carotid endarterectomy. The pathology of the recurrent stenosis was stated in only 10 cases indicating atherosclerotic disease in various stages of development in 7 and a fibrous intimal hyperplasia in 3. Correlation between risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis and the pathology of the recurrent disease was poor. Six patients developed recurrent disease despite postoperative prophylactic oral anticoagulation. Surgical technique appeared to have contributed to re-stenosis in 8 patients (1) by failure to remove the distal tongue of plaque or (2) narrowing of the lumen by the arteriotomy suture or (3) damage by a vascular clamp. In 18 symptomatic patients, 44% had symptoms by 3 years, 67% by 5 years, and 83% by 7 years after operation. The 8 patients with possible errors in surgical technique did not develop symptoms earlier than the other patients. Seventeen symptomatic patients had surgical correction of the re-stenosis (endarterectomy 9, vein patch 6, arterial homograft 1, not detailed 1). The incidence of recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy is low and usually the operation provides a patent artery for life.


Angiographic spectrum of cervical and intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia.

Cephalocervical or intracranial fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) can be identified by its characteristic angiographic appearance. Most of these lesions occur adjacent to the C1-2 interspace, characteristically sparing the origins and proximal segments of the major extracranial vessels. Approximately 65% of our patients had bilateral involvement of the cervical internal carotid arteries. Thirty percent were associated with one or more intracranial aneurysms. The vertebral arteries were involved in 10% of the cases. Twenty-four of 25 cases were associated with symptoms of either subarachnoid hemorrhage or focal cerebral ischemia.


Language differences and the family planning survey.

Language is an important but often neglected source of non-sampling error in family planning surveys. This paper examines the problems of language usage and of translation, in KAP surveys in particular, using examples from African and other research experience. The authors emphasize that language pervades all stages of family planning surveys, pointing out that interpretations of survey results should take into account the possibility of the influence of language differences. Various measures are suggested that can contribute to minimizing this source of response error.


Cervical manipulation and stroke.

Three patients are described who experienced vertebro-basilar distribution infarctions associated with neck manipulation. Two of the manipulations were chiropractic. Twenty-two previously reported cases are reviewed. Evidence  favoring the use of anticoagulation in these patients is discussed along with the relative risk of such therapy.


Modification of cerebral ischemic damage by anesthetics.

The yield of infarcted hemispheres following unilateral carotid ligation in gerbils under ketamine anesthesia substantially exceeded that occurring under pentobarbital anesthesia. In addition to increasing the gerbil stroke model's efficiency, ketamine provided a shorter recovery period, thus allowing earlier observation of clinical signs of brain injury. These results support the contention that anesthetic agents may modify the response of central neuronal tissues to acute ischemia.


Nurse-midwife insertion of the copper T in Thailand: performance, acceptance, and programmatic effects.

While oral contraceptives have been widely available in rural Thailand since their distribution by lower level paramedical health workers was authorized in 1970, the IUD has been restricted to large, urban clinics staffed by physicians. A study was conducted in 1972-73 to evaluate the performance of nurse-midwives in IUD (Copper T) insertion and to assess the reaction of acceptors and the likely effects on the National Family Planning Program. It was found that nurse-midwives were competent to insert Copper Ts and handle early complications. Acceptor continuation rates were very high and nurse-midwife acceptors clearly preferred IUD insertion by a female health worker. Programmatic evidence suggests that using nurse-midwives more extensively for Copper T insertion would increase IUD acceptance at no cost to the existing loop program.


Trachoma in Punjab: a study of the prevalence and of mass treatment.

During the years 1971-1974 the prevalence of trachoma in the state of Punjab/Northwest-India was investigated among 11,172 persons of all age-groups. The overall prevalence came to 71,07%. Active and progressive stages (WHO stages I and II) were most common among children and adolescents, whereas complicated cases (WHO stage IV) were found predominantly beyond 45 years of age. Regressive cases (WHO stage III) were equally distributed throughout all ages. To our opinion bacterial conjunctivitis is an important factor preceding the infection with the TRIC-agent. Bacterial conjunctivitis is favoured by adverse climatic conditions (duststorms). A masstreatment using local sulfacetamide was started among 4500 children with trachoma, 1966 children could be seen after 6 months. The incidence of trachoma had dropped to 30%. For mass-treatment in a developing country topical application of antibiotics or sulfas seems advisable. Still more important is health-education, which at the moment is lacking everywhere.


The diagnosis and significance of isolated third nerve palsy in the African.

The clinical spectrum of forty-one cases of isolated third nerve palsy in the African (Negro) population is presented. A high proportion (58%) was due to cerebral aneurysm. Other causes were syphilis (15.5%) diabetes mellitus (11%), and ophthalmoplegic migraine (11%). It is evident from this study that, contrary to accepted thinking on this subject, there are no clinical features which reliably distinguish between these groups. Early cerebral angiography is therefore mandatory.


Peripheral gangrene in childhood: further observations on its aetiology and psycho-social sequelae in Nigeria.

Nine children, aged one day to 10 years, presented with gangrene at the Paediatrics Department, University College Hospital, Ibadan. The aetiological factors included septic skin spots (4 cases), snake bite (1 case), femoral vein thrombosis (1 case), and congenital arterial block by embolized placental tissue (1 case). One patient had polyarteritis of undetermined aetiology, and another probably had vasculitis complicating a staphylococcal septicaemia. Two of the nine patients died. Five of the seven survivors had a significant physical handicap subsequently.


The identification of infants at risk of malnutrition in Kingston, Jamaica.

A longitudinal study was carried out on the growth, health and environment of Kingston infants from birth to 1 year of age. In an attempt to identify children at risk of malnutrition, the records of all the children in the 10th percentile for weight at 12 months of age were examined to determine whether they differed in their health, care or social background from the remaining children. Small birth weight children tended to remain in the 10 percentile. High birth order, poor standard of housing, incompetent mothers, repeated attacks of gastroenteritis, poor clinic attendance and poor milk intake were all significantly associated with being underweight at 12 months of age. These factors were inter-related, and the more factors present in each child the smaller the child tended to be. It was hoped that identifying the presence of these factors may assist field workers to give priority to the children most at risk of malnutrition. The need for home visiting in the delivery of health care is highlighted.


Assessment of maturity by clinical examination of the Tanzanian newborn.

One-thousand single live-born infants were examined and 111 were found to have low birthweight (2500 g or less). Assessment of maturity was made by using physical and neurological criteria without knowledge of when the last menstrual period occurred. The incidence of prematurity among all single live births was 4.5% by physical and 4.9% by neurological criteria and among low birthweight babies it was 40.6% and 44.2% respectively. Both the criteria were found to be equally reliable but physical signs are recommended for routine clinical use because of their simplicity.


Epidemiological investigations on arbovirus infections at Igbo-Ora, Nigeria.

A study of arbovirus infections occurring in Igbo-Ora community was carried out between May and October 1975. Haemagglutination inhibition test performed on seventy-eight human sera showed a high prevalence of antibodies against all the six arboviruses used. Percentage of positive sera were as follows: Chikungunya, (28%); Yellow fever (36%); Dengue type 1 (67%); Dengue type 2 (45%). Prevalence of HI antibodies to West Nile and Wesselsbron viruses were 44% and 59% respectively. Virus isolation studies carried out on 148 blood samples yielded three viruses: Yellow fever, Dengue type 1 and Zika. Antibody conversions to these three viruses were demonstrated in seven persons within the period of study.


Incorporating the traditional birth attendant into the health team: the Malaysian example.

Domiciliary deliveries have always been the responsibility of traditional birth attendants. Since Independence, acquired in 1957, educated young women have been trained as auxiliary midwives and sent to serve in rural communities where they usually are met with resistance by the established traditional birth attendants. To counter this and to incorporate the traditional birth attendants into the health team, new roles were developed for each so that the two would be able to cooperate and support each other rather than rival and antagonise each other. A specific experience in one area of Malaysia is examined as an example.


The training of traditional birth attendants in Ghana: experience of the Danfa Rural Health Project.

Three quarters of deliveries in Ghana are still attended by untrained personnel, including traditional birth attendants (TBA's), and maternal mortality remains high. The Ministry of Health is exploring ways of improving this situation. Recently, training traditional birth attendants to improve maternal and child health practices and promote family planning has been considered. Most TBA's in rural Ghana are elderly illiterate farmers. The Danfa Project has identified and trained 57 of these TBA's with the objective of developing a programme that might be replicated elsewhere in the country. This paper describes the design of the programme and problems encountered and makes recommendations to others who may be considering similar programmes in other countries.


Beef cattle productivity under traditional and improved management in Botswana.

A comparison of productivity over a 4-year period from indigenous type beef cattle under two production systems in Botswana is reported. The two systems are: the traditional system on unenclosed communal grazing (cattle post) and ranching within fenced paddocks. Calving percentages, 7-month old calf weight, calf mortality and post-weaning growth to 18 months of age under cattle post conditions were 46.4 per cent, 122.5 kg, 10.2 percent and 88.5 kg respectively. Corresponding figures for cattle on the fenced ranches were 74.0 per cent, 177.4 kg, 8.5 per cent and  105.8 kg. These results indicate overall productivity estimates of 51 and 120 kg of weaner calf per cow per year and 86 and 188 kg of 18-month old calf per cow per year for the cattle post and fenced ranch respectively.


Enteric paramphistomiasis in Yankasa sheep.

An outbreak of acute enteric paramphistomiasis was observed among Yankasa (indigenous) sheep that were herded with cattle on the University farm at Samaru in February 1973. Mortality was approximately thirty to forty per cent. The most important clinical signs were anorexia, unthriftiness and profuse foetid diarrhoea soiling the perianal region and hind legs. Diagnosis was based on the post-mortem findings, clinical signs and presence of conical flukes identified as Paramphistomum microbothrium.


Field cases of East Coast fever in grade cattle in Uganda.

Case records were kept of 81 cattle suspected to be infected with East Coast fever. Microscopical confirmation was obtained in 66 animals and the fate of 65 of these was known. Forty-five cattle died or were slaughtered and 20 recovered. No significant difference in mortality was found in respect of age or grade. When the incidence of certain clinical signs in these two groups was compared, differences in respect of rectal temperature and observable vascular changes in certain visible mucous membranes were found. Enlargement of the superficial lymph nodes was the commonest clinical sign and the prescapular nodes were the most regularly involved. Drug treatment, where given, appeared ineffective. Among 20 recovered cases some were severely ill while others had very mild symptoms.


Transmission of a Theileria species to cattle by the ixodid tick, Amblyomma cohaerens Donitz 1909.

Amblyomma cohaerens nymphs, which had been collected as engorged larvae from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Mara region of Kenya, transmitted a theilerial parasite to a steer. Macroschizonts were detected in the regional lymph node of this steer 12 days after tick application and were subsequently detected for 3 days at low levels of parasitosis. The macroschizonts were large and had numerous nuclei, being morphologically unlike any other theilerial schizonts described previously from cattle in Eastern and Southern Africa, but they resembled the macroschizont of T. barnetti Brocklesby 1965 from a buffalo also obtained in the Mara region. Piroplasms morphologically indistinguishable from T. mutans were first detected in the blood of the steer on the sixty-first day after tick application. The steer showed a significant rise in antibody titre to only T. mutans (Aitong) piroplasm antigen, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. There was no evidence that this parasite was pathogenic. The intraerythrocytic piroplasms proved to be blood-transmissible to a splenectomised calf. Although the parasite showed affinities to T. barnetti and T. mutans (Aitong) definite conclusions regarding its identity must await further transmission experiments.


Development and survival of Haemonchus contortus larvae on pastures in Ibadan.

The development and survival of the eggs of Haemonchus contortus on pasture at Ibadan were studied by spreading faeces containing eggs on grass plots from October 1973 to October 1974. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae took place within one week in May, June, July, September and October. Larvae were not recovered in the other months. Their survival times were 28, 42, 42, 35, 63 and 49 days respectively in October 1973. May, June, July, September and October 1974. Rainfall was the most important epizootiological factor which influenced the development and survival of the infective larvae. Development of the eggs to the infective larvae took place when the mean daily rainfall for the first 7 days was 3 mm or more. The survival time of the larvae appeared to be prolonged when rain fell evenly throughout the periods the larvae were on pasture.


Pig production in the Solomon Islands. I. Village pig production.

In 181 villages in the Solomon Islands the pig: human ratio was 1:5-8 and the annual per capita pork consumption was 4-2 kg. Some communities did not keep pigs or eat pig meat. Sows weaned an average of 5-5 piglets per year and mean liveweight at 12 months of age was 28-4 kg. Most pigs were kept on the ground but some were housed in pens over the sea and very few lived in their owner's houses. Pigs were important in the social life of the people but proportionally fewer pigs were raised than in neighbouring Pacific countries.


Canine spirocercosis in Accra, Ghana.

The prevalence of canine spirocercosis in the Accra region of Ghana was found to be 18 per cent, lesions being found in the oesophagus and in several other sites. In two of the 96 cases, the dogs had died of aortic rupture, probably caused by this parasite.


Vaccination of adult sheep with reduced doses of Brucella melitensis strain Rev.1: Safety and serological responses.

A trial was made to test the safety of a Brucella melitensis strain Rev. 1 vaccine when used in various doses on pregnant sheep and a control group of pregnant goats. It was found that local sheep were more susceptible than goats to the effects of this vaccine, and that the accepted dosage rate of 10+5 viable organisms, as recommended for adult goats, should not be used on pregnant sheep.


Clinical, haematological and pathological studies in donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei.

Donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei showed dullness, weakness, fever, inappetence, conjunctivitis, tachycardia and polydyspnoea soon after detectable parasitaemia. The parasitaemia was generally low with transient high peaks except in the terminal stage when there was sustained high parasitaemia. A moderate anaemia was present as from the second week of infection but it was not progressive. There was a marked leucopoenia within 24 h of patent parasitaemia. Death occurred 2 to 2 1/2 months after infection and at necropsy there was severe emaciation as well as mild serous effusion. Histologically, there was a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, cranial neuritis, extensive haemosiderosis, hyperplasia of follicles in lymph nodes and spleen and giant cell reaction in lymph nodes. Trypanosomes were present in the cerebrospinal fluid, the eye and serous effusions. These observations are similar to those previously reported in other animals infected with T. brucei.


Intensive fattening of beef cattle on Rhodes grass pastures on the Lilongwe Plain, Malawi.

Beef fattening experiments were conducted in two wet seasons with Malawi zebu (Mz) and Friesian X Malawi zebu (F X Mz) steers grazing nitrogen-fertilised Rhodes grass pastures. The effects of stocking rate (5,7-5 or 10 steers/ha) and level of supplement (maize: madeya (maize bran) fed to steers at either 0-6 or 1-5 per cent of liveweight) were investigated over a 100 day period. Neither stocking rate nor supplement had an effect on daily liveweight gain but gain per hectare increased significantly with stocking rate. Comparative performance of the two breed types showed that the superior absolute gains of the F X Mz steers were not reflected in the efficiency parameters of supplement conversion or gain and carcass yield per unit liveweight. Hindquarter percentage was higher and subcutaneous fat was better distributed in the F X Mz. The practical significance of the results is discussed.


Urgency and urge incontinence of urine treated by prolonged bladder dystension: interim results.

Prolonged bladder distension has been used to treat patients with urgency and urge incontinence of urine. At follow-up varying from 14 to 24 months 17 out of 33 patients were symptom-free, 13 symptomatically improved and 3 unchanged. These results, as anticipated, are not so good as the initial early reported results, but are sufficiently encouraging for us to recommend prolonged bladder distension for the treatment of severe urgency and urge incontinence of urine.


Vaginal denervation of the bladder nerve supply.

Eleven patients with incontinence of urine owing to detrusor contractions have been treated by partial denervation of the bladder. Seven have substantially improved.


Detrusor hyperreflexia and bacteriuria.

In a retrospective study of 579 patients with cystometrically proven detrusor hyperreflexia bacteriuria was correlated to the commonly accepted etiologies, and to the duration and amplitude of the uninhibited bladder contractions. Blood flow in the bladder wall may be reduced by increased intravesical pressure due to detrusor hyperreflexia, and it has been suggested that a resulting weakening of antibacterial defense mechanisms is responsible for the majority of urinary tract infections in these patients. We have not been able to confirm this hypothesis. We found no statistically significant difference between the incidence of bacteriuria in patients with low amplitude and short duration of the bladder contractions and in patients with high amplitude and long duration of the uninhibited bladder contractions.


Urethral closure pressure profiles in the male: an analysis of 280 patients.

The shape of the urethral closure pressure profile of 281 male patients has been analysed. 'Prostatic' length, 'prostatic' peak, 'prostatic' plateau height and 'prostatic' plateau area have been measured. Thist study has shown that these parameters have a significant relation to the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction made after urodynamic studies.


Urethral pressure profile in prostatic surgery.

Urethral pressure profile measurements were performed in 45 men suffering from micturation disturbances with the aim of evaluating the diagnostic aid of the procedure as compared to conventional urodynamic evaluation. The urethral pressure profile seems to be of value in visualizing the diseases of the prostate and the bladder neck, but it is of no definite aid except for postprostatectomy incontinence.


Urinary continence after radical prostatectomy: the urodynamic proof of an anatomical hypothesis.

After radical prostatectomy--the own curable treatment in prostatic carcinoma--there is a great incidence of postoperative urinary incontinence. By forming a tube of the 'base plate' after Hutch's description, it is possible to get a new urinary sphincter. We have proven this facts with urodynamic and radiologic investigations.


Vesicourethral pressure recordings in the assessment of neurogenic bladder functions in spinal cord injury patients.

A method of synchronous study for monitoring the pressure activity of the rectum, bladder and urethral sphincter was described. Intrarectal pressures were obtained using a 8 F custom made balloon catheter. Constant urethral infusion with intrasphincteric pressure recording was arranged through a specially designed 12 F trilumen catheter. Simultaneous intravesical infusion and independent bladder pressure recording were conducted through two other channels of this catheter. This radiologic-aided study was used for functional evaluation of the bladder and its  outlet. The physical factors, such as urethral infusion flow-rate, and the compliance of the infusion catheter hydraulic system governing the interpretation of the study during voiding and nonvoiding states, were described. With an experience of 145 studies on spinal cord injury patients and normal subjects, this method has been found to be a useful clinical urodynamic technique well suited even to a nonambulatory spinal cord injury patient.


Combined pressure, flow, EMG and X-ray studies for the evaluation of neurogenic bladder disturbance: technique.

A set-up for combined pressure, flow, EMG and X-ray recording is presented. Some efforts are undertaken to keep artefacts by manipulation, instrumentation and by the investigation itself as low as possible. Using a specially designed, plastic made, radiolucent micturition chair this set-up is especially suitable for the urodynamic evaluation of the lower urinary tract in paraplegics, in myelomeningoceles and other handicapped persons. More than 90 urodynamic studies have been carried out in this way during the last 2 years without any complication whatsoever.


The adrenergic component in the proximal urethra.

Two experimental systems are described in which simultaneous radiological and perfusion pressure monitoring of proximal urethral function can be carried out. In one series of experiments, hypogastric nerve stimulation and noradrenaline administration caused urethral constriction while isoprenaline caused dilatation. Using a model similar to a stress cystogram, hypogastric nerve section resulted in opening of the urethra earlier under the same stress, and wider when a steady flow was established. This effect was greater than the influence of parasympathetic or somatic nerve supplies to the urethra. It was concluded that sympathetically innervated smooth muscle has a significant influence on urinary continence and urethral wall tension.


Studies on the effect and mode of action of flavoxate in human urinary bladder and sphincter.

Flavoxate, a smooth muscle relaxant, compared with propantheline showed no significant difference in clinical effect on voiding disturbances in hyperactive neurogenic bladders, but fewer side effects. Both drugs increased bladder capacity significantly, but flavoxate did not increase residual urine in contrast to propantheline.


Effect of intravenous butylscopolamine infusion on urge incontinence.

In the case of a combination of urge incontinence and stress incontinence, operative therapy is not successful without previous treatment. In 73% (58/82) of patients treated with 20 mg Butylscopolamine, a significant lowering of the absolute pressure volume values and a significant elevation of bladder capacity could be demonstrated.


The place of alpha-blocking drugs in the treatment of children with neuropathic bladders.

Phenoxybenzamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking drug has been evaluated in the treatment of 14 children with neuropathic bladder dysfunction. The majority of children treated showed significant reductions of residual urine and urethral closure pressure. A useful clinical response in terms of improved bladder control was obtained in over half the patients. Children with mild radiological changes in the upper urinary tracts showed radiological improvement but those with marked changes did not improve. The drug is generally well tolerated but side-effects of postural hypotension, lethargy and nausea may occur.


Urethral closing pressure after spinal cord injury and its relationship to autonomic dysreflexia.

The evolution of patterns of neurogenic vesical dysfunction with emphasis on urethral resistance has been studied using a two-catheter urethral profile technique in 24 patients following acute spinal cord injury. Inappropriate urethral resistance to voiding appeared to result both from smooth and skeletal muscular activity and to some extent was dependent on the level of the spinal cord lesion. Autonomic dysreflexia was common, and responded to treatment with an alpha-sympatholytic agent.


[Stenosis of the ureter opening in children. Etiology, clinical considerations, therapy (author's transl)].

In an analysis of 75 children with stenosis of the ureter opening, our results are compared to those in the literature (see in particular Tables 1 and 2). Abdominal pain stands out as the major symptom in more than half of the children. In our cases, intramural disturbances predominate in ca, 2/3 of cases, in the literature in about half of cases. The occurrence of extramural disturbances (accessory vessels, adhesions, higher opening of the ureter) occurs with equal frequency. The determining diagnostic procedure for stenosis of the ureter opening is an excretion urogram. Indications for a retrograde pyelogram and the performance of a micturation cystoureterogram are discussed. The operation of choice for stenosis of the ureter opening is the plastic operation of the renal pelvis of Anderson-Hynes, which has a success rate of at least 80%. Amoung our group of patients, primary nephrectomies were only seldom necessary.


[Intravesical and intraurethral pressure studies: significance for the prognosis and the treatment of children with myelomeningocele (author's transl)].

By statistical analysis of premicturition bladder pressure and urethral pressure in 37 children with myelomeningocele we were able to find four different types of neuropathic bladder dysfunction: 1. Group A (N = 19): No upper urinary tract dilatation and deterioration was seen with normal intravesical and low to normal intraurethral pressure. A conservative approach was warranted. 2. Group B (n = 6): Overflow incontinence due to low intravesical and high intraurethral pressure was found in this group. Upper urinary tract deterioration could be avoided and continence achieved by partial sphincterotomy. 3. Group C (n = 6): Progressive impairment in upper urinary tract dilatation was observed in four out of six children with high intravesical and low intraurethral pressures. In these children we prefer the urinary diversion. 4. Group D (n = 6): A dangerous impairment in upper urinary tract dilatation was found in four out of six children with high intravesical und high intraurethral pressures. When phenoxybenzamin therapy fails urinary diversion is the treatment of choice in this group.


[Urinary calculi in children (author's transl)].

From a total of 274 children with urinary calculi, 192 cases were analyzed. 63% of these were male. In 19% a familiar disposition was noticed. Phosphate containing stones were found in 81%. Most of these had an urinary tract infection caused by urea splitting organisms. There was no correlation between the chemical composition of the stones and infection with coli and enterococci. One-third of the analyzed cases exhibited malformations of the urinary tract. Of these, 92% had urinary infections due primarily to urea splitting bacteria. This infection rate was markedly higher than in the children without combined malformations of the urinary tract. The peak incidence was around 2 years of age. In the last group symptoms were atypical but more severe than in those cases without malformations of the urinary tract.


[Epithelial tumors of the urinary bladder in the first twenty years of life (author's transl)].

Eighty two cases of epithelial tumors of the bladder in the first two decades of life have been reviewed from the literature. A case of a transitional cell carcinoma, grade I--II, in a 16-year-old boy is presented. Transurethral electroresection was done and there was no recurrence, two years postoperatively. In 70% of all cases a hematuria was found. The epithelial bladder tumors in children have a better prognosis, a lower tendency to recur and a lower grade malignancy than tumors in adults. Treatment of choice is transurethral or suprapubic tumor excision without drug chemotherapy or radiation therapy.


[Results of pyeloplasty in children (author's transl)].

The results of 47 surgically corrected cases of stenosis of the pyelo-ureteral junction in children are presented. The method of Anderson-Hynes is preferred because of the removal of the functionally and morphologically damaged ureter-segment. In 80% of the cases the postoperative x-ray demonstrated a good result. Some of the other patients required a secondary nephrectomy. In 10 patients the technique of Culp-de Weerd was used. Six patients showed good results. Postoperatively the urine was sterile in 2/3 of the examined children. In some of the patients the postoperative follow-up was insufficient Etiology. Diagnostic procedure and indication for surgery are discussed.


[Operative correction of primary megaureter in children (author's transl)].

Sixty-seven children with congenital megaureter were treated by surgically. Nephroureterectomy was performed in 12 cases (17.9%). Fifty-five children were selected for surgical correction. In 23 patients, a bilateral ureteroneocystostomy with submucosal tunneling was performed. These latter patients were examined in the postoperative period for the following criteria: unobstructed flow urine, improved or stable renal function and absence of infection, 69.23% of these patients met these criteria. Because the primary goal is conservation of the kidney the indication for surgical correction is quite liberal. Thirty percent were failures partially due to previous surgery. The need for detailed preoperative study and long-term follow-up is stressed.


[Forensic and surgical guidelines for male sterilization (author's transl)].

The moral justification for substitutive sterilization presupposes a critical verification of the sterilization wishes and an exact explanation to both partners. With the acquisition of the proper consent, the explanation of the absolute necessity of the postoperative spermiogram check-up cannot be neglected. Comparison of the spermiograms of unalterably vasectomized men with findings from additional rinsings with physiological saline solution and nitrofurantoin showed that the instillation of the vas deferens leads to a swift, mechanically dependent, emptying of the distal sperm depot. Through instillation of the spermicidal substance nitrofurantoin and the resulting spermatozoa immobilization, this effect can be considerably increased.


[In vitro perfusion of so-called endoprothesis. An experimental study of incrustations on internal splinting plastic tubes (author's transl)].

We have used the method of internal splinting of the ureter (endoprothesis) for the past ten years. Because we observed partial obstruction of the lumen by incrustations and/or fibrin coagula in cases in which the splints had been in place for long periods, we conducted in vitro experiments into the problem. Under constant and variable conditions, urine was perfused through plastic tubes of different materials. Organic and inorganic urine substances and urine pH were analyzed. The materials used were examined with special scanning electron microscopic techniques, and various depositions, especially in comparisons of in vivo and in vitro conditions, were found.


Chronic human brucellosis and anti-anergic treatment with levamisole.

Dysfunction of the cellular immune mechanism was found in 23 patients with persistent symptoms of brucellosis of more than one year's duration when skin tested for delayed hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Eighteen patients had low normal or depressed E rosetting capacity of their lymphocytes. Anti-anergic treatment with levamisole 150 mg daily for one month and for two consecutive days each week for six months produced an exacerbation of symptoms after one to four weeks followed by complete relief from symptoms in 15 patients and partial relief in four. Vitamin A was used to potentiate the effect of levamisole in seven patients.


An evaluation of chemical restraining agents in the horse.

An evaluation of acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly), azaperone (0.7 and 0.9 mg/kg intramuscularly) and xylazine (2.0 mg/kg intramuscularly) as chemical restraining agents was carried out in seven horses. (Xylazine and azaperone were used at the recommended dose rates; acepromazine at five times the recommended dose rates). Of the three drugs administered only azaperone produced sufficient sedation in all the horses to allow a percutaneous needle muscle biopsy to be taken from six muscles. With acepromazine and xylazine this procedure could be successfully carried out in five and four horses respectively. Both acepromazine and azaperone produced a mild transient tachycardia and a fall in packed cell volume but all three drugs reduced the "stress" of muscle biopsy as measured by increases in heart rate. Azaperone produced an increase in plasma 11-OHCS levels when administered to control animals. The measurement of changes in plasma 11-OHCS levels was not found to be a satisfactory means of assessing any reduction of "stress" with some sedative agents.


Bovine serum growth hormone levels in clinical ketosis.

Blood samples were taken from ketotic cows and from normal lactating cows in summer and winter. The lowest serum growth hormone and plasma glucose levels and the highest serum free fatty acid values were observed in the ketotic cows. It is suggested that the decrease in growth hormone might benefit the ketotic animal.


Aujeszky's disease in a pack of hounds.

Aujeszky's disease occurred in a pack of harrier hounds in the south west of England and caused the death of 11 of a pack of 51 animals. The onset appeared to have followed the feeding of pig carcase material from a very large fattening unit. No evidence of clinical disease was seen in pigs in this unit, but serological evidence of earlier infection was obtained. Interesting lesions in the intestinal wall of the hounds are described.


Veterinary surgeons and the medicines (Labelling) Amendment Regulations 1977.

Further changes to the medicine labelling regulations have important implications for practising veterinary surgeons. They amend the regulations made recently by specifying warning labels and other special labelling requirements for certain types of veterinary medical products.


Pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe by an ultrasonic rectal probe.

Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out on 1396 ewes from 20 to more than 120 days after mating with an overall success rate for positive diagnosis of 89 per cent whereas from 60 to more than 120 days after mating the rate was 94 per cent. Diagnosis of barrenness or non-pregnancy from 20 to more than 120 days after mating gave a success rate of 84 per cent but from 20 to 80 days after mating the diagnosis of barrenness was more accurate than the diagnosis of pregnancy, ie, 88 per cent success as against 82 per cent success of pregnancy. In modern intensive sheep breeding units the ability to diagnose barrenness accurately at an early period following mating has obvious economic advantages. All the ewes under examination were subjected to only one examination. The object was to assess the commercial capabilities of such an examination.


Clinical observations on xylazine/ketamine anaesthesia in the cat.

A combination of xylazine and ketamine was used to produce anaesthesia in 100 cats. No deaths occurred. Vomiting was produced by the xylazine in 36 cats. Anaesthesia required supplementation after 30 minutes in 24 of the animals.


[Study of the clinical and biochemical indices in experimental chronic copper poisoning in sheep].

Induced was chronic copper poisoning in sheep treated orally with copper sulphate. Investigated was the dynamics of some of the clinical picture aspects, the paraclinical behaviour, and the toxicogenesis of poisoning. The disease manifested a three-phase course. The hemolytic crisis at various liver levels of copper within therange of from 315 up to 840.5 mg/kg was due to the challenging role of additional factors, such as pregnancy, lambing, lactation and individual sensitivity. During pregnancy copper was found to pass though the placenta, accumulating in the liver of the fetus. Copper deposition in the liver lobes varied. The quantitative determination of liver copper requires the investigation of pool samples.


[Epizootic process on a farm chronically infected with Aujeszky's disease].

Clinical and epizootiologic studies have been carried out in the course of one year on a farm with a permanent Aujeszkys disease infection as well as virologic and serologic investigations, performed seven times, with a total of 70 fattened pigs. No clinical symptoms of Aujeszky's disease have been established during the period of investigation, while the epizootiologic status have invariably spoken of the fact that the infection had a stationary course on this farm. The virus was isolated from meat and bone marrow, which posed the question of veterinary and sanitary inspection of meat obtained from such animals. The virologic results were varying by months, the peak percent values of positive animals and organs being established over the winter-spring period. Serologically, the results have agreed with the findings in the virologic studies: most significant were the variations in the months during which there was a highest percent of positively reacting animals and organs. It has been assumed that the disease was maintained in a latent form on the farm investigated, showing certain variations as to its manifestation, with no trend in terms of spontaneous recovery.


[Immunity in genital bacterial infections in cows].

A total of 313 cows were investigated in order to establish the agents that most frequently caused genital diseases in cows on 5 farms where the experiments were carried out. In animals that had miscarried as well as in those that had recovered from metritis specific antibodies were found against the isolated causative agents, having titers in the vaginal mucus from 1:160 to 1:320, and in the blood serum--from 1:160 up to 1:1280. Strains were selected from the most  frequently isolated bacterial species to produce a killed polybacterial adsorbate baccine. It was used 152 cows on the same farms in the eighth month of first or second gestation. The treated animals built immunity of a varying intensity, which was demonstrated with the appearance of specific antibodies of titers in the vaginal mucus ranging from 1:80 to 1:640, and in the blood serum--from 1:80 to 1:1280, and with marked resistance against the bacterial agents used in the vaccine.


[Effect of ionizing radiation on the virulent and immunogenic properties of Babesia ovis].

The effect was followed up of ionizing radiation at rates of 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, 40 and 50 krad on the virulence and the immunogenic properties of B. ovis. The experiments were carried with 22 sheep (20 test and 2 donor) according to the rate of treatment into 7 test groups with a total of 17 animals, and 1 control with 3 sheep. One month after infection with irradiated blood reinfection was carried out of 8 animals (of different groups) that had recovered, using virulent untreated blood. The titer of the antibodies in the remaining sheep was followed up by means of the complement-fixation test. It was found that irradiation at 20-25 krad lowered the virulence of the Babesia organisms, but these could provoke the disease in an acute form and cause death. The animals that survived after being infected with the indicated doses developed a comparatively good immunity. It is considered that the most appropriate dose of irradiation is 30 krad. 32 and 35 krad do not kill Babesiae; the parasites thus irradiated, however, cannot protect the animals at reinfection. It has been found that Babesiae irradiated at the rates of 40 and 450 krad do not cause an infection process, and at reinfection the animals respond almost in the same way as the controls.


[Comparative thin-layer chromatographic studies for determining phorate and fenthion].

Experiments were carried out to use thin-layer chromatography to determine pure substances of the organic phosphorous insecticides forat and phenothion. Three sorbents were employed to establish the most appropriate conditions for the application of a fast, readily applicably and highly sensitive method--silica gel G, DG and Kiselgur "Merk", as well as 14 mobile phases--monocompound (n-hexane, n-heptane, acetone benzol and toluol), double combinations (hexane-acetone 4:1, hexane-acetone 9:1, hexane-benzol 1:1, hexane-benzol 4:1, heptane-acetone 7:1, benzol-hexane 4:1, benzol-acetone 9:1, and petrolium ether-tetrachlormethane) and triple combinations (acetone-toluol-hexane 1:15 and 5 developers (a diazosalt, bromine vapours + diazosalt, palladium bichloride, bromphenol blue, and silver nitrate, sodium hydroxide, ammonia gas). Established was the fact that the best results are obtained with the use of silica gel G, the mobile phase heptan-acetone 7:1, and the developer of 0.2% solution of palladium bichloride in 0.5 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid. In chromatogrammes the forat compound appears as a tile red portion with a darker peripheral part and Rf = 0.61, and phenothion--in yellow, with a brownish halo and Rf = 0.41. The method is highly sensitive--for forat 0.5 microgram, and for phenothion 0.5 microgram. In determining these insecticides it is possible to use as a sorbent silica gel "Merk" 1:1 with the same degree of sensitivity, but with higher Rf values.


[Sources of microbial contamination in the production of veal].

Investigated was the microflora of various objects contributing to the contamination of veal during the process of its production. It was found that the main sources of primary contamination of the carcass surface with microorganisms are the hair coat, residual mud on the hoofs, intestinal contents of the calves for slaughter, the slaughter premise itself (walls, floor, air), tools used in slaughter (knives, axes for cutting open), clothing for work as well as the hands of the workers. The microbial contamination of the objects studied during work proved strong, in some cases the log value of the total count of organisms for some of them reaching up to 8.90, of the psychrophiles--up to 7.91, of the coliform bacteria--up to 7.04, of the moulds and yeasts--up to 6.08. Disinfection with 1 per cent water solution of Vosfasteril lowered the contamination of the objects studied by more than 99 per cent. The detergent used produced a high bactericidal effect and could successfully be employed at the meat producing enterprises throughout the country.


[Studies of the alkaline phosphatase in the sperm, testes and accessory sex glands of bulls].

Studied were the activity and properties of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the seminal plasma, spermatozoa washed with physiologic saline, testes, and accessory sexual glands of a bull. The AP activity was highest in the seminal plasma (2493.2 IU/l) and lowest in the Kupffer gland (257.3 IU/kg crude tissue, on an average). In washed spermatozoa it proved by 10 per cent lower than the activity in seminal plasma. At 56 degrees C as much as 60-80 per cent of the AP in the investigated materials was inactivated for 30 min. AP was shown to be inactivated strongly (up to 84-97 per cent) by urea (3.8 M). L-arginine (10(-2) M) and EDTA (10(-3) M) inactivated to an equal extent AP in all studied organs. L-phenylalanine inactivated AP weakly (13-15 per cent) in the testis and the epididymis, and more strongly (32-57 per cent) in the accessory glands and the plasma. Agar electrophoresis revealed three to four isoenzymes of AP in the seminal plasma, three isoenzymes in the testis and the epididymis, and two isoenzymes in the accessory sexual glands and in spermatozoa washed with physioogic saline.


[Hygienic studies of the manufacture of pasteurized and sterilized canned meat products].

Studied was microbiologically the hygiene condition of premises, equipment, glassware and containers, instruments and tools, raw meat, the hands of workers and work clothing, canned products prior to sterilization, and air along all technologic lines for the production of pasteurized and sterilized canned meat: In case of underestimating the measures of industrial hygiene. In case of permanent and severe control on the measures of industrial hygiene. Determined were the total counts of bacteria--of coliforms, Salmonellae, anaerobes and staphylococci. Results made it clear that the observation of hygiene along all technologic lines of production is an immediate task. Strictly observed hygiene in meat production has given very good results up to 90-100 per cent of the washings prove sterile. Experiments have pointed to the necessity of observing the measures of industrial hygiene that guarantee the high quality of canned meat.


[Ampicillin tolerance and content in the mammary gland of lactating cows and sheep].

Experiments were carried out with lactating cows and ewes consisting in the intramammary application of ampicillin-trihydrate with the use of syringe cannules, and with paraffin and vaselin as constituents. Cows were treated with 10 cm3 (500,000 IU) (in the respective quarter of the udder), and ewes--with one half of the syringe content. The milk of the treated animals was sampled prior to manipulation, at the 24th, the 48th, 72nd and 96th hour in order to follow up the time during which the antibiotic was retained in the milk as well as the changes in the cell content and the hydrogen ion concentration. It was found that ampicillin persisted in milk up to the 48th hour in therapeutic concentrations. At the 96th hour the milk proved free of the antibiotic in both cows and ewes and could be offered for consumption or technologic processing.


[Comparative test of the efficacy of babesicidal agents].

The effectiveness and the sterilizing capacity were tested of some chemotherapeutic means against Babesia, such as tripanblau, tripaflavin, acaprin, berenil, and pyrodia, using spontaneously affected animals as well as animals challenged with infectious blood. The efficacy of these means was evaluated on the basis of the term needed to lower the body temperature back to normal and the time for which the parasites disappear from the peripheral blood. The sterilizing capacity was demonstrated on healthy susceptible animals treated with blood taken from survivals that had been medically treated. The extent to which parasitamia had developed was read by means of a fast and approximately precise method. Berenil and pyrodia proved superior to the remaining agents--they were readily applicable and were tolerated by the animals: recovery set in within a short time; these means could attenuate the virulence, and in some cases could render the host sterile with regard to the parasite's presence. Best results were produced when etiotropic therapeutic means were applied (upon judgement) along with pathogenetic means.


[Use of a dual-frequency spectrophotometric method for determining the DNA content in the male sex cells of bulls, rams and boars].

Investigated were the absorption spectral curves of alkaline protein hydrolysates and DNA-extracts from bull, ram and boar spermatozoa employing the method of Schmidt-Tannhauser. It was established that the double-wave method could be used to determine the content of DNA in the investigated ejaculated at the following values of the two waves and coefficients: 268 nm and 280 nm; K = 1350 for ram spermatozoa, and 268 nm and 281 nm; K = 1175 for bull and boar spermatozoa. The evaluation of the quantitative content of DNA per spermatozoid of bull, ram and boar was also carried out, establishing that the figures obtained are approximately equal.


[Transmission of a delayed allergic reaction to Salmonella abortus-ovis via the blood plasma of gamma-irradiated guinea pigs].

Use was made of blood plasma taken from guinea pigs (sensibilized with a live culture of Salmonella abortus ovis and then irradiated wiht 800 rad gamma-rays) to transmit the skin allergy reaction to normal, nonsensibilized guinea pigs. The allergy reaction was demonstrated in the recipients of plasma as early as the 3-4th hour following the injection of the allergen into the skin. It reached its peak at the 12-24th hour and later on strongly diminished, remaining in few of the animals only up to the 48th hour. The infiltrate at the site of injection in the skin of positively reacting animals contained at the 24th hour cells of the polymorphonuclear type which predominated, while the cells of the mononuclear type were few in number. There were no precipitins in the plasma of the donors, and the titer of the agglutinins and the cytophile antibodies was very low. Regardless of these findings it was concluded that the transmitted allergy reaction was of the fast type (after Arthuss), and not of the delayed one.


[Endoscopic diagnosis of tumors of the esophagus].

The analysis of the data reported indicates that fibroesophagoscopy is a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer, which may be used both under stationary and outpatient conditions. The latter is of special importance for prophylactic examinations of high-risk group individuals. The possibility to establish histological and cytologic diagnosis by means of this method of investigation is essential for tactical aspects of the treatment in such patients. The use of roentgenological and endoscopic methods of study allows a more precise judgement to be formed as to the character of esophageal involvement.


[Cytological method in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer].

A correlation between the results, obtained in esophagofibroscopy, histological and cytological methods in establishing the diagnosis of esophageal cancer in 981 patients, has demonstrated that cytological method is a highly reliable one. The possibility to determine histological forms of esophageal tumor by means of cytological assay is shown.


[Nonspecific immunity in cancer of the internal organs and skin].

The authors studied comparatively a number of indices of nonspecific immune protection in 32 patients with paraneoplasia, in 34 patients with malignant (19) and benign (15) skin neoplasms, and also in 20 healthy persons. It has been found that in patients with paraneoplasias and skin cancer the most sensitive tests for decreased immune responses are as follows: qualitative and quantitative changes in the autoflora of non-involved skin covers, lysozyme titre and general bactericidity of blood serum. A progressive increase of dissemination of the skin cover against the background of the reduced lysozyme titre and general bactericidity of blood serum and also the appearance of C-reactive protein in serum render it reasonable to suspect malignant tumor process in patients suffering eczema, psoriasis and other skin lesions.


[Tumors in CBA line mice caused by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine].

Female CBA mice were treated weekly with subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine (8 mg/Kg b. w.) for 38--40 weeks. All animals but one developed tumors, mainly of the uterus, and region and intestine. Uterine tumors were most likely endometrial sarcomas, although myometrial and vascular components were also present. Large tumors of the anal region were squamous cell or baso-squamous carcinomata, while small growths were sebaceous adenomas or basal-cell tumors. 1.2-dimethylhydrazine appears to be a more multipotent carcinogen for mice than for the rat. Uterine sarcomas are of special interest in view of their rarity in mice.


[Protection of the mouse digestive tract from the toxic effect of cytosine-arabinoside].

Comparative experiments have demonstrated a qualitative difference of protective effects, observed in peroral application of 2'-desoxycytidine molecular solution and activated carbon suspension with 2'-desoxycytidine molecules adsorbed onto its particles with regard to the toxicity of intraperitoneal injections of cytosine arabinoside in female C57bl/6j mice. In contrast to 2'-deosyxycytidine molecular solution, which reduced all toxic manifestations and protected animals from death, the corpuscular form of the  protector only the toxic effect of the antimetabolite on the intestine without affecting other toxic manifestations, the inhibition of hemopoiesis in particular.


[X-ray diagnosis of parotid gland tumors (without contrasting)].

The clinico-roentgenological semiotics of neoplastic lesions of the parotid gland in 82 patients is described. In 51 of them mixed tumors were noted, adenomas, angiomas, lipomas - in 8, cancer, sarcoma, metastases - in 16, chronic parotitis simulating the tumor - in 7. Based on the conducted studies, it was found that this method, taking into account the clinical findings too, largely makes it possible (in 79 of 82 cases) to establish the differential diagnosis between different neoplastic processes and chronic parotitis.


[Frequency of malignant tumors in Khanty-Mansiysk].

The variation statistics method was used to study the incidence of malignant tumors in the region, which is found to be infavourable in terms of opisthordiasis according to the data of medical reports within a 10-year period. It was shown that 29.7% of the population there died due to primary neoplasms, 27.8% of tumors being hepatic cancer. The analysis of the morbidity among aboriginals and migrants during three decades indicated that khanty and mansi suffered primary hepatic cancer 3 times as seldom and died, on the average, 9 years of age older than persons of other nationalities.