Cytoenzymology of benign and malignant tumours of the corpus uteri. II. Lysosomal enzymes in relation to Golgi apparatus.

Cytological and cytochemical studies were carried out on benign and malignant tumours of the human corpus uteri. It was found that the Golgi complex was present in the form of granules of crescent-like structure. The elements of Golgi apparatus have two modes of distribution, the perinuclear and scattered types. The activity of acid phosphatase only which was located in the lysosomes had the same topographical configuration as Golgi apparatus. The degree of development of Golgi elements and the activity of both acid phosphatase and aryl sulphatase increased in malignant tumours as compared with benign tumours and normal tissues.


Seasonal histological changes in the gonads of two teleost fishes, Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) and Colisa fasciatus (Bloch. Schn.).

1. The reproductive cycle of the gonads of the Notopterus notopterus and Colisa fasciatus have been studied in the present account. 2. In the ovary of both the fishes same developmental stages have been observed. Ovarian cycle is distinguished in the 4 phases depending upon their changes in nucleus. Before spawning the enlargement of the ovary is due to the accumulation of the yolk in the egg. 3. Similar accounts of 4 important stages in the maturation of testis are given. A detailed description is given to gametogenesis in both species, and correspond closely with the macroscopic field stages. The tubules of testis in both the fishes are divided by the connective tissue strands. Spermatogonia present in these tubules play main part in spermatogenesis. 4. The spawning in both the fishes occurs during late May to August.


Ultrastructure of the C cells forming adenoma-like nodules of the thyroid in experimental hypervitaminosis A.

The degranulation of the C cells, their hypertrophy and hyperplasia leading to the formation adenoma-like nodules were observed under conditions of prolonged hypervitaminosis A which causes bone damage without associated hypercalcemia. These changes which are probably the morphologic manifestation of the increased requirement of the body for calcitonin, connected with the damage of the bone tissue seem to indicate  that calcitonin is an important factor essential for the protection of skeleton from its excessive mineralization.


[Histochemical study of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the medulla, bulb and in the central cerebellar nuclei of various vertebrates].

In this work we research into the GDH location of the spinal cord, in the medullar oblongata and in the central cerebellar nuclei of the rat, cat, dog, chicken, lizard (Lacerta lepida), and Toad (Bufo calamita). The GDH is located at the cytoplasm and at the neuronal prolongations, at oligodendrocytes cells, at Lecerta ependimary glial cells, and at the capillary walls.


[Biomathematical procedure for quantitative oscillation analysis].

In the first part of the paper oscillating phenomena are discussed which one can observe on different levels in anorganic and organic systems. This discussion will be performed from physical, biorhythmic, control, and general system theoretical point of view. Especially biorhythmic phenomena are taken into account by the stated classification scheme. In the second part four numerical procedures for biomathematical analysis of biorhythmic oscillations are explained. The analysis is understood as determination of the number of harmonic suboscillations which set up the whole process, and calculating the values of frequency, amplitude, and phase of these suboscillations. To perform the mentioned four numerical procedures computer programs are available which are written in ALGOL.


[Enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic studies on the problem of infiltrating (invasive) tumor growth. 2. Electron microscopic studies].

Tumour cells of 12 mammary carcinomas, 14 ovarian carcinomas, 10 malignant melanomas of the man and 24 transplantation tumours of rats were studied by the electron microscope in their relation to the surrounding tissue. On the contact surface between tumour cells (mammary carcinomas) and surrounding tissue a focal or extensive loss of the cell membranes in seen. This causes a release of cytoplasmic parts, especially of ribosome-like material. The adjacent connective tissue shows a splitting of the collagenous bundles and a fibrilloysis. In the infiltrated skeletal muscle (ransplantation tumours of rats) the tumour cells connect directly to the muscle cells. These are eroded showing ruptured fibres and loosened filaments and mitochondria, giving a moth eaten appearance. As a result of these findings we presume that the destruction of the tissue surrounding the tumour is mainly initiated by the tumour cells. For ovarian carcinomas and malignant melanomas (with few exceptions) there is no morphological sign for a specific enzymatic-lytic effect of the living tumour cells to the surrounding tissue. The findings are discussed in the aspect of the invasive tumour growth.


[Biostatical and biomathematical evaluation of morphometric data--illustrated on the example of the relationship between axon diameter and thickness of the myelin sheat. I. 1st data evaluation step: empiric regression].

Application of the biostatistical procedure of empirical regression on a first data processing stage is demonstrated by examples from morphometrical research concerning the connection between axon caliber and thickness of myelin sheat of nerve fibers. This mathematical kind of describing connections between continuous random variables offers advantages which are discussed under the aspects of information compressing, of automatic data processing, and of providing objective basis for the process of data handling and decision making of further evaluations.


[Linear relationship between body length and brain weight].

A total of 3406 brains were used to determine the relationship between length of body and weight of brain, which at a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.3 are not very close. Individual results are in good agreement with those reported in a similar paper by Polish authors. It is suggested that additional influential factors be included in such considerations.


[Studies of transketolase activity in the kidney and the ultrastructure of liver cells of the Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) on an energy rich, thiamine-free diet].

The liver cells of Rainbow trouts (Salmo Gairdneri) were examined with electron-microscopic methods. The animals were fed for 30, 60 or 100 days with a thiaminefree diet. After such a treatment, the mitochondria are swollen in the hepatocytes, the ER often is destroyed and there are large autophagosomes. The effects were the clearer the longer the time of thiaminefree feeding. The activity of transketolase (as an indicator for the supply with thiamine) in the kidney was decreased all the longer the time of thiaminefree feeding. These effects were significant.


[Myelinized oxytocinergic neurosecretory fibers in the region of the median eminence of the rat].

The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract of the rat passes the zona interna of the median eminence. The oxytocinergic fibres of this tract were demonstrated by their yellow secondary fluorescence using the pseudoisocyanine-technique. In the same area the staining for myelin sheats gives positive results. The electron microscopical analysis has shown, that nerve fibres containing neurophysin vesicles in the hypothalamo-neurophysial tract can be myelinated partially. The myelinated part of the fibre tract is localized between the caudal end of the optic chiasma and the proximal part of the infundibular stalk. In the infundibulum and in the neurohypophysis myelin sheats are lacking, but the preterminal part of the paraventriculo-neurohypophysical tract is myelinated partially. Concerning the functional significance of the myelin sheats of oxytocinergic fibres it is assumed that in the region of the median eminence a release of neurohormones is prevented.


[Quantitative analytical registration of body-length growth in man].

Measured values concerning the body hight growth process of male human beings, and reaching from praenatal to adult state are taken from anthropometric literature. After a discussion of the mathematical tools for description (differential equation, analytical function), and of the problems connected with subdividing the whole growth period in subsequent periods the results of numerical adjustments of growth functions to measured courses of these subperiods are presented. The obtained goodness of fit is excellent so that for the purpose of formal quantitative description of the whole growth process a set of mathematical functions is available. Each of these expressions is effective only in the time interval of the corresponding growth subperiod. This set of mathematical functions will provide a objective basis for further investigations, especially for comparisons between populations, and for a mathematical analysis of acceleration phenomena in development. In the last part of the paper a mathematical-phenomenological model for the growth process is sketched. The main features of this model consist in a subdividing of the whole process in growth parts with a biological meaning, and in a mathematical description of these parts which are mutually independent but superposing one with another. Therefore the number of growth parts and also of mathematical terms are determined by biological (theoretical or phenomenological) arguments. Now each of these calculated function terms is valid for the whole time intervals in which the body hight growth process performs. The entirety of all these terms gives a seamless steady description of the changes of the growth variable in time.


[Numerical procedure for the decomposition of biorhythmic processes into harmonic oscillating components].

A numerical procedure for decomposition of time series into inherent periodic nonstochastic components in form of harmonic oscillations will be explained. It is supposed that the rhythmic process is built up by these harmonic oscillating components and by a stochastic component. The procedure is a combination of Harmonic Analyses for intervals with different numbers of measured values with a significance test elaborated by R.A. Fisher for the greatest component in the spectrum. The parameter values of the harmonic oscillating components are elevated by the procedure, and the partial oscillations will be successively eliminated from the time series. The revelant application of Harmonic Analysis in any form on the one hand and of power spectra on the other will be discussed. Hints for an efficient combination of several numerical procedures are given for a decomposition of biorhythmic processes in harmonic oscillating components, and for the statistical significance of the decomposition.


Cytoenzymology of benign and malignant tumours of the corpus uteri. III. Alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase.

The localization and enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and leucine aminopeptidase were studied in normal menopausal corpus uterine tissues and its benign (fibromyoma and cellular fibromyoma) and malignant tumours (endometrium adenocarcinomata and spindle cell sarcoma). Alkaline phosphatase was localized in the cytoplasm and nuclear structures and showed the highest intense activity in well-differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma. Non-specific esterase was confined to the cytoplasm and was particularly marked in undifferentiated adenocarcinoma cells. Leucine aminopeptidase was considerably higher in spindle cell sarcoma than endometrium adenocarcinoma. Generally, the aforementioned enzymes were increased in neoplastic tumour tissues of the uterus than the homologous normal tissues.


Effect of estrogen on the melanin content of liver of toad (Bufo melanostictus).

Estrogen injection (1 microgram/g of body weight, single injection) reduced significantly the melanin content of liver of both male and female toads. Estrogen at the dose of 0.1 microgram/g did not cause any change in the amount of melanin in liver of toads. With higher doses of the hormone (2 microgram/g, single injection) the melanin content of liver tended to decrease further but the differences was not statistically significant in comparison with the results of injection of 1 microgram of estrogen per g of body weight. The reduction in the amount of melanin in liver of both male and female toads was noticed within 24 h of injection and was contained up to the 7th day of experiment. It was also found that the maximum fall in the amount of melanin in liver took place within 3 days.


[Biomathematical evaluation of morphometric data--presented illustrated on the example of the relationship between axon diameter and thickness of the myelin sheath. II. Nonlinear approximations].

After the process of measuring morphometrical characteristics performing empirical regressions as a first stage of data processing is treated in the foregoing part I of the paper. The morphometrical datas have to characterize a functional relationship between two variables X and Y, in the cases in question this is the connection between axon caliber and thickness of myelin sheat of nerve fibres. Based on the results of empirical regression the second data processing stage consists in performing nonlinear approximations of the measured courses by a suitable chosen mathematical function. For this purpose the generalized logistic function is chosen for a quantitative and qualitative description of the connection between axon caliber and myelin sheat thickness. The numerical procedure and the various possibilities of the ALGOL-program for performing the approximation task are sketched. The results of this second data processing stage are discussed under the aspects of information compressing, of automatic data processing, and of providing an objective basis for the further process of evaluation and interpretation.


[Anatomy of the upper and lower lips between the 4th intrauterine month and labor].

Report on the histological development of the lips between the 4th and 10th month of intrauterine life with a survey of the literature. It is proposed to classify the different segments of the lip into 5 zones: Pars cutanea--Pars glabra--Pars intermedia--Pars villosa--Pars mucosa. Special interest is given to the arising of the papillae which are first to be seen around the 4th month. From the 8th month forward, they become villi which rise above the surface of the epithelium. Due to proliferation of the epithelium there is found between the 4th and 7th month a torus at the end of the Pars Villosa which ought to be named "Torus labialis internus". Beside this a so called "Torus labialis externus" is described stipulating the typical doublelip of the newborn infant. The function of the villi is discussed in connection with the bloodvessels. Because of their number and location there is likely to be a swelling-function of the lips. Finally a case is presented dealing with a sebaceous gland in the Pars mucosa.


[Systematic value of the larval structure and details of postlarval morphogenesis in Bryozoa gymnolaemates].

Among the various species of Bryozoa Gymnolaemata, the larvae and their development were studied, comparing the larval structure and the evolution of their cellular categories during the post-larval morphogenesis the existence of nine well-defined larval types could be revealed. Cases of insufficiently described larvae are discussed. The present systematic of Bryozoa Gymnolaemata is compared with the classification of various larval types. For the major part of cases, each systematic family is marked by a precise type of larva; however there are some exceptions, especially in the ordre Ctenostomata. These discordances may suggest some rearrangements of the classification utilized at the present time.


[Carcinoma of the cervix, the distribution of stages from 1963 to 1976 in one hospital using the same diagnostic and therapeutic principles (author's transl)].

Advanced carcinomas of the cervix are today diagnosed in an earlier stage than previously. This phenomenon is not explained by preventive examinations. Apparently there are two different ways of avoiding the consequences of advanced carcinoma of the cervix. 1. Early diagnostic measures are expensive. This method promises the best results if it were possible to persuade those women who do not come for preventive examinations to present themselves. 2. A rising level of health consciousness is not directly related to actions by physicians. This avenue of avoiding advanced carcinoma of the cervix is however very promising. If the complex reasons for the favorable development of earlier diagnosis of invasive carcinoma of the cervix could be analyzed exactly, improvements could also be obtained through this second avenue.


[Trace-element concentration in the human placenta in a strong contaminated environment (author's transl)].

By means of NAA the content of trace elements in human placentae from a strong contaminated environment (Essen) was determinated and compared with former results from Bavaria. The data show highly significant elevation of the concentration of Cd, Cr, La and Br in Essen, which counts for the industrial waste of this region. In contrast the element As is highly increased in placentae from the rural Bavarian districts. This may be caused by the wide spread application of plant protective insecticides in the past.


[The biparietal fetal diameter during twin and normal pregnancy. An ultrasonographic comparison (author's transl)].

The growth of the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) of twins is compared with the BPD of the normal pregnancy during gestation. Until 26th week of gestation the growth curves of both groups are nearly identic. From the 28th week onwards the growth of the twins' BPD is remarkably less than in normal pregnancies. The difference in the 40th week is about 10 mm, it is statistically highly significant. In pregnancies of unknown duration the BPD should be measured early, i.e. before 28th-30th week with a control 4 weeks later. No twin pregnancy lasted until the 280th day post menstruationem. So in twin pregnancies the day of delivery should be determined to an earlier date, i.e. ca the 27th day post menstruationem.


[Late cervical pregnancy (author's transl)].

A cervical pregnancy which develops into the last trimester of gestation with a viable infant is a very dangerous and rare condition. A personal observation of such a case at 31 weeks gestation is added to the 8 cases known in the literature. Extreme dilatation of the cervical wall with extensive vascularization is typical for this condition associated with placenta increta or accreta. The uterine body tops the cervical pregnancy like a cap. Cesarean section followed by hysterectomy is the management of choice.


[Endometrioid carcinoma of the spinal canal (author's transl)].

A woman, born in 1923, suffered since menarche of pain of the vertebra and has had a headache during menstrual periods. 1963 she developed a transverse lesion of the cord with an incomplete paraplegia because of an endometriosis externa of spinal canal. After a 12 years symptomless interval, she complained again of a transverse lesion. Histological examination disclosed an endometrioid carcinoma with infiltration of vertebral bodies. The rare occurrence of malignant transformation in endometriotic tissue is pointed out.


[A comparative study of the suction and customary curettage methods in the termination of pregnancy (author's transl)].

90 hysteroscopies using CO2 were performed to evaluate differences in effectiveness between the customary curettage and the suction methods in terminating pregnancy during the first trimenon. Following suction, the uterine cavity was nearly always thoroughly evacuated. Very seldom is there any residual tissue seen. On the contrary, the uterine cavity following termination by customary curettage was almost never completely evacuated. Very often rest tissue of decidua, usually chorionic, in some cases with villous structures, were found. Tissue remnants following termination by either method were removed by target biopsy or curettage and examined histologically. Having made the above observations and comparison, it must be concluded that the suction method is clearly the more advantageous. If applied correctly, it becomes unnecessary to perform curettage right after the suction.


[First experiences with the Fischer-score for antepartal cardiotocograms (author's transl)].

1048 antepartal cardiotocogram of 230 pregnant women have been staged on the basis of the Fischer-Score published in April 1976. Their clinical and prognostical value has been evaluated. We compared this staging with other antepartal diagnostic parameters as there are: human-placental-lactogen, estriol and retrospectively the morphology of the placenta. Fischer-Score shows in 96,5% of all defined cases an exact and actual diagnosis of the fetal status. A Fischer-Score of 4 or less is not compatible with an improvement of the fetal status. Further stage of labour must be observed very carefully and preparations for caesarean section should be performed.


[The limits of tetracycline treatment in infections of the vagina (author's transl)].

The minimal inhibition concentration of Tetracycline was tested in 177 strains of gram positive and gram negative species of bacteria from the vagina which were found to be resistant to Tetracycline in the Agardiffusion Test. 170 of the 177 strains (96%) were inhibited with a Tetracycline concentration of 512 microgram/ml. Six Klebsiella-enterobacter strains and one proteus morgaini strain needed a minimal inhibition concentration of 1024 microgram/ml. For a successful local treatment of vaginitis by Tetracycline against species highly resistant to Tetracycline local Tetracycline levels of 1000 microgram/ml or better have to be obtained. Concomitant preventive treatment of fungi for instance, with amphotericin containing drugs such as mysteclin is indicated.


[Spontaneous vaginal delivery in a case of total placenta previa (author's transl)].

In a 26 year old gravida 2, Para O, Aborta 1, a total placenta previa was diagnosed at 30 weeks gestation in an ultrasound tomogram. A repeat ultrasound examination 9 weeks later showed no more placenta previa in front of the cervix. This was at first interpreted as a change in the site of the placenta during the pregnancy. During the spontaneous labour the contractions, fetal heart rate and the intermittent scalp pH were monitored. A spontaneous vertex presentation delivery of a normal infant through the placenta resulted. Microscopic examination of the placenta showed a central defect with wide marginal infarcts probably due to compression atrophy by the presenting part.


[Population problems of the present (author's transl)].

At present objective predications on the trend of the population development at give economic and social conditions are very difficult since neither the axiom to report the facts correctly nor the axiom of neutrality in reporting determine what should or should not be included into the description of a situation. Common expressions such as population politics, marriage fatigue, contraction of the birth rate, generative behavior, contraception, termination of pregnancies, birth corntol capitalist economic order are loaded with emotions and can therefore not be considered to be neutral determinants in the description. In the field of demography and sociology no exact methodology and theory comparable to the natural sciences is existent. The solution to the described problem is probably linked to the question whether increasing technology and increasing intricacy of the organizations and increasing productions are compatable with the improvement of individual life expression. Temporarily attention is diverted by theoretical fashion trends, however old interest in finding the truth is not eliminated and the realization that the wish for a scientific solution is not within the realm of possibility, leads to resignation. Clarification of the basic factors requires a lot of individual thought. Demography and sociology are in danger when the demographer and sociologic identify with a certain economic or sociologic system, since this threatens to eliminate logical thought. Divergent opinions are given factors in any demographic or sociologic problem and must be accepted although they should always be criticized.


[Clinical studies on analgesia in obstetrics using intravenous administration of droperidol and pethidin (author's transl)].

In 70 healthy women under labor, the clinical properties of the combination DHB (0,1 mg/kg) and Pethidin (0.4 mg/kg) was studied for analgesia purposes in obstetrics; on request, Pethidin was given repeatedly. The fallowing conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1. The recommended "analgesic mixture" of DHB and Pethidin i.v. in the above mentioned doses is usually without harm to mothers and fetuses or new born respectively. 2. The Pethidin dosage, used in this study, agrees with the doses, recommended in the literature (0,4 mg/kg/h). 3. There was no difference between I-para, II, III-para etc., as far as the Pethidin requirement are concerned. 4. The analgesic properties of the mixture, judged by using clinical criteria only, were not quite convincing. This may be due to an increase of the intensity of uterine contractions by the mixture itself.


[Experience with the trans-uterine tubal coagulation with high frequency current and the thermo method under hysteroscopic control (author's transl)].

With the aid of the carbon dioxide hysteroscope, 152 patients underwent transuterine tubal sterilization. 106 women had high frequency current coagulations of the tubes. At follow-up examinations 62 tubes were occluded and 30 showed a unilateral tubal occlusion. These results did not improve by using the thermo coagulation method since only 10 out of 24 patients showed bilateral tubal occlusion and two unilateral tubal occlusions. Up to 20 months following the transuterine tubal sterilization, 28 of the 152 women became pregnant. Of these, 16 became pregnant in spite of hysterosalpingographic evidence of bilateral tubal occlusion. Two patients required emegency laparotomies because of small bowel injuries. Within the coagulation times and temperature ranges used in this series, the results of trans-uterine tubal sterilization are unsatisfactory. It is possible that other types of hysteroscopic tubal sterilizations which are now being developed will be more successful.


Induction of thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants and single-strand breaks in the DNA of Chinese hamster ovary cells by 3H-thymidine.

Cultured Chinese hamster cells were labeled with 6-3H-thymidine or 5-methyl-3H-thymidine and allowed to accumulate damage from 3H decays for various periods of time while frozen. The frequencies of cells resistant to 6-thioguanine or ouabain and the amount of DNA damage (i.e., number of single-strand breaks) were determined and compared with the mutation frequencies resulting from X and ultraviolet light irradiation. Whereas 3H decays and X rays made only 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants, ultraviolet light made both 6-thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant mutants. 3H decays originating at the 6 position were two to three times as effective as decays at the 5-methyl position in making drug-resistant mutants, but decays at both sites were equally effective in making single-strand breaks. Mutants and strand breaks produced by beta irradiation of the nucleus probably are the same irrespective of the site of the decay in thymine; these results indicate that the local transmutation effects of 3H decay produce more mutations when they occur at the 6 position than at the 5-methyl position.


Adaptation at specific loci. I. Natural selection on phosphoglucose isomerase of Colias butterflies: Biochemical and population aspects.

Electrophoretic variants of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) in Colias butterflies have been studied from field and laboratory viewpoints. The transmission pattern is that of a dimeric enzyme controlled by one structural gene locus. Populations usually harbor four to six allelic mobility classes. These mobility classes are shared among species complexes, though their frequencies differ widely. Preliminary Ferguson plot analysis of the variants has been carried out. Purified preparations of Colias PGI alleles are more effective in standardizing Ferguson plots than heterologous proteins, such as ferritin. Variation of Ferguson plot parameters is not an infallible guide to electrophoretically "cryptic alleles," as one putative case proved to be due to nonallele-specific effects. S, M, and F mobility classes in two Colias semispecies show the same retardation coefficients in Ferguson plots. Adults early in the flight periods of their nonoverlapping generations show genotype frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but heterozygote excess develops as the insects age. Simple directional selection and large-scale population mixing are unlikely to be causes of this, although several other selection modes remain possible. Identical-by-descent lines of the four frequent-to-common alleles in C. eurytheme have been set up in culture, and enzyme has been purified from these for study of functional properties. Major differenecs in heat stability and in various kinetic parameters are found among the ten possible genotypes. In some cases, heterosis for kinetic parameters is seen; in other cases, opposing trends in kinetic function and heat stability create potential for net heterosis in function. Possible interpretations of these results in an adaptive metabolic context are discussed, and directions for further work are stated.


[Change in the radiosensitivity of chromosomes during the S-period in cells of regenerating rat liver].

Change in radiosensitivity of chromosomes in the course of the S-period and the degree of the post-irradiation inhibition of DNA synthesis in cells of regenerating rat liver is studied. The frequency of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations at 150-600 r doses was established to vary during the S-period, being the highest at the early stage of this period and the lowest at its late stage. The dependence of the frequency of initiation of chromosome aberrations on the radiation dose is the most conspicuous for cells irradiated in the beginning of the S-period, whereas in the end of the S-period no such dependency is observed. Besides, it is found that the irradiation of animals at 150-600 r doses results in the inhibition of DNA synthesis mainly in the end of the S-period. As it is shown by the comparison of the yield of chromosome aberrations to the inhibition of DNA synthesis, the yield of chromosome aberrations decreases in case of DNA synthesis suppression during the S-period.


[Age specificity of the effect of 5-bromdeoxyuridine on the differentiation and puff spectrum of the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila virilis Sturt. I. Relationship between the viability of individuals and induction of new puffs and the period of action of 5-bromdeoxyuridine].

5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) influences the differentiation of the imaginal discs, larval viability and the chromosome puffing throughout the larval development. The differentiation of imaginal discs is more sensitive during the early 3rd instar. "cryptocephal" phenocopy appeared if the larvae were reared in the BUdR medium till the late 2nd instar. 2nd and 3rd instars are critical for the larval viability. During the period of the middle 3rd instar BUdR induced the complete spectrum of the newly forming specific puffs.


[Stable inheritable increase in the level of cell mortality (experiments on Amoeba proteus exposed to heat and radiation)].

Amoeba proteus cultivated as individual lines qt 24 degrees C were exposed to heating at 29 degrees C during three days or to X-rays of 200 kv at a dose of 5 kh or to combination of both. The original method -- periodical resumption of individual lines from sister-cells -- was used to observe the offspring of amoebae during 8 months. It is found that not only radiation but slight heating as well induce unusual hereditary effect in amoebae: stable increase of cell mortality level. The effect was the same at combination of both radiation and heating. It is likely that radiation as well as temperature act on one and the same cell responsible system.


[Undifferentiated X-linked oligophrenias].

In the course of investigation of 262 families with non-differentiated forms of oligophrenias it is established that in 48 families (18.3%) mental deficiency in sibs is caused by pathological mutations in the X-chromosome. Besides, it is not excluded that in certain inbred families oligophrenia in female persons is also, due to mutations linked with X-chromosome. This is supported by the dependence established between the frequency of the cases of oligophrenia among female persons and the inbreeding coefficient for the X-linked loci. The possibility of manifestation of the recessive genes of oligophrenia linked with X-chromosomes in heterozygous state is discussed.


[Quantitative aspects of the formation of a half chromatid chiasma as an intermediate product of genetic recombination in bacteriophages].

Formal genetic consequences of generation and break-up of a half chromatid chiasma have been studied on the basis of a model with the symmetric exchange of two strands between parental DNA molecules. In recombination analysis, generation and break-up of this structure gives rise to a critical frequency R (zeta), which corresponds to recombination between two markers separated by a distance equal to the mean genetic length zeta of the hybrid region at the time of scission of the cross connection. The use of the distance zata as a natural unit of a genetic map is suggested. In the case of bacteriophage T4 under conditions of standard crosses the half chromatid chiasma is characterized by the value R (zata) equal to 3.0-10(-2), the structure acquiring with equal probability either of the two alternative isomeric configurations at the time of scission of the cross connection. About four per cent of the total number of mismatches as a result of break-up to the half chromatid chiasm were repaired.


[Survival of mutant clones. I. Qualitative analysis of the competition of 2 clones].

Effects which are not in fact connected with the selection or are connected with usual selection ("s" is constant) are errouneously described in some works on "randomly varying selection coefficient s" as specific ones. A model is suggested for the scription of the two clones competition in terms of matrix game theory. Using this model, gene-mutator was shown not to be selectively valid in the case when its activity is not controlled by genetic system.


[Survival of mutant clones. II. Majorant analysis of the fate of a mutant in a polymorphic colony].

Selection of mutants with small differences in selection coefficients was shown not to be essential for the clone evolution. A decrease in propagation is essential for surviving in inadeptive conditions, but this fact is an obstacle of the genetic adaptation.


Skeletal status in mentally retarded patients on anticonvulsive therapy.

X-ray densitometric measurement of radius mineral content and radiogrammetry of the cortical index of the second metacarpal were made on 644 institutionalized mentally retarded males and females, 224 of whom had received long-term anticonvulsant drug treatment. Analysis of variance of radius mineral content and metacarpal cortical index indicated that values for mentally retarded persons are not significantly different from the normal-for-age values. Radius density among anticonvulsant males, however, was significantly lower than that of non-anticonvulsant males in four out of five age groups. Among females the anticonvulsant patients were not significantly lower in radius density than the non-anticonvulsant females. Similar trends were evident in cortical indices of the second metacarpal: Two out of five age groups of anticonvulsant males were significantly lower than non-anticonvulsant males, while only one of five age groups of anticonvulsant females was significantly lower than non-anticonvulsant females. The effects of diphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital are similar in their adverse effects on bone growth and development.


Proteoglycan and collagen of "achondroplastic" (cn/cn) neonatal mouse cartilage.

Proteoglycans and collagen were analyzed in epiphyseal cartilage of 5 day old mice homozygous for the recessive gene, achondroplasia, and their normal littermates. No significant differences were observed in either hydroxyproline or hexosamine content. Extractable proteoglycans from control and mutant tissue were found to contain a similar distribution of aggregate and monomer. The component glycosaminoglycans were similar in size and composition. Collagen from both was identified as type II collagen. In addition, the collagen content of hind limb bones of 28 day dwarf mice was found to be similar to control amounts. These findings suggest that dwarfism in the cn/cn mouse is not associated with a defect in any of the major matrix constituents.


Correlation between maternal weight gain during gestation and fetal and placental growth in rats.

In rats, maternal weight gain during the later third of pregnancy was correlated with fetal body weight, brain weight and DNA content as well as placental weight near term. Fetal body and placental growth was unrelated to maternal weight increases during pregnancy. A significant inverse correlation between fetal brain DNA content and maternal weight gain was found. This was related to litter size since the smaller the litter size, the less the maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the greater the DNA content of the fetal brain. These data emphasize the importance of controlling for litter number in growth studies.


The effects of audiogenic stress on the growth of long bones in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus).

It has been demonstrated that experimentally induced cold stress produces a stunting effect in the limbs of rodents. Such an effect has also been reported for the dentition and limbs in response to other stressors (heat, cold). Recent research into the effects of various stressors on the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry demonstrated that general stress increases the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry in experimental animals. However, no increase in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of limb length was reported as a response of general stress. In the light of such studies the present research investigates the relationship between stress and the mass per unit length of limbs. The stressor chosen for the present study was audiogenic stress as it has been demonstrated to induce the general stress syndrome and also increase the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry. Audiogenic stress is found to produce increases in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry of the mass per unit length of long bones in the laboratory rat. Also the absolute values of long bone length and mass per unit length are significantly smaller in stressed animals when compared with controls. The relationship between the stress induced stunting of linear dimensions and the increase in the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is discussed.


Molar polymorphisms and the timing of dentition mineralization.

The chronological age, skeletal age, and morphological age at the time of mineralization of 14 stages of the permanent teeth of 121 boys and 111 girls of the serial experimental sample of the Burlington Growth Centre were contrasted according to whether or not the children had 4- or 5-cusped mandibular permanent first molars, and whether or not they had agenesis of one or more third molars. In the boys with 4-cusped mandibular first molars, the mineralization of the teeth occurred at significantly earlier chronological and skeletal ages when they were significantly shorter in stature. Tooth mineralization was not consistently earlier in the girls with 4-cusped molars, but these girls tended to be taller and heavier than those with 5-cusped molars. In contrast, in both sexes with agenesis of third molars, the mineralization of the teeth was significantly delayed according to chronological, skeletal and morphological evaluation. The change in timing of mineralization was greatest for the second premolars and second molars, and least for the first molars.


Modulation of lipids in the chick liver by "hypophysectomy" and replacement.

The effect of "hypophysectomy" by means of surgical decapitation upon total lipids in developing chick embryo liver has been studied from 10.5 to 18.5 days of incubation. "Hypophysectomy" results in subnormal levels of hepatic lipid per whole liver throughout this period. Data expressed as mg lipid per 100 mg liver corrected wet weight also results in decreased liver lipid concentrations after day 14.5. In "hypophysectomized" embryos bearing pituitary transplants, liver total lipid amounts and concentrations are significantly increased toward normal values. The possible role(s) of the pituitary in the control of embryonic liver lipid metabolism is discussed.


Alaskan Malamute chondrodysplasia III. Connective tissue of bone.

The dwarf Alaskan Malamute was compared in these studies with normal Alaskan Malamutes of the same age with regard to collagen and mucopolysaccharide components of the bone. The hydroxyproline concentration of bone segments was normal in most instances, whereas, the hexosamine concentration was increased (P less than .05) in distal segments. Alterations in amounts of collagen soluble in neutral salt, dilute acid and 5 M guanidine hydrochloride were observed and these were related to changes in subunits found following chromatography on carboxymethyl (CM) cellulose. The presence of an increased keratosulfate fraction in dwarf Alaskan Malamutes was consistent with an apparent delayed bone ossification process. These changes in the connective tissue moieties may account for the gross morphology with respect to the bowed legs. The primary cause for these changes has not yet been determined but alterations in factors related to processes of normal development in bone are suggested. The present observations tend to support the hypothesis that the changes in the bone are secondary to some other primary metabolic defect.


Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia IV. Concentrations of zinc, copper and iron in various tissues.

Trace mineral concentrations in various tissues of the chondrodysplastic (dwarf) Alaskan Malamute are remarkably different as compared to normal. The zinc level in heart tissue was depressed in dwarf animals (26 weeks). Copper concentration in the liver is elevated two to four fold in 26 week old dwarf animals and iron levels are significantly elevated in kidney, liver and pancreas of these animals. These observations suggest that the dwarf Alaskan Malamutes suffer from a genetic defect in trace mineral metabolism. If this is the case, then many of the skeletal lesions reported for these animals may be attributed to disorders in either zinc or copper metabolism.


Effect of dietary restrictions and source of rats on growth rate and efficiency of conversion of food into muscles, bones and organs.

Differences in weight of the body, six different skeletal muscles, epididymal fat pads, three different bones, spleen, heart, kidneys, testes and liver were observed in 21-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats from two different suppliers. All rats were pair-fed a 10% casein diet ad libitum, 10%, 20%, 30% restricted for 4 or 8 weeks. Original body and tissue weight differences between the two strains of rats were maintained in all diets during the 4 and 8 week feeding periods. Trends in body and tissue weight changes due to dietary restriction were similar in both strains of rats. Diet restrictions for 4 or 8 weeks caused similar patterns of weight decrease in most tissues. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) was reduced significantly at the 20% and 30% restriction for 4 weeks only in the lighter strain of rats. FER was higher in the heavier strain than in the lighter strain of rats at all levels of diet restriction. Food conversion efficiency with reduced food intake was constant or decreased depending on the skeletal muscle studied; decreased significantly for epididymal fat pad, bone weight (one strain only), kidneys and liver (one strain only) with the 30% reduced diet for 4 weeks; and increased for bone length and testes weight. Therefore, significant deviations from ad libitum controls were found only at 30% diet restriction, and the wide differences in body and tissue weight of two strains of Sprague-Dawley rats did not affect the interpretation of results when fed the same restricted diets.


Generation of coagulation factors V, XI, and XII by the isolated rat liver.

When isolated rat livers were perfused with platelet-free erythrocytes suspended in Tyrode's solution containing 6% bovine serum albumin, the generation of factors V, XI, and XII was clearly demonstrable. On average, after 5 h of perfusion of a single liver, the concentrations in the perfusate (as a percentage of normal rat plasma) were about 6% for factor V, 8% for factor XI, and 5% for factor XII, compared with 20% for factor VII, which was used as the reference standard. When two livers were perfused, approximately twice these concentrations were achieved. When the properties of these factors in perfusate and plasma were compared, they agreed well except for differences in the celite adsorbability of factors XI and XII.


Effect of hypovolemic shock on the generalized Shwartzman reaction.

The generalized Shwartzman reaction was produced in rabbits by two intravenous injections of endotoxin given 20-22 h apart. Prior to the second injection of endotoxin, the animals were made hypovolemic by removal of 40% blood volume or reduction of the systolic pressure to 70% of normal whichever came first. This blood removal produced a persistent hypotensive episode. 8/9 rabbits made hypotensive in this manner had evidence of glomerular capillary thrombi compared to 8/8 in a group that did not have blood removed. It is concluded that hypovolemic shock of this magnitude does not prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction.


Low dose heparin in major surgery: clinical relevance of plasma heparin concentrations.

56 patients undergoing elective major surgery received low dose heparin prophylaxis, 5,000 IU 2 h before surgery and every 8 h for 7 days. The patients were tested by the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test, which, if positive, was controlled by venography. The heparin concentrations were measured by the method of DENSON and BONNAR and by the chromogenic method of TEIEN et al. in blood samples drained immediately before and after surgery and on the 1st and 5th postoperative day 2 and 4h after the injection of heparin. The values were found higher when estimated by the method of DENSON and BONNAR than by the chromogenic method. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) developed in 11 patients, and in 10 of them within the first 48 after the operative procedure, in 1 after 4 days. The preoperative values were not lower in the patients who developed DVT, and the heparin concentrations found on the 1st and 5th postoperative day were at the same level as in those who did not develop DVT.


The stiff proximal interphalangeal joint.

The anatomical factors causing stiffness at the proximal interphalangeal joint are considered, a rational approach to the surgical treatment is proposed, and the results in thirty joints are presented.


Swan neck deformity in rheumatoid arthritis of the hand.

Swan neck deformity is not a single entity. Significantly different types of swan neck deformity are found, each demanding careful clinical evaluation and specialised treatment. This paper discusses the pathomechanics of swan neck deformity and presents a classification upon which rational treatment can be based. The surgical treatment of each variant is briefly outlined.


Arthritis of the trapezial articulations treated by prosthetic replacement.

This paper reviews experience with thirty-six trapezial replacements over a period of six years. The indications for replacement are given, the group of patients analysed and the technique outlined, with particular attention given to tendinous reinforcement of the capsular repair. The results with regard to pain, dislocation and other complications are recorded. The causes of dislocation and its prevention are discussed.


Interposition arthroplasty of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb.

Nine patients with osteoarthrosis of the carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb were treated surgically with the metacarpo-trapezial silicone rubber prosthesis designed by Kessler. Patients with pantrapezoidal changes were specifically excluded. All patients at follow-up had chronic synovitis and in five the prosthesis was dislocated. In three patients who had revision operations the previously inserted prostheses were found to be badly torn.


Hand assessment--a realistic reappraisal.

In order to evaluate surgical procedures practised on the rheumatoid hand, assessment of hand function, both before and after surgery, must be made on a practical basis rather than a mathematical one.


Strength of human pulleys.

The length, breaking stength, and tensile strength of each of the annular fibroosseous pulleys of digital flexor sheath in ten fresh human cadaver specimens were measured. The first annular pulley and the fourth annular pulley were found to be the strongest, while the second annular pulley was the weakest. The design of artificial pulleys should reproduce the strength of the first annular and fourth annular pulleys. Suggested minimum requirements for the breaking strength of artificial implant pulleys may be made based on these studies.


The place of peripheral nerve blocks in reconstructive hand surgery.

Seventy reconstfuctive operations on the hand were done with the patient's full co-operation during the procedure. Anaesthesia was provided by a peripheral nerve block at the level of the wrist or the metacarpo-phalangeal joint. This technique enabled the surgeon to estimate the required extent of such operations as tenolysis, arthrolysis, arthroplasty, and tendon graft. It also helped the patient to appreciate the movement he could achieve post-operatively.


Delayed rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon following closed injury.

Closed rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon is most often seen following lower radial fractures, but is uncommon in the absence of fracture. Redden has recently described rupture following rotational injury of the forearm. I wish to record three cases of closed delayed rupture following direct injury to the area of the tendon.


Congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the hand.

A case of congenital dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is presented. It was treated by local radical surgical excision, the function of the hand remaining normal. Six months post operatively the child is in excellent health, and there are no signs of recurrence.


False aneurysm of the digital artery.

A case of false aneurysm of the digital artery is described. To the best of our knowledge it is the first reported case of false aneurysm involving the thumb. The aetiological factors which are usually responsible for the development of a false aneurysm are briefly discussed. The most common factor seems to be a direct injury of the arterial wall by a sharp tool and continuing flow of the blood in the artery. Although the fingers are commonly exposed to injuries with sharp tools, development of a false aneurysm in them seems to be extremely rare.


Cigarette smoking: impairment of digital blood flow and wound healing in the hand.

Smoking a single cigarette can reduce digital blood flow. Sarin (1974) showed a 42% reduction in digital blood flow in his series, and other investigators have shown similar findings (Ludbrook 1974, Rottenstein 1960). The focus of this paper is on the pharmacological effects of the various components of cigarette smoke and their potentials effects on wound healing in the hand. A case is described to illustrate the effect of stopping smoking upon a non-healing fingertip ulcer.


[Failures and complications in vascular microsurgery].

Intraoperative and postoperative complications in the field of microvascular surgery are summarised. Some of them are discussed in detail (confusion of vessels, anastomosis under tension etc.), and precautions are outlined to avoid these complications. Failures can result from wrong indications, from incorrect technique of operation or from incorrect postoperative care.


[Complications in the replantation of amputated digits].

The reason for thrombosis in replantation is very often the injured intima of the vessel ends. The vessel ends should be excised until absolutely normal tissue is reached. In many cases of oblique cutting, avulsion or crushing it is then difficult or impossible to approximate the ends and venous grafts are employed to avoid undue skeletal shortening.


[Problems in replantation surgery].

The development of replantation centres presents problems with respect to availability of operating rooms and staff. Attention must be paid to improving facilities at such centres but care is required in selecting cases suitable for replantation. This involves consideration of distance between the patient and the centre, the level of amputation and the condition of the patient and the amputated part. Furthermore, age, occupation, pre-existing disease and concomitant injury must be taken into account. This not only will make inappropriate replantation of a single digit because of resultant impairment of the entire hand seldom but the problems of staffing and accommodation will also be minimized by correct decision.


[Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the hand].

Between 1967 and 1976, 269 tumors of the hand were treated. Among the 56 epithelial tumors the malignant ones played the dominant role whereas they are seldom found in those of soft tissue and osseous skeleton. From the tumors of the hand the "tumorlike lesions" have to be separed according to the recommendations of the World Health Organisation in 1969. In the epithelium the most frequent ones are the verruca vulgaris, the verruca plana, the atheroma, the molluscum contagiosum and the mucoid epithelial cyst. In the soft tissues most common are ganglion, traumatic neuroma, nodular tenosynovitis, giant cell tumor of synovium, hygroma, foreign body granuloma and other inflammatory or metabolic alterations, as for example on the basis of degenerative arthritis or primary chronic polyarthritis. Dupuytren's contracture and keloid are also considered "tumorlike lesions" within the frame of fibromatosis. The osseous skeleton is included in the so-called solitary bone cysts.


[Central action of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives (9). Effects of intracerebral administration of metaraminol on brain monoamine in mice (author's transl)].

Effects of intracerebral (i.c.) administration of metaraminol (MA) on brain monoamine in mice were studied. The results were as follows: MA, dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were separated with phosphate buffer using a phosphorylated cellulose column (1X11 cm, 9 ml, Lot No. 2809). When MA was i.c. injected into mice, fluorescence of MA at 275/305 nm decreased in proportion to the time course and remained even at 12 hr after injection. Thirty min after MA in doses of either 40 or 80 microgram, a significant decrease of DA as compared with that of saline-treated group occurred and MA, in doses of 40, 80 and 160 microgram produced a significant decrease of NA and 5-HT. Thirty min after 160 microgram of MA, there was no significant difference in DA. Three hr after MA, DA levels significantly decreased, and 168 hr after were restored to the levels of the saline-treated group. Thirty min after MA, NA and 5-HT signficantly decreased compared with those of the saline-treated group and recovery took place 48 hr and 168 hr after respectively. It was concluded that MA depletes not only NA but also DA and 5-HT in the mouse brain.


[Pharmacological studies on diuretics  (8). Diuretic activity and mechanism of action of a new hypotensive diuretic, SE-1520 (author's transl)].

Effects of SE-1520 were compared with those of thiazide diuretics, hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and trichlormethiazide (TCM) in rats and dogs. SE-1520 in an oral dose of 0.1 approximately 10.0 mg/kg resulted in a strong and dose-dependent increase in urine volume as well as in the urinary excretion of Na+ and Cl-, while that of K+ significantly increased with an oral dose over 3.0 mg/kg. In experimental acidotic, alkalotic, nephritic and spontaneously hypertensive rats, almost the same strong natriuretic activity seen in normal rats was observed with SE-1520. The diuretic potency of these three diuretics in rats was MCT greater than or equal to SE-1520 greater than HCT. SE-1520 also exhibited a strong diuretic activity in dogs. In the renal clearance test of dogs, SE-1520 0.1 approximately 1.0 mg/kg i.v. did not influence the renal plasma flow (RPF) or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The renal tubular Na+ reabsorption rate decreased by a maximum of 2.11% and the urinary Na+ excretion increased by 15.3 times the normal level 20 min after the injection of SE-1520 in a dose of 1.0 mg/kg i.v. From the results of clearance test and stop flow test in dogs, the site of action of SE-1520 was observed to be mainly in the distal tubules.


Competition for meat between chimpanzees and baboons of the Gombe National Park.

Both chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio anubis) at the Gombe National Park in Western Tanzania are know to catch and eat meat. There are five occasions recorded when chimpanzees were seen to seize prey from baboons and five other occasions when there was evidence strongly suggesting that an appropriation had taken place. This paper describes these observations.


Status interactions of captive female lowland gorillas.

Agonistic interactions and incentive competition data were examined both under paired confrontations and during a 2-month group living situation. These preliminary data suggest the presence of interactions which may be operationally described as a quasilinear dominance structure for female gorillas. Particular rankings appear to be sensitive to the total social situation and change to readapt to modifications induced in the social environment. These findings are hypothesized to reflect the overall adaptation of  this species in terms of spatial deployment, other signaling systems and the physical characteristics of the animals. Priority to incentives was found to be a valid measure of assertion and competitive success, and appears to be only indirectly related to other motivational states.


Dental variation in early eocene Teilhardinal belgica, with notes on the anterior dentition of some early tarsiiformes.

Statistical analysis of dental variation in specimens currently placed in Teilhardina belgica from the Belgian locality of Dormaal suggests that these specimens probably represent no more than a single biological species. Within this species sample, most specimens have an alveolus for 'P1' (or the anterior root of P2), but one specimen clearly lacks this alveolus. In the type specimen of Teilhardina belgica, the alveolus for the lower central incisor was only slightly larger than that for I2, a similarity to some other omomyids. The similarities shared by Teilhardina and Eocene Adapidae all appear to be retentions of primitive primate morphology, and thus they do not necessarily indicate any close relationship of early Omomyidae and Adapidae.


[New studies and considerations on the pathology of the primate skull. A contribution to the "Gundu" problem].

The problem of 'Gundu' in primates is discussed. Cases of so-called 'Gundu' in the literature, two cases in Gorilla and one in Lagothrix, are dealt with. Histological and X-ray techniques are used. One case (Lagothrix) represents the so-called simian bone disease, which is metabolic disorder and is due to a secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism. The other two cases (Gorilla) show symmetrical bony tumors of the maxilla. The origin  is uncertain. Gundu, Paget's disease and primary hyperparathyroidism Recklinghausen have not been observed  in primates so far.


A new Arican miocene gibbon-like genus, Dendropithecus (hominoidea, primates) with distinctive postcranial adaptations: its significance to origin of hylobatidae.

The small, common apes of the Miocene deposits of East Africa previously assigned to two species of one genus, Limnopithecus, have been shown to differ at the generic level in both dental and postcranial features. The prior and smaller of the two species (the genotype of Limnopithecus) somewhat resembles in dental morphology African dryopithecines of subgenus Proconsul, while the larger and later described species more nearly resembles European Pliopithecus in dental details but is strikingly different from the latter in comparable postcranial bones. A new genus, Dendropithecus, is here proposed for Limnopithecus macinnesi Clark and Leakey, 1950. Numerous associated postcranial bones and dentitions of Dendropithecus macinnesi were found in a block of red limestone by L.S.B. Leakey in 1948 on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. These bones make it one of the best known Miocene apes and show clearly that it had advanced away from other Miocene apes in its higher degree of development of suspensory or arm swinging postcranial adaptations. Thus, among known Miocene ape species it has the greatest demonstrated potential to be near the line of ancestry of the modern gibbon and siamang.


Nest and home.

A nest as a rather loose construction of plant material, as it is used by most birds and some of the lowest primates, never serves as a goal of flight, very rarely as a sleeping place but mainly as a support for the offspring. A home, however, as used by many nonprimate mammals and other vertebrates, is a solid construction or an excavation in a solid material (tree hole, burrow, etc.) which serves principally as a goal of flight in case of danger, also as a sleeping place and temporarily as a nest, that is a fix-point for raising the young. In the phylogeny of primates the nest has been given up very early. The sleeping nest of pongids has nothing to do with it. Whereas the most primitive primates using nests transport their young with the mouth, in all other primates the young has to grasp actively the mother's (parent's) hair to be tranported. When the hair disappeared phylogenetically, technical devices came into use.


Chimpanzee simian-type blood groups: reproducibility of formerly described antisera and demonstration of new blood groups Oc and Pc1.

A chimpanzee of simian-type blood groups V.A, cef, G, H, L was isoimmunized with the red cells of another chimpanzee of simian-type V.B, cef, G, H, 1 in order to obtain antibodies of specificity anti-Bc, originally produced in another chimpanzee in 1964. In addition to the desired anti-Bc, the immunized chimpanzee produced also three other antibodies; anti-Yc cross-reactive with chimpanzee red cells of the simian-type Bc and/or Dc, a potent cold autoantibody reactive for red cells of all chimpanzees tested, and 'new' antibodies anti-Oc and anti-Pc. This study confirms the reproducibility of results obtained over a period of 13 years.


[Possibilities and limitations of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of uterine neoplasms].

The use of hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of corpus neoplasma has its limitations. In 180 cases with suspected neoplasma or with an unknown localisation of a corpus neoplasma, identification by histology and hysteroscopy was performed. The results lead to the conclusion that the CO2-hysteroscopy is a valuable additional method in single cases. As an endoscopic method however, it cannot replace the sample of cell material and histologic preparation. Hysteroscopy might be of clinical value not only for the localization of a tumor with reoccurring bleeding after a negative curettage, but also to evaluate the extent of a malignant tumor. However, this method takes too much time for it to be recommended as a screening method.


[Comparison between frozen section histology and touch cytology of the breast].

Tissue biopsies of the breast with and without carcinomas were examined simultaneously by intraoperative histology and imprint cytology. In 95 per cent of the cases there was a good correlation between the histologic and cytologic diagnoses. The reliability of imprint cytology was tested in some complicated cases such as proliferating fibroadenomas, pseudoinvasive adenosis and carcinomas. In 20,2 per cent of the cases with carcinoma, the tumor cells showed peculiar intracytoplasmic inclusions, whereas such inclusions were found only in 0,43 per cent of the biopsies of mammas without carcinoma. Their morphological variations and the histochemical pattern are discussed. The results have demonstrated that simultaneous cytologic examination of unfixed mamma biopsies can be a good screening method and that the intracytoplasmic inclusions may be an especially helpful histopathologic feature in the diagnosis of breast cancer.


[Obstetric results and problems after induction of ovulation].

Ovulation induction has been used regularly in our department for several years to treat functional sterility. 4. various preparations and methods have been applied. The success rate is 31.3%. Altogether there have been 400 pregnancies, 274 of them have come to term, 126 patients are still pregnant. In 50% of the cases the pregnancy was uncomplicated and in 48.7% labour was normal. The number of abortions and premature labour is high and the prophylactic gestagene therapy has been successful in protecting the pregnancy. There have been more pathologies during labour, so the frequency of interventions is higher. The perinatal mortality of the mature newborn is 2.3%, but the perinatal mortality in premature labour is very high (14.7%). The total perinatal loss is 9.8%. The frequency of malformations is not higher as was previously suspected.


[The validity of HPL-determinations in prolonged pregnancy].

Till now there is no unequivocal diagnostic tool for the discovery of prolonged pregnancy. Therefore the present study was performed to evaluate whether HPL-values correlate with the presence of postmaturity syndrome in coherence with other known symptoms. 86 cases, partly with signs of postmaturity (n = 12), partly without such signs (n = 74), were compared with a non-postmature group. In prolonged pregnancy HPL-values were distinctly lower than at term. The more severe the condition, the lower were the HPL-values. There was a significant incidence of higher rates of meconium stained amniotic fluid beyond 42 weeks of gestation. After careful delivery the babies were generally in good condition. There was a slight shift to lower Apgar-values, but base excess and actual pH were found to be normal in umbilical artery. Birth-weights of the postmature infants did not show any differences to those born at term.


[Idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis].

The prognostic features of the disease are summed up. The leading symptom of the disease is the dyspnoe followed by a dry hacking cough, loss of weight and fever. Clinically we find rales, cyanosis clubbing and signs of right heart insufficiency. Lung function data point to a decreased vital capacity and diffusing capacity; residual volume and functional residual capacity are about normal. Corticosteroid monotherapy is not an efficient treatment. The combination of prednisolon + azathioprine improves vital capacity but not working capacity. Prednisolone and d-penicillamine improve all parameters including working capacity. This can be enhanced by still adding azathioprine or cyclophosphamide to prednisolone and d-penicillamine.


[Contoursonagraphic analysis of heart sound phenomena and sounds produced by various heart valve prostheses].

The normal heart sounds, murmurs, opening and closing sounds of aortic and mitral valve prostheses were recorded on a tape and analyzed in terms of contour sonagrams in order to obtain the highest frequencies which were recordable on the chest wall. The peak frequencies showed a broad range, the maximum beeing reached at about 8000 c.p.s. in the case of the sounds of prosthetic valves. Furthermore, sound level examinations of the normal first and second heart sound, as well as of the opening and closing sounds of the aortic valve prostheses were performed. The highest sound level of all of these sounds was found to lie within the low frequency range of 40 to 100 c.p.s.


[Modification of the plasmatic blood coagulation system by normal and leukemic leukocytes].

Homogenates of leukocytes of normal persons and of patients with acute and chronic leukemias have a weak tissue factor activity. The recalcification time is prolonged and the prothrombin consumption decreased, however, upon addition of these cell homogenates to the test mixture. The inhibition of the clotting is due to an antithrombin activity in the leukocytes. Massive cell destruction in chronic leukemias does not lead to a consumption coagulopathy. In acute leukemias a consumption coagulopathy following cell destruction is not uncommon.


[Frequency and distribution of risk factors in hearing loss].

In 45 patients with hearing loss we found metabolic and other "risk factors" above average. In 96% of those patients there was one "risk factor" at least. Latent (63.8%) or manifest diabetes (6.6%) was most frequent. Hyperuricemia was observed in 35.9% and hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa/IIb or IV in 24.2%. Non-metabolic risk factors (overweight, elevated blood pressure, smoking, stress) were found in 80% of the patients. It seems possible and more likely that hearing loss is caused by "risk factors" and consecutive vascular complications of the inner ear than by neurologic or orthopedic diseases. The diagnosis "hearing loss" should motivate the otologist to look for "risk factors" by interdisciplinary cooperation.


[Biologic availability and "1st pass" effect of drugs].

Bioavailability and "first pass"-effect are of increasing importance in Clinical Pharmacology. Bioavailability is the rate and above all the extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation. Reduced bioavailability may result from the physico-chemical properties of the drug, its solubility in the intestinal tract and its ability to permeate the gut wall. Reduced bioavailability may also result from a "first pass"-effect if the drug is metabolized during absorption by the enteral mucosa or during its first liver passage. Some conclusions may be drawn which are of importance for the clinic and pharmacy from the presented empirical and theoretical examples.


[Monoglyceride lipase. A new diagnostic liver and thrombocyte enzyme].

Monoglyceride hydrolase can be found in blood bound to thrombocytes or as free enzyme after the injection of heparin. Measurement can be performed easily with a new photometric method. The post-heparin activity is decreased in liver disease. This is probably due to the fact, that monoglyceride hydrolase is liberated from the liver's vessels.


[Therapy of hepatic insufficiency].

Hepatic insufficiency is generally caused by active liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension. The final stage is the exogenous hepatic coma. Much rarer is the endogenous hepatic coma caused by fulminant acute hepatitis or severe intoxications. In the treatment of hepatic insufficiency it is first necessary to eliminate all exacerbating factors such as too high protein-intake, gastrointestinal bleedings, abuse of alcohol and diuretics. Because hepatic encephalopathy is mainly produced by toxic intestinal protein metabolites no protein should be adminstered at the beginining of the disease. The production of toxic protein metabolites in the gut can be diminished as well by enemas with sodium acetate buffer (pH 4, 5) as by neomycin (6-8 gm daily). Because long-term treatment with neomycin reduces also the physiological intestinal bacteria combination with lactulose (70-100 gm daily) is better. Treatment with lactulose reduces not only significantly hyperammoniemia but also increases serum phenols. The same effect have so-called ammonia reducing amino acids such as arginine, ornithine and glutamic acid. In endogenous hepatic coma blood exchange transfusions, liver perfusions and charcoal perfusions are necessary. Nevertheless, the prognosis of hepatic insufficiency caused by fulminant hepatitis is very poor in the final stage of the disease. Therefore early diagnosis and treatment in special departments with intensive care is necessary.


[Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and therapy in general practice].

Acute pancreatitis is a frequently serious abdominal condition. The cause remains unknown. Biliary tract diseases as well as alcohol are the most important etiological factors. Diagnostic measures, of help in the emergency situation, differential diagnosis and therapeutic procedures, which can be initiated in general practice, are discussed.


[Traveler's diarrhea].

Travellers' diarrhea afflicts up to 50 percent of tourists in certain geographic regions. It is a syndrome caused by a variety of pathogens, the most common of which is enterotoxigenic E. coli. Other responsible pathogens include salmonellae, shigellae, Entamoeba histolytica, Yersinia enterocolitica, Giardia lamblia and virus-like agents, seldom vibrios. Symptoms persist for only a few days and are only serious in 1/5 of the cases.


[The current state of autogenic training].

First some methodical peculiarities of autogenic training are described, insisting specially on the "basic exercises of autogenic training", pointing out their advantages. Then the increasing importance of autogenic training for children is stressed, showing several variations in the practice of it. The very great importance of the psychohygienic dimension of autogenic training is pointed out showing how this method may substantially contribute to the reduction of costs in medical treatment. Finally the connection of autogenic states producing methods, like autogenic training and graduated active hypnosis, is described and the advantages of such a double-track psychotherapy are shown. Adequately used the method may contribute to a shortening of the treatment with a corresponding lowering of costs, without at least hindering the depth of analysis.


[From phlebothrombosis to the postthrombotic syndrome].

The same pathomechanism causes both thrombosis of the superficial and deep veins. For practical purposes one may separate phlebothrombosis of bed-patients and that of out-patients. Superficial phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis of the out-patients heal in shorter time by compression according to Heinrich Fisher. Patients should not be immobilized. Phlebothrombosis of the bed-patient should be reserved to clinical therapy including fibrinolysis, thrombectomy and anticoagulants. The post-thrombotic syndrome is treated usually by the practitioner. Treatment first has to activate drainage by lymphatic vessels and by paravenous tissue. Correct compression will improve circulation of fluid from tissue to capillaries. When balance is achieved, further physical measurements will be of help.


[Surgical treatment of acute deep leg and pelvic vein trombosis].

In the last 3 years 93 cases of iliofermoral trombosis were treated by surgery. We prefer the method used by Brunner, but under general anaesthesia and using a Bentley-Autotransfusion-System (ATS). The average age of our patients was 55 years (age ranged between 17 and 87 years). No lethal pulmonary embolism was observed. 2, 1 percent of the patients died following apoplex or acute heart failure. Of 67 patients who were operated on 6 months ago or more 70 percent have no further complaints, 28 percent still have some residual edema and only 2 patients have a severe postthrombotic syndrome. 50 percent of 40 control-phlebograms demonstrated patency of all veins. 20 percent had short segmentary occlusions with definite signs of recanalisation, while in 27 percent of the cases occlusions of the lower leg and thigh were found, the iliac veins being free. Only 2 postoperative phlebograms showed a complete iliofemoral venous occlusion. Our results prove, that the operative thrombectomy is a successful method, with which the main complications of the iliofemoral thrombosis-pulmonary embolisation and postthrombotic syndrome-can difinitely be reduced. Also because of better long term results, the operative therapy of acute ilofemoral thrombosis should be generally prefered instead of conservative treatment.


[Alcohol embryo-fetpathies].

A short description of the clinical entity "alcohol embryo-fetopathy" is given. Following the first publication of 127 cases by Lemoine et al. (1968) numerous papers with together more than 400 cases have been published. Dysmorphic symptoms, intellectual and motoric retardation and facultative anomalies are listed. The diagnosis can be confirmed by the phenotypical signs and the alcohol history of the mother.


[Plastics or glass for children's eyeglasses?].

Up to +5 dpt glass should be used in spectacles for children. There is more protection for the eye than danger of injury. Glasses out of plastic material are scratched very quickly, also they are more expensive.


[Current problems in juvenile tuberculosis. 1. The current epidemiological state of tuberculosis].

Although tuberculosis as an epidemic is generally regressing it must still be considered as a disease which is widespread throughout Germany and throughout the world. The yearly rate of new infections is high - nearly 36,000 cases in the Federal Republic of Germany, Nearly 40% of our population is virulently infected and therefore a possible factor in the outbreak of new epidemics. Even if tuberculosis were to be exterminated in our country, it is possible that immigrants, returning emigrants or guest-workers coming from infected regions, may bring further epidemics. They would then come in contact with a non-immunized population. It is therefore urgently necessary to recognize and not to neglect this disease. This is the only possible way to combat this imminent danger and to successfully implement the almost certain methods of treatment.


[Psychohygiene in obstetrics. Rooming-in the nursing].

The development of highly technical and highly computerized labour-rooms is contrasted by the mother's need for close personal contact with her baby and for close personal caring. If suitable conditions are to be created, the mother must be psychologically prepared for pregnancy and birth, the father must be admitted into the labour-room and rooming-in of mother and new born baby should be allowed. Breast-feeding is the beginning of the basic trust relationship (Urvertrauen) between mother and child. However, only 40% of the mothers continue breast-feeding after discharge from hospital and only 5,7% breast feed their babies for more than 3 months. The babies miss the intensive skin contact between mother and child that is so important for the child's development. This is confirmed by the experiences of the Offenbacher Modell" where mothers nurture their prematurely born babies. Psychohygienic methods with new born babies are related to diminuished infant mortality. In the Federal Republic of Germany, 105 maternity hospitals and wards allow mothers and new born babies to be together without restriction.


[Diagnostic list for epileptics. A new introduction for the control in long-term antiepileptic treatment].

A new booklet for the control of long-term antiepileptic treatment was developed in our hospital with the aim to improve the exchange of information among the various treating physicians. In addition to the check list names of drugs, recommended dosages and concentrations space is provided for the documentation of measured serum levels.


[Women's self examination of the breast. Value, frequency, self examination; A psychometric study on 532 women].

Immediate cooperation between doctor and patient is of extreme importance for the early detection of mamma carcinoma. In addition to the doctor's examination and palpation of the mammary and the keeping of an up-to-date health record, the patient must conduct frequent self-examinations of the breast. An attitude-study concerning self-examinations was conducted with 500 women using a questionnaire and the psychometric test method.


[Hyperuricemia due to therapeutic measures].

Some therapeutic measures cause hyperuricemia, which may require treatment in certain cases. The following may induce hyperuricemia: cytostatic long-term treatment, weight reduction through fasting, antihypertensive treatment with different chlorothiazides but also furosemide and etacrynic acid, anti-tuberculostatic therapy and Parkinson long-term treatment.


[Water and mineral balance in refeeding after total fasting].

The water balance and the electrolyte balance were measured in 6 patients after 14 days of total starvation. After fasting a 600 calorie formula diet was given for the whole period. The potassium balance was +32 mval/day and that of sodium +120 mval/day. The total loss of potassium in 14 days was 488 mval and that of sodium only 126 mval. Sodium loss is replaced within one day of refeeding. No replacement of the potassium loss was noticed during the 4 day treatment.


[Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against myelin basic proteins in multiple sclerosis].

In 79 of 100 patients with multiple sclerosis, serum antibodies of the IgG type were demonstrated which render normal lymphocytes cytotoxic against basic protein of myelin. In 11 cerebrospinal fluids which were tested the antibody was also found. The method used was the release of 51Cr from chicken erythrocytes coated with antigen. The antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity is related to the degree of activity of the disease and not to the evolution of the disease or its course. As the disease worsens, the frequency of positive reactions is higher than in inactive stages. The immunological reaction is very specific for multiple sclerosis, in patients with other neurological disorders only 5% had positive findings. The antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of lymphocytes against basic protein of myelin may be attributed with a certain diagnostic significance. The reaction seems suitable for the supervision of the course of multiple sclerosis and to check the effect of therapeutic measures. The antibody-dependent lymphocyte cytotoxicity against basic protein of myelin is considered to be significant in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.


[Perfusion scintigraphy of the myocardium in cardiological diagnosis. Coronary diseases, primary myocardial diseases and rheumatic heart valve diseases].

In 123 patients perfusion scintigrams were compared with the data of clinical investigation, right and left heart catheterisation and coronary arteriography. The intracoronary application of radioactive labelled human-albumin-microspheres and human-microaggregates were without any complications. The patients suffered from coronary heart diseases, primary myocardial diseases and rheumatic valvula heart diseases. There was a good correlation between the myocardial perfusion defect and the degree of coronary artery stenoses. Furthermore an excellent correlation was found between perfusion defects and levocardiographic findings: left ventricular aneurysms, akinetic or hypokinetic areas and the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. All myocardial infarctions were detected by a perfusion defect in the scintigrams. In 16 cardiacsurgery-patients large myocardial perfusion defects were found to be myocardial scars. In primary myocardial diseases perfusion scintigraphy is an effective method of detecting pathological myocardial patterns. The degree of perfusion defects correlates excellently with the levocardiographic findings. It seems that in rheumatic valvular diseases perfusion-scintigraphy is a method to discover rheumatic myocardial abnormalities--probably scar tissue. In comparison with thallium scintigrams it was shown that extensive myocardial failures (aneurysms) can be represented by both nuclear medical procedures but that perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive and correlates more closely to the levocardiogram findings.


[Therapy of hypertension with dimapres. Studies on the effect of the anti-hypertensive drug dimapres in newly adjusted and pretreated hypertensive patients].

41 hypertensive patients were treated with the new anti-hypertensive agent dimapres (1 tablet contains 0.150 mg clonidine and 2.5 mg cyclothiazide). 20 patients had not been treated before, 17 had reserpine-saluretic-combinations and 4 alpha-methyldopa. The dose of the medicament was adapted to the particular requirements of the individual patient and lay between 2 X 1/2 and 3 X 1 tablet daily. After conspicuously high blood pressure readings at the first examination, the previously treated patients showed almost normal blood pressures after discontinuation of the therapy and 2-3 days acclimatisation, while the untreated patients showed pressures slightly above normal. The preparation was well tolerated and normal blood pressures could be obtained with dimapres in all patients. Changing over from other preparations presented no problems. Exercise tolerance tests showed that there was less tendency for the blood pressure to rise to any great height during treatment with dimapres. The patients could tolerate effort better. dimapres reduces the raised reactivity to external stimuli in the hypertensive patient to a normal level.


[Microsurgery for the treatment of windshield injuries].

During the last few years, eye injuries caused by fragments of shattered windscreen have increased enormously in the Federal Republic of Germany and in West Berlin. About 1000 people per year suffer severe eye- and eyelid injuries due to traffic accidents. Microsurgery of ocular injuries allows particular attention to be paid to each part of the eye and restoration of its functions. Although the prognosis of such injuries has been improved by a more developed surgery technique using microscopes, the eye specialist as well as legislation should make every possible effort to diminish eye injuries and their serious consequences for the patients.


[Rooming-in at the maternity department. Results of a questionnaire-action].

The authors report from the Univ.-Frauenklinik in Giessen, where rooming-in was first introduced in 1976; the newborn baby's bed is now put in the mother's room. When 171 outpatients, who had never heard of rooming-in, and 81 patients in the maternity ward were consulted, the women agreed to a trial period for rooming-in. It was shown that more than 70% of the women would have prefered a clinic where rooming-in was possible to a traditional type clinic. This tendency was particularly strongly felt among women with a higher level of secondary education and among women who held the view that the fathers should be more involved in the family and in the upbringing of small children. The results of individual questionnaires showed that support for rooming-in was significantly strong on the grounds of interhuman relations; also, the rejection of the traditional mother-image was apparent. Reasons for the introduction of rooming-in, as well as the difficulties involved in putting it into practice are outlined.


[The biological availability of digitoxin].

The bioavailability of digitoxin after a single dose of 0.5 mg was studied in 6 healthy volunteers by estimation of tmax, cmax, AUC und urinary excretion rate. After tablets, absorption was rapid, after dragées delayed. The mean t1/2 of digitoxin for i.v. administration was 9.5 +/- 0.9 days, for oral administration of tablets 7.4 +/- 0.5 days and for dragées 9.7 +/- 2.0 days. The cumulative recovery of glycosides in urine during the first 48 hours was higher after tablets than after i.v. administration. The shorter t1/2 of digitoxin after tablets compared with the longer t1/2 after gastric juice resistent dragées demonstrated the presence of a substantial extrahepatic "first pass"-effect by degradation of digitoxin before absorption. Such mechanism would partly explain the shorter t1/2 after digitoxin-tablets due to an increased elimination of splitting products. By extrapolation to t-infinite AUC and urinary excretion rates were not significantly different between various formulations. The mean absolute bioavailability of digitoxin-dragées amounted to 82-88 percent and the relative bioavailability of digitoxin-tablets to 84-93 percent.


[1st studies on the problem of rectal resorption of MPS in the treatment of arthroses].

Ten patients suffering from degenerative arthropathies were treated to demonstrate a significant influence of suppositoroes containing 500 mg mucopolysaccharide polysulfuric acid ester on certain clotting parameters such as plasma recalcification time, partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time. These investigations had been preceeded by blank determinations and tests with suppositories containing 250 and 400 mg resp. of active substance. It could be shown that the active substance is absorbed even if the substance is applied rectally in form of suppositories if these contain sufficient doses of MPS. Consequently, suppositories containing MPS could be used for a therapy of degenerative arthropathies whenever intraarticular and periarticular or intramuscular administration are not possible.


[Intrauterine devices for  contraception? Results of an inquiry conducted in the BRD in 1976].

The results of the 1098 responses to a questionnaire show a remarkable increase in the use of intra-uterine devices (IUD) as a method of contraception (especially in the last 3 years) in the FRG too. The main reasons for the insertion of IUD were specified as "incompatibility" with the pill or "weariness induced through constant use of the pill". IUD are also used by nulliparae. At the moment T-shaped models containing copper are most popular. The majority of insertions are performed without general anaesthesia. The optimal length of time for wearing an IUD is considered to be 2 years or more. The foremost reasons for removal of IUD are bleeding or pain. Failures (pregnancies) however, are rather frequently recorded. Most gynecologists remove the IUD if pregnancy has occurred and in this case only few of them try to maintain the pregnancy on the patients request. In 1976, the majority of gynecologists attended patients composed of 40 : 1 users of the pill : users of IUD. Numerically speaking therefore, IUD are the method which actually takes second place. In our opinion however, if attention is paid to indications and contra-indications and to the necessity for intensive education of the patient, IUD are a real alternative to the pill and to the increasing use of any type of female sterilization.


[The capacitation of spermatozoa].

Mammalian spermatozoa attain their fertilization capacity only after reaching the female genital tract. This process takes place in several stages. First there is a degradation of inhibitors (decapacitation factor and acrosin inhibitor) in the vagina, cervix and uterus. Concurrent with or subsequent to this process the actual capacitation in the uterus and tubes occurs. Capacitation is characterized by an increase in metabolism, alteration of motility and activation of lytic enzymes of the spermatozoa. The acrosome reaction takes place only on direct contact with the ovum. This reaction is accompanied by morphological changes in the spermatozoon and enables the proteolytic enzymes (corona-penetrating enzyme, acrosin and hyaluronidase) to leave the sperm head. With the help of these enzymes, the spermatozoon is able to break down the various egg envelopes, to penetrate the ovum and initiate fertilization.


[Convention surgical therapy of tubal sterility].

Rates of success after surgical treatment of tubal occlusions are limited by the etiologic factros of the female tubal sterility and by the operative techniques. The results of tuboplastic surgery have been improved during the last decade by critical preoperative selection of patients and subtile perioperative therapy. Nevertheless, rates of success are by no means satisfactory. Statistical evaluation of 5,056 cases reported in the literature shows an overall success rate of 26.5% intrauterine pregnancies with 19% live births. The classical surgical techniques are described. Preoperative examination and indications for the operations are discussed. Complementary surgical procedures may be helpful to prevent postoperative adhesions. Further improvement of tuboplastic surgery can be achieved by the introduction of microsurgery and endoscopic methods in the treatment of tubal sterility.


[Diagnosis and therapy of sterile marriages. Retrospective studies on the sterility of 500 childless couples].

In the retrospective analysis of 500 involuntarily childless couples the following results were observed: The pregnancy rate was 37.2%. The age of the women did not influence the conception rate significantly. Women with a sterility of less than 5 years duration had a statistically higher conception rate than those with longer lasting sterility. Patients with oligomenorrhea had a significantly higher pregnancy rate than those with normal menstrual cycle. Cyclofenil therapy resulted in a significantly higher conception rate than treatment without ovulation inducing compounds. Homologeous insemination had a pregnancy rate of 25,4%. The additional therapy with ovulation inducers did not influence the results significantly. Patients with uterine hypoplasia had a significantly higher conception rate than women with normal uterine size. Women who showed uterine hypoplasia before sterility treatment had taken oral contraceptives less often than women with normal uterine size. There was a significant correlation between uterine hypoplasia and cyclic disorders. Women with cyclic disorders had hirsutism more often than those with a normal cycle. In cases with normal sperm count (40 mill./ml) there was a significantly better pregnancy rate than in those with oligozoospermia (40 mill./ml). In cases of sperm motility of over 70% a significantly higher pregnancy rate was observed than in those with a motility below 70%. In spermiograms with more than 70% of normally configurated sperms the results were significantly better than in those with less than 70% normal sperms.


[Cytology of reversible and irreversible epithelial changes in the uterine cervix].

The etiology and the experimentally founded concept of pathogenesis of reversible and irreversible epithelial changes of the cervix uteri are described. The possibilities and limitations of differential diagnosis of dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma are discussed. Cytological criteria of differential diagnosis are mentioned and summarized in table form. Rates of regression, persistence and progression of different forms of dysplasia as potential forerunners of invasive carcinoma are mentioned. By the use of all cytological parameters a primary differential diagnosis of the mentioned lesions may be reached to a degree of 90% (Patten 1969; Wied et al. 1976). Diagnostic findings should be precisely formulated to give the best information for further diagnostic or therapeutic procedures concerning the individual case.


[Biochemical and morphological changes in the uterus after the use of estradiol].

A review is given of data concerning changes in the uterus after estradiol administration. It is concluded that the time intervals between hormone administration and appearance of cellular changes cannot always be compared as they depend upon many variables, e.g. species, dose of hormone, route of application, age of animals, and time elapsed after ovariectomy. Several hypotheses on the mechanism of estrogen action are discussed.


[Pathology and clinical aspects of retarded child development. Diagnosis and therapy of defective development].

21 cases of "small for date" pregnancies were analysed. Serial ultrasonic tracings and determinations of total estrogen excretion in the 24-hour-urine and of serum HPL concentration were carried out. The fetal heart rate was measured by cardiotocogram. Retrospectively, the patients were divided into 3 groups according to birth weight. All patients were treated with a combination of Complamin, Calciparin and Partusisten. Fetal growth retardation could not be stopped by this treatment; there was, however, definite fetal weight gain following long term therapy. Results of HPL and total estrogen determinations were inconclusive; in most cases, however, a fall of concentrations was observed. Following long term therapy a rise in concentration up to almost normal values was seen. The positive effect of therapy was best shown by serial cardiotograms.


[Prevention of thromboembolism with heparin in gynecological and obstetric surgery].

During a period of 28 months 983 gynaecological patients had major abdominal or vaginal operations under Heparin prophylaxis. In no case thrombosis or pulmonary embolism occurred. 5 hemorrhages required surgical revision and temporary reduction of Heparin dose. Global tests for preoperative diagnosis of hemostasis and for postoperative control of Heparin effect are discussed. Possible reactive fibrinolysis under Heparin administration, its complications and control are mentioned. Peri- and postoperative prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism with Heparin in daily dosages up to 20,00 I.U. seems well suitable.


[Bone scintigraphy in osteodystrophia deformans (Paget's disease)].

The value of combined investigations using both scintiscanning and radiological procedures has been proved for the disease's extension and activity in 28 patients suffering from osteodystrophia deformans (Pagets disease). It was seen that such a method leads to more precise results concerning the patient's condition. Special therapy indications were set up, based on these summarized findings. A further advantage of bones scanning alone is the lower radiation dose, which is mainly indicated for control tests in Paget's course. At present, we have no experience of malignant forms of this disease among our group of patients.