A simple device for reducing insensible water loss in low-birth-weight infants.

Insensible water loss (IWL) was measured in five premature infants, 1 to 4 days old, by multiple weighings on an electronic balance inside an incubator. The babies were studied naked before and after being covered with a transparent thermal blanket. The use of the thermal blanket produced a mean reduction of 70% in IWL and a net caloric saving of 27 kcal/kg/day. There was minimal interference with nursing care. The important caloric saving achieved from reduced vaporization of water and evaporative heat loss may be an important determinant of intact survival in the high-risk infant.


Lipoblastomatosis: a tumor of children.

A 10-month-old boy with circumscribed lobular lipoblastomatosis of the trunk was examined and treated at the Mayo Clinic. This is only the third case of lipoblastomatosis at our institution. The diagnosis depends on the pathologist, and the lesion must be differentiated from low-grade liposarcoma. Effective treatment involves adequate local excision and local reexcision for recurrence.


Staff characteristics associated with likeableness on an adolescent treatment unit.

Personality characteristics including subtest scores from the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF), California Personality Inventory, and Tennessee Self-concept Scale were related to the rated likeableness of staff members of an adolescent treatment unit. Likeableness was assessed by students participating in the treatment program. Correlated were likeableness of staff members and staff members' self-esteem, responsiblity, social awareness, and lack of acquiescent response tendencies.


Performance of criminals and neurotics on the Kahn test of symbol arrangement.

The diagnostic power of the Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement (KTSA) in differentiating between criminals and neurotics was examined. Three groups of males--30 incarcerated criminal recidivists, 30 neurotics, and 30 trainees in a work-placement bureau--were given the KTSA and an intelligence test. The groups were equated for age and socioeconomic status. Qualitative differences between the symbol-patterns of the criminals and the neurotics were noted. The KTSA scores of the two groups differed from those of the control group but not from each other.


Effects of a developmental physical activity program on children's body coordination and self-concept.

Significant increases in body coordination, little change in self-concept, and moderate negative correlations between these variables were found after 12 children participated in an 8-wk. developmental physical activity program. Apparently, while body coordination might be improved by participation in activity programs of short duration, these improvements may not necessarily be accompanied by increases in self-concept.


Perceived maternal child-rearing behavior among disabled and non-disabled adolescents.

The purposes of this study were (a) to contrast the reported perceptions of maternal rearing using the Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory of 70 disabled (cerebral palsied) and 70 non-disabled adolescents of similar sex, age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status and (b) to evaluate the impact of severity of physical impairment within the disabled group. Analyses of variance were completed using group (disabled/controls) as one dimension and sex as the within-groups source. Partial correlations were used to assess the relationship between severity of incapacitation and perceived maternal behavior. Of the 18 main effects, two were significant, suggesting that the non-disabled perceived their mothers as more possessive and intrusive than did the disabled. Males perceived their mothers as significantly more lax in discipline and allowing more autonomy than did females. Severity of disability was only modestly related to perceived maternal behavior. With this sample of disabled adolescents it was suggested that a physically handicapping condition and its severity may be of more limited influence in the maternal rearing process than assumed.


Establishing walking by severely retarded children.

This article examines the implications of independent ambulation for severely retarded children and reviews the literature describing behavioral interventions which facilitate walking. Findings from applied behavior analysis of single subjects support the value of operant techniques in the acquisition of walking. An operationally defined, data-based, four-level sequence for training walking beginning with momentary standing and ending with independent walking on command is described. Representative data from five severely retarded children are presented.


Lateral eye movements during verbal and nonverbal dichotic listening.

A dichotic listening paradigm was used to study the relation of eye movement to cerebral lateralization. The eye movements of right-handed subjects were recorded during verbal and nonverbal dichotic-listening tasks. Subjects given a verbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more rightward than leftward eye movements and showed more accuracy and speed in processing information presented to the right than to the left ear. Subjects given a nonverbal dichotic-listening task made significantly more leftward eye movements and processed better information presented to the left ear. These findings suggest a potentially strong link between the direction of lateral eye movement during dichotic listening tasks and left- and right-ear advantages in performance on such tasks. They also suggest that both eye movement and ear performance may be related to cerebral laterality and when examined in combination both could provide valuable information for the further study of hemispheric specialization.


Motor proficiency of learning disabled and nondisabled students.

The motor proficiency of 55 learning disabled and 55 nondisabled students was compared on a comprehensive battery of motor-skills tests. Learning disabled students performed significantly lower than nondisabled students on measures of fine motor skills and on measures of gross motor skills. Their greatest deficiencies were on tasks requiring body equilibrium, controlled fine visual-motor movements, and bilateral coordination of movements involving different parts of the body. All of these areas include complex motor patterns that require the integration of visual and kinesthetic senses with motor responses. Implications of these findings for the development of motor training programs and for future research are discussed.


Return sweep latency in reading with a paralyzed eye.

The study concerned the distribution of directional control of eye movement in reading. With the paralysis of the right eye, progressive movements of the left eye were possible, but regressive movements were cancelled, being observed as drift. Base-out prism placed over the non-paralyzed eye allowed for the re-establishment of regressive movements. The results for this subject were explained on the basis of a large retinal error marker having been established. With the paralysis of one eye, base-out prisms reduce that error.


Height on the draw-a-person: comparison of figure drawings of black and white male drug abusers.

The Draw-A-Person Test was administered to 30 black and 30 white male drug abusers, in a residential therapeutic community. Mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the black subjects were greater than the mean height and mean area of the female figures drawn by the white subjects. More black subjects drew the female figure taller than the male figure. Data were discussed in regard to family background and socio-cultural considerations.


Concept of visual sensation.

A direct-realist account of visual sensation is outlined. The explanatory notion of elements in visual sensation (atomic sensations) is reinterpreted, and the suggested interpretation is formally justified by constructing a Boolean algebra for visual sensations. The related notion of sensory levels (visual field vs visual world) is discussed.


Intra- and inter-modal effects of prior stimulation on cardiac responsiveness to repeated stimulation in the human newborn.

The effect of prior equivalent auditory and somesthetic input on cardiac acceleration responses to repeated auditory and somesthetic stimulation was studied in 56 healthy 2- or 3-day-old infants. Responsiveness to initial presentation of the reiterative auditory stimulus was significantly greater than to the reiterative somesthetic stimulus regardless of the modality stimulated during the preceding series. In contrast the course of response decrement to subsequent repeated presentations of both stimuli was significantly more rapid when the reiterative and prior stimuli were in different modalities (inter-modal) than when they were in the same modality (intra-modal). The findings demonstrate a modality difference in effect of anticedent input on initial responiveness and a greater efficacy of inter- than of intra-modal auditory and somesthetic stimulation for the habituation of neonatal cardiac responses to repeated stimulation.


Field-dependence-independence and lateral eye movements following verbal and spatial questions.

In three studies a small positive relationship was found between field-dependent cognitive style and the tendency to give a higher percentage of right lateral eye movements to verbal than to spatial questions. However, in only one of the three studies was the relationship significant (r = .32, n = 52). It is concluded that differences among samples in cognitive style probably cannot account for different patterns of results in studies of lateral eye movement.


Perception and interpretation of explicit negations by learning-disabled children and adolescents.

The present study evaluated and compared the preception and interpretation of 21 explicit negative sentences by 15 learning disabled third graders and 15 controls, 20 learning disabled adolescents and 20 controls, and 16 randomly selected adults. The proportions of correct interpretations of the experimental sentences did not differ significantly among subject groups. In a similar vein the proportions of correct responses to individual test items did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that the learning-disabled third graders and adolescents adequately perceived the stressed negated elements and interpreted the meanings of the explicit negative sentences appropriately. These findings conflict with previous observations that dyslexic children experienced problems in processing prosodic suprasegmental features (Vogel, 1974).


Comparison of sensory integration and operant methods for production of vocalization in profoundly retarded adults.

Sensory integration, operant and combined therapies were used with 27 profoundly retarded, marginally vocal clients. The sensory integration and combined methods yielded significant increases in rate of vocalizations. The operant techniques also increased rate of vocalizations but the gains were more variable than for the sensory integration procedure and they were positively and highly correlated with pretest rates of vocalization. It appears that sensory integration methods can be an effective method for elicting vocalizations when such behaviors are too infrequent for operant techniques.


Nationwide residues of mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium in starlings, 1973.

Starlings (Sturnum vulgaris) collected in 1973 at 51 sites throughout the continental United States were analyzed for mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and selenium. All samples contained detectable levels of these elements. In general, residues were low: mercury residues ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.20 ppm; lead, from less than 0.10 to 3.20 ppm; cadmium, from less than 0.05 to 0.20 ppm; arsenic, from less than 0.05 to 1.40 ppm; and selenium, from 0.10 to 1.10 ppm. There was a significant overall decline in mercury and lead residues in starlings since 1971, and a significant increase in arsenic residues. Lead residues were significantly higher in starlings from urban areas than from rural areas.


Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of brown pelicans, 1969-73.

Shells of brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs collected in South Carolina from 1969 through 1973 were significantly thinner than shells of those collected before 1947. Residues of 10 organochlorine pollutants and 10 heavy metals were found in these eggs. Total organochlorine residues were apparently magnified 23 times from fish to pelican eggs, but interpretation of biomagnification was complicated by the migratory habits of both the pelicans and their chief prey fish. Residues of organochlorine pollutants and heavy metals were also found in tissues of brown pelicans. Dieldrin was probably involved in the death of a pelican that exhibited myocardial necrosis. Other pelicans died from gunshot wounds, various diseases, or unknown causes. From 1969 through 1973, there was a significant decline in residues of p-p'-DDE, p-p'-TDE, p-p'DDT, and dieldrin in eggs of the brown pelican in South Carolina, but the rate of decline was different for each pollutant. PCB's peaked in 1972 and then declined in 1973 to the lowest level in 5 years. In 1973, the first time in many years, South Carolina brown pelicans reproduced very well. The excellent reproductivity seemed related to lowered organochlorine residues and favorable tides, weather, and food supply.


Mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium residues in fish, 1971-73--National Pesticide Monitoring Program.

As part of the National Pesticide Monitoring Program, the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, analyzed selected fish samples from 100 monitoring stations for residues of mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, or selenium in 1971-73. At most stations, detectable residues of all metals were present in more than 95 percent of the composite samples. Fishes with mercury residues exceeding 0.5 mg/kg wet weight in the whole fish were mainly predators. Fishes with residues of arsenic, lead, cadmium, and selenium exceeding 0.5 mg/kg included predatory and nonpredatory species. The number of composite samples in which residues of these elements exceeded 0.5 mg/kg decreased from 1971 to 1973, whereas the percentage of samples with detectable residues increased slightly. Only selected samples were analyzed in 1973; therefore, these figures should be used only cautiously as trend data. Species of fish collected varied considerably between geographic regions but were similar from year to year within each region.


Blood levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the population of a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia).

Plasma or serum samples of 147 individuals from the general population of a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia) were analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons in 1975. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography and identified by comparing their retention times with those of known standards. All samples contained p,p'-DDE; mean concentration was 35.3 ppb. Only 20 samples contained p,p'-DDT; mean concentration was 22.7 ppb. Concentrations of alpha-BHC, lindane, and p,p'-TDE were 3.25, 4.09, and 11.6 ppb, respectively.


[Grey scale echotomography of the thyroid. Comparison with scintigraphy].

The most recent development in echotomography, the grey scale introduces the notion of the echogenic power of a tissue. The authors present a number of typical cases of thyroid pathology with scintigraphy and echography.


[Estrogen and progresterone receptors in male breast diseases].

The authors study estrogen (RE) and progestogen (RP) receptors by an exchange technique in 8 cases of male breast carcinoma and 7 cases of gynaecomastia. Tumours are considered receptor positive when the binding sites concentration exceeds 100 fmol/g tissue. Using this as a base all the carcinoma are RE+ and 7/8 are RP+. Gynecomastia are always RE- and RP- except for one case which is RP+. RE and RP levels are correlated with the degree of differentiation of the carcinoma, as determined histologically.


[The psychological approach in cardiovascular epidemiology].

It is quite generally accepted that a certain personality profile long precedes the first manifestations of coronary disease. However the essential traits and above all their place amongst other risk factors remain controversial. The authors undertook a prospective study involving three male populations grouping 2147 adult subjects. Amongst the questions considered, there was the choice of a simple a quick psychological approach applicable to a population ranging over all cultural levels. The study shows that the Bortner auto-transference scale fulfils all these requirements. Thus a given type of behaviour may be analysed as a risk factor, in the same way as various examinations such a blood pressure or cholesterol level.


[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole. Preliminary study of clinical and immunological results].

From September 1975 to September 1976, eleven patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis in whom gold salts were either inactive or contraindicated were treated with levamisole. Treatment was interrupted in one case because of an allergic rash and in one as a precaution. There was an improvement in six, taking the form of a decrease in clinical symptoms and signs and a slowing of sedimentation rate. Certain immunitary changes were seen, in the sense of a reinforcement of humoural and cellular immunity. Fear of sudden agranulocytosis should lead to caution in further clinical trials.


[Myocardial function of the chronic hemodialysed patient. Evaluation by measurement of systolic time intervals].

Study of myocardial function in chronic haemodialysis patients by the measurement of systolic time intervals reveals an alteration in left ventricular performance. These results are in favour of the hypothesis of a multifactorial cardiomyopathy associated with chronic haemodialysis. In the absent of long standing or severe hypertension, blood pressure levels have no significant influence on systolic interval times, this also applying to the degree of anaemia. The age of the patient and the length of time they have spent on haemodialysis are two cumulative risk factors with respect to altered ventricular performance.


[Clinical and biochemical study of 2 cases of lipomatosis].

The authors report two cases of lipomatosis. Biochemical study of lipomas revealed, in comparison with normal adipose tissue:--an increase in lipasic lipoprotein activity;--a decrease in lipasic triglyceride activity. These changes could be in part implicated in the mechanisms of fatty accumulation within the lipomas, without explaining the topography and encapsulation.


[Thrombosis of the intracranial venous sinuses after ingestion of estroprogestative agents. 4 cases].

The authors report 4 cases of thrombosis of the superior longitudinal sinus (SLS) in women taking oestroprogestational agents. This complication is very rare, only 25 cases existing in the literature. The clinical picture consists of premonitory headaches associated with neurological signs suggesting lesions affecting both hemispheres in alternation. In the absence of treatment, sudden deterioration on about the tenth day is to be feared. This picture is similar to that of puerperal thrombosis of the SLS. The diagnosis should be confirmed by carotid arteriography, which demonstrates the presence of collateral varices and the thrombosed sinus giving a "negative" image on the AP view. Cerebral scintigraphy shows one or more areas of uptake in the form of adjacent rounded shapes, corresponding to cerebral infarctions of venous origin. As far as the responsibility of oestro-progenstational agents is concerned, the role is suggested by the analogy with puerperal thromboses and also by the absence of cases in men (with the exception of head injury, infections of the face and haematological malignancies). The prognosis is grave (19 deaths out of 29 cases), but surviving patients are completely cured. This prognosis would seem to be essentially dependent upon the possibilities of venous callateral circulation, which are variable in each individual patient. Anticoagulants and thrombolytic risk, in effective doses, to transform the venous thrombosis into a cerebral haemorrhage. Treatment consists rather of methods to reduce cerebral volume, aimed at maximal use of collateral varices and assisting the patient to overcome to acute phase of the first 2 weeks. Headache would seem to be the principal presenting symptom. In our opinion, no biological test gives a reliable indication as to those women most at risk and contraindictions are in fact of a clinical character.


[Encephalitis localised in the brain stem and of indetermined etiology. 6 cases].

The authors report six cases of encephalitis localised in the brain stem. This disease occurred frequently during 1975, with the following symptoms and signs: fever, paralysis of several cranial nerves, temporary mental disturbance and C.S.F. changes. Several patients required tracheotomy and aritificial respiration. All patients recovered without any recurrences. Viral studies were negative. The possibility of a Listeria infection cannot be entirely eliminated.


[The normalisation of blood sugar using a non-miniaturised artifical pancreas. Application for 24 hours in 7 insulin-dependent diabetics (author's transl)].

Seven insulin-dependent diabetic were treated for 24 to 36 hours by intravenous injections of insulin adapted to variations in blood glucose using a fairly voluminous automatic regulation device. This artificial pancreas consists of a modified Technicon blood sugar apparatus which provides continuous estimation of blood glucose using non-haemolysed whole blood by a glucose oxidase method with an inertia time of 6 minutes, a table calculator and a newly developed interpretation and command electronic unit (GlucostatR). Normalisation of blood glucose was obtained for at least 24 hours, during and between meals, during a period following an oral glucose load and throughout the night.


[Extensive apical pulmonary fibrosis complicating ankylosing spondylitis. 2 cases (author's transl)].

The authors describe two cases of pulmonary fibrosis in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was rejected on the basis of negative studies for tubercle bacilli and the total ineffectiveness of specific therapy. No evidence of microbial or parasitic infection was found. This fibrosis was associated with a considerable worsening in general condition. Nevertheless, the first patient remains alive 15 years after the onset of this pathological manifestation. The second patient died but autopsy was not possible. A wide review of the literature is undertaken in the light of these two cases.


[Outcome in male sterility].

Of a total of 102 cases of male infertility seen over the past ten years, treatment resulted in normalisation of the sperm count in 26, with 12 normal pregnancies resulting. These results concerned cases of oligo-asthenospermia related to a varicocele, pyospermia, hormonal insufficiency or general and psychological disorders. Ten couples were able to have a child with the use of artificial insemination using fresh donor sperm. The abandonment of this technique, nor replaced by the use of frozen sperm provided by a sperm bank, results at the present time in a considerable reduction in the number of inseminations, associated with the overload of these banks. Nevertheless, half of all couples accept the principle of hetero-insemination. The number of couples adopting a child is very low (4% in this study) as a result not only of the difficulties of adoption but also refusal by the couple.


[Value of total thyroidectomy with cervical dissection in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers].

Study of 52 cases of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid treated by anatomically total thyroidectomy with block dissection of the cervical nodes indicated three amin findings: examination by puncture for cytological examination would have missed 8 micro-carcinomas; unilateral excistion would have bee inadequate in 12 patients; lymph node excision confined to detectable lymphadenopathies would have left neoplastic tissue in place in 8 cases. In the light of these advantages from an oncological standpoint, the complications of total thyroidectomy with bilateral block dissection are few and can be avoided in most cases.


[Immune deficiences during pyoderma gangrenosum associated with a polycythemia vera].

A deficiency in cellular immunity was demonstrated in a patient suffering from polycythaemia rubra vera in the myelofibrosis stage. Intradermal reactions to classical antigens (candidine, trichophytine, streptokinase, streptodornase, tuberculine) were negative, as was the di-nitrofluorobenzene test. However, the T lymphocyte count was normal. There was no disturbance in humoral immunity. Phagocytosis was normal but leucocyte migration, studied in vitro, was nil. The possibility of an intrinsic abnormality in the polynuclear neutrophil is evoked.


[Irrigation-lavage of the peritoneum. Use of a new type of drain].

A newly conceived voiding through drain is presented. It seems efficient in maintaining permeability of the drainage tube, without exclusion and thus allows for long standing irrigation and washout of the peritoneal cavity.


Selective inhibition of the "B form" of monoamine oxidase.

Deprenyl (phenyl-isopropyl-methyl-propinylamine) is a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and like the acetylenic type of inhibitors it induces irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Its levorotatory isomer is a more potent inhibitor than the dextrorotatory one. Deprenyl elevates the concentration of 3H-noradrenaline (3H-NA) in the synaptosomal fraction of rat heart homogenate while pargyline, probably due to its releasing effect, decreases 3H-NA content in the same fraction. Deprenyl is a selective inhibitor of the "B form" of MAO, which preferentially oxidizes beta-phenylethylamine as substrate.


Stimulatory and inhibitory action of clonidine on the locomotor activity in the rat.

Clonidine depresses "motivated" but stimulates "basal" locomotor activity of normal rats. It does not affect the "dopaminergic", but inhibits "noradrenergic" locomotor stimulation produced by intraventricularly administered L-dopa methyl ester to nialamide-pretreated rats, although it does not affect the brain norepinephrine accumulation observed after administration of the dopa derivative. The importance of experimental protocol and the possible mechanism of "antiadrenergic" action of clonidine are discussed.


The effect of lesions of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems on apomorphine-induced hypothermia in the rat.

Bilateral lesion of caudate nucleus or substantia nigra as well as brain transsection between telencephalon and diencephalon potentiates the body temperature fall produced by apomorphine (5 mg/kg). A lesion of nucleus accumbens septi did not prevent the hypothermia, but slightly shortened its duration. Electrolytical and chemical (with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine) lesions of both dorsal and medial raphe nuclei alleviated the hypothermia produced by apomorphine. The lesion of medial raphe nucleus did not affect, while the lesion of dorsal raphe nucleus prevented the hypothermia induced by apomorphine or piribedil (25 mg/kg). The results show that dopaminergic neurons of telencephalon are not involved in the mechanism of induction of apomorphine hypothermia, while the neurons of dorsal raphe nucleus participate in it.


Inhibitory effect of dopamine on acetylcholine release from caudate nucleus.

It has been shown that dopamine inhibits the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from nerve terminals of caudate cholinergic interneurons, and the imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic system by 6-hydroxydopamine pretreatment leads to an increased ACh release. The Parkinson-syndrome induced by drugs which depress dopaminergic function either by reducing the output of dopamine, such as reserpine, or by antagonizing its action on DA receptors, as for instance haloperidol or chlorpromazine, can be attributed to the augmented release of ACh from caudate cholinergic nerve terminals and a consequent increase of cholinergic outflow from caudate nucleus. However, athetoid and choreiform hyperkinesis in patients and hypermotility in animals might result from increased dopaminergic outflow of nigro-striatal pathway and a consequent reduction in cholinergic neurosecretion of caudate nucleus.


Dopaminergic and serotonergic effects of ergometrine.

Ergometrine (EGM), 40 mg/kg ip or 100 microgram ivc, produces strong and long-lasting increase of locomotor activity of the rat, completely prevented by pretreatment with spiperone, 0.4 mg/kg, ip, or pimozide, 4 mg/kg ip. Given at a dose of 100 microgram ivc EGM produced a deep hypothermia, resistant to spiperone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg ip). EGM decelerates cerebral serotonin (5-HT) turnover in mice and rats as measured by accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid after pretreatment with probenecid, and depresses the accumulation of 5-HT in the rat brain stem after pretreatment with pargyline. EGM potentiates the hind limb flexor of spinal rat. This effect is blocked by cyproheptadine (1 mg/kg ip) and danitracen (3 mg/kg ip). The results indicate that EGM stimulates both dopamine and 5-HT receptors in the central nervous system.


The convulsive action of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock in irradiated rats.

Convulsive activity of pentylenetetrazol and electroshock was measured in rats irradiated 24 hr earlier with 800 R of X rays. At this time the content of "free" acetylcholine (ACh) was increased in the cerebral cortex, and the content of "bound" ACh was depressed in the brain stem. Irradiation facilitated the action of convulsogenic agents. Atropine did not prevent convulsions but facilitated them. An increase in the endogenous pool of ACh by eserine similarly to atropine facilitated the action of convulsogenic agents in control rats. In irradiated rats eserine shortened the duration of electrogenic convulsions, but it did not change significantly the latency of pentylenetetrazol convulsions. A causal relationship between the effects observed and post-irradiation modification of the content of "free" and "bound" ACh in the cerebral cortex and brain stem is discussed.


Interaction of bradykinin with dopaminergic receptors in the CNS.

The influence of bradykinin on the action of compounds affecting predominantly the dopaminergic receptor was studied in behavioral tests (Lat test and sterotypy) and biochemically (estimation of the level of biogenic amines--noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, and their metabolites--normetanephrine, homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acids in the brain tissue). Bradykinin potentiated the action of nialamide with L-dopa, dopamine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane, apomorphine and noradrenaline. Spiroperidol abolished potentializing effect of bradykinin on the central action of nialamide with L-DOPA and of noradrenaline. In animals receiving spiroperidol with bradykinin psychostimulatory action of noradrenaline was also not observed. FLA-63--inhibitor of dopamine beta-hydroxylase--increased the potentializing effect of bradykinin on the central action of dopamine. Most significant biochemical changes between the group receiving nialamide alone and the group given nialamide together with bradykinin have been observed in corpus striatum, where the level of dopamine and its metabolite--homovanillic acid--increased. The results obtained point out that the potentiation of the central effects of catecholamines by kinins depends mainly on the interaction of this peptide with dopaminergic receptor.


The effect of selective MAO inhibitors on the conditioned avoidance response of Wistar rats.

Behavioral and biochemical effects of 1-deprenyl and clorgyline were studied in Wistar rats. Behavioral performances was tested in a one-way and in a two-way avoidance system. The two MAO inhibitors were given acutely (1 and 10 mg/kg sc) anc chronically (1 mg/kg sc/daily, for 7 days), and their influences on learning and retention performance was tested 24 hr after the last injection. Behavioral reactions remained unchanged after acute administration of the inhibitors, while they were significantly improved following the chronic treatments, either in the one-way or in the two-way experimental situation. Biochemical analysis indicated dissociation between the influence on striatal dopamine content and the behavioral effects of 1-deprenyl and clorgyline.


[Surgical plastic materials with prolonged antibacterial activity].

Sulphonation and further treatment with geomycine of surgical plastic articles (arterial prostheses, surgical threads) allowed to receive materials with prolongated surface antibacterial activity. The results of experiments on 200 animals proved the modified threads and prostheses to protect the bacteriostatic effect in surgical wounds within 2 to 10 days' period. The healing of implants was uncomplicated. The high antibacterial activity of these materials (500-1000 bacteriostatic doses) stands the radiosterilization and normal keeping conditions.


[Modification of the properties of drugs combined with polymers. II].

In the second part of the paper there have been discussed the works on modification of drugs properties when coupled with polymers in terms of covalent links. It was proved on a number of cases that chemical bonds of specified drugs and polymers allows to increase the durability and effective action of these remedies, to decrease the toxicity, to increase the solubility and immunity against ferments and, moreover, enable the advantageous disposal of these substances in particular organs.


[Methods for evaluation of the therapeutic properties of elastic stockings and compression bandages].

The advisability of examination of compressive bandages is discussed. The manner of the therapeutic action in changed leg venous system is given. The methods for examination of the elastic stockings and elastic bandages are presented.


Teeth, vomiting and diet: a study of the dental characteristics of seventeen anorexia nervosa patients.

Seventeen anorexia nervosa patients were examined dentally and their dietary histories and eating habits studied. Analysis of the data confirmed earlier observations dental deterioration associated with anorexia nervosa. The deterioration included a pattern of enamel dissolution in cases of vomiting, regurgitation, and/or the consumption of large amounts of citrus fruits; and an altered caries response due to abnormal carbohydrate consumption. Despite the patient's probably insistent denial of 'anorectic' eating habits, the general practitioner should consider the existence of anorexia nervosa in the presence of such abnormal features, especially in young women. The relationship of these findings to larger populations with similar eating habits is discussed.


Antibacterial therapy in general medical wards.

Information  from a comprehensive drug surveillance programme is analysed to provide details of antibacterial drug use in medical wards. Some 28% of patients received antibacterial therapy, usually for the treatment of respiratory or urinary tract infections. The agents most frequently prescribed were ampicillin, co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines. Overall, 11% of recipients experienced one or more adverse effect of therapy. No significant bacterial growth was obtained from some 40% of specimens of sputum sent from patients. A plea is made for more rational use both of sputum culture in the investigation of patients with respiratory infection and of antibiotics in their treatment.


Haematological abnormalities in acute pancreatitis. A prospective study.

Twenty-five patients with acute pancreatitis were studied prospectively in the first week of their admission using haematological and coagulation tests. Platelet counts initially fell and later returned to admission levels. Rising levels of plasma fibrinogen were recorded. The kaolin cephalin clotting time was shorter than its control in twenty-one patients. Eighteen patients had elevated fibrinogen degradation products and fourteen had a positive ethanol gelation test. It is suggested that by taking into account the results in series of individual patients a degree of intravascular coagulation may be a common feature of acute pancreatitis. In one patient (presented in detail) strong evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation was found


A case of myasthenia gravis treated with steroids: some suggestions for the mechanisms underlying their effect.

This report deals with a patient with long standing myasthenia gravis treated with a small dose of corticosteroids. The response to treatment was prompt and the post-therapeutic deterioration in function was minimal and cholinergic in nature. It is suggested that the dose of anticholinesterases be reduced concomitantly with the institution of steroid treatment.


Hypocalcaemia and convulsions.

Hypocalcaemia may manifest with tetany, convulsions and even status eqilepticus. Recognition of underlying hypocalcaemia in convulsions is mandatory because the fits may not be adequately controlled by anti-convulsant drugs which may also aggravate hypocalcaemia. Vitamin D, by relieving hypocalcaemia, reduces the frequency of convulsions and may even eliminate them.


Successful treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicaemia and meningitis with neutropenia--the presenting feature of hypogammaglobulinaemia.

A neutropenic child of 20 months suffered generalized infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, involving the bloodstream and the meninges. This was successfully treated with intravenous and intrathecal antibiotics and granulocyte transfusions before granulopoiesis recovered spontaneously. No immunoglobulin replacement was given during the acute episode, as the diagnosis of X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia was made subsequently.


Chronic rhinocerebral phycomycosis in association with diabetes.

Two patients with rhinocerebral phycomycosis associated with diabetes are presented. The chronic nature of the illness in these two cases in emphasized in contrast to the more fulminant course of most previously reported patients. A high index of suspicion is needed to establish the diagnosis as rapidly as possible. Treatment of the underlying disease combined with amphotericin B therapy and radical surgical excision of all infected tissue is important to establish cure of these patients.


Myxoedema ascites.

A case of myxoedema ascites complicating ischaemic heart disease is reported. Partial thyroid hormone replacement therapy, given slowly, eventually produced a diuresis and complete resolution of the ascites after a delay of 4 weeks.


Free perforation of the small bowel in Crohn's disease.

A rare case of free double ileal perforation in previously asymptomatic and undiagnosed Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum is described. At operation, a primary resection and anastomosis of the diseased bowel was performed. The management of free perforation in Crohn's disease is discussed, together with a review of the literature. It is suggested that the absence of steroids in a previously undiagnosed case may favour primary resection and anastomosis.


[A special technique of neurolept analgesia for thermocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion (author's transl)].

A special technique of neurolept analgesia for electrocoagulation of the gasserian ganglion is described which has been used since 1974. Induction is by means of Fentanyl and Valium. The dosis is sufficiently low for the patient to remain responsive and co-operative but practically painfree. The actual thermocoagulation is performed in intravenous methohexital sodium anaesthesia. The dosis is kept so low that the patient wakes up within 2--3 minutes and is able to inform the surgeon of the success or failure of the operation. If no relief from pain has been obtained a further 20 mg of methohexital are injected and the operation is repeated.


[Regulation of intraocular pressure and haemodynamics in patients with severe polytrauma (author's transl)].

In 18 polytraumatized patients injuried by an accident, the intraocular pressure was measured and the aqueous humour production and regulatory capacity were determined by means of the perilimbal suction cup with simultaneous recording of haemodynamic parameters. The measurements were carried out 1. in the immediate acute stage, 2. in the period of circulatory recovery, and 3. under stable circulatory conditions. It became evident that the production of aqueous humour was suspended in the acute stage. With improving stabilization of the circulatory system, the aqueous humour minute volume and the regulatory capacity of the eye were raised. The cause of the reduction of both these parameters in the acute stage of a polytrauma has to be seen in an affection of the intraocular vascular nervous system in dependence of the general shock situation.


[Anaesthesia for the relief of dyspnoea caused by fibrin membranes in the larynx and trachea (author's transl)].

Three cases of life-endangering airway obstruction by fibrin membranes are reviewed which developed in a 17-year-old girl with virus pneumonia, in a 21-year-old girl with a history of thrombopathy after general anaesthesia with naso-tracheal intubation and in a 23-year-old woman after short anaesthesia with orotracheal intubation. Possible causal factors, the clinical symptoms and the therapeutic measures taken by the anaesthetist are discussed. Since these cases are generally in a state of severe respiratory collapse by the time treatment is initiated general anaesthesia with muscle relaxation should be attempted only if the anaesthesist is certain that he can effectively ventilate the patient before and during the operation. Otherwise it is better to apply assisted ventilation with oxygen and halothane via a mask until a clear air passage has been restored. Administration of anticholine drugs and control of shock are essential.


[Tracheo-bronchial toilet using the technic of blind nasal intubation in conscious patients (author's transl)].

A temporary naso-tracheal intubation with a small tube is well tolerated by conscious patients. It is an appropriate alternative treatment intending a tracheobronchial toilet in case of retained mucus. The method and the experiences are described.


[Anesthesia risks in inflammatory processes in the floor of the mouth-neck region (author's transl)].

Anesthesia for surgical treatment of extensive floor of the mouth-neck phlegmons has a particularly high risk rate. The general condition of the patients to be treated is poorer; respiratory passages are constricted by inflammation-induced swelling. The resulting hypoxia is a main factor in the pluricausal origin of hyperreflexia. Three cases selected from the author's own patients show the problems which occur with this particular clinical picture. The consequences of an adequate preparation for and induction of anesthesia were presented.


[Tracheal suture under jet ventilation in a 7-year-old child (author's transl)].

Anaesthesia in a 7-year-old girl with incomplete dissection of the trachea due to stabbing is reported. After nasotracheal intubation the lesion was isolated. Then transtracheal jet ventilation through the defect was performed. Thus sufficient ventilation as well as a clear surgical field for the intratracheal suture even of the pars membranacea was garanteed. The advantages of this procedure compared with the traditional intubation are discussed.


[Effect of the preliminary action of angiotensin on the sensitivity of the adrenal cortex of dogs to this peptide].

Experiments on dogs demonstrated that an increase of aldosterone secretion depended not only on the angiotensin II level in the blood, but also on the character of the changes in the peptide concentration: reaction of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex to this octapeptide increased after a preliminary angiotensin stimulation of the adrenal glands. The effect revealed was independent of the sum total dose of the preparation administered and was not accompanied by any increase in the glucocorticosteroid level in the plasma. This effect permitted the renin-aldosterone system to change under definite conditions to increased functional level without any marked rise of renin secretion and angiotensin II formation.


[Effect of thyroidectomy and subsequent L-thyroxine administration on the content of various lipids in the organs of rats of different age].

Total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol content in the tissues of the liver, myocardium, skeletal muscle, intestine and the blood plasma was studied on three groups of rats (control, thyroidectomized, and thyroidectomized to which  l-thyroxin was administered); the animals were aged 2, 6 months and 2 years. All the indices studied increased in the tissues and the blood of intact animals with the advance of age at different percentage ratio. As to thyroidectomized animals, cholesterol and phospholipid content increased in all the organs under study at the age of 2 and 6 months, and fell in the old ones. Total lipid content rose at the age of two months and decreased in the sexually mature and old rats. In the thyroidectomized animals to which l-thyroxin was administered cholesterol and total lipid content rose in all the tissues, excluding the blood plasma, whereas phospholipid content reduced in all the organs under study.


[Calorigenic effect of catecholamines in dinitrophenol poisoning].

Experiments were conducted on male albio rats; calorigenic effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline was studied against the background of dinitrophenol poisoning. Dinitrophenol proved to potentiate the metabolic action of catecholamines. It is supposed that this potentiating effect was connected with the peculiarities of the energy metabolism occurring in uncoupling respiration and phosphorylation.


[Determination of the insulin antibody titre in severe form of diabetes mellitus].

The blood serum binding capacity was studied in 20 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus given no insulin and in 67 patients with a severe form of diabetes mellitus treated with insulin. There proved to be a reverse relationship between the duration of insulin therapy and the insulin antibody titre. There was also a reverse relationship between the patient's age and the serum insulin-binding capacity. The dose of insulin administered failed to influence the level of insulin antibodies circulating in the organism.


[Activity of blood serum lactate dehydrogenase in diabetes mellitus].

The activity of lactic dehydrogenase of the blood serum was studied under clinical conditions in 120 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus. Electrophoretic separation of plasma enzymes was used for this purpose. The shifts in the LDH activity proved to be characteristic of all the degrees of diabetes severity, and were expressed in a significant elevation of total LDH, LDH4,5 activity and a decrease of LDH1,2 activity in comparison with healthy individuals. No change of LDH3 activity was noted in mild forms of diabetes. But in severe form the isoenzymatic spectrum was mostly changed on account of LDH3 hyperfermentemia. In mild form of diabetes it approached control values.


[Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in Riga].

The author presents the results of examination of 1725 workers of the VEF plant in Riga; a triple glucose tolerance test was conducted to detect early forms of diabetes mellitus. There proved to be no significant relationship between the incidence of diabetes mellitus and sex. Obesity appeared to be the main risk factor in diabetes mellitus. There was found no significant difference between detection of diabetes mellitus by simplified glucose tolerance test and triple test; therefore the former is recommended for mass examination for this disease.


[Use of a computer for the optimal results of treatment of diabetes mellitus with insulin].

The authors present material on the optimization of diabetes mellitus treatment, with the aid of a computer. There were 320 patients under observation. Mathematical models describing the process of the patients treatment and permitting to pronosticate the blood and urine sugar level during the treatment were developed. The use of the imitation experiment on a computer permitted to test several therapeutic variants for the given patient and to choose the optimum one, leading to the most rapid compensation. The second task consisted in the maintenance in the patients of blood glucose variations within definite limits, in the course of 24 hours. An individual model of blood glucose dynamics in the course of 24 hours is set on the computer, and then the optimal scheme of insulin treatment is chosen. Practical testing of such scheme showed its efficacy.


[Effect of blood serum of healthy persons and diabetic patients on glucose metabolism in the adipose tissue].

The intensity of lipid synthesis from the C-14-labeled glucose in the isolated subcutaneous fatty tissue of healthy individuals and diabetic patients was investigated during incubation of the tissue in the serum of healthy individuals and of those suffering from diabetes mellitus. It was shown that the serum of healthy individuals and of patients with diabetes mellitus enhanced the lipid synthesis in the adipose tissue of healthy individuals (significantly and equally) in comparison with the incubation in buffer solution. But no lipid synthesis was stimulated under the effect of the serum of healthy persons and patients with diabetes mellitus in the adipose tissue of diabetic patients. The data obtained indicated that antagonists to the insulin action on adipose tissue were absent in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. A reduction of the adipose tissue sensitivity of diabetic patients to insulin contained in the serum was due to the tissue defect representing the primary factor in the pathogenesis of the diabetes mellitus responsible for the development of relative insulin deficiency.


[Method of quantitative determination of sugar in urine].

The method described in the paper is intended for quantitative determination of the true sugar content in the urine. The quantitative determination of sugar in the urine is carried out selectively in the strongly carbonated medium following preliminary removal of hindering substances. The method can be expressed stechiometrically, this permitting to obtain a reliable result concerning the blood sugar level, and meets all the clinical diagnosis requirements. The method can be used in any laboratory, being reliable and sufficiently sensitive.


[Disorder of the thrombocytic-vascular component of hemostasis in thyrotoxicosis].

Hemocoagulation and the platelet-vascular hemostasis mechanism were investigated in 79 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis of different severity by clinical observations and laboratory studies. Along with hemocoagulation defects, there were revealed thrombocytopenia, reduction of the platelet adhesive-aggregation activity and of the vascular wall resistance. The extent of these disturbances depended on the severity of thyrotoxicosis. In the authors opinion, affection of the platelet-vascular hemostasis component, combined with hemocoagulation disturbances played an important role in the development mechanism of increased hemorrhagic tendency of the tissues and hemorrhagic diathesis in thyrotoxicosis. The necessity of complex treatment of patients with thyrotoxicosis with prescription of agents normalizing hemocoagulation and the platelet-vascular hemostasis mechanism is founded.


[Effect of stimulation and destruction of the amygdaloid body on the ovaries of sexually mature and immature female rats].

Experiments were conducted on sexually-mature and infantile female rats; changes in the ovaries and the uterus after the stimulation and destruction of the amygdaloid nuclei were studied. A possible mechanism of the influences exerted by the amygdaloid nuclei on the ovaries is discussed.


[Characteristics of the amino acid spectrum of blood serum in diabetes mellitus].

The content of the following 10 amino acids was investigated by means of a microbiological method (with the use of auxotrophic E. coli mutants) in 23 patients with diabetes mellitus with fatty infiltration of the liver and in 27 patients without it: histidine, proline, methionine, cystine, tryptophane, leucine, arginine, tyrosine, lysine, and phenylalanine. Results of study of the amino acid balance were compared with the morphological changes in the liver (the material was obtained by biopsy). All the diabetic patients displayed an increase in the proline, tryptophane, tyrosine, leucine, and cystine content, and a reduction of phenylalanine and lysine level. Fatty hepatocyte infiltration was also accompanied by a significant elevation of methionine and a reduction of arginine content. A tendency to normalization of leucine and lysine only was seen after the treatment of diabetic patients with fatty hepatocyte infiltration; diabetic patients without any fatty infiltration showed normalization in the tyrosine, lysine content and a tendency to the normalization of the cystine, tryptophane level, but no change in the methionine content.


[Histophysiological characteristics of the structures of the subcommissural organ of the brain and the glomerular zone of the adrenal gland in changes of the water-electrolyte balance].

Experiments were conducted on 45 male rats; histophysiological characteristics of ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and of adrencorticocytes of the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex (GZA) was investigated under conditions of dehydration and water loading. A marked activation of H-6-PDH, HDH, NAD-dependent alphaHPDH, and an enhancement of the H-6-PDH, NAD-diaphorase and 3betaol activity in the GZA adrencorticocytes resulted from dehydration. Water loading depressed the synthetic processes, particularly in the SCO ependymocytes. The data obtained suggest a functional interrelation between the SCO and GZA.


[Electrophoretic determination of quantitative changes of the blood protein fractions after intermedin administration].

The authors present the results of experimental studies of the blood serum proteins metabolism in prolonged administration of intermedin--a hormone of the intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. Daily administration of this hormone caused a reduction of albumins and an increase of the beta-globulin fraction. The most pronounced changes in the protein spectrum were noted on the 15th-20th day of the experiment.


[Effect of insulin on RNA biosynthesis in the chromatin fractions of the liver of rats of different age].

Experiments were conducted on rats; a study was made of the age changes of insulin action on the genetic apparatus of hepatocytes. Adult (6-8-month-old) rats showed the greatest elevation of transcribing capacity of the repressed chromatin fraction 2 hours after the hormone administration, no changes occurred in the active chromatin fraction. The maximum increase of the labeled precursor inclusion in old (24--26-month-old) rats was seen 3 hours after insulin injection both in repressed and active chromatin.


[The influence of thioridazin (Melleril-Sandoz) on psychomotor functions, concentration power and reactivity in children with behaviour disturbances (author's transl)].

Starting with a brief review of literature about the application of Melleril (Thioridazine) in child psychiatry the authors report a double blind study with 26 children (23 boys and 3 girls at the age of 6 to 14). These children were admitted to clinical treatment because of several behavior disorders. Drug effects on psychomotor activity, concentration power and reactivity were measured by the d2-Test (Brickenkamp), by a tapping experiment, a psychomotor experimental (tracing) and experiments with the Vienna determination apparatus. As compared to the placebo group a statistically significant increase was found in the experimental group in the tapping experiment as well as in one stage of the concentration test. No difference between the groups could be noted in tracing and in the performance of the Vienna determination apparatus. It is suggested that the finding result from a different ability in visuo-motor information processing without or under the drug. Accordingly Melleril seems to advance performance in simply structured motor tasks, whereas complex choice reactions rather appear to be rendered more difficult under this medication.


A new approach to the hormonal treatment of impotentia erectionis.

The influence of oraly administered synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz) on the impotentia erectionis has been studied in a double-blind trial in comparison to placebo. Twenty-nine out-patients divided into 3 groups were treated for a minimum of 7 weeks. Nine patients were given 300 IU daily, ten patients 600 IU daily and further 10 patients placebo. The treatment with 300 IU of oxytocin daily has shown the best therapeutic results. The difference between this group and the placebo group was statistically significant regarding the overall parameters sexual interest and sexual capability (P less than 0.05) and P less than 0.10 respectively). The daily oral dose of 600 IU produced no significant therapeutic effect. Oxytocin in both dosage schedules was well tolerated and no untoward side effects were observed.


[Study of the glucocorticoid receptors of the cytosol in various organs of the rat].

A method of hard phasic separation of free and bound forms of the hormone demonstrated the presence of specific (saturated) and nonspecific (unsaturated) binding of dexamethazone in the cytosol of various rat organs; and increase of the sorbent concentration promoted a better detection of the first type of binding on account of selective depression of binding of the second type. Cortisol was bound with dexamethazone receptors of various rat organs in the binding sites common with dexamethazone, replacing the latter from its complex with the receptors. The constant of dexamethazone association with its receptors in the brain, liver lungs, spleen, thymus, and kidney cytosol was of the order of 10(8) M-1, with the binding capacity of cytosol of these organs within the range of from 0.6 to 4 ng hormone per 1 g of raw weight.


Does long term treatment with amitriptyline alter the monoamine oxidase of rat brain?

Amitriptyline, at a concentration of 10(-5) M, inhibits the oxidative deamination of phenylethylamine, tyramine and tryptamine (by 40, 16, and 8 percent, respectively) by rat brain MAO. After the long term administration of amitryptyline, even at a dosage of 20 mg per kg body weight twice daily, there was no detectable influence on the biochemical properties of MAO. These findings indicate that the full antidepressive effect, which only appears after the first 3 weeks of long term treatment, cannot be caused by the inhibition of MAO.


[Clinical-chemical studies in schizophrenic out-patients under neuroleptic long-term treatment with particular consideration of the hepatic metabolism (author's transl)].

A series of clinical-chemical tests was conducted in 68 schizophrenic out-patients under long-term neuroleptic medication, with particular consideration of the hepatic metabolism, i.e.: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alpha 1-glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, GPT, GOT, gamma-GT, total protein and serum-protein-electrophoresis. Furthermore, the glucose tolerance tests was carried out. In 44% of the patients an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive correlations with increased fibrinogen values were found. Increased gamma-GT-values were proven in 33% of the patients; they correlated positively with the increased GPT-and/or GOT-values as well as with pathological glucose tolerance values. Overweight of more than 10 kilos was found in 46% of the patients. A significant correlation between overweight and pathological glucose tolerance values existed. The results were interpreted as consequence of a light fatty liver.


[Influence of long term neuroleptic therapies on the function of the peripheral motoric neuron? (author's transl)].

In electroneurographic and electromyographic examinations of 37 patients who had taken neuroloptic drugs for many years a delay in the conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve was found in one case, of the fibular nerve in five cases. Spontaneous electrical activity was not observed in any case. Deviations from the mean of the action potential were found more frequently, however less markedly than in alcoholics. It is suggested that these small changes are caused by the slight anticholinergic action of major tranquilizers.


'Radial' scanning of trabecular bone: consideration of the probability distributions of path lengths through cavities and trabeculae.

Previous methods of dosimetry for radionuclides deposited in trabecular bone have been based on probability distributions of random path lengths through the trabeculae and marrow cavities. These distributions have been measured by a technique in which thin bone sections are effectively scanned along sets of parallel grid lines. A new technique is described in this paper, in which all scan lines pass through a selected point in the section scanned, so that they effectively radiate from the point (or focus) in the manner in which particles emerge isotropically from a radioactive atom. By scanning from a number of foci a 'radial-random' distribution can be obtained for a whole bone, and this distribution compared with that obtained from 'parallel' scanning. Differences between the two types of distribution have been observed, especially where the bone exhibits structural anisotropy, the effect on the lengths being up to 13% longer for the radial scanning mode. The effect on the calculated dose factors is not great; based on radial scanning, the factors for a lumbar vertebra are from 5 to 12% less than those for parallel scanning, depending on particle energy. The differences are very small for bones with more uniform trabecular structures, so that for the skeleton as a whole the differences will be smaller than those quoted.


A radiographic technique for measuring the powder packing density in the cavities of trabecular bone.

An X-ray technique has been developed to enable reproducible and quantitative data to be obtained from radiographs taken by a diagnostic X-ray machine. Careful attention has been paid to the alignment of the specimen and the diagnostic tube and to operating conditions. The choice of X-ray spectrum is described together with the experimental geometry used to minimize the scattered radiation incident on the film. The resultant scattered radiation intensity achieved is about 4% of the unattenuated direct radiation. Careful calibration procedures using objects the same size as the unknown specimen are necessary to avoid the need for complicated corrections for the resulting variation in scatter across the film. The LiF powder packing density is determined as 1-32 g cm-2 with a standard error of 0-52%. Values of projected bone thickness as a function of position in the bone are given. The average percentage of bone in the trabecular specimen is determined as 12-7 +/- 0-5, which is in close agreement with measurements of the same parameter determined from an optical scanning technique. The relationship between average packing density or rho y and the percentage of bone at different positions in the specimen packing density increase in percentage of bone, as would be expected.


The response of thermoluminescence dosemeters to fast (14-7 MeV) and thermal neutrons.

The response of common TLD materials has been measured in a 14-7 MeV neutron field with a small and well known gamma component. Values for the thermal neutron response of some TLD materials with low thermal neutron sensitivity have been determined in the NPL standard thermal flux facility.


A simple model of 60Co beams for computerized radiotherapy planning.

A mathematical model of the dose in tissue from a beam of 60Co gamma rays is presented which is based on a novel fitting formula for the lateral profiles, and the properties of decrement lines. Four parameters completely specify an open field, and six parameters a wedged field to a good precision, as measured by the isodose RMS error of fit. A consequence of the method is that only one lateral profile at a depth of 10 cm needs to be measured, for open and wedged fields, in order to describe the whole field. The model is suitable either for computers or programmable calculators.


Optimum spread functions in linear tomography.

Recent attempts to reduce artefacts in tomographic blurring, using a transfer function approach, have so far taken little explicit account of the lessening in the degree of blurring which accompanies transfer function correction. A simple comparative measure R of the blurring effect of a linear tomographic movement is proposed. The parameter R is related to the ratio of the area of the point spread function (PSF) to its peak height. It is shown that the PSF having the greatest value of R (maximum blurring), whilst having an entirely positive transform, is of triangular form. Conversely, any PSF for which the value of R exceeds Rtriangle is inevitably associated with phase reversals. The problem of finding the PSF with R greater than Rtriangle, which leads to the minimum degree of phase reversal, has been tackled by determining the transfer function which, for the given value of R, has the minimum area under its subsidiary maxima. Transfer functions optimized in this way, and their corresponding PSFS, are calculated for four values of R using the method described by Jacquinot and Roizen-Dossier. The results of this procedure are discussed and its possible extensions noted.


Statistical study of a gamma camera transfer function.

In order to investigate the theoretical resolution of a gamma camera, the position transfer function of the input converters, scintillator and photocathode, has been studied. It is assumed that point scintillations occur in a scintillator at xy0 at a height h above a plane photocathode of sensitivity p per incident photon and that the spatial emission pattern of photoelectrons is known completely. A statistical analysis is given of various methods for determination of the estimator x0 of x0 both for a photocathode of finite and infinite extent. It is shown that the standard deviation sigma of this estimator x0 has a minimum value 2h/(N0p)1/2 where N0p/2 is the total number of photoelectrons emitted by the cathode.


The forehead lift: a useful adjunct to face lift and blepharoplasty.

The forehead lift, with interruption of the continuity of the frontalis muscle, has been an effective method in our hands for improving the appearance of the upper third of the face. It can be done independently, or combined with a facial rhytidectomy, a blepharoplasty, and/or other ancillary procedures. In some cases of apparent upper lid redundancy, it can eliminate the need for an upper lid blepharoplasty. The results are pleasing and seem to be lasting, while the complications have been few and mild. We describe the operation and discuss its indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages.


Necessity for partial resection of the orbicularis oculi muscle in blepharoplasties in some young patients.

Baggy eyelids which are due in part to hypertrophy of the orbicularis oculi muscle may be corrected better if one includes a partial resection of the palpebral portion of this muscle. No eyelid paralysis or ectropion has occurred in our cases.


Late development of granuloma after liquid silicone injections.

In a 10-year experience with silicone injections involving 92 patients, there was subsequent development of a granuloma in 13 injection sites. Most of these occurred within 12 months, but some took a few years and one appeared 7 years later. It is believed that the injected material was medical grade liquid silicone, without additives or contaminants.


Surgical treatment of mammary ptosis without hypertrophy.

A new method of mastopexy is presented which we have used on 60 cases during 7 years, with the best results we have obtained. We believe it preserves the blood supply and sensation of the areola-nipple better than the other mastopexies we have tried, while producing breasts with excellent contour and position, and normal consistency.


Microlymphaticovenous anastomoses for obstructive lymphedema.

Microlymphatic surgery appears to have a worthwhile clinical application in the treatment of secondary obstructive lymphedema. We prefer 3 or more lymphaticovenous anastomoses at, or above, the elbow; otherwise ablative procedures are recommended. In the selected cases there are some advantages of anastomoses over surgical reduction procedures: (1) the incidence of postoperative cellulitis is significantly less; (2) the microlymphatic techniques are applicable to both upper and lower limbs and perhaps could be extended to localized cases of obstructive lymphedema following trauma and congenital constriction bands. Considerable experience in microvascular surgery is required for doing this type of work. A long-term evaluation of the results of microlymphatic surgery in obstructive secondary lymphedema is required before judging its potential--especially in view of the fluctuating history of lymphedema--but the results reported are encouraging.


Mammaplasty with a single, vertical, superiorly-based pedicle to support the nipple-areola.

We present our technique for mammaplasty, using a vertical, single-pedicled, flap with a superior base. The procedure is simple, and it allows final determination of the areola and nipple location after the newly shaped and positioned mound is closed.


Use of square scalp grafts for male pattern baldness.

Of 223 patients we operated on for male pattern baldness, 43 were done with square grafts. The results were so eminently satisfactory that we have decided to use these routinely--rather than round punch grafts, flaps, or strips--except in unusual cases.


Reverse-U incision for secondary repair of cleft lip nose.

We describe a reverse-U incision for the secondary repair of cleft lip nose deformity. With it, the desired correction, for the various types of deformity, is easy to achieve--especially in the snub nose. Wide subcutaneous undermining in the lower half of the nose results in a subcutaneous layer of fibrosis. We believe this scar layer is more important in holding the ala in the corrected position than is any direct surgical attack on the underdeveloped cartilage itself.


Surgical correction of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia: case report.

We report a case of nipple hypertrophy in male gynecomastia. By raising 4 small quadrant flaps on the areolar-nipple junction, we were able to do an appropriate core excision of the gynecomastia and hypertrophied nipple--and closure of the flaps produced a small simulated nipple.


Thumb reconstruction by free transplantation of a damaged index ray from the other hand: case report.

We feel that the success rate of microvascular anastomosis, for surgeons experienced in it, provides, in selected cases, a method for thumb reconstruction which satisfies most or all of the desired goals. It also provides a means for preserving damaged parts--ones of limited value--and getting more important functions from them.


A modification of the standard technique for repair of scrotal elephantiasis: case report.

The surgical management of a case of severe scrotal elephantiasis is presented. Excellent functional and esthetic results were achieved by excision of the involved scrotal tissue, and a transverse closure.


Microsurgical replantation of a completely amputated penis and scrotum: case report.

A successful replantation of an amputated penis-scrotum, by microneurovascular anastomoses, is presented. There were no significant postoperative complications. A satisfactory result was obtained with sensory reinnervation of the glans. Microsurgical replantation, with anastomoses, is the best procedure in these cases when the circumstances permit it.


Guidelines for a psychiatric hospital intake staff meeting.

Guidelines are presented that help to make psychiatric intake conferences more efficient and productive. The emphasis is placed on having designated personnel meet individually with the patient as well as review the patient's chart prior to the formal intake conference. Thus, the personnel is able to spend more time on formulating a diagnosis and treatment plan than on reviewing the past history of the patient. Information presented at such conferences should consist more of unique contributions from the personnel (e.g., observations, impressions, testing, etc.) than of redundant material commonly known by the personnel assigned to the patient.


The right to vote and voting patterns of hospitalized psychiatric patients.

Hospitalized psychiatric patients have traditionally been denied their right to vote. This right was restored in 1972 when the Queens Board of Elections established a registration and polling site on the Creedmore Hospital grounds. A patient education program stimulated interest in current affairs and facilitated informed voting. Gross analysis of patient-voting patterns showed no significant difference from the community at large. However, deeper analysis suggests that the patient vote was independent of the borough of residence, tending to be more Democratic-Liberal and less Republican-Conservative. Furthermore, the patient vote was seen to reflect thoughfulness and awareness of relevant self-interest.


Ideology as resistance: a supervisory challenge.

A number of contemporary psychiatric schools of thought, in addition to enriching the field, may be employed by the psychiatric trainee in the service of resistances to learning and growth. These phenomena are surveyed and the implications for supervision discussed.


An indication for conjoint treatment: an application based on an assessment of individual psychopathology.

Conjoint treatment is advocated as the treatment of choice for a particular class of patients who do not seem able, at least initially, to benefit from individual exploratory psychotherapy. These people identify a person or persons, usually a spouse, as the primary cause of their difficulty. They show no initial capacity for self-observation. Their needs are childlike, and they show limitations in skills and a striking inability to sustain mutually gratifying relationships. The conjoint situation seems capable of initiating self-observation by confronting them with the reality of the person about which they are making claims. As a therapy, it also initiates an improvement in their marital relationship, thereby helping them potentially to gain that which they crave so desperately, but had been unable to realize except in compromise form, that is, in fantasy or in a relationship with a therapist.


Four taboos that may limit the success of psychotherapy.

Painful though it may be, it must be accepted as fact that psychotherapy has a lower success rate than it should. Whatever questions we therapists raise about the validity of research in psychotherapy, whatever the problems in defining success, whatever the arguments about therapeutic outcome studies, we are stuck with a great deal of evidence which indicates that between one-third and two-thirds of patients do not benefit from treatment (Bergin, 1971; Eysenck, 1952, 1966; Garfield et al., 1971). In contrast, behavior modifiers and those using physical treatments such as psychosurgery claim rates of improvement and success which sometimes exceed 90 percent (Baily et al., 1973; Hunter-Brown, 1972; Paul, 1965; Rachman, 1971). This paper examines four current practices which may contribute to our failure. These practices are linked to taboos and examined with a view toward understanding both the functions they serve and the limits they impose on therapeutic effectiveness.


Contextual dissonance effects: nature and causes.

Contextual consonance or dissonance refers to the concordance of, or the discrepancy between, the individual's social characteristics and those of the population by which he is surrounded. Although a number of advantageous consequences have been shown to issue from contextual dissonance, self-esteem is not one of them. This article seeks to account for the deleterious effect of contextual dissonance on self-esteem by examining the nature of dissonant communications environments, dissonant cultural environments, and dissonant comparison reference groups.


Anthropophobia and Japanese performance.

Actors are not the only people who act on a regular basis--everyone does some "acting" in his everyday life. The merchant is acting when he pays compliments to his annoying customers. Neurotics often exaggerate their sufferings and assume poses in order to impress their therapists with the seriousness of their illness. When this acting is done so poorly that everyone but the person himself perceives its penny-dreadful nature, the neurosis might be designated a hysteria. Such dramatics can be observed not only in the demeanor of neurotics, but also in their symptoms. The unconscious and concealed acting revealed in the symptoms of neurotics, especially in those of anthropophobiacs, whose main concern is with their appearance in the eyes of others, is what I would like to examine in this paper. I will attempt to eludicate the psychopathology of a large element in Japanese neurosis--that is, of anthropophobia--in relation to unconscious acting.


Approaching a comparative typology of assaultive female offenders.

This two-part study explores the potential for assaultive behavior in females. The first part compares assaultive and nonassaultive female offenders for the presence of specific historical variables, and finds several significant differences. In the second part, the total female offender sample is compared with a male offender sample for presence of the same variables. The nearly equal incidence of several variables in both samples, such as persistent enuresis and firesetting, suggests a need for reassessment of some traditional theoretical formulations.


Work compulsion--a psychoanalytic study.

There are no published reports of a case of work compulsion. Such a case is described. The patient's history, the course of his analysis, and metapsychological formulations concerning the unconscious and complex meaning of work for this patient are presented. The case is discussed in relation to the relevant literature.


Working with a borderline patient.

A summary of the treatment of a borderline patient illustrates (I) that psychoanalytic therapy with such patients is feasible within the framework of the structural hypothesis and (2) that the results of such treatment are influenced materially by the analyst's use of his emotional responses to the patient and her production.


Poetry as affective communication.

The poetic experience is approached as an act of affective communication. Through analysis of a part of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, factors that contribute to the empathic communication between poet and reader are examined. It is suggested that the capacity for flexible language behavior of the participants in the poetic experience makes possible this empathic communication. The relationship between language and expression of affect is emphasized. Implications for affect theory are presented.


[Treatment and modification of attitudes].

The starting point of this work is the first article of the new penitentiary regulations. The aim of the re-education treatment of prisoners is explained here. This aim means to promote a process of modification of the attitudes which prevent a man from living a social life. Starting from the analysis of the concept of attitude which is made up of different elements implying affection, knowledge and behaviour we want to find out if it's possible to change the attitudes, on what conditions this may be realized, which obstacles prevent the change of these attitudes. A man can accept to be influenced when the behaviour he is led to, corresponds to his beliefs. This way a steady change will be acted even outside jail. At last you'll read about a discussion concerning the moral implications which affect people working in a penitentiary.


The radiologic study of the normal spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral.

The goal of this discussion is to provide the radiologist with a complete and systematic method of evaluating each area of the spine, and to provide him with anatomically correlated information to assist in the identification of the individual portions of the neural arch on each projection. Photographs of anatomic specimens, wired spine specimens, and appropriate radiographs of each view of the spine are presented.


Cervicobasilar relationships.

It is prudent to apply several methods of evaluation of cervicobasilar relationships in basilar impression and, in suggestive cases, to use tomographic evaluation for complete study. This discussion reviews normal cervicobasilar relationships and illustrates selected pathologic processes that produce basilar impression.


Cervical spine injuries below the axis.

In the lower cervical spine, motion is relatively limited to flexion and extension, with a small amount of lateral flexion and rotation. Fractures may occur with extreme displacement in any of these directions or as a result of axial application of force. The author provides a guide for the radiologic detection of various fractures of the cervical vertebrae.


Lumbar spondylolisthesis with isthmic defects.

The importance of spondylolisthesis, aside from the obvious malalignment and malformation of the affected vertebrae, rests mainly on the possibility and the extent of impairment of activity. In this discussion the authors are concerned mainly with the myelographic signs associated with spondylolisthesis in patients with isthmic changes.


Degenerative spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch.

Whereas the skeletal, anatomic, and clinical aspects of this condition have been scrutinized in detail, the radiologic changes have received less attention. In this discussion the plain film changes are briefly reviewed, and emphasis is directed toward the myelographic manifestations that reflect intraspinal and intraforaminal instrusions and their clinical sequelae.


Senile osteoporosis.

The incidence of senile osteoporosis is not known because of the various criteria used for the diagnosis of this disorder by different authors. This discussion carefully reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition, placing special emphasis on various techniques of diagnostic radiography.


[Roentgenologic findings in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].

Discussion of the radiodiagnostic findings in patients with carcinoma of the prostate, especially of tumor changes of prostatic ureterocystography. Lymphography was carried out in 154 patients with carcinoma of the prostate. Lymphnodes metastatic were found more frequently and earlier than skeletal metastases. A special lymphographic symptom is total metastatic replacement of lymphnodes by tumor spread.


[Lymphographic alterations in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].

Lymphography in carcinoma of the prostate has a characteristic pattern demonstrable in a rather early stage of the disease. This is due to a high rate of lymphogenous spread. In the present analysis the lymphographic data are recorded by computer system correlating the different types of alterations during the angiographic and retention phase. The alterations are evaluated separately in their significance for the prostate carcinoma.


[The diagnostic value of radiological, nuclear medicine and biochemical methods for detection of bone metastases in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].

785 combined diagnostic procedures are reported which were carried out on 353 patients with microscopically proven carcinoma of the prostate in order to detect metastases. X-ray films of the thorax, spine and pelvis were taken. Also bone-scintigraphy was done with 87MSr or 99MTc-polyphosphate. Additionally the alcaline, acid and prostate phosphatases were determined. A diagnostic coincidence between radiological results and bone-scan was found in 95.1% of cases. The bone-scan was false negative in 3.7%. Only in 1.2% metastases were detected earlier by the bone-scan than by x-ray examinations. Referring to the number of studies identical results were found. In roentgenologically detected metastases an increased serum level of the alcaline phosphatase was found in 61%, of the acid phosphatase in 31% and of the prostate-phosphatase in 25%.


[Curative radiotherapy of prostate carcinoma in localized stages (author's transl)].

The reported results of curative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the prostate are equal to radical surgical techniques. In stage C or T3 where radical surgical procedures are not possible, radiation therapy alone may achieve remarkable survival rates. The side effects and complication rates of radiation therapy are acceptable considering the potential cure. Hormone therapy should be reserved primarily for palliative treatment.


[Computer tomography of the pelvis. Basics for radiation-therapy, localization and treatment-planning in carcinoma of the prostate (author's transl)].

Computer tomography demonstrates topographic anatomy of the prostate which si important for localization and planning of radiation therapy in carcinoma of the prostate. Additionally, computer tomography detects enlarged regional lymph nodes which allows staging of the disease and individual radiation therapy-planning.


Effects of contrast media on the conducting system of the heart. Mechanism of action and identification of toxic component.

Infusion of progressive volumes of meglumine sodium diatrizoate (Renografin 76) into the arteries to the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes in anesthetized dogs produced a dose rate-dependent decrease in heart rate and an increase in "PR interval." At high dose rates, Renografin 76 caused sinus arrest and complete heart block in 50% and 70% of the animals, respectively. Saline and meglumine solutions (0.939 M) equiosmolar with Renografin 76 produced similar effects. Infusions of metrizamide (equal in iodine content with Renografin 76), dextrose solution (0.939 M), and autologous blood each had substantially less effects. Contrast media have a direct inhibitory action on sinoatrial automaticity and atrioventricular conductivity which is dependent on ionic strength, not iodine content.


Bacterial or nonbacterial pneumonia: accuracy of radiographic diagnosis.

The initial chest radiographs of 31 patients with laboratory-proved pneumonia were evaluated by a panel of 6 radiologists who had no prior knowledge of the clinical data. No statistical reliability was found for distinguishing bacterial from nonbacterial pneumonia. Radiographic diagnoses were 67% accurate for the 16 cases of bacterial pneumonia, and 65% accurate for the 9 viral cases. Six cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia were diagnosed as nonbacterial 19% of the time, and as "bacterial pneumonia" 81% of the time.


Duodenal varices in extrahepatic portal obstruction.

Duodenal varices were angiographically demonstrated in 18 cases of extrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein or obstruction of the splenic vein. In 11 cases, barium examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed prominent filling defects in the duodenal bulb and the duodenal sweep. These abnormalities share common characteristics and differ in their appearance from more commonly diagnosed duodenal lesions; their demonstration should raise the suspicion of extrahepatic  portal or splenic vein obstruction, which may be verified by angiography.


Superior mesenteric artery embolization: an angiographic emergency.

Eleven cases of superior mesenteric artery embolization are presented. The extent of bowel necrosis was found to be related to two major factors: the site of occlusion and the elapsed time between the onset of symptoms and definitive therapy. Angiography, available on an emergency basis, provides a definitive diagnosis which can only be suspected by other means. Therapy instituted within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms in all cases resulted in a mortality of only 9% attributable to intestinal infarction.


Comparison of barium enema nad colonoscopy in the detection of small colonic polyps.

A total of 210 patients was examined by barium enema and colonoscopy. The authors found 219 polyps in 112 patients. Single-contrast barium enema missed 33 (45.2%) and double-contrast barium enema missed 17 (11.7%) polyps. Colonoscopy failed to detect 6 polyps (2.7%) and another 21 (10%) were not seen because the area could not be reached by the colonoscope. Malignancy was present in 5 small polyps. The authors conclude that the double-contrast barium enema offers a definite advantage in the right colon. In general, the two methods are complementary.


The effect of vasopressin on hepatic arterial blood flow.

Vasopressin was successively infused into the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries and a systemic vein, and its levels monitored by blood samples drawn from the portal and hepatic veins and a systemic vein. Blood flow was monitored in the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries and in the ascending aorta. Hepatic blood flow was inversely correlated with mesenteric blood flow, rising about 50% above baseline levels during hepatic and systemic artery infusions and 96% during superior mesenteric artery infusion. Hepatic artery and systemic vein infusions caused a reduction in mesenteric flow about 20% less than that caused by direct superior mesenteric artery infusion.


Influence of Cholografin and Renografin 76 on platelet function.

Cholografin and Renografin 76 were studied to determine their effects on platelet function. In vitro platelet aggregation was significantly inhibited by at least 3.4 micron/ml Cholografin and 19.5 micron/ml Renografin 76. Patients who received Cholografin for intravenous cholangiography, and Renografin 76 for non-cardiac angiography, had low levels of plasma contrast agent, and hemostasis was clinically unimpaired. Patients who received Renografin 76 for cardiac angiography had inhibition of platelet aggregation at high levels of plasma contrast agent; there was no correlation with prolonged bleeding times, or with bleeding complications. High levels of plasma contrast agent may inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo, although this may not be associated with clinically significant bleeding.


Evaluation of the physiological function of the ureter by fluoroscopy in bilharziasis.

Of 40 cases of bilharziasis of the urinary tract examined by excretory urography, 26 (65%) showed evidence of abnormal ureteral motility. Although the severe ureteral dilatation of bilharziasis is generally believed to be caused by fibrotic strictures, only 2 strictures were seen. Abnormal peristalsis was also found in ureters which were not dilated. Upper urinary tract changes in S. haematobium infestation are shown to be more often due to disturbances of ureteral peristalsis rather than ureteral stricture.


A nontraumatic para-aortic lymphocele complicating nephrolithiasis.

Many cases of traumatic para-aortic lymphocele have been reported. Recently, a case of nontraumatic para-aortic lymphocele was investigated. The etiologic consideration for this lymphocele formation is either a localized inflammatory process, or fibrosis induced by prior passage of calculi.


Superselective angiography of the hip. Technique, normal features, and early results in idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head.

The vessels of the hip were studied by superselective injection of the various branches supplying it. The medial and lateral circumflex, obturator, and superior and inferior gluteal arteries were catheterized using a left axillary or brachial approach. The femoral head is supplied primarily by the capsular arteries arising from the medial circumflex artery. Good visualization of the superior capsular arteries is obtained by superselective injection with subtraction. Occlusion of these arteries is shown in the early phase of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. The capsular arteries may or may not be revascularized in later phases of this condition, whose evolution is discussed and correlated with the degree of revascularization.


Subtle transchondral fractures of the talar dome: a radiological perspective.

Radiographic findings associated with small talar dome fractures were analyzed in 21 patients. Representative cases are presented. The classification of talar dome fractures, and the role of the radiologist in their evaluation, are discussed.


The accuracy of radiologic identification of humans using skeletal landmarks: a contribution of forensic pathology.

The radiologic identification of humans, using skeletal landmarks in the thorax, is a potentially reliable method and its applicability to problems in forensic pathology is emphasized. This method was used in a case of homicide in which the identity of the victim required confirmation.


Intra-articular calcification in scleroderma.

Two patients with scleroderma demonstrated intra-articular calcification, which is rarely observed in this disease. The authors suggest that intra-articular calcification and erosion of adjacent cartilage and bone are related.


Negative-mode soft-tissue xeroradiography.

Positive-mode xeroradiography is an excellent method of visualizing soft-tissue structures in mammography and other procedures; however, toner deletions over a large area may preclude adequate delineation of the soft tissues near high-density structures such as bone. Use of the negative mode in the development cycle provides excellent demonstration of the soft tissues without toner deletions and requires only about 70% of the exposure needed in the positive mode. Negative-mode images also exhibit greater changes in radiographic contrast than those observed with the positive mode. The extent of achilles tendon lacerations was shown particularly well by this technique.


Autonomic dysreflexia: an unusual radiologic complication.

Two cases of autonomic dysreflexia are reported in which patients with high spinal cord lesions developed untoward effects during a diagnostic radiologic procedure. One patient had a retrograde cystogram and the other had a femoral angiogram. Radiologists should be aware of this potentially hazardous complication which could occur in any patient with a spinal cord lesion at or above T6. It can precipitate severe acute hypertension, acute myocardial failure or intracranial hemorrhage. We reviewed clinical features, etiologies, pathophysiology, treatment and prophylaxis.


An automated radiology information system.

An automated radiology department information system, serving the diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine divisions, has been developed. Radiology applications are part of a centralized data processing operation which incorporates clinical, administrative, research, and teaching subsets. The radiology subset includes remote on-line ordering/reporting, automated examination census and statistics, an on-line audit trail/workload control program, and financial reports. The software is linked to other hospital applications. This system improved report turn-around times, decreased clerical loads, and provided better financial management.


Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Part I: Technique and results.

The advent of scanners with an air gap and a tilting gantry have made possible the use of the coronal view in computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Of 400 axial scans performed over a four-month period, 50 were supplemented by the coronal projection. Although the artifacts, uncomfortable position, and prolonged scanning time associated with coronal scanning make it impractical as the only modality, when used as an adjunct to the axial view it can provide valuable additional diagnostic information.


Coronal computed tomography of the skull and brain in infants and children. Part II. Clinical value.

Coronal computed tomography is an important adjunct to the routine axial view in the evaluation of lesions of the skull and brain in infants and children. Of 400 axial scans performed over a four-mounth period, 50 were supplemented by coronal scans. Intracranial or cranial abnormalities were present in 39 (78%). Although the disadvantages of the coronal projection make it impractical as the only modality, when used as an adjunct to the axial view certain lesions of the skull and brain are diagnosed and delineated better.


Computed tomographic evaluation of the pancreas.

Computed tomography (CT) was used to assess possible pancreatic disease in 352 patients. It was found to be a reliable, often specific, and noninvasive method for detecting pancreatic neoplasms and pseudocysts. The use of CT has resulted in the diminished use of pancreatic angiography; effects of CT on patterns of utilization of other diagnostic methods are described.


Definitive role of CT scanning of the pancreas. The second year's experience.

In a group of 188 patients, 192 computed tomographic (CT) scans of the pancreas were done, and the diagnostic accuracy of CT determined relative to other modalities. CT was the most effective method of detecting neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. The full extent of the disease process, including involvement of the retroperitoneum and metastasis to the liver, was visualized with one examination. Calcification and cystic collections associated with pancreatitis were also clearly seen.


Computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with suspected carcinoma of the pancreas.

The authors assess the efficacy of CT of the pancreas in a series of 151 patients with suspected pancreatic carcinoma. CT diagnoses were divided into four categories based on the original interpretation: "mass" or carcinoma (53 scans); normal pancreas (68 scans); normal pancreas, but another pathologic process was discovered on the CT scan (20 scans); and unsatisfactory or indeterminate examinations (10 scans). In more than 50% of the erroneous diagnoses of pancreatic carcinoma, the mass lesion seen on CT was found at surgery or angiography to be adjacent to, not arising from, the pancreas. False-positive interpretation can be avoided by improved equipment and technique and the accumulation of interpreter experience.