The value of including optokinetic nystagmus testing in electronystagmography.

Seventy-nine out of 172 patients with abnormal horizontal or vertical optokinetic nystagmus had a specific condition or disease that was diagnosed following a complete ENG. Ocular vertigo, MS, motion sickness, brain stem lesions, cerebellar tumors, cerebellar atrophy, parietal lobe tumors, and Harada syndrome were the diagnoses made. Optokinetic asymmetry--horizontal, vertical, or a combination of these--was the most consistent finding in these conditions (Table). In six patients with cerebellar tumor, abnormal findings on OPK testing suggested the need for further evaluation when physical and neurologic examinations, brain scans, and EEG were normal. Surgery confirmed the diagnosis of cerebellar tumor with these patients. This study suggested the importance of using five progressively faster drum speeds in both the horizontal and vertical planes. All patients who had proven or strongly suspected MS had eye-speed fatigability as the drum speed increased, that is, as the drum speed increased, the eye speed decreased. It is suggested that optokinetic studies be included in the ENG. Vertical asymmetry, although not as common as horizontal, should be included in that 14 patients had only this finding.


Primary conversion laryngectomy: success in failure.

The concept of surgical exploration for conservation surgery has been applied to selected advanced and radiation failure laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Primary conversion laryngectomy was required in 50 patients. Factors affecting evaluation, therapy, and survival have been examined. The exploration proves valuable in exactly documenting disease extent and preserving a maximum number of larynxes without adversely affecting survival.


The vestibulospinal stability test: normal limits.

A computerized method of recording and analyzing Romberg test responses has been employed to objectively and quantitatively study normal and spatially disoriented subjects. Preliminary results have demonstrated that the vestibulospinal stability test may be applied as both a screening and lesion-localization procedure simultaneously. A minimum of patient time is required (two minutes recording time), the procedure is noninvasive, and the technique may be used for all age groups.


Hypoparathyroidism secondary to surgery for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx.

Hypoparathyroidism occurs secondary to surgery for carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx in which a total thyroidectomy is required. The indications for partial and total thyroidectomy are presented. Hypoparathyroidism is an important and complex problem with the clinical presentation ranging from tetany to latent chronic hypoparathyroidism. Serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and protein levels are important parameters to monitor. A therapeutic strategy is presented and its complications are discussed. The role of magnesium in calcium metabolism is emphasized.


The use of computerized tomography in otolaryngology.

Computed axial tomography represents a major advance in otolaryngology in the area of neuro-otology. Now that third and fourth generation scanners with their coned-down imagery are available with much better resolution, the scanner has become extremely useful in the entire field of otolaryngology. Major advantages of this technique are its noninvasive character and the absence of morbidity. This encourages its application to large numbers of patients with disorders at an early stage in the disease processes than was previously deemed prudent with other invasive diagnostic techniques. Intensive study will be necessary to develop the ultimate potential of the system fully in otolaryngology.


Cases of prolonged luteal activity in the non-pregnant dairy cow.

Regular measurements of progesterone in milk were made to monitor ovarian activity in over 300 commercial dairy cows from partiurition until pregnancy established. Six animals (approximately 1-5 per cent) which had not previously been inseminated showed prolonged luteal activity lasting for over 30 days. No apparent uterine abnormalities or infections were found in these cases. Prostaglandin analogue cloprostenol (Estrumate ICI) given intramuscularly induced complete luteolysis in treated animals. The subsequent fertility varied, but at least three of the six cows conceived again.


Tick borne fever in association with mucosal disease and cobalt deficiency in calves.

Tick borne fever is considered to have played a major role in a complex disease syndrome involving mucosal disease and cobalt deficiency in a group of young calves reared on an upland farm in South West Scotland. Anaemia, illthrift, coat colour changes and scour were the main clinical signs.


Biotin-supplementation of diets; the incidence of foot lesions, and the reproductive performance of sows.

The effect of biotin supplementation of diets for breeding sows was investigated in a herd where the sows exhibited symptoms resembling those of experimentally induced biotin deficiency. Twenty sows received diets supplemented with 250 mcg D-biotin per kg in pregnancy and 150 mcg D-biotin per kg in lactation. Over a six month period the supplemented sows showed a 28 per cent reduction in the number of foot lesions recorded. Twenty-two control sows showed no reduction in foot lesions. Sows on the supplemented diets produced more piglets at birth than controls, but the differences were not significant. However, second parity supplemented sows did produce significantly more live pigs than controls (1-64 +/- 0-77, P less than 0-05). The weaning to remating interval was significantly reduced from 15-31 +/- 2-85 days in the controls to 6-23 +/- 2-85 days in the supplemented sows (P less than 0-05) and the percentage of sows exhibiting oestrus within seven days of weaning was increased from 56 per cent to 89 per cent.


Clinical evaluation of enflurane in the dog.

Enflurane (Ethrane; Abbott Laboratories Ltd), a new inhalation anaesthetic, was used on 30 clinical cases. A surgical plane of anaesthesia was quickly obtained and recovery was rapid. Respiratory depression occurred with a reduction in rate which was more marked in deeper planes of anaesthesia. Hypotension was not severe and was more marked in deeper plans of anaesthesia. Clinically the agent did not appear to be a good analgesic. No signs of spontaneous muscle activity were seen, possibly due to premedication with acepromazine.


[Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin in systemic scleroderma].

Content of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin was estimated in blood serum of 23 patients with sclerodermia systematica. A statistically distinct decrease in ceruloplasmin concentration was observed in blood of the patients, whereas content of haptoglobin was markedly increased; this phenomenon reflects a level of the pathological process activity. The proteins are synthesized in various zones of liver lobes: haptoglobin--in the central zone, ceruloplasmin - in the peripheral one. Decrease in content of ceruloplasmin in blood of patients with sclerodermia systematica was due to impairment of hepatocytes, localized in peripheral parts of liver lobes.


[Cation permeability of liver mitochondrial membranes during Ca+-dependent anoxic damage in vitro].

Ca2+ ions are responsible for impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria under anoxia in vitro. The decrease in this function is due to inhibition of electron transport over respiratory chain and to uncoupling. The increase in membrane permeability for H+, K+ and Na+ was observed on incubation of mitochondria under anoxic condition together with Ca2+. Uncoupling of phosphorylation depends on the increased permeability of the membranes for H+. The increased permeability of membranes for Na+ and K+ under energy liberation and in presence of penetrating anions led to active swelling of organelles and to secondary (osmotic) impairment. Ca2+-activated mitochondrial phospholipase A2 appears to participate in the organelle impairment under anoxia.


[Effect of hydrocortisone and insulin on the energy metabolism and nucleic acid content of albino rat liver and spleen].

Hydrocortisone, single administered into rats 5 hrs before the experiment, did not alter oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria but inhibited the process in spleen. In spleen a decrease in content of SH-groups and of nucleic acids was also observed. An inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and a decrease in content of SH-groups occurred in mitochondria of spleen and liver tissues after administration of hydrocortisone within 5 days. Together with the phenomenon content of RNA and DNA was decreased in nuclei and homogenates of the tissues studied. The trend to normalization of the phosphorylation process and the increase in content of sulfhydryl groups were found in mitochondria after simultaneous administration of insulin. In this case content of nucleic acids was also increased in nuclei and homogenates of spleen and liver tissues. Possible mechanisms of the normalizing effect of insulin on the energy production and the nucleic acids accumulation in these tissues, impaired by administration of hydrocortisone, are discussed.


[Molecular weight of multiple forms of rat liver and adrenal gland glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase].

Estimation of molecular weights of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) multiple forms was carried out by the method of extended electrophoresis (within 24 hrs) in polyacrylamide gel with linear gradient of concentration (from 3.5% to 30%). Proceeding from the variations in molecular weight, the multiple forms of G6PD, found in liver tissue and adrenal glands, might be apparently classified as two types, designated as alpha-G6PD and beta-G6PD. The possible reasons are discussed for the existence of two types of G6PD in the one organ.


[L-DOPA test for evaluating in vivo catecholamine biosynthesis in normal persons and persons with different diseases].

Administration of 1-DOPA into healthy persons increased its excretion with urine and elevated the adrenaline secretion. The increase of catecholamines excretion was not observed in aged patients with hypertension; the data obtained suggest that the synthesis of catecholamines with utilization of DOPA was inhibited. In patients with ulcerous disease excretion of 1-DOPA was not increased after its administration, but secretion of catecholamines was decreased during the day time. Under ulcerous disease 1-DOPA appears to be used in process unrelated to synthesis of catecholamines.


[Postmortem decomposition of skeletal muscle RNA].

RNAs, isolated from rat sceletal muscles by heat and cold phenol treatment within various periods after animal death, were analyzed by means of centrifugation in sucrose gradient. Content of 28 S RNA was found to be decreased by 7-8% within 3 days of autolysis with maintaining of the total ribosomal RNA yield. These data suggest that nucleases were present in microsomal and crude myofibrillar fractions and their activity was increased duing autolysis.


[Changes in substrate specificity of brain mitochondrial monoamine oxidase].

Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase isolated from bovine brain stem and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity contained 15 SH groups per mole (100000) of protein. The enzyme deaminated tyramine, p-nitro-beta-phenylethylamine, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, tryptamine but did not deaminate histamine, GABA or spermidine. Oxidation of 9-II SH groups in the MAO by air oxygen was accompanied by appearance of the properties to deaminate histamine or GABA. This qualitative alteration (transformation) in catalytic properties of the enzyme was readily reversed by treatment with reducing agents (dithiothreitol or GSH). No structural alterations detectable by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel were observed in course of the qualitative reversible modifications in catalytic activity of MAO. The qualitative alterations in substrate specificity were also initiated by treatment with H2O2 of the monoamine oxidases tightly bound with membrane structures of mitochondria from bovine brain stem.


[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat liver and myocardium following toxic doses of noradrenaline].

Administration of toxic doses of noradrenaline into rats led to exhaustion of noradrenaline reserves in liver and heart tissues with the simultaneous increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the tissues. Actinomycin D, administered together with noradrenaline, completely prevented the elevation of the G6PD activity in the tissues studied. The data obtained suggest that sympathetic nervous system and its mediator are responsible for regulation of the rate of enzymatic protein synthesis in tissues.


[Changes in the metabolism of adenine-containing components in the heart during experimental myocardial infarct].

Turnover of heart polynucleotides, adenine nucleotides and adenosine was studied in dynamics of dog experimental myocardial infarction. In the areas of necrosis an inhibition of RNAase and DNAase was observed and later on - an activation of these enzymes with simultaneous increase in content of RNA and DNA; the stable decrease in ATP and ADP content was also found but content of AMP remained at the initial level. Conversion of AMP into adenosine was limited due to inhibition of 5-nucleotidase, whereas the direct AMP deamination and degradation of adenosine proceeded with the normal rate. Out of the necrosis area 5-nucleotidase maintained the high activity but both "non-adenosine" pathway of AMP degradation and adenosine splitting were inhibited; this promoted the nucleoside formation and maintained its level in the tissue. Alterations in content of RNA, DNA and adenine mononucleotides out of the infarction area were similar to the alterations in the impaired zone but less distinct and stable.


[Tissue serotonin content and monoamine oxidase activity in shock].

Content of serotonin was increased approximately 3-fold in brain, 8-fold in liver tissue, 15-16-fold in kidney and heart, as compared with control, after traumatic shock caused by crushing of rat soft tissues. At the same time content of serotonin was decreased in lungs by 40% and in intestine -- by 80%. The MAO activity was altered in all the tissues studied. The alterations followed a similar pattern in all the cases: short-term increase, decrease, restoration after completing the compression and persistent decrease in decompressional period.


[Catecholamines, their precursors and metabolites in human fatigue after exertion].

Alterations in metabolism of catecholamines were studied in sportsmen after development of acute fatigue as a result of the test physical loading. Three types of the alterations were characterized on the basis of differences in excretion with urine of free and sulphate-bound adrenaline, noradrenaline, of their precursors DOPA and dopamine as well as acid metabolites (vanillyl mandelic acid). The first type of the alterations in catecholamines metabolism comprized the cases, when excretion of catecholamines, their precursors and metabolites did not increase; this appears to relate to the partial exhaustion of hormones and peripheric mediators of sympathoadrenal system. The second type was characterized by decreased excretion of the substances studied, by development of the "perversed" reactions due to modifications in the regulatory system, which led to the inhibition of the system instead of its stimulation. The third type was manifested as the hyperfunction of the system. The increased synthesis of catecholamines during the hyperfunction suggests that this process serves as a compensatory reaction to their preceding elevated secretion; the phenomenon appears to depend on the increased secretion of the newly formed catecholamines. Excretion of catecholamines and their precursors was decreased for a long time after development of chronic fatigue in the resting state and the increase in excretion of the substances studied was not observed after physical loading.


[Catabolic changes in endogenous lipids in rat adrenal glands during autolysis].

Alterations in lipid composition of rat adrenal glands were studied at various periods of autolysis by means of micro-thin layer chromatography. Phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters proved to be the most labile lipid fractions of the tissue. At early period of autolysis (4 hrs) content of total lipids was decreased mainly due to lowering in amount of phospholipids, cholesterol and its esters and only slightly - to lowering in content of free fatty acids. In subsequent necrobiotic degradation of adrenal gland tissue (10 hrs) the increase in content of total lipids was related to the distinct elevation in amount of free fatty acids and glycerides. Mechanisms of the phenomenon observed are discussed.


[Free fatty acids and cholesterol as possible participants in lipid oxidation radical reactions in animal tissues].

Alterations in concentration of free fatty acids, free cholesterol, native antioxidants as well as in the antioxidative activity were studied in lipids of mice liver tissue and small intestinal mucosa. The intensity of free radical reactions in lipids of animal tissues was affected directly by administration of synthetic inhibitors of the reactions. The inverse correlation was observed between the alteration in concentrations of native antioxidants and free fatty acids as well as between the antioxidative activity of lipids and amount of free cholesterol in them. Free fatty acids appears to be the constant participants in the system of free radical oxidation of lipids, while cholesterol can center the system under distinct level of these reactions intensity.


[Anticomplement activity of native dextrans].

An anticomplementary activity of native dextrans of various structure was studied among the nine dextrans studied, eight polymers exhibited the anticomplementary activity of variable magnitude; only one dextran, containing 95% of 1--6 links and 2% of 1--2 links was unactive. The highest activity was exhibited by dextrans with high content of 1--2 links; lower activity was observed in dextrans, containing high amount of 1--3 links. The anticomplementary activity was not found in partially hydrolyzed dextrans, containing 90% and more links of the 1--6 type, with molecular weight of 2-10(6) daltons and lower. Polyaldehydes, obtained from these dextrans by oxidation with iodic acid, acquired the anticomplementary activity, comparable with the activity of native dextrans.


[Lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives in rat testicular mitochondria during hypoxia].

Content of lysophospholipids and their diacyl derivatives was astimated in intact and destructed mitochondria of rat spermatic glands in acute hypoxic hypoxia by means of thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. A ratio of phospholipid lysoforms was found to increase with simultaneous decrease in cardiolipin and rhosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions. The minimal alteration in phospholipid spectrum occurred in mitochondrial membranes.


[2 forms of UDPG-glycogen transferase in leukocytes of rabbit exudate in diabetes].

UDPG-glycogen transferase existed mainly as D-form, depending on glucose-6-phosphate, and in minority as E-form in leukocytes of exudate of rabbits with diabetes and of control animals. The total enzymatic activity as well as the activity of D-form were almost the same both in leukocytes under diabetes and in control. The E-form activity accounted for 18% of the total enzymatic activity in leukocytes of diabetic rabbits and for 14% in leukocytes of control animals. Preliminary incubation of leukocyte homogenates at 37 degrees for 30 min led to decrease in the relation between the enzyme forms both in control rabbits and in animals with diabetes.


[Antibodies to thyroglobulin in patients with cancer].

Investigations of over 300 oncological patients and 120 healthy individuals have evidenced a considerable increase in the frequency of detecting antibodies to thyreoglobulin (in the titre 1/80 and higher) in patients with cancer of the breast, sigmoid and stomach in females and a tendency to such increase in cancer of the uterine body, and a number of other localizations.


[Positive scintigraphy in the diagnosis of lung cancer].

Based on the clinico-morphological estimation of scannograms, performed by means of sodium selenite--selenium-75, chloromercury-197 and gallium citrate-67 in 231 patients with tumor (185) and nontumor (46) lung diseases, it was found that the best results were obtained in scannographic visualization of primary tumors of the lung (87%). Positive scintigraphy was found to be of high diagnostic value in recognition of lung cancer proceeding against the background of atelectasis, inflammatory processes and other "disguises" hampering the clinico-roentgenological diagnosis. Positive scintigraphy may be employed in establishing the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign lung tumors.


[Determination of monoamine oxidase activity in a coupled reaction with alcohol dehydrogenase].

A simple kinetic method is developed for estimation of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in solubilized mitochondria and purified preparations of MAO from rat liver tissue. The method is based on the property of alcohol dehydrogenase (from horse liver tissue) to catalyze the reduction of fatty-aromatic aldehydes (products of the MAO reaction) to appropriate alcohols in presence of NADH2 excess. The rate of the coupled reaction was evaluated spectrophotometrically by a decrease of the optic density at 340 nm. The optimal conditions were ascertained for coupling of these two reactions. Application of several amines was shown to be possible for estimation of the MAO activity by the kinetic method developed.


[Combined chemo-radiotherapy of small-cell cancer of the lung].

The authors report the results of the combined treatment of 32 patients with small-cell cancer of the lung by irradiation in a dose of 5000 rad and chemotherapy: cyclophosphan, methotrexate, nitrosoethylurea. An immediate objective improvement was noted in 90 per cent of the patients, an average survival being 10 months, while without the treatment the survival was no longer than 5 months.


[Incidence statistics of malignant stomach neoplasms in the Estonian SSR during 1963-1972].

Crude and age-adjusted (UICC world standard) morbidity rates of gastric cancer have been presented. The linear-regression analysis of age-ajusted rates for 1963--1972 shows a significant mean annual decrease of 2.9% for males and 4.9% for females. In 1968--1971 the ratio of Russian to Estonian age-ajusted rates was 1.9--2.0 for urban and 1.7 for rural population. 46.1 +/- 2.7% of Russian migrants (gastric cancer patients) have migrated to Estonia from high risk areas. 38.3--61.3% of males and 27.1--47.7% of females have a microscopic verification of the diagnosis.


[Comparative study of lipid fraction content in different areas of the rabbit myocardium].

Comparative study of content of main lipid fractions was carried out in five parts of rabbit myocardium by means of thin-layer chromatography on silicagel with subsequent quantitative estimation. Increased concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol, free fatty acids and triglycerides were observed in atrium dextrum and triglycerides in ventriculus dexter as compared with either the corresponding left-side parts of the heart muscle or with septum interventriculare. Content of cholesterol esters, free fatty acids and triglycerides was higher in atrium dextrum as compared with ventriculus dexter. The lowest concentration of phospholipids was approximately the same in other parts of the heart muscle.


[Blood serotonin in stomach cancer].

The results of examination of serotonin content in blood of 35 patients with different stages of gastric cancer are reported. Patients with cancer of the stomach show a decreased blood serotonin level compared with analogous data, obtained in healthy individuals and in patients with ulcerous disease of the stomach and duodenum. Contrary to patients with ulcerous disease in patients with gastric cancer hyperserotoninemia would not be restored postoperatively.


[Results of surgical treatment of cancer of the large intestine].

The results of surgical treatment of 765 patients with colonic cancer are analysed, The resectability was 68.7%, postoperative mortality--in 16.3%. The most frequent causes of lethal issues were peritonitis and acute cardiovascular disturbances. The survival of 5 years and longer after radical operations was noted in 53.4 +/- 3.4%. The survival rate in patients with cancer of the right colon is reliably higher than that with the left colon involved. Hemicolectomy yielded better results compared with segmental resections. The worst results of the treatment were noted in stage T4--T3. The presence of metastases in regional lymph nodes reduces 3 times the number of patients survived for 5 years after radical surgery, compared with those without regional metastases. Late results of the treatment in mucous and solid cancers were several times worse than in adenocarcinoma.


[Importance of the study of proliferative processes in the uterus for early diagnosis of ovarian tumors].

Under observation were 1780 females operated upon for ovarian tumors and cysts. Special attention is given to the frequent occurrence in them of hormone-dependent hyperplastic and blastomatous processes in the uterus. These processes in the uterus were observed in 41.7% of all operated patients and in 86.2% of patients, in whom the uterus was studied morphologically.


[Adenase inhibitor in thrombocytes of healthy humans].

An inhibitor of adenase, which is absent in leukemic patients, was studied in thrombocytes of healthy persons. The inhibitor, localized in the granular fraction, was isolated by ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradient.


[Combination chemotherapy of experimental leukemia].

In the present work an attempt was made to gain greater therapeutic effect of diazane coupled with adriamycin and sarcolysin. Leucemias L-1210 and La served as a model. In leucosis La diazane was injected once in 5 days. Either an additional injection of adriamycin two days prior to diazane injection or sarcolysin injected simultaneously with diazane enabled the authors to obtain a distinct synergestic effect. In leucemia L-1210 a simultaneous administration of diazane and sarcolysin also contributes to considerably longer survival of leucemic animals. Such combinations are likely to be promising in their clinical use.


[Effect of amniotic fluid on the "spontaneous" transformation of embryonic cells of rats].

While applying amniotic fluid of cow embryos, as one of the components of nutrition medium, the tumor-producing ability of cells is manifested in later period of cultivation. Less malignancy of the transformed cultures was noted, that is supported by a more slow tumor development, by nearly complete absence of metastases, and longer survival of tumor-bearing animals. On the other hand, amniotic fluid renders a somewhat accelerating (2--3 times greater than in the control) effect on the impairment of cultures diploidy. Heteroploidization of the cultures proceeds largely on account of chromosome number shifts from diploid to near-tetraploid amount. Thus, amniotic liquor inhibits the process of "spontaneous" malignant transformation of embryonal cells in prolonged cultivation, simultaneously accelerating the impairment of culture diploidy.


[Hormonal sensitivity of mammary adenocarcinoma in rats and the capacity of the sulfhydryl groups of this tumor for bindig by various antineoplastic drugs].

A correlation was studied between the hormone-dependence of DMBA induced mammary carcinomas in rats and their in-vitro sensitivity to thiophosphamide, benzo-TEPA, sarcolysin and ederpine according to the responsiveness of SH-groups of tumor tissues. A reliable positive correlation was found between the hormone-dependence of neoplasms and their sensitivity to thiophosphamide: the more rapid was tumor regression after ovariectomy, the higher the precentage of in vitro binding of tissue homogenate sulfhydrile groups by the substance. In terms of other alkylating substances this correlation was found to be unreliable. A conclusion is made that the test of adenocarcinoma sulfhydrile groups binding to thiophosphamide may enable one to judge the hormonal responsiveness of mammary gland neoplasms.


The metabolism of S-carboxyalkylcysteines in man.

1. The ingestion of S-(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)-, S-(2- carboxy-1-methylpropyl)-, S-(1-carboxy-2methylpropyl)- and S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine by man was followed by the excretion in the urine of the unchanged amino acid and the N-acetylated compounds. 2. In the rat the fraction of S-(2-carboxy-1-methylethyl)-L-[U-14C]cysteine acetylated increased as the dose level decreased. 3. The significance of these results for the excretion of S-carboxyalkyl-cysteines in man is discussed.


Aflatoxicol M1, a new metabolite of aflatoxicol.

1. Using dog liver microsomal preparations, we have isolated and identified a new metabolite of aflatoxicol, aflatoxicol M1; this metabolic transformation is analogous to the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1. 2. Aflatoxicol M1 can also be produced from aflatoxin M1 by a reductase present in rabbit liver cytosol, a reaction analogous to the reduction of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxicol. 3. In addition, aflatoxicol M1 can be oxidized to aflatoxin M1 by a carbon monoxide-insensitive dehydrogenase activity associated with human liver microsomes, a reaction analogous to the production of aflatoxin B1 from aflatoxicol by this fraction. 4. Ultra-violet, fluorescence, and mass spectral characteristics of aflatoxicol M1 are described. 5. The significance of this new aflatoxin metabolite and the possibility that it may be biologically active are discussed.


Toxicity-related changes in benzene metabolism in vivo.

1. The influence of microsomal enzyme inducers and inhibitors on the metabolism of [U-14C]benzene in the rat was examined. 2. Pre-treatment of animals with the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and cobaltous chloride tended to reduce the urinary excretion of metabolites in 24 h but increase the overall urinary excretion. Piperonyl butoxide tended to increase expired benzene. 3. Pre-treatment of animals with the inducer phenobarbital tended to increase urinary excretion of metabolites but decrease expired benzene, as did pre-treatment with benzene itself. 4. All pre-treatments appeared to increase the excretion of phenolic glucuronides, particularly benzene pre-treatment. Phenobarbital and benzene pre-treatment tended to increase phenylmercapturic acid excretion and benzene pre-treatment markedly increased excretion of quinol. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of microsomal enzyme inhibitors and inducers on benzene-induced bone marrow toxicity.


The metabolism of a substituted aminoacetamido-benzophenone and cyclization to the corresponding benzodiazepine in the rat in vivo.

1. 2-(5-Cyano-N-methyl-3,5-dimethyl-3-aza-pentanamido)-5-nitrobenzophenone, administered orally to the rat, is well absorbed and extensively metabolized with only minimal quantities of parent compound detected in plasma, bile or urine. 2. Urinary t.l.c. metabolite profiles after oral administration of a substituted aminoacetamidobenzophenone, [14C]C 72 0045, and [14C]nimetazepam were qualitatively similar but differed quantitatively. 3. Analysis by t.l.c. of plasma extracts obtained after oral administration of [14C]C 72 0045 demonstrated that nimetazepam and nitrazepam accounted for 20% of the plasma total radioactivity. Nimetazepam and nitrazepam had a combined concentration up to 22 times greater than the concentration of C 72 0045. 4. The presence of nimetazepam in plasma after oral administration of C 72 0045 was confirmed by mass spectrometry. 5. In the liver, [14C]C 72 0045 was rapidly metabolized to polar metabolites. In the same rats, the major brain metabolites were nimetazepam and nitrazepam. 6. It is concluded that [14C]C 72 0045 undergoes metabolic cyclization in the rat to form nimetazepam, which is further metabolized to form nitrazepam.


The effect of carboxyl substituent on the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes.

1. The effect of a carboxyl substituent on the metabolism of aromatic aldehydes has been examined in several species of animals. 2. Phthalaldehydic acid was exclusively reduced to the corresponding alcohol in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs and man. The oxidized metabolite phthalic acid was not detected appreciably in any species. 3. Iso- and terephthalaldehydic acid were oxidized to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids in rats and dogs. The reduced metabolites were not detected. 4. The aldehyde group of o-formylphenoxyacetic acid and o-formylphenoxypropionic acid was largely reduced to the corresponding alcohol in rats, rabbits and dogs. In contrast, oxidation to the carboxylic acid predominant over the reduction in mice. In the former three species, the amount of the minor metabolite carboxylic acid was larger with o-formylphenoxypropionic acid than with o-formylphenoxyacetic acid. 5. 1,8-Naphthaldehydic acid, m- and p-formylphenoxyacetic acid were mainly oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids in rats. 6. It was concluded that aromatic aldehydes bearing a carboxyl group in the ortho position, attached either directly or indirectly to the benzene nucleus, tend to be reduced to the corresponding alcohols in animals.


Absorption, excretion and metabolism of a new dihydropyridine diester cerebral vasodilator in rats and dogs.

1. After oral administration of [14C]dihydropyridine diester, the plasma concn. of radioactivity was similar in rats and dogs, reaching a maximum at 0-5 to 1 h and decreasing with a half life of about 3-5 h. The plasma concn. of unmetabolized drug in dogs was 10 times higher than in rats. Radioactivity in rat tissue was high in liver, kidney and lung after both oral and intravenous administration. 2. In both species, 66-72% of radioactivity was excreted in faeces and 23-29% in urine in 48 h, regardless of the route of administration. Biliary excretion in rats after oral dosage amounted to 65%. 3. Eight metabolites were identified from urine of dogs and rats. They were derived from one or several of the following pathways: I, debenzylation of the N-benzyl-N-methylaminoethyl side chain; II, reduction of the 3-nitro group on the phenyl substituent; III, oxidation of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring to the corresponding pyridine; IV, oxidative removal of the N-benzyl-N-methylamino group yielding a carboxylic acid; V, hydrolysis of the N-benzyl-N-methylamino-ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid; VI, hydroxylation of the 2-methyl group of the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring to hydroxymethyl.


Effects of different compounds of metals and of their mixtures on the growth and survival of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.

The iron oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was studied in the presence of different concentrations of metals as sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, and in some other compounds. The bacteriological oxidation of ferro-ions develops in all solutions in nearly the same way, with the only difference that, as the ion concentration increases, the beginning of measurable oxidation is postponed, i.e., with ion concentration increasing, the lag-phase expands. When salts are mixed in different proportions, the toxic concentration of such a mixture corresponds, in a defined way, to the total of salts, i.e., of their ions.


[Rhodosporidium Banno: yeast phase inactivation by ultraviolet light and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine].

The inactivation of stationary phase cells by ultraviolet light (UV) and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) was examined in eight wild strains of Rhodotorula, six of which are the sporidial yeast phase of Rhodosporidium, a basidiomycetous fungus. It has been found that (1) the UV-resistance of Rhodosporidium and Rhodotorula yeasts is higher and the MNNG-resistance lower than the resistance of Candida and Hansenula yeasts, (2) the shape of the survival curves is sigmoid in the case of UV and two-phase exponential in the case of MNNG, (3) the mutagen sensitivities but not the inactivation kinetics of the strains are different, (4) the UV- and MNNG-sensitivities for each of the strains are correlated, (5) the relatively high resistance to UV cannot be due to the carotenoid pigments of the cells, (6) mutations to UV-sensitivity can be induced with a high rate, (7) the sigmoidal character of the UV survival curves were reduced or transformed to an exponential shape by the UVS-mutations.


Control of the splanchnic circulation.

The major regulatory factors in the mesenteric circulation include general hemodynamic forces, the autonomic nervous system, circulating vasoactive substances, tissue metabolites and intrinsic characteristics of vascular smooth muscle. During mesenteric ischemic states smooth muscle spasm elevates resistance to blood flow and aggravates intestinal tissue hypoxia leading to mucosal necrosis. Close intraarterial infusion of potent vasodilator drugs holds the promise of reversing intestinal ischemia and preserving viability of the gut.


Maintenance of obesity following hypophysectomy in the obese-hyperglycemic mouse (ob/ob).

In order to examine the role of the pituitary in the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, obese (ob/ob) and nonobese sibling (OB/?) mice were sham-operated or hypophysectomized by a parapharyngeal method at 60 to 90 days of age and subsequently weighed for nine weeks. Completeness of hypophysectomy was assessed by microscopic examination of stained serial sections of the brain and attached hypophyseal capsule. Complete hypophysectomy resulted in a moderate weight loss in the obese mice and attenuated further increases in adiposity, but it failed to eliminate the adiposity already established prior to surgery as determined from Lee index values. We tentatively conclude that neither the pituitary nor the target organs it controls represent the site of the primary genetic abnormality that maintains the obesity of the ob/ob.


[Clinical problems in the application of sedatives in patients with chronic liver disease (author's transl)].

In these introductory remarks the application of sedatives in patients with chronic liver diseases is discussed. Sedatives, for example, are used in agitated alcoholics with liver damage, as premedication before endoscopical examinations (emergency endoscopy for hemorrhage from the upper G.i.-tract, peritoneoscopy), and operations necessary for the treatment of typical complications of the liver disease (shunt-op. for portal hypertension). In all these situations the metabolism and pharmaco-kinetics of sedatives may be influenced by the liver disease in a non-predictable way. Generally, an enhanced, enforced and prolonged effect can be assumed. Long acting barbiturates are recommended for a long period treatment, diazepam in reduced doses is used as premedication for endoscopical examination. Opiates should be avoided.


[Metabolism of hypnotic and sedative drugs in cholestasis (author's transl)].

Alterations of hepatic microsomal biotransformation in cholestasis were discussed. In experimental animals biotransformation of hypnotic and sedative drugs is impaired under cholestatic conditions in vivo. The endplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes is hypertropic but is hypoactive with respect to drug metabolism, a condition which is partly due to interference to substances retained in cholestatic livers (bile salts) with drug biotransformation and to cytochrome P-450 diminution in the microsomal membranes. The activity of conjugating enzymes (phase II of biotransformation) remains unaffected. A similar situation exists in cholestatic patients in which drug elimination is altered. In vitro studies with human liver homogenate, microsomes, and liver slices confirm the animal experiments by showing that cytochrome P-450 as well as the metabolism of hypnotics are reduced in cholestasis.


[Hexobarbital-oxidation in vivo and in vitro in rats with bile duct ligation or ANIT-cholestasis (author's transl)].

Pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital in rats is not influenced by ligature of the common bile duct or by ANIT-cholestasis. Additional in vitro experiments with isolated liver microsomes show only slight changes of hexobarbital metabolism.


[Metabolism of hexobarbital in patients with acute hepatitis and cirrhosis (author's transl)].

16 patients with acute hepatitis, 18 patients with cirrhosis and a total of 21 volunteers and patients with normal liver function received 7.32 mg/kg hexobarbital by linear intravenous infusion within 60 min. Hexobarbital was determined gaschromatographically in serial blood samples and the hexobarbital-clearance was calculated from the plasma concentration curve versus time. Additional experiments were performed in rats suffering from so called "galactosamine hepatitis". In half of the patients with acute hepatitis a normal hexobarbital clearance could be found. In the other patients this was distinctly reduced but not correlation was found to other liver function tests. Patients with cirrhosis were subdivided into two groups. The patients in group 1 were well compensated. The patients in group 2 had a decompensated state with ascites and oesophageal varices. In nearly all patients with cirrhosis the hexobarbital-clearance was diminished. This was more pronounced in group 2. Ketohexobarbital excretion in healthy subjects was in the range of 40-60% of dose. Patients with acute hepatitis excreted only 10-20% of dose and patients with liver cirrhosis only about 5% of dose. In rats with "galactosamine hepatitis" hexobarbital clearance in vivo was distinctly reduced and this could be explained by diminished microsomal cytochrome p 45- and hexobarbital oxidation rate.


[Hexobarbital-oxidation in vivo and in vitro in rats after phenobarbital-pretreatment or after portacaval anastomosis (author's transl)].

Male rats were pretreated with phenobarbital for 5 days or received portacaval anastomosis 3 weeks before. Hexobarbital was applicated intravenously and hexobarbital plasma concentrations were followed up gaschromatographically in arterial blood samples. Hexobarbital clearance was calculated from the plasma concentration curve versus time. Liver microsomes were prepared and cytochrome P 450 and the hexobarbital oxidation rate was determined. After portacaval shunt the animals showed a small liver, a reduced cytochrome P 450 and diminished hexobarbital oxidation rate. Hexobarbital clearance in vivo was reduced, too. After phenobarbital pretreatment liver weight increased and cytochrome P 450 and hexobarbital oxidation rate were distinctly enhanced. The hexobarbital clearance in vivo were increased. Since the plot of hexobarbital clearance in vivo versus cytochrome P 450 or versus hexobarbital oxidation rate in vitro gave a good correlation, it is concluded that hexobarbital clearance in vivo may be a good estimate for hepatic cytochrome P 450 and hepatic hexobarbital oxidation rate.


[Treatment of various forms of icterus or cholestasis with phenobarbital (author's transl)].

Phenobarbital induces microsomal enzymes such as bilirubinglucoronyltransferase and increases bile flow. Therefore Phenobarbital has been used in the treatment of various forms of icterus or cholestasis. The present paper reviews the results of treatment obtained by various authors.


Programmed versus spontaneous and stimulated labour.

The present study indicates advantages of programmed labour compared with labour which started spontaneously on or before term day. Programmed labour was shorter and the condition of the newborn, assessed according to Apgar and acid-base values of cord-blood, was better than in spontaneous or stimulated labour groups. There was no appreciable difference in the frequency of other complications such as prematurity, hyperbilirubinemia, and neuropathological symptoms, among groups studied.


[External cephalic version close to term in the management of breech presentation (author's transl)].

In 16 cases from a total of 36 (44%) the external cephalic version was successful. 18 times the relaxation of the uterus was performed by general anaesthesia with a successrate of 50% and 17 times by Fenoterol with a successrate of 35%. A V-para had a successful external cephalic version without any relaxation of the uterus. In average the external cephalic version was performed in the 39th week of pregnancy. From these 16, in whose case an external cephalic version was successful, there were 6 caesarian deliveries because of fetal indication. From 5 of these 6 caesarian deliveries it was discovered at the time of delivery a complication of the umbilicus. In one case of two massive fetomaternal transfusion the child died. In both cases of fetomaternal transfusion the placenta was located to the anterior wall of the uterus. Therefore we think this location of the placenta is a contraindiction for external cephalic version.


[Consideration of hemodynamics in the intervillous space of the placenta (author's transl)].

Using Freese's hemodynamic model, we calculated the speed and pressure distribution in the villi-free area of the cotyledon. The Navier-Stokes equation was converted approximately into Reynod factors. The villi-free area was described as circular diffusor. On the basis of our computations, we assume that a predominately laminar flow occurred in the intervillous space; we considered an angular apearature of between 10 and 40 degrees to be physiological. In this area, pressure distribution is homogenous. The model-theoretical considerations presented here substantiate Freese's conception.


[Studies on amino acid kinetics in rats without and with interference of the pregnancy using 75-Se-methionine (author's transl)].

A collective of 60 rats was divided into 3 groups of 20 non-pregnant, 20 pregnant without interference of the pregnancies and 20 pregant with ligature of the uterine vessels to induce an intrauterine growth retardation. The organ distribution of 100 muC intravenously injected 75-Se-methionine, which is actively transported from the placenta into the fetal circulation, was computer-scintigraphically measured. After 30 minutes and 6 hours typical differences, amongst the 3 groups, between the liver and foetoplacental unit methionine uptake were demonstrated both visually and quantitatively. On the basis of this experimental animal model, it should be attempted to measure quantitatively the placental disorders which are not caused primarily by perfusion of the uteroplacental unit.


[Is there any evidence that the maternal HPL serum-concentration is of prognostic value in cases of threatened abortion? (author's transl)].

The mean values of the maternal HPL are significantly decreased in cases of threatened abortion from the 10th to the 16th week post menstruation. But the HPL concentration is only of prognostic value after the 13th week because only after that time the HPL concentration is significantly decreased in cases with following abortion. The common therapy with gestagens or with a combination of estrogens and gestagens has no influence of the mean HPL concentrations. For the first time it could be shown an influence of an exogen estrogen-gestagen combination on the individual values of HPL serum-concentrations.


[Spontaneous rupture of uterus during delivery. Interpretation of cardiotocogram (author's transl)].

The authors report a case of silent rupture of uterus during delivery. The whole delivery was monitored by intrauterine pressure recording and fetal scalp electrode. Severe fetal bradycardia induced cesarian section. The retrospectively study of the papercover of fetal monitoring indicates the rupture of uterus.


[Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis].

The case of a disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in a 55-year-old woman is reported which has developed since 10 years. Local application of vitamin-A-acid (retinoic acid) did not improve the dermatoses. The differential diagnosis and some therapeutical consequences (light protecting therapy) are shortly discussed.


[Immunologic reaction in parasitic invasion (author's transl)].

Among the manifold immunologic events which take place during parasitic invasions, production of autoantibodies and immune complexes can play a serious role during infections with African and American trypanosomes. The importance of complement deserves new attention. The increasing level of IgE induced by helminthic infections on a humoral basis seems to be caused by separate worm allergens; its involvement in self-cure phenomena together with processes on cellular levels is discussed. Destructive processes on various development stages of schistosoma and immunological events during cutaneous leishmaniasis are also cell mediated. Variations in the antigenic behaviour of parasites and their immunological mimicry by uptake of substances from the host and their immunosuppressive action are discussed. As reasons for absence of immunity against animal parasites this action can disturb either humoral or cellular immunological procedures or both.


The host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. I. Circulating antibodies.

The infection of young albino mice by the intraperitoneal injection of viable hydatid protoscolices provided a suitable model for the investigation of the factors controlling the subsequent host immune response. Antibodies detectable by haemagglutination and complement fixation appeared around the 14th week after infection. Increases in antibody titres were related to the potency of the antigenic impulse(s) produced by the healthy germinal membrane and viable protoscolices. Our results suggest that qualitative and quantitative variations in excretory, secretory and somatic antigens, occurring during the different phases of parasite development, incite the production of a multitude of antibodies, only a few of which are detectable by conventional methods.


The host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. II. Cell mediated immunity.

The presence of cell mediated immunity to Echinococcus granulosus antigen was detected in syngeneic mice with secondary hydatidosis. Significant increases of thymidine uptake were observed in spleen cells from infected animals exposed to protoscolex or hydatid fluid antigens. A definite decrease in the number and size of cysts occurred in mice following the simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscolices and a suspension of 1 x 10(7) sensitized spleen cells.


The bird schistosome austrobilharzia terrigalensis from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.

Austrobilharzia terrigalensis from Egretta sacra and Larus novaehollandiae at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, is described. The prosobranch snail Planaxis sulcatus is the natural intermediate host of A. terrigalensis at Heron Island. The life-cycle of A. terrigalensis was worked out using naturally and experimentally infected Planaxis sulcatus and experimentally infected chickens. Experiments to produce a dermatitis with cercariae of A. terrigalensis were negative. Austrobilharzia terrigalensis infects a wide range of natural hosts in Canada, continental United States, Hawaii and Australia, and uses different snail genera belonging to different families as intermediate hosts in different areas. The wide distribution is apparently due to the habits of some hosts which migrate between the northern and southern hemispheres.


The penetration of Fascioloides magna miracidia into the snail host Fossaria bulimoides. A scanning electron microscope study.

Snails of the species Fossaria bulimoides were exposed to miracidia of Fascioloides magna for given periods of time. The course of penetration was followed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Topographical features of the miracidial morphology were studied; the apical organ, epidermal plates and their shedding, and body shapes during penetration. Preliminary data were obtained concerning the nature of the lesions formed by the miracidia. Inferences were drawn concerning the mode and duration of penetration.


[Influence of cymothoidae (Crustacea, Isopoda, Flabellifera) on some hematological constants of the host-fishes (author's transl)].

Some hematological constants (number of erythrocytes--hemaglobin rate--hematocrit--mean blood corpuscule volume--mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration--mean corpuscular hemoglobin) are studied in non-parasitized and parasitized Teleost fishes (parasites are Cymothoid Isopods). The parasitized fishes show an anaemia, resulting from a decreasing number of erythrocytes in circulation. The spleen undergoes a hypertrophy and a hypervascularization.


[The thoracic and lumbar secondary curve after simple Harrington correction of the primary curve in S-scoliosis (author's transl)].

Harrington rod correction of the primary curve in S-scoliosis will be successful, if done in the right place and when stable postoperativey. The secondary curve will then correct itself spontaneously. The operation may be kept much smaller and mobility of the spine will be preserved.


[4-7 year results of total hip arthroplasty with special reference to late complications].

The 4-7 year results of total hip arthroplasty (95 hips, McKee-Müller and Charnley-Müller) are presented in detail both from a clinical and radiological point of view. About 83% of the hips showed a good and excellent clinical condition at the time of reevaluation. Deep infection was observed in 4.2% of the hips, 11.2% of the hips had already been reoperated at the time of reevaluation because of aseptic loosening of one or both components. Another 3.5% of the hips showed clinical and radiological evidence of aseptic loosening, some more 4.9% of the hips had radiological evidence of loosening without clinical signs at the time of reevaluation. Furthermore, 6.8% of the hips had radiological evidence of third degree periarticular calcification influencing the clinical state of the hip in a negative manner. Over all serious complications which gave or will give rise to reoperation were 30.6%. The causes for serious complications are discussed extensively. It is proposed to restrict indication for total hip arthroplasty and to reemphasize hip-conserving procedures more seriously.


[The incidence of hepatitis following orthopedic operations with massive blood-loss in adolescents (author's transl)].

Blood replacement in 527 thoracic spinal grafts (n=295) was greater (F=17.99; 1.116; 0.01) when grafting had to be done in two stages. Between 1953 and 1972 3 cases of postoperative jaundice were seen, negative to Australia-Antigen. Transfusion hepatitis appears to be rarer in this operative material of adolescent orthopedic patients then in other disciplines published. The reasons may be: homogenous material, intact youthful immunity reactions, thorough prevention of infection in orthopedic departments. More could be said only in polycentric prospective study. Preventive measures for hepatitis prophylaxis are discussed.


[Preliminary report for cementless insertion of ceramic prosthesis (Al2O3) in exchange for a loosened total endoprosthesis].

In a series of thirty patients whose total hip prosthesis had become loose and had therefore to be replaced, first experiences were gathered with the implantation of a ceramic cup without any cement. Nineteen patients were provided with a ceramic cup, typ Lindenhof. Indication, operation procedure and postoperative treatment are particularly discussed. The postoperative review extends over a period of three to eleven month. A critical evaluation of the first results shows that the implanted ceramic cup was firmly integrated in the bone in spite of unfavorable anchoring conditions. This method proves to be helpful in cases when an aseptic loosening of the prosthesis has occurred, as it guarantees a painless function and a stable strain resistance.


[May Perthes' disease be due to venous block? Experimental investigations on growing pigs].

In 13 growing pigs (mini-pigs) all veins draining the head of femur were ligated intra-abdominally. In 2 i.v. injection of 12% Varigloban into the common iliac vein was added, in another 2 the same drug was injected into the head of femur. No real changes could be seen in X-rays, macro- and microscopically. Slides showed only more or less pronounced fibrosis. Scintigrams showed a reduction of radio-active storage in the head of femur by about 12%. The results and conclusions for human pathology are discussed.


[Assorted aluminium-oxide ceramic heads for prostheses of the hip-joint. A preliminary communication (author's transl)].

In the search for even more hard-wearing prostheses of the hip, a rotating total- and femoral head prosthesis and a total- and femoral head prosthesis with fixed detachable heads are described, the head of which is made from highly polished aluminium oxide ceramic, Biolox. For total prostheses the excellent gliding features between ceramic head and polyethylen acetabulum are being used. They will also permit return to proved metal-polyethylen prostheses, should the ceramic head fracture. The fracture prosthesis provides both such an exchange and conversion into a total prosthesis. Extending the present programme of rotation-prostheses to ceramic heads will require a wide assortment of heads. This will mean not only wide adaptability but also the need for detailed knowledge of this assortment, the use of which demand thorough preparation of the surgeon. In order to collect material of the use of these prostheses, the authors are very keen to hear of drawbacks- and without reticence-as soon as possible. Publication of our own experience will follow this preliminary communication in due course.


[Radiography of the proximal end of femur for measurements of angles (author's transl)].

Rariographic estimation of the angles between femoral neck and shaft and of antetorsion is a standard examination, particularly in infantile dysplasia. In the radiographs taken, mistakes are made owing to incorrect positioning of the patient. Recognition and prevention of incorrect positioning are discussed using Rippstein's radiographic technique for measuring the neck-shaft angle. Typical mistakes are shown and guidelines for correct positioning given. Since positioning with the legs abducted is technically limited, and alternative, different technique of positioning is described which appears to be less demanding.


[The individuality of weightbearing-patterns of human gait (author's transl)].

Measurements have been carried out on a quartz-crystal multicomponent platform. The forces exerted by people walking on it could be measured as transverse, horizontal and vertical forces. The total was assessed mit the aid of the components. The torsion-element in the vertical axis was also measured. The patterns varied significantly with individuals. In general, pressures rose with walking speed. Individual patterns of movements, like elastic or stiff gait, showed clear differences. These are explained by the individual dynamic associated movements. These measurements do not permit direct conclusions as to weightbearing, but they demonstrate forces of dynamic movement. They do support the conclusion that static considerations of weightbearing, which omit the likely weightbearing-reducing forces of associated movements of the limbs, will give only a very fragmentary impression.


[Ganglion recidives of the knee joint. Arthrography and clinic (author's transl)].

56 patients with 59 operated popliteal cysts were controlled clinically and by arthrography. In 14.3% (8 knee-joints) a recidive was found. In 64% the arthrogram showed a tout outline of the joint-capsule. In 30% a small and big bursa was seen. Recessus with long narrow handle can be a potential recidive of ganglion. Clinic and arthrogram allow to make a difference between "recidive" and "ganglion". The clinical recidive may be a new "ganglion".


[Orthopedic problems in hemophilia. Pathophysiology and results of operations (author's transl)].

During the last 3 years we have treated over 400 patients with severe hemophilia A or B of all ages. They were looked after by the Institute for Experimental Hematology and Blood-Transfusion of the University at Bonn, for prevention, rehabilitation and operation. The specific pathophysiology of disability of the hemophiliac is shortly outlined, the chances of operative rehabilitation and their indications are discussed. The results show that--with experience--extensive operative rehabilitation can be achieved also in hemophiliacs.


[Multicentric chondro-myxoid-fibroma of bone with extraskeletal foci (author's transl)].

A case of chondro-myxoid-fibroma, followed over 7 years, showed the following: 1. multicentric lesions, 2. new lesions in other bones developed during observation, 3. strictly extra-skeletal foci developed in subcutaneous fat. One is justified to doubt whether this tumor really is benign.


[The fatigue fracture of the calcaneous. The experimental proof of its mechanical genesis (author's transl)].

The calcaneus is generally stressed by bending. Spongious bone has a trajectorial structure, and is adapted to the stress to an optimal degree. In fatigue fractures, the dense zone runs perpendicularly to the compressive bundles of the spongious bone. Presuming a mechanical genesis, the sclerotic band is expected to run rectangularly to the tensile bundles. This mechanical condition can be performed in a photoelastic experiment. The proof of the presence of a similar mechanical situation during movement of the foot may be derived from electromyygraphic examinations (Mac Conaill 1969, Basmajian 1974). The appearance of these fractures shows that the time is too short to allow the bone to adapt functionally. It may be concluded from this, that the cause of the fracture is a sudden, sharp increase in exercise.


["Chronic inguinal strain" in top-athletes and its treatment (author's transl)].

The picture of "chronic inguinal strain" must be regarded as a further development of the "gracilis-syndrome" described by Schneider in 1964 (posttraumatic pibic osteonecrosis). These are rupture of the tendons of gracilis and adductor-longus, degenerated at their points of insertion on the pubic bone. Only surgery is successful. As described by Schneider, the tendon is divided and osteonecrotic tissue removed. If there is rupture the necrotic part of the tendon is excised, the remainder suture red to the nearby tendon. Re-fixation of the tendon at the pubic bone is unnecessary because of the very monor adduction-function of gracilis. Return to sport will be possible-on average-after 6-8 weeks.


[Tibiofibular synostoses (author's transl)].

Report on two cases. The congenital form we explain by partial persistence of an early stage of embryonal development. The cartilage common to tibia and fibula has separated only incompletely during further growth. The postoperative form probably arises from a bridge-cellus which developed from relative instability of the ostetomy-area during bony union. This bridge-callus became during further growth a wide tibiofibular synostosis.


[Reaction in bone and cartilage to Judet metal prosthesis over 20 years (author's transl)].

A case in which a vitallium head-prosthesis was implanted 20 years before. Changes in the neck of femur: Vitallium proved even after 20 years very passive. Minor metallosis could be seen only microscopically, no inflammatory or foreign-body reaction, no atrophy but sclerosis of cancellous bone, which is considered to be due to adaptation to changed weightbearing. Losening of the implant caused a kind of "pseudarthrosis" on the surface of the bed, definite secondary changes, in parts osteoarthrotic. The causes of "pseudarthrosis" are discussed.


[Thoracic and lumbar myelography with metrizamid (author's transl)].

With the new x-ray medium Metrizamid it is possible to perform almost complication-free lumbar and thoracic myelography. In an experience the type of complications arising were reduced to moderate headaches, mild nausea occasional dissiness. No convulsions were seen. The number of complications are less than with other watersoluble contrast medium.


[Postoperative spinal canal stenosis (author's transl)].

Four cases of postoperative spinal canal stenosis were presented in which compression of cauda equina was observed. The lesion was found in 5.8% of operated spinal stenosis (four out of 69 cases). One must pay attention to differentiate the lesion from the recurrence of initial disorder, because the symptoms of the postoperative spinal stenosis is no always typical but sometimes resemble to the symptoms of the initial disorder which needed the operation. Myelography is the only reliable method to decide the extent of the spinal canal stenosis.


[Active scoliosis in a modified Milwaukee brace (author's transl)].

On the basis of new insights in sport-medicine active exercises in the Milwaukee brace have been developed which enable the patient to straighten out his spine "on command". The first exercises serves the straightening. A skin-stimulus (spearing) makes the patient straighten his spine actively. First the doctor, later the parents, stimulate with a prick near the thoracic bulge. The patients learn to withdraw the gibbus from it. To re-inforce muscular power, an isometric resistance is exerted after correction. The second exercise corresponds to the well-known active extension with the extension-bandage of Krämer, but this effect is achieved with a modification of the brace. The pelvic girdle contains two shallow holes into which grips can be inserted. The lenght of these grips is so arranged that the power of the arms can be used to best effect. This exercise, too, will later be carried out against the resistance of a sandbag weighing 2-4 kg which is put on the patient's head. Both exercises have the great advantage that they seem to make sense to the patient and will be gladly and regularly carried out. They also encourage the young girls to wear the brace with more hope for success.


[Osteochondritis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid (author's transl)].

One case of osteochondrosis dissecans of the carpal scaphoid is reported. The diagnosis is built upon clinical, radiographical, intraoperative and histological statements. Concerning the aetiology there exists as well a dysplay on the scaphoid on the other side. It might be caused by overcharging of the wrist.


Old age: only a way station?

"A close look suggests that the predominant posture toward old people in our society may be characterized by stereotyping, segregating and stigmatizing."


[Total and organically bound mercury content in fishes from German fishing grounds (author's transl)].

In a survey sponsored by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Forestry of the Federal Republic of Germany the mercury contamination of 759 specimens of fishes from the German fishing grounds were analysed. The determinations were performed by flameless atomic absorption (cold vapour system). -We found for the fishes of greatest economic importance herring, cod, saithe, haddock very low averages of less than 0,1 ppm. The legal limit of 1 ppm was only reached or exceeded by older fishes (ling 1.18 ppm, red-fish 1.09 ppm) and by specific kinds of fishes (shark 3.23 ppm, ray 1.69 ppm, tuna 0.80 ppm). -The organically bound mercury (methyl-Hg) which is considered especially toxic, has been determined by gas-liquid-chromatography. Methyl-Hg constitutes about 70--98% of the total mercury, a value which is in agreement with Japanese and Swedish reports on this subject.


[Thermal stability of aflatoxin M1 (author's transl)].

Aflatoxin  M1 was added to Emmental hard cheese which was used for the production of processed cheese.  The melting times at about 90 degrees C varied between 3 and 30 min. The analysis of the corresponding processed cheeses yielded a recovery of about 91% aflatoxin M1 on average. This means, that the aflatoxin M1 present in the hard cheese is essentially not destroyed during the production of processed cheese.


[Simulation of natural mould growth in processed cheese (author's transl)].

Processed cheese is a very good substrate for Aspergillus flavus. After 16 days incubation, a processed cheese inoculated with Aspergillus flavus was found to contain 35 ppm aflatoxin B1, 66 ppm aflatoxin G1, 8.6 ppm aflatoxin B2, 5.3 ppm aflatoxin G2 and 2.1 ppm aflatoxin M1. An increase in the content of emulsifying salt from 3% to 8% caused a distinct decrease in the contents of aflatoxin B1 and G1 in the cheese, as did the addition of 6% sodium chloride.


[On the determination of the solanum alkaloide solanine and chaconine (author's transl)].

A new analytical method for quantitative determination of solanine and chaconine in potato tubers, sprouts and leaves has been developed: a) The extraction with pyridine causes a careful isolation of glycoalkaloids; b) the glycoalkaloids are determined by gaschromatography after silylation.


Environment-dependent attachment behaviour of goslings (Anser indicus) due to environment-specific separation experience.

Hand-reared Bar-headed goslings (Anser indicus) were always left alone by the human parent in one room, while in another room the parent was always with them. After 13--22 h of experience in each room and at an age of 4--5 days individual goslings were left alone for 5 min in each room. They uttered significantly fewer distress calls in the room in which they were accustomed to being left alone by the parent. The result is interpreted in terms of environment-dependent calibration of interindividual distances. Such weighted distances are expected to be important variables in the short-term control of attachment behaviour.


[Morphological examinations of congenital obstructions of the uretero-pelvic junction in children (author's transl)].

Congenital obstructions of the uretero-pelvic junction of the urinary tract have severe sequelae: urine retention, hydronephrosis, and infections, leading to renal insufficiency without adequate therapy. As the operative results are not always optimal, we studied the morphology of 56 operative specimens and analyzed the structural changes. We found the following conditions causing stenosis of the proximal ureter: 47 localized hypoplasia of the proximal segments of the ureter, systematic hypoplasia in 4 cases, and hypertrophy of the total upper urinary tract in 5 cases. The intrapelvic increase of pressure and the necessary additional work cause characteristic changes of the renal pelvis in the form of hypertrophy of the muscularis and the tunica propria, fibrous destruction of the wall, and secondary formation of valves, which eventually enhance the stenotic effect of the proximal ureter. In the kidneys caliectasis, reduction and hypoplasia of the renal medulla with minor reduction of the renal cortex may be observed. Finally, infections complicate the clinical course. The choice of the surgical procedure should be determined by type and progression of the structural changes and not by personal opinions.


[The morphology of small bowel in small bowel atresia and stenosis].

The morphologic analysis of 24 operation specimens of small bowel atresia and stenosis reveals: 1. The classification in the 4 common types of atresia is without importance for the operative management in the newborn. 2. Widely important are systemic structural changes of the atretic, preatretic, and the oral small bowel, the associated intraabdominal malformations, and the mucoviscidosis. The morphological damages at the small bowel in atresia are shown in detail. In some cases the results of the histological examination elucidate vascular alterations caused by small bowel obstruction, The severe destructing pre-atretic small bowel should be resected.


[Physiotherapy in surgery and traumatology (author's transl)].

The present survey represents the aims and the methodical contents of physiotherapy for their application in surgery/traumatology. Principles outlining the approach in the pre- and postoperative phase and in the process of functional rehabilitation are explained, with the significance of kinesitherapy as the main point of activating methods and the supporting role of  passive measures being referred to. Aspects of medical rehabilitation conclude the survey. Some suggestions for an organisational conformity with references to a more effective medical prescription of physiotherapy from an informationl point of view complete the concept of harmonious cooperation among special branches in a big general hospital.


[Knee-ligaments--operation and functional postoperative care (author's transl)].

After surgical repair of ruptured knee-ligaments the patients have a functional treatment with the help of a limited-mobilization cast (LMC). Flexion from 20 to 60 degrees exerts no tension on the knee-ligaments. Damage to the cartilage by immobilisation can be prevented, the frequency of post-traumatic arthrosis reduced.


[Incidence of abortive ova in abortion material].

The material of 250 legal abortions is investigated histologically. In 47 cases we have found no trophoblastic tissue. Among the other 203 cases we diagnose 50 (24,6 per cent) abortive ova. 40 cases (19,7 per cent) are suspicious of abortive ovum. Only 7 cases (3,4 per cent) show signs of inflammation. Furthermore in 10 cases (4,9 per cent) early disturbances of placentation (maturation) are supposed. According to the statistical results of are supposed our hospital, the frequency of abortive ova among all pregnancies (number of deliveries, spontaneous abortions and legal abortions) is calculated for 14,9%. The real value of spontaneous abortions may be between 15 and 25 per cent.


[Various new aspects for prevention and therapy of impending premature birth].

After a short representation of the present possibilities in prophylaxis and therapy of premature infants an information is given about disturbances of metabolism of the liver follow up the treatment with beta-adrenergic substances. Further a first report is given about laying in of pessars in addition to cerclage in cases of insufficiency of the cervix uteri.


The significance of martens as transmitters of wildlife rabies in Europe.

In two areas of the Federal Republic of Germany, 191 rabies cases in martens were investigated for the occurrence of clusters. The length of the interval between cases recorded in the same community showed an uneven distribution. Most such cases occurred at intervals of less than 6 months. No close correlation was found between such associated cases in martens and the frequency of cases in foxes. The results suggest that short chains of infection do occur in martens. Though these episodes in martens are rare and tend to cease after 3-4 months, their significance in the epidemic should be considered locally during the final stage of control operations.


Studies on the ultrastructure of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis after treatment with some detergents and solvents.

The ultrastructural changes in 3 strains Yersinia pseudotuberculosis with different virulence after treatment with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and petroleum ether were studied. The ultrafine sections after treatment with SLS show heavy destructive changes, concerning the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner structure of the cell. It was established that the same cells Y. pseudotuberculosis after cultivation on a medium with glycerol show a tendency to recover their ultrastructure. The cells treated with petroleum ether did not exhibit any notable ultrastructural changes.


[Polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis of Haemophilus proteins (author's transl)].

After phenol-acetic-acid extraction the following Haemophilus strains resp. their proteins were subjected the polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis in presence of 8 M urea: Strains of the serovar A of H. paragallinarum: 0083, 1516, 1598, 2213, 1645, 1646, Löhren, 2671, 1385, 758, 17756; strains of serovar B of H. paragallinarum: 0222, 2600, 733, 2028, 1596, 2026, 1676, 245, the S and R-form of 2403 as well as the strains 782 and 1655, which were not serotyped; strains of H. paravium sp. nova (HINZ: Inst. J. Syst. Bacteriol. in press): 1762, 62 (Serovar 1), 2654, 2659 (Serovar 2), 780 (Serovar 3), 94 (Serovar 4) and 1254, 0002, 0003, which were not serotyped. H. parainfluenzae (NCTC 4101) and H. parasuis were examined in the same way. The Coomassie Blue-stained protein patterns show that each of the strains tested developed its characteristic protein pattern, with exception of the S- and R-form of the strain 2403, which developed identical pattern. Interrelations between electrophoretic pattern and biological properties such as biochemical activities or pathogenicity could not be proved. However, the procedure described seems to be suitable for strain- or clon-identification on the subspecies level. The electrophoresis apparatus, which was made according to our instructions was less expensive than corresponding available equipments and proved to be usable for the polyacrylamid-gel-electrophoresis.


Temperature induced dimorphism in Microsporum gypseum.

The biochemical mutant of Microsporum gypseum requiring adenine shows characteristic dimorphism dependent upon temperature. At 37 degrees C it produces faviform aconidial colonies with spherical swollen cells similar to thin-walled chlamydospores. At 26 degrees C it yields the usual mycelium with conidia. Conversion of the faviform and mycelial forms is controlled by temperature and reversible.


Anxiety, heart rate and their interrelation at mental stress in school children.

Heart rate (HR) was measured in 63 ten year old boys during psychic stress induced by dental examination and the reading of a difficult test before a public. By means of the CMAS questionnaire, a teacher's questionnaire, rating of manifestations during the examination and selfcomparison by the children, we tried to assess the level of their anxiety. We looked for correlations between the individual measures of this personality trait and between anxiety and autonomic (HR) reactivity. From the aspect of HR the whole experiment appeared as a uniform, ever increasing stress, including socalled rest situations. HR was more affected by the stress situations than by individual reactivity. Concerning degree of anxiety we found a correlation only between the score of manifest anxiety (CMAS scale) and HR level: more anxious children had a lower HR under stress than less anxious children. We found no correlation between anxiety reported subjectively (CMAS) and objective observation (teacher, experimenter, other children). It was confirmed that in assessing the child's reactivity in stress the intensity of the stimulus must be taken into account. An analysis of the literature has shown that the results and their interpretation depend much on the methods used.


[A study of clinical signs and EEG profiles in hypercalcemic encephalopathy (author's transl)].

Eight cases of acute or subacute hypercalcemic encephalopathy are described. The symptoms comprise digestive disorders, signs of dehydration and neuropsychological anomalies. Among the latter, it is stressed that impairments of upright stance and locomotion are present in all cases. The clinical picture is not characteristic. The EEG profile is constant: a slow occipitoparietal background activity is interrupted by high-voltage anterior delta bursts of 1 to 4 second duration. When blood calcium is restored to a normal level the clinical symptoms disappear within 1-2 weeks and EEG anomalies within 3-8 weeks. The physiopathological mechanism whereby hypercalcemia cause clinical and EEG anomalies is still unknown. Blood calcium determinations should be included among the biochemical tests carried out on all patients presenting neuropsychological disorders.


[Bilateral triple aneurysms operated in two stages: two case studies (author's transl)].

The authors discuss the approach to adopt in a case of multiple cerebral aneurysm, taking into account the patient's condition and the appearance of the aneurysmal wall. The size of the aneurysm is not an absolute criterion on which the base an assumption as to the site of the rupture and the haemorrhage. Therapy should be based on plastic coating together with clipping of the aneurysm.


Thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery. A clinico-pathological study of two cases and its correlation with the arterial vascularisation.

Two cases of thrombosis of the mesencephalic artery are described : the location of the occlusion and of the infarcted area in the upper mesencephalon is correlated to the clinical syndrome, in particular to the existence or the absence of an oculomotor paralysis. In addition 27 normal brains are examined by means of the translucidation and the radiographic techniques after filling of the arterial system with a colloidal barium sulphate solution. This study supports the subdivision of the upper mesencephalon into five vascular territories and justifies the denomination of mesencephalic artery, which supplies a transitional region between the diencephalon and the brainstem.


Critical appraisal of angioscintigraphy as a diagnostic procedure in cerebrovascular disease.

In order to assess the diagnostic usefulness of combined functional and morphological isotopic investigations of brain vascularization after intravenous injection of a bolus 99mTc pertechnetate, the authors explored, besides a control group, patients with acute cerebrovascular disease, angiomas, aneurysms and intracerebral hematomas. Combined flow evaluation and visualization of the intracerebral bolus transit was highly effective in patients with cerebrovascular disease. Angiomas with a diameter of 2 cm or more are always visible, the abnormal vascularization of the affected hemisphere being correctly evaluated. Cerebral aneurysms are frequently missed by angioscintigraphy. Intracerebral hematoma generally gives false negative results.


Effects of perilymphatic perfusion with neomycin on the cochlear microphonic potential in the guinea pig.

The effects of three concentrations of neomycin, administered by a method of acute perilymphatic perfusion of the guinea pig cochlea, on the cochlear microphonic potential (CM) at 4 kHz and 500 Hz are described. A concentration-dependent reduction in CM occured during the 60 minute perfusion period. Neomycin at 10-4 M did not change the CM magnitude, while at 10-3 and 102 M it caused 4 kHz (and 500 Hz) CM reductions which began within 24 (for both frequencies) minutes and 10 (and 12) minutes of drug application respectively. CM reduction proceeded at a higher rate for greater neomycin concentration. The perfusion technique, the implication of the frequency indifference, and the potential of the perfusion technique for inner ear biochemical analysis are discussed.


Radioactive labeling of phospholipids and proteins by cochlear perfusion in the guinea pig and the effect of neomycin.

Phospholipids and proteins of guinea pig stria vascularis, spiral ligament and organ of Corti were radioactively labeled by perilymphatic perfusion with artificial perilymph containing [32P] orthophosphate or radioactive amino acids. Phospholipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography, proteins by disc gel electrophoresis and quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. The addition of 10-4M to 10-2M neomycin to the perfusion fluid resulted in a dose-dependent increase of tissue permeability to the radioactive precursors, and a specific decrease in the 32P-incorporation into phosphatidylinositol diphosphate in stria vascularis and organ of Corti. No effect of neomycin on protein labeling was observed using a double label approach with [3H]methionine and [35S]-methionine. In vitro, low concentrations of neomycin led to the formation of a complex and polyphosphoinositides. Much higher concentrations of the drug were needed for a comparable reaction with the acid mucopolysaccharide, chondroitin sulfate A. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of neomycin ototoxicity are discussed.


Behavioral auditory function after transection of crossed olivo-cochlear bundle in the cat. III. Further study of ambient light intensity discrimination under intense noise.

This report describes the results in cats of a visual-auditory dual modal experiment after translateral olivo-cochlear bundle ablation at the floor of fourth ventricle. Subjects were behaviorally conditioned (avoidance) to respond in a shuttle box to show that they detected changes in ambient light intensity during the existence of intense background noise. With the given experimental paradigm, no noticeable difference was found between the response of the experimental animals and those of animals that underwent sham operation.


Temporal integration of acoustic energy.

Perception of sound shows an increase in loudness related to the duration of the acoustic stimulus. This phenomenon has been studied at threshold (temporal integration) in normal and impaired ears. Normal ears showed an improved threshold with impulse durations up to 200 msec. In cochlear hearing loss, regardless of pathology, the threshold improvement was reduced. A method to evaluate these changes has been designed (Brief Tone Audiometry). When using this method, a quantitative comparison showed the same reduction in temporal integration in ears with hearing loss, regardless of pathology. By using a loudness balance test, the increase in loudness related to prolongation of the stimulus was investigated (Loudness Summation). Loudness growth was measured at various intensities and the results from normal and hearing-impaired ears were compared. At a given sound intensity both normal and hearing-impaired ears showed the same Loudness Summation, which in turn showed a simple relationship to Brief Tone Audiometry in impaired ears. Physiological and diagnostic aspects of these findings are discussed.


Morphological changes of labyrinthine blood vessels following metal poisoning.

Metal intoxication (mercury and arsenic) in guinea pigs may cause damage to labyrinthine blood vessels by swelling of the endothelial cells, mitochondrial disintegration and sometimes protrusion of endothelial cell cytoplasm herniating into the blood vessel lumen. Chronic mercury intoxication resulted in distorted endothelial cells with an increase in the density of their cytoplasm. An altered vascular permeability is likely to occur as the result of the morphological changes.


Postural equilibrium following exposure to weightless space flight.

Postural equilibrium performance by the Skylab 1/2, 3, and 4 crewmen following exposure to weightlessness of 28, 59, and 84 days respectively was evaluated using a modified version of a quantitative ataxia test developed by Graybiel and Fregly. Performance for this test was measured under two sets of conditions. In the first, the crewman was required to maintain postural equilibrium on narrow metal rails (or floor) with his eyes open. In the second condition, he attempted to balance with his eyes closed. A comparison of the preflight and postflight data indicated moderate postflight decrements in postural equilibrium in three of the crewmen during the eyes open test condition. However, in the eyes closed condition, a considerable decrease in ability to maintain balance on the rails was observed postflight for all crewmen tested. The magnitude of the change was most pronounced during the first postflight test day. Improvement was slow; however, on the basis of data obtained, recovery of preflight baseline levels of performance was evidently complete at the end of approximately two weeks for all crewmen. The findings are explained in terms of functional alterations in the kinesthetic, touch, vestibular and neuromuscular sensory mechanisms induced by the prolonged absence of a normal 1-G gravitational environment.


Conductive hearing loss evaluated by brief tone audiometry.

Bone-conduction measurements are inaccurate and often troubled by masking problems. Determination of the temporal integration of acoustic energy by Brief Tone Audiometry permits an estimate of the cochlear threshold. In 71 patients with middle ear pathology, the conductive impairment was measured using both conventional audiometry and Brief Tone Audiometry. In 85% of the patients, the estimates coincided within 15 dB. Results from pre- and post-operative measurements are given, and it is demonstrated that Brief Tone Audiometry can be used as an alternative to bone-conduction audiometry to determine the degree of conductive loss with the same accuracy, but without the latter's limitations.


Ewald's second law re-evaluated.

Patients and experimental animals (cats) with one functioning horizontal semicircular canal were tested with precise rotatory stimuli. Nystagmus responses were quantified with EOG and a laboratory digital computer. After large-magnitude stimuli there was a statistically significant difference between the maximum slow component velocity of nystagmus induced by ampullopetal endolymph flow and that induced by ampullofugal endolymph flow in all patients and cats.


Clinical precision of the Rinne test.

The precision of the Rinne test at 128-2048 Hz was studied in 100 ears with confirmed conductive pathologies. The number of negative (diagnostic) Rinnes decreased significantly with fall in frequency. While there were significantly more negative than positive Rinnes at 128 and 256 Hz, there were significantly more positive results at higher frequencies; indicating that the Rinne is not reliably diagnostic above 256 Hz. However, the possibility of vibrotactile responses must be remembered with low frequency tuning forks. Also, conductive lesions manifested as high tone air-bone gaps will not be identified with low frequency Rinne tests. Air-bone gaps of 25 to 40 dB, depending on frequency, are necessary for the Rinne to identify the presence of conductive components in most cases. Gaps of 25-30 dB for 128 Hz; 35-40 dB for 256 Hz; 55-60 dB for 512 Hz; and 45-50 dB for 1024 Hz, are necessary for the Rinne to meet a 75% correct detection criterion. The 2o48 Hz Rinne does not attain even chance detection. The Rinne test cannot be validly employed as a criterion against which other measures can be evaluated.


Experimentally (atoxyl) induced ampullar degeneration and damage to the maculae utriculi.

Atoxyl administration to guinea pigs may cause vesicular degeneration of both the secretory and the sensory regions of the cristae ampullares and macula utriculi. Some of the severely damaged secretory cells were even expelled from the surface into the endolymphatic space. The nerve chalices of type I hair cells disintegrated. The degeneration of the secretory region will thus block the endolymph circulation and the electrolyte balance is likely to collapse. Whether hair cell degeneration can best be explained on this basis (indirect atoxyl effect) or by a direct action of atoxyl on the hair cells and the nerve chalices of type I hair cells is discussed.


The mucociliary activity of the upper respiratory tract. I. A method for use in experimental studies on human material.

A method for standardized recordings of the mucociliary activity of the mucosa in the human respiratory tract is described. Nasal polyps, adenoid vegetations and biopsy material from maxillary sinuses have been used for preliminary in vitro experiments. The dependence of the mucociliary activity on oxygen supply from the surrounding air is emphasized. The influence of varying gas mixtures on the mucociliary activity can be thoroughly studied. The method is also applicable for in vivo recordings in the operating theatre during Luc Caldwell operations. A combination of in vivo and in vitro studies is under way in order to elucidate the aetiology, treatment, and prognosis of diseases of the upper respiratory tract.


Dimensions of importance in reconstructive middle ear surgery.

A study of the space available for an ossicular prosthesis is presented. Twelve temporal bones without any signs of chronic ear disease were used. The measurements were made with the bone free from soft tissue mounted on a microscope cross-table. The different distances were registered through a stereo-microscope. The width between the facial nerve canal and the promotory was found to be 2.2 mm. The distance from the footplate to the tympanic sulcus plane was found to be 6.6 mm. The space available for the head of a prosthesis was also investigated.


Nasal glands in nasal allergy.

The entire nasal mucosa from a patient with nasal allergy and hay fever was studied by the whole mount method, and the density of submucous glands was determined. Their density was essentially greater than in normal noses in all parts of the nose, especially on the conchae. This finding indicates that new-abnormal-glands form in the course of the disease, glands which also differ morphologically from the normally occurring glands. As this greatly increases the secretory capacity of the mucous membrane, there is a patho-anatomical basis for assuming that the nasal secretion in allergy is formed exclusively by the existing glands. Other sources of nasal secretion, such as exudation and transudation under normal conditions and in allergy, as well as the mode and causes of gland formation, are discussed.


[Experimental hemiglossectomy with an argon laser on tongues from dead humans and of liver rabbits].

On 8 tongues of decreased humans and 2 live rabbit tongues, drilling and incision experiments were performed using an argon laser. With a power of 50 W a hemiglossectomy was performed in 3-4 min. The average thickness of the tongue was 2 cm and the incision length 10 cm. It was shown on the liver rabbit tongue that no bleeding occurs during a partial hemiglossectomy except at the arteria lingualis. The macroscopical and histological changes of the tissue are described, viz, the carbonization zones, the irreparable cell damage and the coagulation and the hyperaemic edge. The cutting speeds and the incision and drilling data for tongues of varying thickness provide information on the technical conditions for clinical application. In addition, temperatures in the tissue during incision were recorded. The advantages of laser surgery of the tongue are compared with those achieved with the electric knife and scalpel.


Control of paralysed axial muscles by electrical stimulation.

The function of a paralysed axial (laryngeal, facial, extraocular) muscle could conceivably be restored if it were made to contract again like its contralateral partner. A muscle stimulation device was designed and constructed so that the stimulus delivered to a given paralysed muscle was modulated by a signal reflecting the contractile state of its contralateral partner. Studies in dog  larygneal muscles indicate that paralysed muscles stimulated by such an open-loop device could mimic their partners. However, their tracking accuracies were limited by the nature of their stimulus-reponse characteristics. On the other hand, significantly greater tracking accuracies were observed if a closed-loop device was employed, that is, if feedback information from the stimulated muscles was also used to control the device stimulus level. Considerations in implanting such a (closed-loop or open-loop) device in paralysed axial muscles for chronic stimulation are discussed.


Ostial resistance. Its variations and correlations to the patency test results.

Resistance measurement is a simple and practical mean of testing ostial function. The present study showed that the results of measuring the ostial resistance varied according to the amount of antral secretion. For that reason the postirrigational mean resistance is about 1/5 of the highest mean resistance in acute maxillary sinusitis. The average ostial resistance in healthy persons is 2.5 cm of water and in acute maxillary sinusitis at diagnostic puncture, 13.0 cm of water, and at the end of treatment, 3.3 cm of water. There are discrepancies between the results of resistance measuring and patency tests in 10-30% of cases. It is difficult to say whether  these are due more to faults in the measuring techniques of the resistance or the patency. As an ostial function test, resistance measuring is quantitative and the testing of patency qualitative.


Interferon induction in human cell cultures by small molecular inducers (tilorone and acridines).

Attempts were made to stimulate interferon production in human cell cultures by two related acridin drugs, mepacrine and Acranil. Tilorone was included for comparison. In human embryo lung fibroblasts and in normal human leukocytes only tilorone stimulated some interferon production. All three drugs stimulated modest interferon production in two lymphoblastoid cell lines. All three drugs enhanced the Sendai virus-induced interferon production in lymphoblastoid cells.


Ultrastructural studies on the endogenous development of Eimeria brunetti. IV. Formation and structure of the oocyst wall.

The ultrastructural changes occurring during wall formation in the oocysts of E. brunetti were studied in tissue from the small intestine of young domestic fowls. The process of oocyst wall formation was initiated by a separation of the limiting membranes of the cytoplasmic mass of the macrogamete, to form a loose veil, consisting of 2-3 membranes, around the organism. Concomitant with the appearance of the veil, changes were observed in the Wall Forming Bodies of Type I (WFB I) and Type II (WFB II) which were present in the cytoplasm of the macrogamete. The outer layer of the oocyst wall seemed to be formed by a combination of membranes released from the surface of the organism and the contents of the WFB I. A 700 nm thick layer was thereby formed and, at this stage, the WFB I had disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass. The outer layer further condensed into a structure 250-350 nm in thickness in which 3 zones of different densities could be distinguished. The formation of the inner layer of the oocyst wall appeared to be associated with material from the WFB II and these disappeared from the cytoplasmic mass as the inner layer became evident. This inner layer was homogeneous in appearance and 80 nm thick. Comparison of the ultrastructure of the walls of oocysts obtained from chicken faeces with that of oocysts observed within the intestine showed only minor differences. The loose veil was not present in oocysts isolated from faeces and some changes were also noted in the outer zone of the outer layer of the oocyst wall. These differences could result from the mechanical and chemical treatments used for processing the faeces.