[A method for treatment of partially haemolysed blood with lost agglutination properties, allowing its blood group determination (author's transl)].

A method for treatment of partially haemolysed blood with lost agglutination properties is described, which allows a direct determination of its blood group. The method is based on the phenomenon of reversible agglomeration of erythrocytes after treatment of the blood with nonelectrolytic and electrolytic solutions. This phenomenon is well known in modern transfusion haematology (Huggins C. E., 1963). This method has been tested on 156 blood samples with anti-A, B and AB serums and on 47 blood samples with anti-A, B, AB and H serums, as well, with very good results.


[A new formula for the measurement of rigor mortis: the determination of the FRR-index (author's transl)].

The manual examination of rigor mortis as currently used and its often subjective evaluation frequently produced highly incorrect deductions. It is therefore desirable that such inaccuracies should be replaced by the objective measuring of rigor mortis at the extremities. To that purpose a method is described which can also be applied in on-the-spot investigations and a new formula for the determination of rigor mortis--indices (FRR) is introduced.


[Peculiar bone injuries by grinding in a corpse with a long immersion period (author's transl)].

Injuries frequently occur after immersion of corpses in water. Depending on the type of water different sorts of injuries, caused by drifting and being dragged, can lead to more or less severe abrasions of the soft parts of the body predominantly skin abrasions. This case is unique among hover 3000 corpses in water found in the last 4 decades in the Elbe. The corpse was found with very severe and extensive bone injuries; in fact the bones were ground down (among other injuries was a large opening in the skull). The origin is discussed: it is assumed that the corpse changed its position only minimally in the half-year period after immersion and did not drift with the stream, but on the contrary had stuck fast on or under a pontoon and was rubbed and ground against a pole or something similar. The special conditions of the Elbe River appear to have played an important role in this process.


Sudden death due to Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome and purulent leptomeningitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Mima polymorpha).

A case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome presenting with purulent leptomeningitis causing sudden death is described. The causative agent, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (Mina polymorpha), was determined by post-mortem microbiological examination.


[Surgical indication (author's transl)].

Indication is placed as an act of will between the intellectually and technologically determined items of diagnostics and therapy, with indication being a specific item of surgery. There is an interaction between the patient's will and the Doctor's will. The term risk is introduced in the form of the quotient resulting from "risk of illness" and "risk of intervention", i.e. the risk quotient. Various forms of assessing an indication are given.


[Corpus luteum bleeding, mistaken for acute appendicitis (author's transl)].

Bleeding out of a ruptured corpus luteum can be misinterpreted as acute appendicitis. When an appendectomy is done because of this false diagnosis the tear in the ovary should only be closed by sutures. No ovarectomy.


[The prepyloric Finsterer-Operation; technique and results (author's transl)].

Between 1963 and 1971 47 Patients with not resectable duodenal ulcer who underwent this type of operation were followed up. The complication rate was low, the long term results were good.


[Abdominal surgery in Togo (West-Africa) and Central Europe (author's transl)].

Experience of two African and one German Surgical Units on abdominal operations in a two-years period are reported. Appendicitis, gall-stones, cancer of the colon and intestinal diverticulosis are rare in Africa, but frequent in Europe. Possible relations to dietry habits are discussed.


[Surgical interventions in pacemaker patients (author's transl)].

In this paper 44 operations in patients with cardiac pacemakers have been reported. Electrosurgical instruments were used in almost all cases. It was noted, that neither a disturbance of the pacemaker nor of the heart stimulated by it occured during or after operation. A premature exhaustion of the battery was not observed.


[Transfusion therapy as a method of correcting peripheral microcirculatory disorders in severe cranio-cerebral trauma].

Photoplethysmographic and capillaroscopic studies of peripheral microcirculation conducted in patients with severe craniocerebral injuries during the acute period revealed some regularities of its changes depending on the type of the transfusion medium. While transfusions of glucose-novocain mixtures and, especially, of low molecular weight dextrans increase the volume pulse and improve the capillary flow in patients with supratentorial pathology, and blood and plasma transfusions reduce the volume pulse and enhance the capillary disorders, patients with brain stem insufficiency display a reverse pattern--a reduction of the volume pulse following transfusions of low molecular weight dextrans, and its increase following blood transfusions. An optimum regimen of infusion-transfusion, therapy and correction of microcirculatory disorders was worked out.


[State of non-specific immunoreactivity in patients with closed cranio-cerebral trauma].

Studies of the state of the non-specific humoral protection in 138 patients with craniocerebral injuries demonstrated that the bactericidal and beta-lytic activity of the serum remains relatively stable during the acute period of trauma, while the complement activity and the concentration of lysozyme are subject to significant alterations. The elevation of the lysozyme content and the enhancement of the complement activity are in direct proportion with the severity of the injury, and are revealed at the peak of the acute period of the craniocerebral trauma.


[Several indices of immunity in the pre- and postoperative periods of patients with brain neoplasms].

Surgical trauma of the brain in neurooncological patients is accompanied by acute blood loss, results in a significant suppression of the resistance of the body, thus favouring the development of endogenous infection. The mobilization of the body resistance forces falls behind the growth of the number of pathogens. An active tactics is mandatory for the restoration of the suppressed immune systems by way of specific and nonspecific immunity stimulation.


[Acute diencephalic disorders following removal of tumors of the chiasmatic-diencephalic area from children].

An analysis of the early postoperative course after tumour removal from the chiasmal-diencephalic area in 156 children aged 2 to 16 years is presented. Acute diencephalic disorders developed after the operation in half the children: in 53--as single diencephalic disorders and in 25--as an acute diencephalic syndrome which was more hazardous. To prevent acute diencephalic disorders glucocorticoid hormones were administered to the patients before and 7 days after the operation; mild hypothermia was applied during the operation and superficial (in some patients) during first three postoperative days; the normal level of temperature was artificially maintained when it tended to hyperthermia. In cases of the acute diencephalic syndrome the complex treatment included antihyperthermal, glucocorticoid, dehydrational and sedative therapy; a sufficient circulatory blood volume and water and electrolytic balance were maintained. In cases of single diencephalic disorders the treatment was conducted depending on the revealing of this or that symptom. The treatment was effective in 78% of patients with single diencephalic disorders and in 30%--with the acute diencephalic syndrome. No effect was mainly connected with hard irreversible organic injuries in the diencephalic area and the brain as a whole.


[Several pathophysiologic grounds for radical removal of contusion foci from the cerebral hemispheres].

Local circulation and PO2 of the cerebral tissue were studied in 26 patients during the acute period of a severe craniocerebral trauma. It was demonstrated that pronounced changes in the microcirculation developed in the area of the concussion focus in the cerebral hemispheres. Three zones of disorders in the local circulation were distinguished, and it was shown that in case of an unremoved concussion focus the extending of its necrosis zone took place. The most effective surgical management of patients with severe craniocerebral traumas attended by concussion foci is its radical removal.


[Prevention of postural reactions in patients with spinal cord lesions].

Changes in the cardiovascular system in 83 patients with spinal cord affections were studied before operation and during the anesthesia period. Disorders in the cardiovascular system up to cardiac arrest occur during operation in patients who have been, bed-ridden for more than 3--4 weeks. The authors suggest that training on a table-bed should be included into the complex of preoperative preparation of the patients; this prevents different coarse disorders and cardiac arrest during operation.


[Serotonin metabolism in patients with brain tumors].

In patients with brain tumours there was revealed an increase in the content of serotonin, 5-oxyindol acetic acid (5-OAA) and melatonin in the liquor, and of serotonin in the plasma rich with platelets. The content of serotonin or products of its metabolism in the liquor, as well as of serotonin in platelets depends on the involvement of truncus cerebri and hypothalamus in the pathologic process and on the gravity of the patient's condition. The serotonin content, in contrast to 5-OAA, s significantly higher in patients with tumours attended by epileptic attacks. The data obtained testify to a possible role of serotonin in the pathogenetic mechanisms of tumours development in the central nervous system.


[Local use of levomycetin in neurosurgery].

A method of local application of the unsoluble medicinal form of chloramphenicol during operations has been developed. Administration of the preparation in a dose up to 2g under an osteal or cutaneous graft induces no side complications and forms a depot of the agent therapeutic concentrations for more than 8 days. There exists a direct relationship between the increasing of staphylococcus resistance to chloramphenicol and the quantity of the agent used in patients.


[Quantitative assessment of pneumoencephalograms].

In planimetric analysis of pneumoencephalograms the state of the brain ventricles can be assessed on the basis of planimetric coefficients--ratio of the sizes of individual parts of the ventricles and the width of the cerebral skull. Each of the calculated coefficients reflects the state of an individual portion of the ventricles. A summated coefficient Q is introduced which calculation permits to compose a digital characteristics of the state of the lateral ventricles as a whole. The ratio of the transverse size of the skull to the width of the III ventricle was also calculated, which reflects more objectively the state of the ventricle than the measurement of its absolute width value. The normal values of the coefficients were calculated on pneumoencephalograms with unchanged brain ventricles. In various degrees of ventricular dilatation the coefficients were determined on the pneumoencephalograms with a pathologically altered ventricular system.


The crystal structure of 3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid, lactam of 4-hydroxy-4-isobutylglutamic acid from Reseda odorata L.

The relative configuration of 3-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid has been determined by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. The compound crystallized in space group P212121 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. a=16.023(3) A, b=19.349(7) A, c=6.9053(16) A. The structure was solved by direct methods using MULTAN and refined by full-matrix least-squares technique to an R of 0.137 for 645 diffractometer-collected intensities. The absolute configurations of the title compounds were deduced; the configuration of the amino acid and the lactam are 2(S), 4(S) and 3(S), 5(S), respectively.


Intermediates in the barnol biosynthesis in Penicillium baarnense.

By using appropriate 14C-labelled phenolic substances as precursors in feeding experiments the following steps in barnol biosynthesis have been established: acetate + malonate leads to 2,4-dihydroxy-6-ethyl-5-methylbenzaldehyde leads to 1,3-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-2-ethylbenzene leads to barnol. P. baarnense can also reduce orcylaldehyde and 2,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde to dimethylresorcinol and trimethylresorcinol, respecitively.


Study of the etiology and pathogenesis of low grade nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert's disease).

172 adolescent and adult patients with low grade nonhemolytic unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (n.u.h) were examined. Authors have come to the conclusion of the absence of an acquired (posthepatic) form of n.u.h., i.e of the existence of a single --constitutional--form (Gilbert's disease). Viral hepatitis is not likely to play the role of an etiological factor of n.u.h. but of a factor which manifests a congenital defect of bilirubin metabolism. The study of the glucuronidisation found out that its decrease is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the low grade n.u.h. that therefore cannot opposed to the n.u.h. with glucuronyl transferase deficiency group II according to Arias et al. In 61% of patients a moderately shortened erythrocyte life span has been revealed. However the increased bile pigment production in these cases does not speak against Gilbert's disease. The results of biochemical assays have shown that in n.u.h not only the intrahepatic bilirubin metabolism is disturbed but other functions of the liver cell as well. The morphological study of hepatocytes has revealed certain signs of their dystrophy. Based on their investigation the authors propose to single out a group of hereditary pigment hepatoses which include besides Gilbert's disease the syndromes of Crigler-Najjar, Dubin-Johnson and Rotor.


Liver histology in 34 "HPsAg long-term healthy carriers.

Thirty four out of 45 HBsAg long-term carriers with normal liver function tests, discovered among family members of patients with HBsAg positive liver diseases, have been investigated by liver biopsy. Of these 34, 12 had normal liver tissue and 8 mild non specific changes, such as focal Kupffer cell hyperplasia or mild lymphocytic infiltrates in the portal tracts on liver biopsy. Two subjects showed multiple histioid granulomata scattered in normal liver parenchyma. Of the remaining 12 cases, 8 showed some areas of pin-head necrosis and mild portal tracts infiltration and 4 showed some areas of focal parenchymal infiltration associated with portal tracts inflammation. We consider that these histological changes are very mild lesions within the spectrum of hepatitis. None of our cases had histological picture of Chronic liver disease. Consequently it appears that normal liver function tests may be of some values to exclude severe histological abnormalities.


[Effectiveness of different means of surgically treating cranio-cerebral wounds following whole body x-irradiation of animals].

In 184 rabbits experiments it was demonstrated that debridement with suction of the damaged portion of the brain within the macroscopically intact brain tissue and a leak-proof suture undertaken on the 1st and 3rd day following a penetrating skull-brain trauma in irradiated with 400 r and non-irradiated animals prevents heamorrhagic and purulent complications, permits primary healing of the wound, and a nearly 100% survival of the animals. The irradiated animals without debridement died in 67% of cases, non-irradiated--in 43%. Debridement limited to wound debris washing-out failed to free the irradiated animals from purulent complications, but prevented the development of cerebral haematomas, the mortality being reduced to 40%. In the non-irradiated animals such debridement did not alter the mortality figures.


Disturbances of fat, carbohydrate, magnesium and protein balance in liver diseases.

40 patients with infectious hepatitis, 25 with chronic aggressive hepatitis, 25 with compensated liver cirrhosis, and 10 with decompensated liver cirrhosis were submitted to examination. The following abnormalities depending upon the stage and severity of hepatic diseases were found: a) disturbances of total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, beta-lipoproteids, glycerin, glycerides and neutral fats concentrations; b) marked disorders of glucose tolerance as indicated by the difference between plasma and erythrocyte glucose levels increasing in proportion to the degree of liver damage; c) a fall in plasma and erythrocyte magnesium reflecting the degree of hepatic parenchyma damage; d) a decrease of the albumin/gamma-globulin ratio in proportion to the degree of the impairment of hepatic cells. The presented fat, carbohydrate, magnesium and protein balance indices yield better criterions for the differential diagnostics of hepatic diseases than the routine investigations, and they also make possible objective prognosis.


Vertical transmission of the virus of hepatitis B and neonatal hepatic cirrhosis in an Argentine family.

In a family in which the mother was a healthy HBsAg and anti HBc carrier, and the father had a chronic persistent hepatitis with anti HBs and anti HBc positive, the development of neonatal cirrhosis in two of the children was proved to be present. One of the girls was an anti HBs carrier (anti HBc was not determined) and the other had positive anti HBs and anti HBc. Both died and the diagnosis of cirrhosis was confirmed. The two healthy daughters were anti HBc carriers.


The Dubin Johnson syndrome and pregnancy.

A recent summary of the scanty information about Dubin Johnson Syndrome (DJS) and pregnancy suggests that DJS is accompanied by excessive fetal mortality. This impression could not be corroborated by this study. A fetal mortality of 16% was observed in 75 pregnancies in 18 DJS patients. This value was not significantly different from the 10% mortality observed in 81 pregnancies in 15 matched control subjects. Jaundice was accentuated in 54% of pregnancies in the DJS patients and its time of onset was variable. In 6 instances jaundice was observed only following delivery.


Effect of corticosteroid treatment on bilirubin metabolism in chronic aggressive hepatitis.

The metabolism of unconjugated bilirubin from the plasma was studied in 17 patients with chronic hepatitis and 7 normal subjects following a single injection of bilirubin of 2 mg per kg body weight. From the plasma disappearance curves of unconjugated bilirubin, hepatic uptake, reflux from the liver to the plasma and hepatic conjugation were calculated by 2 compartmental analysis. The clearance remained within normal range in 5 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis but was significantly impaired in 12 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis, in which corticosteroid treatment improved the clearance significantly (p less than 0.01). Since urinary excretion of d-glucaric acid remained unchanged by corticosteroid treatment, the improved clearance may be attributable to increased hepatic parenchymal function.


Measurement of enzyme activity and substrates in intestinal mucosa. Evaluation of a system for quality control in clinical and experimental gastroenterology.

Widely used methods in diagnostical and experimental gastroenterology like measuring the protein-and DNA-content and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and sucrase of intestinal mucosa were adapted to a microliter system and partly automatized. With "artificial" control material a system for statistical quality control was established. Lastly the results on up to three years experience with this control system were presented showing an imprecision within run below 5% and an in-imprecision between run below 8% in all methods.


'Enteral' hyperoxaluria. Effect of cholestyramine, calcium, neomycin, and bile acids on intestinal oxalate absorption in man.

The effect of oral administration of cholestyramine, neomycine, calcium, and bile acids on intestinal 14C-oxalate absorption and urinary oxalate excretion was assessed in patients with normal or increased ('enteric' hyperoxaluria) urinary oxalate excretion. Cholestyramine, neomycine and acute administration of chenodeoxycholic acid (2.75 g/24 h) did not affect significantly 14C-oxalate absorption or urinary oxalate excretion. Oral administration of calcium markedly reduced 14C-oxalate absorption (88.2%) and urinary oxalate excretion (46%). Calcium-induced reduction of intestinal oxalate absorption was more pronounced in patients with hyperabsorption of oxalate than in subjects with normal oxalate absorption or excretion. Patients on treatment with high doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (1.5-2.0 g/day) for dissolution of cholesterol gallstones had increased oxalate absorption and excretion, patients on long-term treatment with lower doses of chenodeoxycholic acid (0.75-1.0 g/day) exhibited normal absorption or urinary excretion of oxalate. The results do suggest that calcium and bile acids do play an important role in the pathogenesis of 'enteric' hyperoxaluria. It is suggested that the beneficial therapeutic effect of cholestyramine in hyperoxaluria due to ileal resection is rather caused by its bile acid binding property than by direct binding of oxalate within the intestinal lumen.


The effect of acidifying the duodenal contents on splanchnic blood flow.

Acidifying the duodenal contents with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid in the dog increased both hepatic artery and portal vein flow, and reduced mesenteric vascular resistance as well as hepatic artery and portal venous inflow resistances. The reaction is absent after intraduodenal injection of 30% glucose and physiological saline solutions. More concentrated acid leads to a greater increase in blood flow. The receptors of the circulatory reflex are situated in the duodenal mucosa and can be blocked with lidocaine.


Therapeutic testing by acetazolamide in the differentiation of a benign from a malignant niche.

Recognising the inhibitory activity of acetazolamide upon acid gastric secretion and its favorable effects in the treatment of gastric ulcer which we have described (see reference) - we applied the therapeutical testing by acetazolamide in the differentiation of benign from malignant niches of the stomach. Acetazolamide was administered orally at doses of 25-30 mg per kilogram body weight in a long term trial, together with 3 gr sodium bicarbonate, 1 gr potassium bicarbonate, 1.5 gr magnesium oxide per day and an increased quantity of liquids, to 741 patients with radiologically demonstrated ulcer craters. The fundamental criterion was the size of the niche as established by radiologic examination. In all gastric ulcers the size of the niche was considerably reduced after 7-9 days of treatment with acetazolamide; the niche disappeared in 2-3 weeks. This favorable result was obtained without diet and rest. In 38 cases in which there was no significant radiologic change of the niche after 7-9 days of treatment with acetazolamide - the malignancy of the niche was confirmed. The simplicity and the effectiveness of this rapid therapeutic test, makes it useful in the differentiation of benign from a malignant ulcer craters.


Observations on the growth of the normal male mouse.

The pattern of body weight gain, the longitudinal growth of the humerus and the changes in the width of its proximal growth plate were determined in normal ICR male mice. The respective growth rates were calculated and compared throughout the animals' first year of life. It was found that the overall growth period can be divided into four phases which differ markedly in their growth rate. Whereas skeletal maturation is reached at the age of 20 weeks, the animals' body weight continues to increase up to the end of the 52nd week. The humeral growth plate retains its existence and function until old age is reached, i.e. 15 months. During the period of highest growth activity extending between weanling and sexual maturation, the growth velocities of the various parameters do no coincide.


Molar odontogenesis in the hairless mouse.

Molar odontogenesis was studied in the hairless mouse from the initiation of the dental lamina through apposition. The dental lamina stage of the first molar was recognized on the 13th day, the bud on day 14th, cap on the 16th, bell on the 18th and apposition on the 20th day after conception. The morphology of the various stages and their temporal sequence were compared with those of other rodents.


[Measurement of endogenous carbon monoxide increase in the blood as a criterion of systemic hemolysis].

Using a closed to-and-from respiratory system and measuring the COHb level in capillary blood the rise in endogenous carbon monoxide level in the blood was determined in 15 patients with haemolytic anaemia and in 6 healthy subjects. An evident rise in CO concentration with raised COHb level in the blood was found in all patients with haemolytic anaemia.


[In vitro culture of human peritoneal fluid cells].

The author has studied the behaviour of cells from human ascitic fluid in long-term culture (5-6 months). Three cellular types are described with different morphological features, namely the cellular shape, the fashion in which the cell spreads on the glass, the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, the chromatin appearance and the abundance of mitochondria. The three cellular types can phagocytose, but each one in a different way. The first one phagocytoses exclusively erythrocytes 'by contact' without emission of pseudopods; the second one phagocytoses degenerating nucleated cells in the same way as the first; the third type phagocytoses degenerating nucleated cells by emission of long pseudopods. The origin of these three cellular types is discussed; it is felt that they are transformed mesothelial cells. According to this study, it cannot be excluded, especially for the second and the third type, that they are histiocytes coming from serous membranes. The life in vitro of the three cellular types is depending upon the composition of nourishing medium. Cells can divide by mitosis only during the first 10 - 15 days of culture (mitotic index 0.1-3.0(0/00). Nuclear amitosis, nucleolus expulsion into cytoplasm and cytoplasmatic DNA synthesis can be observed in healthy cells.


[Usefulness of hydrocortisone test for assessment of bone marrow reserve in neutrophils].

The activity of lysozyme and unsaturated binding capacity of vitamin B12 in the serum were determined in hydrocortisone test for calculating the reserve of granulocytes in bone marrow. A significant rise in the count of neutrophils in peripheral blood 3 hours after the beginning of the test was not associated with statistically significant changes in the determined parameters. This in an evidence that prolongation of the survival of cells in the circulation as one of the mechanisms of corticosteriod action on the granulocyte system is without any greater importance. This is connected, most probably, with short duration of the test. The rise of neutrophil count in peripheral blood after hydrocortisone administration may be regarded, therefore, as a measure of the value of one marrow reserve of these cells.


Further observations on the site of bone prospective areas in the chick embryo wing bud.

The portion of the pre-axial region of the wing bud anterior to the cranial boundary of the skeletogenous territory of the stylo-zeugopod, according to Stark and Searls' recent maps, was surgically isolated in chicken embryos of the stages 18-25, and autoplastically grafted to the dorsal surface of the hind-limb bud or to the trunk. In other embryos of the same stages the cranial half or the cranial two thirds of the pre-axial region mentioned were isolated and heterotopically implanted. The experimental results consistently showed that the isolate contained a variously large portion of the presumptive radius and a significant part of the proximal half of the prospective humerus. In fact, the skeletal parts mentioned did not develop in situ in the donor wing while they differentiated, in general, in the implantation site. In this regard, the present research confirms data from previous experiments showing that Stark and Searls' maps do not offer an accurate representation of the position and the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive areas of the skeletal pieces of the wing. Our findings seem also to indicate that the major (or longitudinal) axis of the future radius is arranged along the proximodistal axis of the wing bud throughout the developmental stages mentioned; instead, the major axis of the future humerus undergoes a gradual shift, being first (stages 18-20) arranged nearly parallel to the bud base and getting more and more parallel to the proximo-distal axis of the wing bud through stages 21-24. Besides, between stage 18 and 25 the cranio-caudal width of the presumptive skeletogenous territory of the zeugopod, and to a lesser extent of the stylopod, seems to undergo a slight relative reduction with respect to the cranio-caudal thickness of the whole wing bud; this might depend on a process of aggregation of the prospective skeletogenous cells into gradually denser and more defined precartilaginous blastemes.


Correlated ultrastructural and biochemical studies on the mechanisms of secretion of catecholamines.

The frequency of dark-cored vesicles is compared with the content in catecholamines in the adrenal medulla and carotid body of normal and reserpine-treated cats. Reserpine produces important diminution in the content of catecholamines but the frequency of the dark-cored vesicles does not parallel this descent. In the carotid body there is no relation between the content in catecholamines and the number of granules. The diameter of the dark cores does not change with the number of secretion vesicles present in normal or treated specimens. It is concluded that there is not partial discharge of the content of the vesicles. An all-or-nothing mechanism of discharge of exocytotic type is proposed.


[Microangiographical study of arterio-luminal vessels].

Using Micropaque (crystallized barium sulphate) in a gelatinous medium of a certain viscosity, with a fluorescent pigment in the solution, we obtained a mixture with a fluidity adequate to a vascular injection; this injection is performed with a constant pressure, the values of which are kept between limits near the values of the physiological arterial pressure. We found several types of arterio-luminal vessels with different calibres: some of them with a calibre of 200 micrometer, some others of the intermediate type with a calibre between 100 and 200 micrometer, and others, which we call arterio-Thebesian vessels, originating in arteriolar branches opening in the Thebesian veins. At last, we have the arterio-sinusoido-cavity vessels opening in the ventricular cavities by several orifices.


Histological changes following unilateral re-innervation of the circumvallate papilla of rat.

The present work was designed to study the histological changes of the rat's circumvallate papilla following unilateral glossopharyngeal re-innervation. Unilateral re-innervation was achieved by transection of the 9th nerve and avulsion of its central segment on the right side and crushing that of the left side. The latter was thus allowed to regenerate and to re-innervate the papilla. On the first 2 post-operative weeks, the nerve bundles at the base of the papilla and the subgemmal nerve plexus showed signs of Wallerian degeneration and concomitant disappearance of taste buds. On the 3rd post-operative week, the papilla was invaded by regenerating nerves and the primordial taste buds started to appear. From the 4th week on wards, the number of regenerating taste buds on the left outer, left inner and right inner trench walls was not significantly different from the sham-operated controls. The only buds which failed to reappear were those of the upper two thirds of the right outer trench walls. The newly formed buds were smaller in size than those of the sham-operated controls with a relative diminution of 30% of the number of intragemmal cells per section of taste bud.


Effect of the length of the distal stump of transected nerve upon the rate of degeneration of taste buds.

The present work was carried out to study the effect of the length of the distal stump of transected nerve upon the rate of degeneration and the time course of disappearance of mammalian taste buds. Twelve adult rabbits were anaesthetized and the glossopharyngeal nerves of both sides were exposed and transected so as to leave a long distal stump on the right and a short one on the left side. The animals were sacrificed at different post-operative periods ranging from 2 to 14 days and the circumvallate and foliate papillae of both sides were examined. The taste buds on the side of the short distal stump always showed a greater decrease in number, size and cell contents than those of the side of the long distal stump. The taste buds on the side of the short distal stump disappeared earlier than those of the side of the long distal stump. Vallate taste buds disappeared earlier than the foliate: possible reasons for this were put forwards. The validity of the neurohumoral theory to the mammalian taste buds was discussed.


Effects of ionizing radiation on incisor development of the prenatal mouse.

The effects of 100 rad of X-irradiation of incisor development in CD1 mice were studied. 24 pregnant mice were irradiated on the 12th day post coitum and sacrificed from the 14th through the 20th gestational days. The 191 irradiated fetuses were smaller than those not irradiated, their crania and necks were malformed and their lower extremities were poorly developed. The developing incisors of the irradiated animals were retarded, the pulpal vessels were enlarged and the vessels walls did not maintain their structural integrity. The cells of the future pulp were necrotic, and the basement membranes appeared hyalinized. Ameloblasts and odontoblasts were abnormal in morphology and the formation of dental hard tissue was inhibited in places. Complete absence of incisor tooth germ was noted in three of the fetuses.


An unusual flexor of the fifth finger.

An unusual digastric flexor muscle of the 5th finger is described arising from the medial epicondyle of the right humerus and being inserted into the proximal phalanx of the 5th finger. Also observed was the absence of flexor digiti minimi and the unusual smallness of the tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis of this finger.


Quantitative changes in the cellular population of the growth plate of triamcinolone-treated mice.

Triamcinolone-induced changes in the number of cartilage within the proximal growth plate of the humerus were determined in ICR male mice. It was found that pharmacological doses of corticosteroid hormone possess a direct inhibitory effect upon the proliferative activity of young cartilage cells and thereby adversely affect the growth potential of this growth center. Concomitantly, the activity of chondroclasts also appears to be depressed, thus resulting in a decreased rate of cartilage reorption followed by a slight increase in the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes. It therefore appears that systemic treatment with corticosteroid hormones inhibits the renewal of cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plate, leading to an accelerated 'aging' of this growth center with subsequent impairment of long bone growth.


Venous angioarchitecture of the tunica muscularis in the esophagogastric transition segment in man.

With the purpose of studying the venous angioarchitecture of the esophagogastric transition segment (EGTS), 30 speciments were obtained from bodies a few hours after death. These specimens were injected with a 25% aqueous solution of india ink (drop-by-drop continuous infusion) through the left gastric vein and the splenic vein. The specimens thus prepared underwent three types of methods: (1) clarification by the Spalteholz method for a panoramic stereoscopic observation of the venous angioarchitecture; (2) thick sections in a series from 100 to 150 micrometer, stained by the Azan method, and (3) in 10-micrometer serial sections stained by the method of Masson, the perimeter of the veins having been measured in order to ascertain the venous density. The result of this investigation allows the conclusion that there are three venous nets in the muscular layer of the EGTS (perimuscular, intermuscular and submuscular). These three nets, especially the intermuscular and the perimuscular, converge at the extremities of the EGTS, most markedly in the cranial part, to large confluent trunks, going out of the organ from there through perforating trunks principally to the affluents of the portal vein. It thus constitutes a more or less independent segment under the venous point of view, depending essentially on the system of that vein. A marked predominance of perforating vasa of the false type in zone 3, especially at its intermediate part exactly at the stretch where most part of the veins of the mucous-submucous system lie at a deeper site, together with other peculiarities of venous distribution of this region, allows the morphofunctional deduction that, at this point, the muscular layer be a barrier between the deep and the peripheral venous circulation of the esophagus.


Circumvallate papilla of dog following suture of the hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves.

20 adult dogs were classified into five groups; in two animals of each group hypoglossa-glossopharyngeal suturing was done. In the other two animals glossopharyngeal nerve transection with concomitant central segment avulsion was done and these two animals were used as controls. The animals of the five groups were sacrified at 4-week intervals starting by the first group on the 4th post-operative week and ending by the fifth group on the 20th week; the circumvallate papillae were studied. On the 4th week following either operative procedure, few taste buds persisted on the circumvallate papillae. Invasion of the papillae by regenerating hypoglossal fibres from the 8th week onwards was not followed by any appreciable increase in the number of taste buds. The difference in number of taste buds between hypoglossal-glossopharyngeal suture and glossopharyngeal avulsion procedures was not statistically significant. from the 8th weeks following cross-innervation the reaction for acetylcholinesterase was more intense than in denervated papillae which showed a persistent weakly positive reaction up to the 20th post-operative week.


Enigmatic bodies in human corticotroph cells.

Fine-structural study of large, vacuole-like structures of the human corticotroph cell ('enigmatic body'; EB) revealed that these bodies have a preferential juxtanuclear position in the vicinity of the Golgi complex. EBs have rugged outlines, frequently a narrow electrondense rim and numerous membrane-bound compartments in an almost homogeneous matrix of low electron density. Fusion between EBs and secretory granules and other cytoplasmic components was noted. The peripheral rim and the matrix exhibited moderate to strong acid phosphatase activity. The inner compartments were consistently negative. It is proposed that EBs represent special lysosomes and serve as centers for recycling secretory material, as well as for storage and release of degraded products.


Gross and microscopic anatomy of the major salivary glands of the ferret.

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the major salivary glands of the ferret was studied. There were 5 pairs of major salivary glands, parotid, submandibular, sublingua, molar and zygomatic. They were of compound tubuloacinar type and consisted of numerous lobes and lobules. The parotid gland was grossly similar to the parotids in other mammals but histologically it was seromucous as in the carnivores dog and cat. The parotid duct opened into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper third premolar tooth. The submandibular gland was single on each side, oval in shape and cervical in position. Histologically it was entirely mucous. The submandibular duct opened at a sublingual papilla in the oral cavity at the side of the frenulum of the tongue. The sublingual gland was the smallest of the major salivary glands. It was single on each side and lay deep to the digastric muscle. It opened by several small ductules into the submandibular duct. It was mainly mucous and did not contain intercalated and striated ducts. The molar gland was located superficially near the angle of the mouth. It was irregularly pyramidal and opened by several small ducts into the vesibule opposite the lower molar teeth. It was predominantly mucous. There were no intercalated or striated ducts. The zygomatic gland was present deep to the masseter and related to the orbit in the infra-temporal fossa. The gland opened by several small ducts into the vestibule opposite the upper molar teeth. It was also predominantly mucous and there were no intercalated or striated ducts.


Analysis of the sexual dimorphism in the basioccipital portion of the dog's skull.

Sexual differences in the basioccipital portion of the skull of dogs have been described and an index is presented which reliably predicts the sex of the skull. 92 dolichocephalic skull (44 male, 48 female) from mongrel dogs were used. In the basioccipital region of the male skulls, a triangular area, which extends from the basion to a line joining the medialmost points of the two jugular foramina, appears narrow and elevated. The pharyngeal tubercle is also prominent. In female skulls the rostral angle of this triangle is wider and the triangular area seems smoother and flat. The anterior half of the female basioccipital portion is wider and smoother than in the male skull. In order to quantify the observed differences, four indices were calculated. All of the indices were statistically significant. However, only index IV could be reliably used in predicting the sex of an unknown skull: (formula: see text) was derived from breadth IV (distance between the two temporo-occipital fissures at their lateralmost points) and length II (distance between the basion and a line drawn between the two medialmost points of the jugular foramina in the midline). Values of less than 123 for male and greater than 136 for female placed the skulls in their proper sex group. Skulls that had intermediate values could be placed in correct sex grouping only in conjunction with strong observational criteria. It is suggested that in absence of such strong observational criteria these skulls may belong to immature or castrate animals.


[Biofeedback. I. Current status of its clinical application].

The aim of this article is to restate the question of the clinical application of biofeedback and its prospects after having defined it. After the huge success that biofeedback has known, some decantation is occurring. One is stricken by the absence of methodological closeness of too many studies, in this field, which very much limits the conclusions one can make presently. The best and most reliable results have been obtained by the biofeedback training of electromyogramme (elimination of subvocalization in reading, direct paralyzed muscles training, tension headaches treatment). The results are encouraging, but not yet enough backed up, as to regards to the improvement of various forms of epilepsy by the biofeedback training of the EEG sensorimotor rhythm, the premature ventricular contractions, sinus tachycardia and migraine headaches. In the other fields, the research status does not yet allow any valid conclusion.


[Biofeedback. II. Reflections. Perspectives].

The Biofeedback is a new field in full evolution where the clinical application is still at an experimental stage. But its interest is not only in the prospects which it is offering on the practical side, but also in the theoretical field in the sense of an improvement of our understanding of the rules and mechanisms of the learning at the visceral level. Besides, it is obvious that progress could only be made at the same time on the practical side and in theoretical field, and in a true psychosomatic outlook.


[Innate learning abilities].

Ethologists working with many species, studying overall behaviour, observing and experimenting in natural milieu, have first realized that animals are learning some things, sometimes complex, more easily than simple ones. It is almost always behaviour having an evident survival value. It is conceivable that during phylogenesis, the pressure of natural selection has developed to a high level the ability to acquire these behaviours, as an "inborn ability to learn". Seligman has proposed to call these reinforced evolutional behaviour as "prepared learnings". These learnings behaviours are present in both humans and animals: like for example feeding aversions which acquisition does not follow the classical laws of conditioning. Starting from these new facts, it is justified to propose a modification of aversive therapy in alcoholics and to reconsider theories concerning learning of certain pathological behaviour, such as phobia.


[Integration of behaviorism in the technics and methods of psychologic action].

Behaviourism is described as the study, the analysis and modifications of behaviours interacting with the milieu: a unit of methods and applications is noted and a theoretical body of behaviour changes is emphasized. In the clinic, the objective attitude and statement that psychopathology is the science of abnormal behaviours and not the science of mental states, contrast behaviourism with other methods such as psychoanalysis. In therapy and revalidation, behaviourism is one of the individual or group psychological reeducation method.


[A token economy experiment in young schizophrenic patients].

The paradigm of operant behaviour (Skinner) systematically applied to a group constitutes the theoretical basis of token-economy programs. Such a system consists in relating a certain behaviour to a consequence known to the patient. The efficiency of a token-economy has already been demonstrated for various populations: delinquants, schooolboys, chronic psychiatric patients. This pilot-study reports on our experience in applying in token-economy program in a group of young schizophrenics, most of them being hebefrenics: concepts and difficulties in realisation, hierarchical structure of the system, and results obtained.


[Behavior therapy of onchophagia and trichotillomania. Ethological and behavioral perspectives].

Emphasis is brought to similarities between informations collected from the study and treatment of patients suffering from nail biting and trichotillomania, by behavioural treatment and the concept according to which such troubles are "tics", learned responses which will become non adapted, present in a given situation, reinforced by time and progressively more resistant to extinction on the one hand, and ethological concepts which consider those behaviours as displacement of activity such as "grooming" in primates, ritual activities, free from nutritions activities, triggered by some attitudes and facilitated by the presence of fear affects, aggressivity or sexual drive.


[Analysis of observations entered on medical charts by health care personnel. Activity by the psychiatric team of Mons].

In a service of unselected patients according to diagnosis, prognosis or behaviour, with a large high quality personnel, a daily chart was started where everybody could write notes on patients. There was no imposed or controlled schema. Observations were dropping with time, the critical point being on week 4th. Furthermore, the content of the observations showed that simple descriptions of behaviour were five times more frequent than interpretations. Behavioural descriptions were often precise and understandable for an outsider: three times more descriptive behaviours with precision than vague behaviours. Interpretations, however, looked vague. Difficulties in understanding words and vocabulary were important. To be understood and avoid losing time in self-interpretation, to distinguish truth from false, it was essential to stick to simple expressions, common, but precise.


Runaway adolescents' perceptions of parents and self.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between runaway behavior in adolescence and an adolescent's self-concept and antecedent parental treatment. The Cornell Parent Behavior Questionnaire and the Adjective Check List were used to assess 47 runaways and a matched group of non-runaways. Analyses of the data indicated: (a) runaway adolescents report more punishment and less support from their parents; (b) runaway girls report the most and runaway boys the least degrees of parental control; (c) runaways hold a less favorable self-concept, specifically on the dimensions of anxiety, self-doubt, poor interpersonal relationships, and defensiveness; (d) runaways also manifest, as an aspect of the self, a readiness for counseling.


Selected volunteer adolescents in adolescent group therapy.

Twenty-one adolescents had therapy in a group containing three volunteer adolescents over a period of ten months. Fifteen adolescents came to five sessions or more. A description of the group shows how many of the group members model their behavior and attitudes on those of the volunteers. It is suggested that using volunteers is a useful method of initiating and maintaining a group of adolescents.


Is adolescent rebellion universal?

Forty volunteer subjects were interviewed in an attempt to determine if indications of adolescent rebellion would be found across the range of disciplinary styles. An analysis of the taped interviews did not support the expectations. Twenty-five percent of the sample manifested high rebelliousness and none of these subjects came from low-control homes. Seveny-five percent of the sample showed little or no rebelliousness at all. Low rebelliousness was evently distributed across the spectrum of disciplinary styles. The twenty per-cent incidence of permissive homes was higher than other research indicated it might be. Authoritarian parents in this sample appeared to be less restricting than would have been expected. A wider range of adolescent behavior was accepted and fewer issues provoked conflict and rebellion as the parents appeared to be responding to a changing society.


Some techniques in rehabilitating the school phobic adolescent.

This paper has described several intervention strategies which may be of help to the school phobic adolescent. I have set forth the specifics of the attendance contract which is negotiated with the youngster and with the school. Principles of community mental health stress the importance of collaboration with other care givers to resolve psychological problems. Therefore, I have placed major emphasis on the role of the school in enhancing the early return of the school phobic youngster to school.


Assessing adolescent mental health needs: the views of consumers, providers, and others.

The perceived mental health needs of adolescents were measured by questionnaire to groups of teenagers, parents, community child guidance personnel, self-help groups, police and court related people, school personnel, mental health administrators and area board members. Alcohol abuse and unemployment were seen as the first and second priority problems by most groups. Regarding specific services and facilities needed, residential facilities of various types were the most critical concern. Alcohol abuse programs, employment counseling, and family therapy and counseling were also major needs. There was considerable consensus as to needs among both consumers and providers. However, consumers tended to see as higher priority those problems affecting large numbers of adolescents while providers worried more about the seriously disturbed few.


Dopamine in thelimbic regions of the human brain: normal and abnormal.

1. In the human brain, DA was found in appreciable amounts in most of the examined basal telencephalic limbic regions, with the nucleus accumbens having the highest mean level (3.38 microgram/g). In the cortical areas of the limbic lobe of Broca, DA could be measured with certainty only in the parolfactory gyrus (0.35 microgram/g). 2. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the DA concentration in the parolfactory gyrus and nucleur accumbens was markedly reduced, whereas little change was seen in the olfactory areas. Quantitatively, the DA decrease in the nucleus accumbens was of the same magnitude as in the caudate nucleus, being, in both regions, distinctly less severe than in the putamen. 3. In three cases of paranoid schizophrenia, there were no statistically significant  changes of the mean levels of DA or HVA in the nucleus accumbens. However, the DA/HVA ratio was shifted noticeably in favor of HVA, possibly indicating an increase in DA turnover. This change was less pronounced in the putamen of these cases and was absent in the caudate nucleus. 4. The possibility of the substantia nigra contributing to the dopaminergic innervation of the human nucleus accumbens, as well as the significance of the observations on DA metabolism in the schizophrenic cases, is discussed.


A survey of attitudes toward two motivating factors.

A survey was conducted to determine the attitudes clinical laboratory workers in Utah had toward two intrinsic aspects of work, challenge or appeal of work and self-fulfillment. Questionnaires were distributed to all major hospitals in Utah. Frequency distributions were obtained and Chisquare tests were performed to determine if significant differences existed in relationship to demographic variables. Respondents indicated that work was interesting, challenging, required thinking, and enabled them to make good use of past training, skills, and abilities. Findings showed they also responded positively to statements involving ample responsibility given for the position held, contribution to patient care, enjoyment of work, and feeling of self-importance. Negative attitudes were noted toward statements dealing with advancement in medical technology, adequate opportunities for continuing education at employer expense, and participation in decision making. The Chi-square test revealed workers in the hospitals surveyed differed significantly in their opinions about having adequate opportunities to attend workshops, etc., on employer time and expense, and also that personnel with varying educational levels felt significantly different about making suggestions concerning the laboratory.


Impact of institutional experience on the behavior and development of retarded persons.

A program of research on the effects of institutional experience on retarded persons was described. The importance of such research for theory construction, use by clinicians, and construction of social policy was discussed, as was the value of both longitudinal and cross-institutional studies. We stressed that any comprehensive understanding of the effects of institutional experience requires a consideration of: (a) the characteristics of the retarded person, (b) his preinstitutional life experience, (c) the nature of the institution, and (d) a range of criterion behavior on the part of the resident.


Behavioral effects of interinstitutional relocation of mentally retarded residents.

Deinstitutionalization requires relocation of mentally residents. An exploratory investigation was conducted of the impact of interinstitutional relocation. The subjects were residents transferred from a large institution to a smaller facility and a matched comparison group from the latter facility. The 92 male and female subjects ranged from 10 to 42 years of age. The Adaptive Behavior Scale was administered prior to relocation, immediately following relocation, and 6 to 8 weeks following relocation. Higher functioning residents showed a pattern of lowered functioning and withdrawal following relocation. Relative to the comparison group, they were more withdrawn and suffered setbacks in language development. In contrast, lower functioning residents generally increased activity levels of both adaptive and acting-out behavior. The necessity for risk/benefit analysis preceding decisions to relocate residents was discussed.


Use of constraint-seeking questions by retarded and nonretarded individuals.

A 20-questions problem-solving task was given to 116 EMR adolescents and 65 nonretarded MA-equated fourth graders. The subjects' questions were classified as either constraint seeking or nonconstraint seeking, and the problem-solving strategies were evaluated in terms of their efficiency of solution. Results indicated that the nonretarded group asked more constraint-seeking questions, and their strategies reflected more efficient problem-solving solutions. The majority of subjects in both groups appeared to be in Mosher and Hornsby's (1966) suggested transitional stage, as demonstrated by the fact that their strategies fell between employing only questions that eliminated one item in the stimulus array (hypothesis scanning) and questions that consistently eliminated the maximum number of items (perfect focusing). In addition, nonretarded subjects' strategies reflected a greater awareness of the apparent organizational demands of the task and especially an awareness of the entire range of dimensions in the stimulus array.


Comparison of the effectiveness of adult and peer models with EMR children.

The effects of model similarity on the behavior of 30 EMR subjects were investigated. An age- and sex-matched peer-model group, an adult sex-matched model group, and a no-model control group were used. All groups were presented nine test items from the Leiter International Performance Scale. Retention was sampled by repeating the tasks without models in a second session a day later. A significant main effect (p less than .01) was found for modeling conditions. A Neuman Keul's procedure revealed that only the peer and control groups were significantly different (p less than .05) across both sessions. Examination for first-session results revealed significant differences between the peer- and adult-model groups and the peer and control groups (p less than .05). The findings indicated that EMR children respond differentially to peers and adults as models and that peer modeling could be a very effective method for teaching EMR children, particularly in a regular classroom.


Influence of contextual cues on the choice reaction time of mildly retarded adults.

Nonretarded and mildly retarded subjects were compared on an 8-choice reaction-time (RT) task. Removing a midline that divided the stimulus display in halves slowed RTs of retarded subjects to stimuli adjacent to the line. In the absence of this line, retarded subjects were also much more dependent upon the position of the preceding stimulus and response.


Relationship of climatological and behavioral variables among profoundly retarded males.

This investigation was designed to determine the degree of relationship among five climatological and five behavioral variables among institutionalized profoundly retarded males. Target behavior of 50 PMR males was correlated with changes in barometric pressure, indoor and outdoor temperature, and indoor and outdoor relative humidity. Significant correlations were obtained between changes in barometric pressure and changes in the on-dormitory ambient noise level. It was concluded that the data provided some degree of support for the biometeorological position, which purports a relationship between certain kinds of behavior and climatological changes.


Instructional modeling and the development of visual- and verbal-mediation skills by TMR children.

A study-recall paired-associate (PA) learning task administered to 40 TMR children under one of four instructional-modeling conditions: imagery, verbal mediation, imagery and verbal mediation, and a control condition. On one-half of the PA-learning study trials, the children were provided modeled mediating responses (connective pictures and/or sentences) and on the other trials no model was provided. The children's use of mediating responses on study trials was evaluated as was their recall performance. Each instructional-modeling condition resulted in more effective mediator use and better recall than the control condition. Verbal-mediation training was more effective than instruction in the use of visual imagery. Generation of mediators was most apparent when youngsters were first provided with models and then required to generated their own mediating responses. Gains in mediator use and recall were retained over a period of several days.


Role of attention in the reaction-time performance of mentally retarded adolescents.

This study was designed to explore overt indices of attending behavior during a simple reaction-time (RT) task in order to assess the nature of attention problems that presumably serve to impair efficient RT performance in retarded individuals. In order to achieve this purpose, RT scores and degree of off-task glancing during the preparatory interval were compared for groups of mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents. Results indicated that retarded participants were significantly slower in RT performance and also exhibited a greater degree of off-task glancing than did nonretarded participants. The frequent off-task glancing exhibited by retarded participants was interpreted to be reflective of inattention to task; it was suggested that this form of inattention was at least partially responsible for their slower RT performance. Suggestions for future research and methodological implications of these findings were discussed.


Sentence mediation and stimulus blocking in free recall.

In a two-phasing training study, EMR adolescents were initially provided with sentences linking each pair of 2 words in a 20-word list to be free recalled. In a second phase, subjects were required to create and verbalize their own sentences. This sentence-mediation condition was compared with (a) one in which items were presented in the same fixed pairs from trial-to-trial, but without sentences and (b) a group that received items in changing pairs. Results indicated superiority of both sentence-mediation and fixed-pairs treatments in comparison to the changing-pairs condition on both correct recall and subjective organization. Sentences did not facilitate recall more than did consistent ordering. The results were discussed in the context of the growing evidence that providing input structure can remediate organization deficits in retarded persons.


Classification, relative thinking, and transitivity performance by retarded individuals.

Thirteen retarded adults at each of three MA levels (5 to 6, 7 to 8, 9 to 12) were assessed on classification relatively, and transitivity performance. Analyses of covariance, with IQ effects factored out, showed significant MA effects for all three tasks (ps less than .01), and analyses of variance across tasks at each MA level also showed significant task effects at each level (ps less than .01). Binomial test analyses of the proportions of subjects performing discrepantly in both directions on each pair of tests were also conducted. The results indicated a sequential order of development of classification, relatively, and transitivity operations, in that order.


EMR and nonretarded children's reactions to contradiction.

Sensitivity to logical contradiction, as manifested by surprise reaction to the Jastrow illusion, was investigated in nonretarded children, EMR children equaled for CA, and EMR children equated for MA. Each subject was asked to select the "big" ring segment; then the position was reversed and the subject was asked to identify the "little" segment. The lower segment in this illusion always appears to be larger. Changing position results in what was previously identified as big by the subject now appearing to be little. MA-matched peers (nonretarded and EMR children) performed at a similar level on the task and at a significantly higher level than EMR children equated with the nonretarded children for CA. These results indicated that sensitivity to logical contradiction is more fundamentally related to MA than to CA in EMR children when their performance is compared to that of nonretarded children.


Medial and anterior-posterior ligament stability of the human knee, measured with a stress apparatus.

The five ligaments studied act with a symphonic harmony to provide stability to the knee. The SMCL was of major importance in medial knee stability. The other ligament which provided the most dramatic contribution to knee stability was the PC. It was the only ligament which when sectioned resulted in a significant posterior anterior drawer instability and on three occasions produced a jerk test.


The epidural venogram as a diagnostic procedure in the young athlete with symptoms of lumbar disk disease.

We recommend lumbar epidural venography as a screening procedure before myelography in the young athlete. It can be done on an outpatient basis, has a low complication rate, leaves no residual contrast material, and is more pleasant to the patient than a myelogram.


Acute peroneal compartment syndrome in a well conditioned athlete: report of a case.

A case report of acute peroneal compartment syndrome occurring in a 25-year-old male softball player is presented, in which neuropraxia of the common peroneal nerve occurred within 8 hr after onset and in which complete recovery occurred after fasciotomy was done 13 hr after onset of symptoms. A plea is made for early diagnosis and complete fasciotomy carried out as a surgical emergency. This must be accomplished if results previously reported, indicating permanent disability in 80%, are to be improved.


[The disseminated intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis and therapy on a medical intensive care unit (author's transl)].

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a frequent acquired disorder of haemostasis in the patients at the medical intensive care unit. The pathogenesis, the different possible clinical manifestations and the obligatory laboratory tests are reviewed. In addition to the treatment of the underlying disease, the importance of adequate restoration of fluid volume and early administration of heparin is stressed.


[Infusiontherapy with colloidal volumesubstitutes (author's transl)].

All colloidal plasma substitutes carry the risk of anaphylactoid complications with a general incidence of 0.03%. This incidence seems low; however severe complications may occur after infusion of colloids, including also human albumin solutions. In spite of the risk of anaphylactoid reactions, however, colloids should not be ommited from volume replacement therapy. When choosing a colloid for volume replacement the solution-specific risk of anaphylactoid complications has to be taken into consideration. From an increasing number of recent case reports the impression of a rising rate of complications has emerged; this impression was not substantiated by a prospective controlled trial performed in 1975. Since dextran in addition to its safe volume effect possesses well documented antithrombotic properties, it cannot be replaced by any other colloid without the addition of another thromboprophylactic agent.


[The influence of blood transfusions on changes of the coagulation in polytraumatized patients (author's transl)].

In 55 polytraumatized patients blood clotting tests were performed and analyzed in relation to the severity of the injuries and traumatic-hemorrhagic shock and the amount of homologus blood transfused. The degree of the changes of the clotting parameters was found to depend mainly on the severity of shock. The amount of transfused blood had of no influence. The results indicate the importance of an early i.v. fluid therapy corresponding to the demand of volume and the replacement of blood lost by haemorrhage.


[Haemodynamic effects of dextran 6% in the treatment of haemorrhage (author's transl)].

An isovolaemic infusion of dextran 6% after 1000 ml haemorrhage produced an increase in blood volume. This response persisted over a 4 h period, during which time a marked increase of venous return, stroke volume and cardiac output was be demonstrated. Improvement in the central circulation was produced through a significant drop in total peripheral resistance. The administration of the plasma expander was associated with an acute renal hyperperfusion.


[Electrolyte balance in major abdominal surgery. II. Observations under combined general and regional anaesthesia versus enflurane anaesthesia (author's transl)].

In 20 patients undergoing selective proximal vagotomy using a combination of methohexitone-nitrous oxide-pancuronium-anesthesia and intercostal block, and in 33 patients undergoing large abdominal surgical procedures under enflurane anesthesia, we found a mean decrease in serum potassium after the start of anesthesia of 0.25 mval/l which was maintained during the time of anaesthesia and operation. In spite of an unchanged potassium balance we noted a reduction in red cell potassium in both groups by about 7 mval/l. Serum sodium decreased by about 6 mval/l and base-excess by a mean of 2 mval/l. In both groups we found a nearly indentical and strong correlation between sodium infused and retained. In conclusion changes of serum potassium, serum sodium, base excess, red cell potassium and of sodium and potassium balance are typical of those occurring during large abdominal surgical procedures and the infusion regimen applied. They are, however, not influenced by the type of anaesthesia.


[General anaesthesia with ketamine for electro-cochleography in children (author's transl)].

To enable recordings to be made of compound action potentials of the acoustic nerve using transtympanic electro-cochleography, a method of modified general anaesthesia with ketamine has been tested on forty children. Sufficient sedation and analgesia causing the least mental disturbance and possibly minimal stress to the cardio-respiratory system was of special interest. We used a combination of droperidol and fentanyl as premedication in low dosage to obtain a maximal efficiency of the possibly minimal medication of intravenously injected ketamine. A recovery phase without troubles was ensured in older children by additional i.v. diazepam medication during the time of ketamine administration.


[A new volumetric infusion pump (author's transl)].

Our experience with a new volumetric infusion pump "Tekmar T 92" is reported. Over a period of months the reported advantages of the instrument were investigated on three separate units. Some few disadvantages for routine use were observed.


The ovary of rock hyrax of the genus Heterohyrax.

Investigations of the ovary of Heterohyrax collected from Lukenya in Kanya over a period of one year are reported. The seasonal nature of breeding in this population is confirmed. The histology and ultrastructure of the ovary are described. The ovary of Heterohyrax shows general similarities to that of Procavia.


[A histochemical study on Lacerta lepida cerebral cortex glutamic dehydrogenase activity (author's transl)].

A histochemical study on Lacerta lepida cerebral cortex glutamic dehydrogenase activity (GLD) was reported in this paper. The GLD activity is revealed in neurons and fibers of cerebral cortex. The regions M1 and M2 were differentiated with regard to enzymatical activity. The M2 neurons are morphologically and histochemically similar to D1 neurons but not to M1 neurons.


Density of goblet cells in the normal adult human nasal septum.

On ten adult septal mucous membranes, stained by the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method, the density of goblet cells was determined in 12 localities distributed on the entire septum. The median density proved to be slightly, but significantly increasing into the anteroposterior direction, there being 4,800 in the anterior and 6,200 cells per mm2 in the posterior quarter of the septum. There was a tendency to higher density in the lower than in the middle and upper thirds. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Interindividual variations in density and variations within different segments of the same septum were relatively pronounced. This goes to show that the assessment of goblet cell density on the basis of sections, so often seen in the literature, can only be taken with the utmost reserve.


The morphodynamic patterns of the paraventricular nucleus in rats under experimental conditions. II. Neurosecretory activity.

A relationship between the morphodynamic pattern of both the PVN and neurosecretory cells scattered in the hypothalamus and the time elapsed after the animal's last meal was found. The necessity for controlling the feeding time of animals in experiments on PVN activity is emphasized.


[The membranous labyrinth of the static organ in guinea pig (author's transl)].

The cristae ampullares of 16 guinea pigs were examined after their arrangements, weights and figures as after their relations to each other. It was noted that the size of the single crista increased from lateral to medial. They are inproportional to their related bony canals. Both the front cristae developed from the same basal plate and they are by the guinea pig less developed than the crista at the back. These different expansions of the cristae are considered in relation to the phylogenetical developement of the three canals. Where the size of the sensory cells by all the cristae ampullares are nearly the same, we fined that their number vary significantly. The expansions of the ampullares were we fined the cristae are confined to the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth does not participate in that expansion. The supporting cells are of a great functional importance. Probably they transmit the required energy which they get from the lymph as well as the near by capillaris. Beyond that the sensory cells are able to support themselves directly with difinite nutriments from the endolymph.


Haematology of the common Indian frog Rana tigrina I. erythrocytes.

A study of erythrocyte count and size in Rana tigrina has been made over a period of two years. The erythrocyte count exhibits a wide range showing a month to month variation in both the sexes. An average count of 15,93,600 in females and 10,29,700 per mm3 in males is recorded. These values are appreciably high from March to July with a peak in May and June for males and females respectively. The starvation brings about a decrease in counts generally from 12th day onwards. The size of erythrocytes averages 20.7 X 13.4 micrometer in length and width. No difference in size was observed in respect of sex or season.


[Special topographical relations between small arteries and the vena saphena magna at the region of the junction with the vena femoralis (author's transl)].

We investigated the topography between small arteries and the proximal Vena saphena magna after observations and extractions of specimens made during variectomies. Moreover we studied this region by anatomical preparation. During an operation a small artery with transvenous course had been observed. The obtained specimen were examined histologically. The developmental mechanism of such an unusual course of an artery is discussed.


Establishing an accurate arrhythmia diagnosis.

Many arrhythmias are asymptomatic, and even symptomatic patients may grossly underestimate the frequency and duration of arrhythmic episodes. The conventional medical history, clinical examination, routine electrocardiogram, and routine rhythm strip are inadequate for the detection of transient arrhythmias. Holter electrocardiography is the only currently available clinically documented technique for diagnosing transient arrhythmias. A wide selection of Holter equipment is now available, providing recorders and scanners with different performance characteristics. Portable ECG telephone transmitters and alarms are not Holter recorders, and they will probably have a different clinical application. The emerging concept of quantitative Holter electrocardiography will permit better selection of patients for drug therapy and provide a rational basis for therapeutic follow-up.


Influence of glucagon on the cardiovascular effects of procainamide.

Effects of glucagon on procainamide-induced cardiac toxicity were studied in anesthetized dogs. Procainamide in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg produced dose-dependent decreases in the blood pressure, cardiac output, left ventricular work index, and left ventricular systolic pressure; and increases in the left ventricular end diastolic and right atrial pressure, and total systemic vascular resistance. Glucagon antagonized most of the effects of procainamide on the cardiovascular system. Glucagon may be effective in antagonizing procainamide-induced cardiac toxicity.


Surface structure of spermatozoa frozen for artificial insemination.

Samples of human semen frozen in liquid nitrogen ( - 196 degrees C) with no glycerol, 5 and 10% glycerol were compared with samples that were untreated, with 10% glycerol but not frozen, and spermatozoa frozen at -20 degrees C. SEM and TEM of the samples indicates that 10% glycerol caused fewer surface changes of the spermatozoa than other treatments. Motility counts after the various freezing treatments were also highest when 10% glycerol was used as the cryoprotectant. Nonetheless, cryopreservation is detrimental to spermatozoa and often causes considerable damage to the acrosome with a leakage of the acrosomal contents.


Results of investigations on seminal fluid in so-called oligospermiogenesis.

Diagnosis of ligospermiogenesis was made in 76 infertile subjects submitted to testicular biopsy. Histological examinations demonstrated a reduction in mature spermatids (Sc. Sd.-Clermont classification) in the tubular sections. Comparison of histological data with findings from seminal fluid analyses in these subjects revealed: a) a pathological seminal fluid pattern in all cases of oligospermiogenesis, b) these patients may show either an azoospermic or oligozoospermic seminal fluid pattern; statistical analyses confirmed an almost equal distribution of the two conditions.


The fertile eunuch syndrome. An isolated leydig-cell failure?

In two patients exhibiting eunuchoid features in association with normal sized testes and complete spermatogenesis concommittant with only occasional Leydig cells between the tubuli, (proven by testicular biopsy) an attempt was made to elucidate the factors leading to this condition. Both patients responded with significant rise in both plasma FSH and LH after administration of synthetic GnRH indicating pituitary responsiveness. However, no rise in either FSH or LH could be observed after administration of clomiphene citrate during three weeks of treatment indicating hypothalamic unresponsiveness to chemical stimuli. Although plasma testosterone levels rose significantly after administration of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, estradiol remained unchanged during three weeks of HCG administration. A hypothesis is discussed which defines this syndrome in these two cases as primary Leydig cells failure, expressed in the inability of these to transform testosterone into estrogens, thus depriving pituitary and hypothalamus from a proper steroidal milieu necessary to adequate functioning.


Sampling characteristics of the Rotorod, Rotoslide and Andersen machines for atmospheric pollen and spores.

This study shows the superior aeroallergen collecting capabilities of the Rotorod sampler compared to the Rotoslide, Andersen and Durham devices. It collected the largest number and greatest variety of pollen grains and spores. Particle-size distribution was about 150 micron to 2.5 micron. Water wash-off was best prevented by the Rotorod's retracting rod-holders.


Levels of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in human seminal plasma.

An oral dose of the combination trimethophim/sulphamethoxazole (160 and 800 mg, respectively) gave concentrations of trimethoprim in seminal plasma that were equal to or higher than that in blood plasma 2--4 hours after intake. Trimethoprim was excreted by both the prostate and seminal vesicles. With a trimethoprim resistant strain it was possible to demonstrate in three patients with subclinical prostatitis that the concentrations of sulphamethoxazole two hours after the oral intake were 20, 26, and 74 microgram/ml in the blood plasma, respectively. This study was carried out on patients who had been on treatment for 2--5 days prior to investigation. In view of published reports on the pH of the fluids from the human prostate and seminal vesicles, respectively, and the importance of the hydrogen ion concentrations for the excretion of lipid soluble substances into the prostatic fluid it was unexpected to find similar concentrations of trimethoprim in both the "prostatic" and "vesicular" fluids. Preliminary studies on the pH of these fluids indicated, however, that they were in the same order of magnitude, i.e. 7.5 to 8.0. The multiglandular origin of the human seminal plasma must be considered in all studied concerning the excretion of drugs into the semen. Many problems related to the excretion of drugs, e.g. organ specificity, kinetics, and influence on organ and spermatozoal functions remain to be investigated.


Children with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma treated with elimination diet.

169 of 188 (90%) of infants with allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma improved on a hypo-allergenic diet. Most "outgrew" their food allergy but many later developed inhalant allergy.


Performance of swine chilled during artificial rearing.

There were more deaths among neonatal swine artificially reared for 21 days in individual cages at 27.9 C than among pigs reared under similar conditions at thermoneutrality (34.6 C). Furthermore, these deaths occurred at a younger age in the chilled animals. Chilled swine gained less body weight than did warm pigs for the first 15 days of life, although the survivors of the 27.9 C environment weighed the same as warm survivors at 22 days of age. Plasma glucose, liver, and skeletal muscle glycogen concentrations were significantly lower in neonatal swine exposed to 27.9 C from 1 to 4 days of age. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids, glycerol, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were not altered by chilling. However, these lipid variables were significantly higher in 4-day-old nursig pigs than in animals reared artificially for the same period on artificial food. Adrenal gland weights and adrenal medullary catecholamine-synthetic enzyme activities were not altered by exposure to 27.9 C in pigs 1 to 4 days of age.


Effect of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria on adaptation of cattle to high-energy rations.

Heifers, unadapted to a concentrate ration, were intraruminally inoculated (1 dose) with cultures of ruminal lactic acid-utilizing bacteria or with ruminal fluid from a steer adapted to a concentrate ration. Inoculation with cultures (1 L) of Selenomonas ruminantium or Megasphaera elsdenii did not produce better average daily weight gains or feed efficiency of heifers fed a high-energy ration for 21 days, if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency of heifers inoculated with 1 L of Peptococcus asaccharolyticus culture or with 1 L of adapted ruminal fluid and fed a high-energy ration for 21 days were better if these values were compared with the performance of noninoculated heifers.


Bovine immunoglobulin G subclass receptor sites on bovine macrophages.

Macrophage cultures were initiated from bovine peripheral blood monocytes. The following antiserums were prepared: rabbit immunoglobulin (Ig) M anti-sheep erythrocyte (RBC) serum, bovine IgG1 anti-rabbit Ig serum, and bovine IgG2 anti-rabbit Ig serum. Erythrocytes treated singly with any of these serums failed to mediate attachment of RBC to macrophages. Erythrocytes treated with rabbit IgM anti-sheep RBC serum followed by either bovine IgG 1 or IgG2 anti-rabbit Ig serum attached to bovine macrophages, as seen microscopically. Results indicate that bovine macrophages contain receptors for both bovine IgG subclasses.


Effect of summer heat stress on serum luteinizing hormone and progresterone values in Holstein-Friesian cows in Arizona.

Serum-luteinizing hormone and progesterone values were measured in lactating and nonlactating Holstein-Friesian cows to evaluate their relationship with reduced fertility observed during hot summer months in Arizona. The stress of hot weather had no effect on frequency of preovulatory increase of luteinizing hormone nor on the interval between the preovulatory increase and ovulation in either lactating or nonlactating cows. Progesterone values were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in lactating cows which became hyperthermic during hot weather, yet progesterone values did not change in nonlactating cows which had remained homeothermic. A similar relationship was observed between fertility and serum progesterone values, and between fertility and degree of thermal stress caused by hot weather. Decreased fertility and increased serum progesterone values were associated with increased environmental temperature and hyperthermia.


Coronary arterial anatomy of the small pony.

Ventricular weights and coronary arterial distribution and diameters were determined in 10 small adult ponies (139 +/- 32 kg). Combined ventricular weights averaged 0.52% of the body weight, with an average of 77% of the total ventricular weight being the left ventricle. The pony is right coronary predominant, with the interventricular subsinusoidal branch of the right coronary artery and interventricular paraconal branch of the left coronary artery providing comparable blood supply to the left ventricular free wall and septum.


Enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane potency in horses.

The minimal alveolar concentration of anesthetic required to prevent gross purposeful movement in response to electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined in horses for 3 agents. Equipotent concentrations of enflurane were 2.12 volumes %; of halothane, 0.88 volumes %; and of isoflurane, 1.31 volumes +. The alveolar concentration required to produce at least 60 seconds of apnea was also determined for these agents. From these data and the minimal alveolar concentration information, anesthetic indices were determined for each agent. The indices for enflurane, halothane, and isoflurane were 2.26, 2.60, and 2.33, respectively.


Physiologic responses of the horse to a hot, arid environment.

Field investigations were conducted under natural environmental conditions to determine the physiologic responses of rested, hydrated horses (Equus caballus) to the very hot, dry weather characteristic of the summer season in southern Arizona. The emphasis of the investigation was placed on those thermoregulatory mechanisms which are involved in the maintenance of homoiothermy. Rectal temperature of the horses studied remained relatively stable throughout the day, during both cool and hot weather seasons. However, when horses were exposed to hot summer temperatures, rectal temperature (heat stressed) was significantly higher than during exposure in cool winter temperatures (nonheat stressed). Skin temperature was also significantly higher during hot weather, and was directly related to ambient temperature. Heart rate and respiratory rate did not change significantly with exposure to the higher ambient temperatures of summer. Sweating rate increased markedly with higher ambient temperatures. Plasma chloride, serum potassium, serum sodium, and total protein values remained constant throughout the year (that is, they were not affected by hot, summer temperatures). Hemoglobin decreased significantly during hot weather and while packed cell volume declined, the decline was not statistically significant.


Detection and definition of canine intestinal carbohydrases, using a standardized method.

Intestinal mucosa and pancreas from purebred Beagle dogs were assayed for carbohydrase activity, using several methods of tissue treatment. The enzymes found and studied were alpha-amylase, sucrase, lactase, amyloglucosidase, cellobiase, maltase, and isomaltase. Experiments using polyacrylamide gel columns and heat inactivation showed the presence of an isozyme of maltase which degrades isomaltose. This activity had not been previously demonstrated in dogs. An optimal standard procedure is presented for the preparation and assay of canine digestive enzymes. A statistical analysis of variance of the results showed that the variance was primarily associated with differences among dogs and not by variance within the procedure. When the different extraction procedures were used, results indicated that the level of enzymes detected differed with the method of treatment.


Pathophysiology of swine trichuriasis.

Infection of pigs by the whipworm (Trichuris suis) resulted in profuse diarrhea on postinfection days 17 to 21. Anorexia, retardation of growth, dehydration, and emaciation were observed in infected pigs. Scanning electron micrography showed nematodes embedded in the mucosa of the cecum and colon, with resultant disruption of the mucosa. Infected pigs had decreased values of albumin, amylase, calcium and creatine phosphokinase, but increased values of alpha-, beta-, and gamma- globulins, total iron-binding capacity, copper, potassium, uric acid, and aspartate aminotransferase.


Therapeutic use of gentamicin in horses: concentrations in serum, urine, and synovial fluid and evaluation of renal function.

Serum, synovial fluid, and urine concentrations of gentamicin were measured in normal mature horses which had been given a single dose of the drug. Mean peak serum concentration (16.8 microgram/ml) occurred in horses 30 minutes after they were given a single intramuscular dose of 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight. In horses given a smaller dose of gentamicin (1.7 mg/kg), mean peak serum concentrations of gentamicin (10.2 microgram/ml) appeared at 1 hour. Synovial fluid concentration was maximum at 2 hours for both doses; in horses given the larger dose, mean peak concentration was 6.4 microgram/ml, and in those given the smaller dose (1.7 mg/kg), 3.4 microgram/ml. Measurable concentrations of gentamicin in serum and synovial fluid persisted 8 hours. During the first 8 hours, percentages of gentamicin excreted in the urine were between 3.9 and 32.8% of the larger dose and between 3.3 and 13.4% of the smaller dose. Serum creatinine concentrations were serially measured in 10 hospitalized horses intramuscularly given 1.7 to 4.4 mg of gentamicin/kg 4 times a day' significant increase in creatinine concentration was not found.


Evidence of onchocerciasis in Georgia cattle: prevalence at slaughter.

In the study for an animal model of onchocerciasis, particularly one dependent on a Simulium vector, the prevalence of Onchocerca lienalis in Georgia cattle was assessed. In 7 collections of cervical and umbilical skin samples and nuchal ligaments made between April and December, 1975, adult parasites were found in fascia of the ligamentum nuchae of 62 of 124 animals (50.0%), and microfilariae were present in 1 or more of the skin samples from 85 to 124 cattle (68.6%). Infections occurred in cattle of all ages examined (from 2 to more than 10 years). Microfilariae were found more frequently and abundantly in umbilical than in cervical skin. They were present in 47 of 62 cattle in which adult nematodes occurred, but also present in 38 of 62 cattle in which no adult nematodes were discovered. The adult nematodes caused considerable inflammation in the fascial sheath of the ligamentum muchae.


Evidence of onchocerciasis in Georgia cattle: longitudinal survey of a small herd.

Between November, 1974, and March, 1976, skin biopsies were taken at 12 different times from a small herd of 8 to 10 cattle near Lawrenceville, Ga. Samples were incubated for 4 to 6 hours in Hanks' balanced salt solution and centrifuged, and the sediment was examined microscopically for microfilariae. Microfilariae were consistently found in 4 of 10 animals over a 12-month period; numbers of microfilariae ranged from 1 to 211, with a mean of 3.42, 12.89, 17.31, and 27.53 per 4-mm-diameter biopsy from the 4 individual animals. The parasite was evidently being transmitted on the farm, as evidenced by the presence of microfilariae in an animal born on the farm.


Effect of xylazine on indices of myocardial contractility in the dog.

Changes in cardiac contractility were assessed by 2 indices of myocardial contractile performance (dP/dt/Kp max, V max). Both indices demonstrated an initial positive inotropic response to intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg). This positive inotropic effect was followed by a return to or significant decrease from base-line recordings in these contractile indices at faster heart rates or later times following xylazine administration. In addition, an increase in heart rate in control dogs was accompanied by a rise in both dP/dt/Kp max and V max, confirming earlier evidence of the Bowditch staircase effect in the intact dog ventricle.


Familial renal disease in Norwegian Elkhound dogs: morphologic examinations.

Periglomerular and interstitial fibrosis were the earliest renal lesions in 21 Norwegian Elkhound (NE) dogs with familial renal disease. Histopathologic study did not reveal the cause of the disease, and light microscopy did not show renal lesions different from nonfamilial renal lesions commonly observed in dogs. Histopathologic evaluation was reliable for detecting disease in NE dogs prior to onset of isosthenuria and azotemia. Results of glomerular counts, determining kidney size, and dissection of the nephron indicated that nephron numbers and size were adequate early in the disease, but that numbers decreased as the disease progressed. Electron microscopic and immunofluorescent studies were not suggestive of an immune basis of the renal disease, nor did histopathologic or angiographic studies indicate primary vascular lesions. Nephron dissections revealed sacculations in distal tubules and collecting ducts of affected NE dogs. Renal disease did not develop in mongrel pups given injections of an homogenate or renal tissue from an affected NE dogs.


Serum fluoride concentration, renal, and hepatic function test results in dogs with methoxyflurane anesthesia.

Effects of 3 hours of methoxyflurane anesthesia in 20 dogs were determined by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SC), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). sulfobromphthalein (BSP), phenosulfonphthalein (PSP) clearance test, 24-hour water intake and urine excretion, and serum inorganic fluoride (SIF) evaluation. Values for BUN, SC, serum ALT, BSP, and PSP after the anesthetic were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) from the base-line values. The serum ALP values were significantly increased (P less than 0.001). Water intake and urine excretion showed a peak increase 48 hours after anesthesia. Serum inorganic fluoride concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.001) compared with the base line. The SIF 20 minutes before anesthesia was 4.54 +/- 0.82 mumol/L, at 90 minutes of surgical anesthesia 92.35 +/- 8.91 micronmol/L, at 20 minutes after anesthesia 132 +/- 12.55 micronmol/L, and at 1, 3, and 6 days after anesthesia they were 105.60 +/- 8.93, 42.10 +/- 6.90, and 12.65 +/- 1.32 micronmol/L. Clinical signs of renal or hepatic failure were not detected in any of the treated dogs during 7 day post-anesthetic observation period.


Transient and permanent effects of hyperthermia in dogs: a study of a simulated air transport environmental stress.

Heat-induced hyperthermia can be a major problem in dogs shipped during summer months. Dogs shipped by air transport can encounter temperatures as high as 54.4 C. Usually, little concern is given to effects produced by hyperthermia. To assess the heat stress problem, 20 dogs were exposed to a temperature of 54.4 C for 30 minutes--10 dogs at 15% relative humidity and 10 dogs at 35%. Dogs did not die as a result of exposure, but certain transient and permanent changes occurred. All dogs had increased heart rate, rectal temperature, blood pH, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and erythrocyte count. Body weight and PVCO2, decreased. Differences also were shown between the 2 humidity group for blood PH PVCO2, rectal temperature, and weight loss. The major tissue changes attributed to hyperthermia were fragmentation of the myocardium, acute cortical necrosis in kidney, and marked degenerative changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Changes in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex were considered severe and permanent.


Disposition of sulfonamides in food-producing animals: pharmacokinetics of sulfamethazine in lambs.

Previously reported plasma and urine concentrations of unchanged sulfamethazine and 3 metabolites following intravenous administration of sodium sulfamethazine to young ewe lamb were fitted to a linear pharmacokinetic model in which sulfamethazine itself obeyed 1-compartment phamacokinetics. The average rate constant for overall elimination of sulfamethazine was 0.096 +/- 0.023 hours-1, corresponding to a biological half-life of 7.2 +/- 1.7 hours. The results of residue analysis of 8 tissues obtained at slaughter showed that tissue and plasma concentrations and urine output of unchanged sulfamethazine fell parallel throughout the experiment. The results indicate that determination of the plasma concentration or urinary output of sulfamethazine can be substituted for tissue residue analysis to determine contamination of carcasses above specified tolerance limits.