Gestalt closure and the human visual evoked cortical potential.

Previous research examined the relationship between perceptual psychological content and the human visual evoked cortical potential (VECP). Each study suffered a common methodological problem. The stimuli's properties covaried with their perceptual-psychological content. To circumvent this problem, VECP's were recorded before and after Ss (14 men and women) "closed" Gestalt figures. A small, consistent increase in amplitude was observed after figures were organized.


Interactions of Manifest Anxiety score with anagram letter transition probability and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word.

In an experiment designed for further exploration of the effects of manifest anxiety upon anagram problem solving, two levels each of manifest anxiety score, letter transition probability of anagram, and Thorndike-Lorge frequency of solution word were factorially combined (N = 40 male and 40 female freshmen and sophomores). While corroborating the previous findings that anagram solving rate is positively related to solution word frequency and negatively related to anagram letter transition probability, the results have demonstrated a significant interaction of solution word frequency, though not of anagram letter transition probability, with manifest anxiety score. This interaction, as shown in the facilitative effect of manifest anxiety with anagrams derived from high-frequency words and the inhibitory effect with anagrams derived from low-frequency words, is consistent with Taylor's interpretation that manifest anxiety, as an emotionally based drive, multiplicatively interacts with habit strength.


The relationship of mobility of inhibition to rate of inhibitory growth and measures of flexibility, extraversion, and neuroticism.

Measures of mobility of inhibition, and of internal, reactive and transmarginal inhibition, and inhibitory strength, which are claimed to index independent nervous system properties and personality dimensions, were obtained from a sample of 30 male undergraduates, and correlated with measures of sensorimotor, perceptual, and thinking flexibility, extraversion, and neuroticism. Results of a principal components analysis indicated that thinking flexibility and mobility of inhibition reflect speed of development of reactive inhibition, and the sensorimotor and perceptual flexibility are dependent on rate of growth of internal and transmarginal inhibition, respectively. Introverted Ss showed greater sensorimotor flexibility, but were less mobile, while Ss low on neuroticism were more flexible in perceptual tasks.


Reading ability and efficiency of graphemic-phonemic encoding.

It was hypothesized that children with a specific reading disability differ from children of normal reading ability because the former are impaired in extracting speech-like representations from graphemes. Three groups of 12 each of grade school boys and girls participated in timed word comparison tasks which required a "same-different" response. One group was specifically reading deficient, the other groups were matched either on age or on reading level to a deficient group. Monosyllabic word pairs were presented simultaneously by a slide projector. The deficient readers were slower than the two control groups only in a vowel phoneme comparison task and produced response times similar to the control groups for graphemic and visual symbol comparisons. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the problem in learning to read is due to multiple relationships between spelling (graphemes) and sound (phonemes).


Is a familial definition of depression both feasible and valid?

On the basis of familial constellations it is possible to separate out most of the unipolar depressive patients that are seen in the hospital. The groups may be called depression spectrum disease, pure depressive disease, and sporadic depressive disease. The sporadic depressive disease group is older at onset and older at index of admission than the other two groups. The depression spectrum disease and pure depressive disease groups are separated by virtue of the fact that there are more episodes of illness in the latter.


Visual evoked potential characteristics and subtypes of schizophrenia.

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from the midoccipital area of 72 schizophrenic patients. The amplitude of wave VI (100- to 115-millisecond latency) was reduced after the addition test for 15 minutes. It recovered to the pretest level later, and four types of recovery curves were found; marked reduction in amplitude occurred in A1 (A1 type), in A3 with fast recovery (A3f type), in A3 with slow recovery (A3s type), and in A5 (A5 type) (A1, A3, A5: averaged potentials evoked by 1-Hz flashes which started 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes after the end of the test). Each type closely corresponded to paranoid, atypical hebephrenic, typical hebephrenic, and simple schizophrenia, respectively.


Relationship between agoraphobia and field dependence.

In recent years agoraphobia has been viewed by clinicians as etiologically distinct from other phobic disorders, with conflicts over the developmentally early issue of separation and individuation (self-other differentiation) playing a central role. In an effort to adduce quantitative evidence for this clinical observation, three groups of phobic patients (totaling 166 outpatients in all) were distinguished on the basis of their symptomatology (agoraphobia, simple phobias, and mixed phobias) and were individually administered the Group Embedded Figures Test as a measure of field dependence, a cognitive style dimension that according to Witkin is, at least in part, a manifestation of self-other differentiation. A one-way analysis of variance, performed separately for men and women for differences among the three phobic groups  on field dependence, showed significance (rho less than .05) for the females, with the famale agoraphobic being more field dependent than the female simple phobic groups, but not for the males. Implications for the understanding of agoraphobia are discussed.


Pedophilia occurring after onset of cognitive impairment.

Four married patients are reported who first manifested pedophilia and other signs of disinhibition after sustaining illnesses that led to cognitive impairments. Although pedophilia may often be related to a long-standing inadequacy of sexual functioning, the onset of pedophilia in an individual without a previous histroy of sexual perversion may indicate the presence of recently sustained cognitive impairments.


Censure-praise learning of children at risk.

Twelve high risk and 27 low risk 10-year-old male children performed a nonsense syllable discrimination task administered under each of three reinforcement conditions: neutral information feedback, and two response-contingent conditions, praise and censure. Risk status was determined on the basis of index parent diagnosis (schizophrenic or nonschizophrenic) using DSM-III criteria. Although the two groups did not differ significantly in the mean number of errors made in learning the task under the neutral condition, when reinforcement was provided by subject's mother during both praise and censure conditions, schizophrenics' offspring made approximately twice as many errors as did offspring of controls. Either form of social reinforcement administered by the mother, or merely the mother's voice itself, has a uniquely disruptive effect on the learning efficiency of the offspring of schizophrenics.


Brief communication treatment of delusional depression with tranylcypromine.

Patients with depressions accompanied by delusional thinking are reported to respond poorly to tricyclic antidepressants. We present four cases of delusional depression successfully treated with tranylcypromine. Three patients had previously been treated unsuccessfully with adequate trials of tricyclic antidepressants and one had been treated with a tricyclic-phenothiazine combination with a poor response. These four patients experienced a dramatic reduction in depression and delusional thinking when treated with tranylcypromine. On the basis of these cases, tranylcypromine appears to be an effective treatment for some patients with delusional depressions.


Single case study basilar artery migraine presenting as conversion hysteria.

A case of basilar migraine headache in a young woman is presented. Although the patient had been treated by a neurologist for 2 years, the diagnosis was not established. When she presented to the emergency room of a local hospital, another neurologist diagnosed conversion reaction. Although there had been problems in the family, neurological examination during an episode of headache revealed the typical features of basilar migraine headache. This case illustrates the need for sharp neurological diagnostic skills among psychiatrists, as well as the need to avoid mind-body dichotomies when possible. With treatment for migraine, the patient has done well for several months posthospitalization.


Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations associated with digoxin intoxication.

The 83-year-old woman in this case report developed paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations in association with toxic serum levels of digoxin, while remaining alert, unagitated, and coherent in thinking. No cardiovascular or metabolic abnormalities were discovered to account for her psychiatric symptoms. Her mental status rapidly returned to normal as serum digoxin declined to therapeutic levels.


The diagnosis of antisocial and hysterical personality disorders. An example of sex bias.

The author submits evidence to support the contention that antisocial and hysterical personality disorders are essentially sex-typed forms of a single condition. The features of each condition, he argues, are either common to both disorders or are related to sexual stereotypic traits. He reports on a study which indicates that mental health professionals tend to label men as antisocial personalities and women as hysterical personalities, even when these patients have identical clinical features. It is suggested that a unification of the two labels could have a beneficial effect on research and on understanding and treating the disorder and related conditions.


Biological aspects of suicide: circadian disorganization.

Disturbances in the circadian rhythmicity of biological functions have been reported in various mental disorders. Four lines of research--hormonal, electroencephalographic, cerebral spinal fluid, and circadian rhythmicity--suggest possible changes in suicidal individuals. During a study investigating the effect of a photoperiod shift on circadian rhythms, 15 male, healthy, normal subjects were used. Following a 5-day baseline period a 12-hour photoperiod shift took place and was followed by 10 days of recovery period. Multiple parameters were monitored. Two weeks following completion of the study one subject suicided. The data were examined to determine whether the suicided subject differed, rhythmically, from other subjects. Summation dials describing phase changes and vector difference dials describing dynamic phase relationships of rhythm pairs showed that the rhythms of this subject were poorly synchronized internally during baseline. Total urinary output of all parameters was lower than all other subjects during baseline and more of his urinary parameters rephased incompletely during recovery. The results suggest that circadian asynchrony and an inability to respond effectively to a phase shift may characterize a presuicidal state. These results are discussed in terms of the four lines of research involving biological aspects of suicide and suggest some intriguing interactions.


Patients' reactions to the suicide of their psychiatrist.

The five patients who were in psychotherapy with a psychiatrist who killed herself were interviewed 10 months after the suicide about their reactions to the event. At the time of the suicide most patients felt lost and angry as well as demoralized and alienated from the clinic where they had been treated. To some degree each patient felt responsible for her death and several experienced considerable difficulty related to the suicide in their subsequent psychotherapy. Suggestions for management are offered.


Homicide and community-based psychiatry.

The authors studied the records of all persons convicted of homicide or found not guilty by reason of insanity during the uears 1963 through 1975, 6 years before and after the opening of the community-based psychiatric facility, in Albany County, New York. Using the Fisher Exact Probability Test, a statistically significant increase was found for those found not guilty by reason of insanity (p = .041) and those with a history of mental illness found guilty (p = .036). Other factors, including age of the perpetrator, use of alcohol, and relationship to the victim, were also examined. The authors caution against sweeping indictments of community-based psychiatry and urge that the study be repeated elsewhere.


Premorbid asocial adjustment and outcome in schizophrenia.

Prognostic value of the Premorbid Asocial Adjustment Scale (PAAS) was examined for a mixed group of 135 schizophrenics. The PAAS had nonsignificant correlations with three global outcome measures 1 and 2 years after admission for the patient group as a whole. However, the previous finding that the PAAS had prognostic value for nonchronic schizophrenic patients was confirmed. Prognostic correlations were significant for the half of the subjects who were above average in prehospital functioning, and were even higher in the younger half of this subgroup. The scatterplot of the prognostic relationship suggested the expected triangular shape, with poor prognosis associated with poor outcomes and good prognosis associated with mixed outcomes.


Kung Fu for cargo.

Promoters of institutionalized fighting skills and chiliastic activities generally share common objectives in their search for devices to overcome adversaries by impressive means. Unique is the case of Kung Fu for cargo reported here in which the patient suffered a grandiose paranoia following head injury and whose goal was the acquisition of both material and spiritual cargo as manifested in the Melanesian cargo cult.


Funeral mania.

Funeral mania, as the term is used here, refers to a typical manic episode occurring within 1 week of the loss by death of an immediate family member. The case history of a patient manifesting this rare reaction is presented and discussed. Comments are also made on the relevant psychiatric literature. Although funeral mania is probably a psychiatric curiosity it merits attention because it serves to remind us, even at a time when genetic factors in manic-depressive illness are in the forefront, that we should not overlook the role of emotional trauma.


Cystic lesions after transorbital leukotomy.

A case report is presented of a 62-year-old female admitted to a general hospital with a provisional diagnosis of mania and organic brain syndrome, whose unusual behavior and history prompted evaluation using computed tomography of her brain. Bilateral frontal lobe cystic lesions were discovered as a result of a bilateral transorbital leukotomy performed 21 years earlier. CT scan is presented, demonstrating the extent of these lesions.


The role of muscle activity in the differentiation of neuromuscular junctions in slow and fast chick muscles.

The differentiation of neuromuscular junctions of multiply innervated, slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and focally innervated, fast, posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles was studied in normal and curarized chick embryos. At 16 days of incubation, fibres of both muscles are contacted by several axon profiles, the number of which falls with age. In 18-day-old embryos individual endplates in ALD are usually contacted by three axon profiles, whereas in PLD, endplates are contacted only by a single large terminal profile. At this time, there is already a significant accumulation of cell organelles in the postsynaptic area. Treatment of embryos with curare during the 7th and 12th day of incubation delays the differentiation of the neuromuscular junction in both muscles. The paralysis dramatically affects the decrease of the number of axon profiles at individual endplates in both muscles. At 16 days the number of axon profiles was greater in embryos treated with curare than in the untreated controls. At 18 days when the number of axon profiles normally decreases, the endplates of both types of curarized muscles have an even greater number of axon profiles than at 16 days. Endplates in curarized PLD had up to 13 and in curarized ALD up to 12 axon profiles. The effects of curare gradually wore off and when the movements of the embryos again became more vigorous, the normal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions continued. At 21 days of incubation many embryos recover from curare and show endplates of normal appearance in both muscles. These results suggest that activity of the muscle is essential for the maturation of the neuromuscular junctions.


Glial bridges and Schwann cell migration during chronic demyelination in the C.N.S.

The formation of fibrotic bridges from subpial astrocytes into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord and the migration of Schwann cells to the central nervous system (C.N.S.) is appraised in chronically demyelinated C.N.S. lesions. Spinal cord tissue was studied from inbred, Strain 13 guinea pigs with chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). It has been found that uncommitted Schwann cells are present around remyelinated fibres in nerve root entry zones, between meningeal cells at a distance from the roots and along blood vessels within the spinal cord parenchyma. It is speculated that these cells migrate via the above route to the C.N.S. In the present model, this invasion might be aided by glial fibrosis, a process which leads to surface irregularities in the spinal cord, an extensive extracellular space and possible breaches in the glia limitans through which Schwann cells might penetrate.


The fate of Schwann cells isolated from axonal contact.

Chronically denervated rat and rabbit tibial nerve distal stumps were studied 3-58 weeks following nerve transection. Schwann cells, macrophages and possibly fibroblasts participated in myelin removal which was largely complete by seven weeks. Degenerating myelinated and unmyelinated fibres developed respectively into circular and flattened columns of Schwann cell processes each delimited by a basal lamina. Schwann cell columns became encircled by fibroblasts and later by cells of perineurial type, underwent shrinkage with time and eventually were replaced by connective tissue. In another experiment, endoneurial tissue was removed from rabbit tibial nerve stumps seven weeks after transection and transplanted between the corneal stroma of the same animal for 2-6 weeks. In this locus, Schwann cells developed a thickened basal lamina and then underwent necrosis. It was concluded that the maintenance of Schwann cells in bands of Büngner is in part dependent on axonal contact and that failure of reinnervation eventually causes the columns of Schwann cells to disappear.


5'-Nucleotidase of microglial cells in the facial nucleus during axonal reaction.

Transection of the facial nerve causes proliferation of microglial cells in the facial nucleus. The miroglial cells can be seen in perineuronal and perivascular positions. A high activity of 5'-nucleotidase is demonstrated cytochemically in the plasma membranes of these cells. The increase of enzymatic sites for the production of adenosine during axonal reaction might be of functional significance for the regenerating motor neuron.


Axonal inclusions in the crab Hemigrapsus nudus.

Light microscopic examination of living giant axons from the walking legs of Hemigrapsus nudus revealed intra-axonal inclusions which were usually several tens of micrometers long and about 5 micron wide. The inclusions were filled with small light-scattering particles. The inclusions were shown, by thin section electron microscopy, to be composed largely 68% by volume) of mitochondria. Each inclusion was surrounded by membrane bounded spaces which are presumed to represent a part of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Similar inclusions were not found in the leg axons of a variety of other decapod crustaceans.


Localization of thiamine in cholinergic nerve terminals: a histofluorescence study in the electric organ of Torpedo.

Thiamine (vitamin B1) and its phosphoric acid esters were found at a surprisingly high level in the electric organ of the fish Torpedo marmorata. The localization of the vitamin was investigated by a sensitive reaction in which the thiamine molecule was converted into a blue fluorescent thiochrome by treatment with an alkaline potassium ferricyanide solution. Whereas only slight fluorescence occurred in the electroplaque cells, a strong fluorescent reaction took place in their nerve supply. Intense fluorescence was observed not only in the myelinated nerve fibres but also at the nodes of Ranvier; moreover, preterminal branches and nerve endings, which are non-myelinated, were also strongly stained. The emission spectrum of this fluorescent material was found to be nearly identical to that of standard thiochrome. These findings substantiate the hypothesis that vitamin B1 plays an important role in acetylcholine metabolism and release.


Sequential myocardial scintigraphy with technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate following myocardial infarction.

Studies have shown that technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate (Tc-PPi) is effective for the detection and imaging of acute myocardial infarction. Positive Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams, however, have been reported in patients with other forms of heart disease and no evidence of recent myocardial infarction. To help define the usefulness of this test, we undertook a prospective study to ascertain when Tc-PPi myocardial scintigrams return to normal after myocardial infarction. Twenty patients with acute myocardial infarction were followed with Tc-PPi scintigrams at 1 and 2 wk, and 1, after infarction. The serial scintigrams revealed that a) 15 of 18 scintigrams were positive within the first week after infarction, b) the number of markedly positive scintigrams decreased promptly after the first week, and c) some scintigrams (11 of 18 at 1 mo, and 3 of 18 at 9 mo) remained positive throughout the study. The possible explanations for persistently positive scintigrams are discussed. Persistently positive scintigrams may hinder the usefulness of Tc-PPi myocardial scintigraphy for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients who have had a myocardial infarction within the previous 9 mo.


Radionuclide kymography for the assessment of regional myocardial wall motion.

Regional myocardial wall motion is usually evaluated qualitatively from ECG-gated  end-systolic and end-diastolic blood-pool images. Radionuclide kymography, which displays a one-dimensional scintigraphic image in time, synchronized with the electrocardiogram, provides a method to quantitate this motion. The technique is analogous to M-mode ultrasound in that one dimension is displayed as a function of time, but the activity distribution is displayed in place of acoustic interfaces. The motion of regional myocardial segments can be measured from multiple kymographic projections across the cardiac blood pool, after equilibration of a radioactive tracer. Radionuclide kymography is potentially better quantitatively than gated blood-pool imaging and is not hindered by viewing windows as are single- and multiple-transducer ultrasonography. Regional wall motion determined from radionuclide kymography correlated well with that determined from contrast left ventriculography in a series of patients. Since the kymographic sweep is initiated by the R wave of the ECG and proceeds continuously throughout the cardiac cycle, the temporal sequence of regional myocardial contraction can be directly assessed and related to corresponding portions of the ECG.


A model for the radionuclide measurement of ascitic fluid volumes.

Technetium-99m phytate colloids formed in vitro and in vivo were examined as radioindicators for estimation of the volume of third-space fluid in an ovarian ascites model using C3HeB/FeJ mice. In double-label experiments, the accuracy of the colloids for dilution analysis was found to be equal or superior to that of I-125 HSA. Sampling times 3--5 min after intraperitoneal administration were found to produce the best volume estimates. Four needle-stopcock assemblies inserted sequentially into the quadrants of the peritoneal cavity were used for administration and sampling of the radioindicators. The stopcocks could be closed to prevent leakage of ascitic fluid during the procedure. In contrast to radiolabeled albumin, Tc-99m phytate colloids have clinical use for simultaneous imaging of radiotracer migration to assess potential occlusion of diaphragmatic lymphatics by neoplastic cells, and for dilution analysis to estimate volume of ascitic fluid.


Blood clearance rates of technetium-99m albumin preparations: concise communication.

Technetium-labeled human serum albumin (HSA) is extensively used as a cardiac imaging agent. An evaluation of the blood-clearance rates of electrolytically reduced HSA (EHSA) and four stannous-reduced HSA (SnHSA) preparations was conducted in dogs, and was compared with that of radioiodinated HSA (IHSA). The EHSA was found to have a clearance rate only about 1.5 times that of IHSA, whereas the SnHSA agents were cleared at two to five times the rate of IHSA. Thus, EHSA has definite advantages over SnHSA preparations for the purposes of blood-volume determinations required  in quantitative cardiac studies and for the reduction of extravascular background in the accurate delineation of cardiac boundaries.


Changing manifestations of brown tumors on bone scan in renal osteodystrophy.

In a patient with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism, brown tumors, visualized initially as photon-deficient areas on bone scintigraphy, reverted to areas of abnormally increased activity following parathyroidectomy. This dual appearance on bone scan paralleled the functional state of the parathyroid gland. The possible relationship of hyperhosphatemia to the increased bone-scan activity noted in the calvarium, mandible, and facial bones is discussed.


Disappearance of a hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule following TSH stimulation.

Following stimulation with exogenous TSH,  a patient with a large hyperfunctioning autonomous thyroid nodule developed transient hyperthyroidism and decreased radioiodine uptake, and subsequently the nodule disappeared.


Synthesis, radiotechnetium labelling, and comparison of biologic behavior of longer-chain analogs of methylene diphosphonate.

Polymethylene diphosphonic acids of different chain lengths ( n = 2, 3, and 10) were synthesized and labeled with technetium-99m. Their biologic behavior was compared with that of Tc-99m-labeled methylene diphosphonate (MDP) in experimental animals. With n = 2 (ethylene diphosphonic acid), the compound resembled MDP in bone affinity. The longer-chain analogs had lower bone affinity.


In-111 transferrin labeling studied by perturbed angular correlations.

The technique of perturbed angular correlations (P.A.C.) was used to study transferrin labeled with radioactive indium. Three forms of the labeled system were studied: a) the In-111 was bound to transferrin with no iron present at either of the binding sites; b) the In-111 probe was used to label transferrin that was 33% saturated with iron; and c) the label was attached to saturated Fe-transferrin. The measured perturbation factors, G22(t), indicate that the three binding states are clearly differentiated. Cases (a) and (b) exhibit characteristic features of time-independent quadrupole interactions and the average quadrupole interaction frequencies, omegaq, were determined in these cases.


Quantitative methods in the evaluation of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion images.

Methods have been developed for on-line computer enhancement of a scintillation camera's myocardial images and for a graphical presentation showing relative thallium-201 activity in the myocardium. Enhancement uses fast Fourier transform techniques. The methods have been applied to multiple images obtained after stress and 4--5 hr rest. Patients with myocardial infarction and/or transient ischemia were evaluated and typical examples are presented.


The effect of a high level of dietary leucine on the niacin status of chicks and rats.

Baby chicks were fed purified diets containing 90 g/kg casein and 100 g/kg gelatin. With low levels of niacin and tryptophan, niacin deficiency resulted: this was not exacerbated by the addition of supplementary leucine (17.4 g/kg). With levels of niacin and tryptophan that supported rapid growth the further addition of supplementary leucine depressed food consumption and weight gain; in most instances this was statistically significant. No evidence was obtained to indicate that a high level of dietary leucine could result in niacin deficiency in chicks. Comparable experiments were carried out with weanling rats given a basal diet containing 60 g/kg casein and 60 g/kg gelatin. Adding 15 g/kg L-leucine gave results similar to those obtained with chicks and the same conclusions were drawn.


The effects of small intestinal colonization by fecal and colonic bacteria on intestinal function in rats.

The effects of colonic and fecal bacterial proliferation on jejunal function were studied in normal rats and in low-germ rats after intraperitoneal injections of mecamylamine HCl. Jejunal bacteriology, bile salts, ultrastructure, and transport capacity were assessed. Normal rats given mecamylamine for 3 days had increased anaerobic bacteria in the intestinal fluid, and had high concentrations of deconjugated bile salts in the intraluminal contents. Jejunal bacteria were lodged between microvilli without penetrating the cell cytoplasm. However, there was focal cellular damage, including fused microvilli, dilated endoplasmic reticulum, and secondary lysosomes. In the mecamylamine treated normal rats intestinal glucose transport was reduced with an alteration compatible with noncompetitive inhibition. The absorption rates of galactose, fructose, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose, tyrosine, Na, and K were also decreased. In contrast, low-germ mecamylamine-treated rats showed no evidence of either increased anaerobic bacterial proliferation or deconjugation of bile salts, and had none of the fine structural alterations seen in regularly raised rats. Also, the transport of carbohydrates was unaltered. The findings suggest that non-invasive enteric proliferation of colonic and fecal bacterial anaerobes in rats may be associated with deconjugation of bile salts, ultrastructural alterations of the intestinal epithelial cells, and a diminished jejunal transport capacity of carbohydrates and other solutes.


Utilization of dietary sulfur compounds by fingerling channel catfish: L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue, taurine and inorganic sulfate.

Sixteen isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were fed to fingerling channel catfish to study the efficacy of L-methionine, DL-methionine, methionine hydroxy analogue (OH-M), taurine and sodium sulfate. The basal diet contained casein and gelatin supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in 24% crude protein from whole egg powder. The basal diet, containing 0.26% methionine was supplemented with graded levels of each of the sulfur sources on an isosulfurous basis. Growth and feed efficiency data indicate that channel catfish can utilize DL-methionine as effectively as L-methionine. OH-M was only about 26% as effective in promoting growth as L-methionine. No significant growth response was observed when taurine or inorganic sulfate was added to the basal diet.


Metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance and body composition of growing farm-raised male pastel mink (Mustela vison).

The requirement of metabolizable energy (ME) for maintenance was studied in 31 male pastel farm-raised mink. The procedure used was a body balance regression technique that included an initial baseline group, a group allowed feed ad libitum, and a group allowed feed at the level of 65% of average intake of the ad libitum animals. The requirement for ME was 147.8 +/- 6.06 kcal/wtkg 0.734/day. This value falls within the range of estimates of maintenance requirements noted for younger animals of other species, such as the rat, chicken, and calf. The relationships of the chemical composition of the body to functions of body weight were also examined. The composition of the mink body was closely related to the weight of the animal rather than to age or conformation, as has been noted in other species. However, the fat-free dry body of the mink contained more protein and less ash than any other species studied up to this point. On a percentage basis, protein was 87.29 and ash was 12.72. Protein in the fat-free body of other species range from 80 to 82%.


Methionine-cystine interrelations in chicks fed diets containing suboptimal levels of methionine.

Studies were conducted with chicks on the interrelationship between cystine and methionine in either crystalline amino acid or wheat-peanut meal diets containing suboptimal levels of these two amino acids. The crystalline amino acid basal diet contained 0.2% DL-menthionine and 0.2% L-cystine whereas the wheat-peanut meal diet contained 0.2% methionine and 0.26% cystine. Marked improvements in weight gain and feed efficiency were observed when these diets were supplemented with 0.2 to 0.6% DL-methionine. When similar levels of L-cystine were added to the basal diets containing 0.2% methionine, chick growth was depressed. When the diets contained 0.4% methionine, the growth depressing effect of cystine was not observed. These results point to the existence of an antagonism of cystine on methionine utilization when the dietary level of methionine is suboptimal.


Plasma activity of pyruvate kinase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase as indices of myopathy in the vitamin E deficient rat.

Weanling rats were fed vitamin E deficient diets for 6 to 15 weeks and then given vitamin E orally for 4 days. Plasma obtained 1 day after the last dose was assayed for glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and pyruvate kinase activity (PK). Administration of vitamin E resulted in reduction in activity of both  enzymes. Plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, and bilirubin were unaffected by vitamin E and there was no histological evidence of liver degeneration. The number of phagocytized muscle fibers was greatly reduced by vitamin E treatment, but a substantial number of necrotic fibers were still present. With more prolonged (8 days) treatment, plasma PK and GOT levels were reduced to levels found in plasma of vitamin E replete animals and few degenerated muscle fibers could be observed. It was concluded that resolution of the necrotizing myopathy in vitamin E deficient rats is a rapid process and that the decreased activity of PK and GOT in plasma is a sensitive indicator of the resolution process. The decrease in plasma enzyme levels is an easily quantitated and reproducible biological response to vitamin E administration. Thus, this approach provides a basis for a sensitive and accurate bioassay for vitamin E activity.


Ascorbic acid and stress ulcer in the rat.

Rats were orally administered ascorbic acid at a dose of 30 g/liter during either total starvation, partial starvation, the activity-stress ulcer procedure, or the restraint-cold procedure. In four experiments, ascorbic acid failed to exert significant protective action against stomach ulcer formation and, in fact, may have potentiated the ulcerogenic process.


Factors affecting amino acid induced orotic aciduria in rats.

Administration of individual amino acids is known to induce an orotic aciduria. The present studies show that the induction of orotic aciduria by glycine is highly influenced by stage of digestion of the test animal and the nitrogen content of the test diet. Short term fasting for 24 hours prevented glycine induced orotic aciduria. However, longer term fasting for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days resulted in a return in the ability of glycine to stimulate pyrimidine biosynthesis. The maximum induced orotic aciduria occurred after 3 days of fasting. The ability of glycine to induce orotic aciduria in the fed rat was also dependent on the dietary protein content. Glycine injections were unable to elicit an orotic aciduria in rats fed a protein-free diet. Addition of increasing quantities of nitrogen to the basal diet resulted in a proportional increase in glycine induced orotic aciduria.


Epidemiologic investigation of employees chronically exposed to methylene chloride. Mortality analysis.

A large male employee population with continuous low level work exposures to methylene chloride for up to 30 years was examined for mortality experience using non-concurrent prospective and proportionate mortality techniques. Mortality of the study group was consistent with industrial controls and less than the New York State general population. Life table analysis of the 1964 methylene chloride exposed cohort was followed through 1976 and demonstrated age group specific probabilities or 13 year survivorship equal to or better than that of three control male populations: Kodak Park, New York State, and United States.


Inorganic mercury intoxication reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Two employees in a mercuric oxide manufacturing plant developed neurologic changes not previously reported from the exposure to inorganic mercury or elemental mercury vapor. The symptoms, physical findings and laboratory studies resembled those found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and organic mercury intoxication. Nineteen employees are reported who precipitously developed signs and symptoms which may be regarded to be the early onset of a symptom complex of mercury intoxication that would likely have progressed to the ALS-like syndrome if the progression had not been interrupted by removal of the individuals from exposure to mercury. All symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings returned completely to normal after approximately three months in a mercury free work environment.


Transcutaneous ethylene glycol monomethyl ether poisoning in the work setting.

During the period of an "energy crisis" in 1974, two workers in a textile printing plant in Massachusetts developed clinical manifestations of encephalopathy. Both had evidence of bone marrow injury and one had pancytopenia. Study of their work environment revealed that they had ethylene glycol monomethyl either (EGMME) poisoning primarily due to cutaneous exposure. EGMME was used as a cleansing agent as a substitute for acetone, which was unavailable due to temporary shortage. Proper product labels could have prevented the illness.


Mortality in unionized truck drivers.

To determine occupational mortality in the Central States Teamster population, all death certificates for a three-month period in 1976 were collected and coded. With the exception of respiratory tract cancer and motor vehicle accident deaths, mortality rates were lower than those found in the U.S. population and comparable to those found in other employed populations. It was not possible to separate the effect of cigarette smoking from environmental exposure to explain the excess respiratory tract cancer death. Unexpectedly, the majority of accident mortalities occurred away from work rather than at work.


Psychological performance of subjects with low exposure to lead.

In a study of the effects of low lead exposure on psychological performance, 49 exposed workers and 24 controls were given a psychological test battery. All the lead workers had been under regular monitoring during their entire exposure time, and only workers whose maximal blood lead concentration had never exceeded 70 microgram/100 ml were included in the study. At the time of the examination, the mean blood lead level of the exposed group was 32 +/- 11 microgram/100 ml. Comparisons were made both between exposed and nonexposed workers and within the exposed group. In the latter case, the maximal, the average and the actual blood lead concentrations were used as measures of uptake. The most important finding was a significant relationship between impaired psychological performance and lead uptake within the exposed group. The performances that were most affected by lead depended on visual intelligence and visual-motor functions. Age and neuroticism did not explain these relationships. The impairment of psychological performance correlated better with the average than with the maximal or actual blood lead concentration. Considering that no single blood lead concentration had ever exceeded 70 microgram/100 ml, these findings indicate that the threshold for impaired performance lies below that level.


Clinical and immunological findings in workers exposed to sewage dust.

A clinical investigation was made between workers exposed to dried sewage sludge dust and age matched controls not exposed. About 50% of the workers reported work related fever, eye symptoms and general fatigue. Thirteen percent of the workers in the sewage plant reported work related diarrhea. Serum immunoglobulins, white blood cells and thrombocytes were elevated and a higher percentage of increased levels of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen degradation products was found in the exposed group. Although no definite cause-effect relationship could be established, it is suggested that the responsible agent in the environment is endotoxins.


Scanning electron-microscope studies of the endothelium of aortic allografts in the rabbit: effect of azathioprine, prednisolone and promethazine on early cellular invasion.

Aortic allografts in rabbits were observed by scanning electron microscopy 24 hr after transplantation. The extent of the leucocytic invasion could be precisely and reproducibly measured. Azathioprine and prednisolone, whether alone or in combination, given on three occasions--10 hr before, immediately after and again 10 hr after surgery, significantly inhibited the cellular invasion. Promethazine produced a slight, but not statistically significant, effect.


The effects of chronic cervical lymphostasis on regions drained by lymphatics and by prelymphatics.

Chronic cervical lymphostasis was induced in cats. The effects in regions directly drained by lymphatics (facial skin and retrobulbar tissue), and in regions primarily drained by prelymphatics (cerebral cortex, retina, papilla, iris, choroid and Circle of Willis) were studied ophthalmoscopically and electron microscopically. It was found that in all regions there was considerable oedema, increases in protein concentration and excess collagen, together with increased numbers of macrophages. The lymphatics, where these existed, had many open junctions: both these vessels and the prelymphatics were very dilated, with considerable increases in protein concentration.


"Epithelial" foci of presumptive neural origin in cultures of normal mouse colon.

Patches of cells, which at the light-microscope level appear to be epithelial, persist for several months in cultures of normal mouse colon. Ultrastructural studies showed that these cells were nerve-associated and were probably derived from the Schwann cell-satellite cell group. True epithelial cells all died out within the first 2 wk of culture, and epithelial cell lines could not be established.


Ultrastructure of carotid body in rats living at a simulated altitude of 4300 metres.

We studied the ultrastructure of the carotid body of three normal rats and three rats living in a hypobaric chamber at a pressure of 460 mm Hg for 27, 28 and 35 days respectively. The type I cells of the carotid bodies of our hypoxic rats were enlarged due to an increase in the volume of their cytoplasm. Many of their dense core vesicles were vacuolated and the core was displaced eccentrically to become adherent to the limiting membrane of the vesicle. The concentration and distribution of dense core vesicles remained unaltered and there were no obvious changes in the mitochondria, ribosomes or Golgi apparatus. There was pronounced capillary dilatation in the carotid bodies of all three rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. This change was accompanied by attenuation of capillary endothelial cells and increased frequency of endothelial fenestrations. There were no structural changes in the type II cells.


A cell line from an induced carcinoma of mouse rectum.

A tissue culture cell line has been established from one out of seven induced carcinomas of mouse large intestine. The cells have an epithelial morphology and form tumour acini in vitro. Electron microscopy shows that the cells have retained some differentiated characters, including junctional complexes and microvilli with attached glycoprotein strands both in the acini and at the free margins of the cell sheets.


Ultrastructural observations on epithelioid cell granulomas induced by zirconium in the guinea-pig.

An ultrastructural study has been made of the allergic-type nodular granulomas that can be induced in guinea-pigs sensitised to sodium zirconium lactate. Lesions taken at the peak of granuloma development 7 days after skin testing contained epithelioid cells which could be recognised particularly by their content of rough endoplasmic reticulum, fimbriated cell membrane and typical nuclear appearance. Multinucleate giant cells were also seen. These cells were characterised by their large number of lysosome-like dense bodies and phagocytic structures. Both epithelioid cells and multinucleate giant cells were similar to those described in zirconium granulomas in man. However, these cells differed in a number of respects from similar cells observed in human sarcoidosis. A constant feature of the guinea-pig lesions was the presence of large numbers of apparently active fibroblasts.


The effects of some aluminium and zirconium compounds on guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages and skin fibroblasts in culture.

The damaging effects of some industrially important Aluminium and Zirconium compounds on guinea-pig macrophages and skin fibroblasts have been investigated. Cell death was measured by the release of lactate dehydrogenase activity. The haemolytic properties of these compounds has also been investigated. There is a correlation between the ability of these compounds to form granulomas after intradermal injection in the guinea-pig, their toxic effects on macrophages and fibroblasts and their haemolytic properties. A possible mechanism of toxicity of these compounds towards macrophages and fibroblasts is suggested.


Studies of elastic tissue formation in the developing bovine ligamentum nuchae.

The foetal ligamentum nuchae showed two distinct stages of development, each characterised by its cell population and fibre products. Fibroblasts of the early phase have extensive ergastoplasm apparently associated with collagen production; those of the late phase have an "attenuated" cytoplasm and coincide with an increase of elastic tissue content. The elastic fibre comprised a core of fine elastin fibrils (100--130 nm diameter) and a surrounding mantle of microfibrillar protein. As development proceeded, the elastin fibrils appeared to coalesce with each other and also with elastin fibrils from adjacent fibres to form composite mature elastic fibre--a process which was accompanied by a loss of microfibrils. A characteristic of elastic fibres from adult ligament, not apparent in the foetal tissue, was that of bifurcation.


Whole blood storage in citrate and phosphate solutions containing half-strength trisodium citrate: cellular and biochemical studies.

The efficacy of whole blood preservation in acid citrate dextrose (ACD-A) and citrate-phosphate dextrose (CPD) anticoagulants containing half-strength trisodium citrate concentrations, was determined by biochemical and cellular assessment during 28 day storage at 4 degrees--6 degrees. Erythrocyte 2,3-DPG and ATP concentrations, serum potassium, plasma haemoglobin, and blood pH values were similar between the standard and half-strength citrate counterpart in both ACD-A and CPD series, throughout the entire storage period. Erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, and osmotic fragility) and the red cell, platelet, and leucocyte counts, were also similar regardless of the final citrate concentration in both ACD-A and CPD series during the 28 day storage period. Tests of coagulation (PT, KCCT, TT, and ethanol gel) and fibrinogen levels were also similar, except for a lower quantity of clottable fibrinogen at day 28 in half-strength CPD. The formation of platelet and leucocyte aggregates during storage, as measured by changes in the SFP, were similar in magnitude whether or not the half-strength citrate formulation was used in ACD-A or CPD. Phagocytic and bactericidal capacity against Staph. aureus was normal following 24-hr storage at 4 degrees--6 degrees, in both ACD-A and CPD preserved blood, regardless of the final citrate concentration. It may now be concluded from this evaluation and those of others, that a reasonable argument can be made for reducing the citrate quantity presently used during blood storage, in order to provide a safe and effective transfusion product for routine use.


Early vascular changes in the intestine of bilaterally nephrectomised rats.

Ultrastructural changes in the arterioles of the intestinal submucosa were observed in rats 20 to 24 hr after bilateral nephrectomy. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The changes of arterial pressure after the nephrectomy or sham operation was measured directly through carotid artery cannulation, and analysed by the paired t-test. Ferritin was injected intravenously into two rats in each group 60 min. before fixation in order to trace plasma insudation into the arteriolar wall. Mean blood pressure was 102 +/- 9 and 112 +/- 6 mm Hg (mean +/- S.E.), before and after the nephrectomy, respectively. The latter was significantly higher than the former, though it remained in the normotensive range. It was also higher than that in control rats after sham operation. In sham-operated rats, there were neither vascular lesions nor evidence of increased leakage of ferritin into arteriolar walls. Arterioles from the nephrectomised rats, on the other hand, exhibited foci of smooth muscle cell necrosis characterised by cellular fragmentation and the deposition of fibrinoid and electron-dense granules. The fibrinoid was of two types of axial periodicity, i.e., 20--23 nm and 16--17 nm, respectively. Dense granules, 13--90 nm in diameter, were encountered mainly between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. Though scanty fibroblasts were seen, there was no infiltration of mononuclear cells in the adventitia accompanying medial necrosis. Ferritin particles accumulated in the necrotic foci of the media in high concentration, and were seen in endothelial gaps, within the cytoplasm and in palsmalemmal vesicles of the endothelial cells. The main pathway of ferritin insudation into the media was considered to be by way of endothelial gaps.


Ultrastructure of N-diethylnitrosamine induced tumours in the nasal olfactory region of the Syrian golden hamster.

Tumours of the nasal olfactory region induced in five Syrian golden hamsters ater s.c. treatment with N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) were examined electron microscopically. The neoplasms consisted of two cell types, the ultrastructure of which showed them to have originated from the precursors of olfactory sensory cells (neuroblasts) and the precursors of sustentacular cells (basal cells).


Sensory nerves and inflammation: evidence for the release of a neurogenic permeability factor by tityustoxin.

Venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus and its active principle tityustoxin (TsTX), kept in contact with the peripheral cut end of the sciatic or saphenous nerve of the rat, induced inflammatory reactions in the areas supplied by the nerves. The reactions include increased vascular permeability and oedema formation below the tibio-tarsal articulation, and were similar to those evoked by electrical antidromic stimulation of these nerves. When electrical stimulation of the peripheral nerve ending preceded its contact with the toxin or, conversely, when the application of electrical pulses closely followed contact with TsTX, no marked increase in the vascular permeability and oedematous respones, subsequent to the second stimulation, was observed. Anti-histamine and anti-serotonin drugs, as well as substances capable of blocking synthesis of prostaglandins or activation of the kinin system, and also atropine, were ineffective in reducing the responses to TsTX or electrical stimuli. Since the responses were evoked at a distance, in the areas supplied by the nerves, they must be chemically mediated. It is concluded that TsTX and electrical antidromic stimuli affect sensory nerves inducing the release of a permeability-increasing factor, which is responsible for the observed reactions. This factor can be depleted from storage sites by prolonged stimulation of the nerves, is not inhibited by antagonists of known mediators of inflammatory reactions and most probably originates in sensory fibres.


Evagination of vascular smooth muscle cells during the early stages of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension.

Fifteen adult female Wistar albino rats were fed on a diet containing powdered Crotalaria spectabilis seeds for periods of up to 5 wk. Electron microscopic studies were carried out on the lungs of these animals and also of three control rats. Both groups of animals showed protuberances of smooth muscle cells. In the control rats such protuberances were small and filled out spaces created by undulation of the internal elastic lamina produced by collapse of the vessel. These protuberances could be prevented by fixing the lung in distension. Evaginations of smooth muscle cells in the test rats were larger, devoid of myofilaments and organelles and arose from the parent cell between dense attachment points on the sarcolemma. Frequently they arose through a narrow cytoplasmic isthmus and had such electron-lucent contents as to resemble a cyst within the endothelium. In fact they pressed onto the undersurface of endothelial cells which fitted over them like a cap. Such evaginations are thought to arise as a result of sustained vasoconstriction.


A spontaneous ankle deformity in an inbred strain of mouse.

A spontaneous subluxation and subsequent dislocation of the bones of the ankle has been described in the males of an inbred strain of mouse (STR/ORT). It consisted of a gradual elevation of the calcaneum which eventually came to lie along the distal end of the tibia after 6--8 mth. The astragalus rotated forward. Articulations with the navicular and tarsal bones were severely disrupted with the accompanying development of peri-articular calcifications and ossifications. With one exception the arthropathy only occurred in male mice. Of the male members of the colony over the age of 3 mth, 26.7 per cent. had at least one ankle affected. Possible aetiological factors are discussed.


The inhibitory effects of high molecular levan on transport across the vascular wall stimulated by histamine.

Administration of levan to mice and rats inhibited the passage of intravenously injected trypan blue into the area of skin injected with histamine. In the mouse, the optimal dose of levan was about 5 mg/25 g body weight; higher doses, on the other hand, enhanced diffusion. In the rat, the inhibitory effect was directly related to the dose of levan, the optimal dose being five times higher than for mice. Treatment of rats with levan caused a marked reduction in the uptake and transport of colloidal carbon. In normal and histamine- or turpentine-injected cremaster muscles, treatment with levan prevented carbon from being adsorbed and endocytosed by the endothelial cells. Levan itself was frequently attached to the lumenal surface of endothelial cells, or less frequently was enclosed within pinocytic vesicles. Occasionally, transport across the interendothelial junction was also seen, but the impression gained was that the frequency and extent of patent junctions were reduced in animals receiving phlogistic stimuli and treated with levan. Carbon particles were generally aggregated in the central zone of vessels and were seldom seen near the endothelial cells, within endothelial cells or within any open junctions, presumably because of the coating effect of levan. With partly depolymerised levan, carbon particles were found in endothelial cells and intercellular spaces, but at lower concentrations than in non-levanised control animals. It is suggested that levan acts by altering the rheologic patterns in the microcirculation, by modifying the surface of endothelial cells and by influencing their behaviour, and, finally, by changing the constitution of the ground substance and basement lamina.


Injury and repair of the lung: response to intravenous Freund's adjuvant.

Tissue from the lungs of rabbits was examined at intervals up to 24 weeks after the animals had received a single intravenous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. Though this is not a conventional method for damaging the peripheral lung, it had the advantage of producing multiple lesions in which most tissue components were altered for a prolonged period. White blood cells were present within the tissue and air spaces of these damaged areas. They persisted for 6 weeks in large numbers and gradually decreased over the next 12 weeks. There was replacement of type A by type B alveolar lining cells. Basement membranes were displaced and lost. Elastic and collagen fibres were distorted and destroyed. Blood vessels were occluded. Epithelioid cell and foreign body granulomas developed. Interalveolar septa disappeared, and air spaces were compressed. Despite all these changes the lungs regained near normal structure by 24 weeks after the initial injury. These results do not support the importance that has been placed on damage to various structural components of the lung as an explanation for chronic pulmonary disease. They do give some insight into the capacity of peripheral lung tissue for regenerationa following a single injury that induces a prolonged inflammatory response.


The effect of interruption of lymphatic drainage from the rat testis.

Forty-two mature albino rats were subjected to the ligation of selected lymphatic vessels close to, and at a distance from, the testis. At periods from 3 days to 1 year both testes were studied at their equatorial level in order to determine histological changes. The operated testes showed a mild degree of damage 3 days after operation and moderate damage at 7 days, while damage of a severe degree increased to a maximum over a postoperative period of 90 days. One-hundred-and-eighty days after operation a few tubules presented the typical appearance of spermatogenic destruction. After 1 year recovery is virtually complete. Changes in the contralateral testis indicate an immune response to the damage induced on the ipsilateral side by the experimental interruption of selected lymph vessels, where interstitial oedema was confined sectorially to the medial half of the testis. In the contralateral testis, oedema was predictably diffuse throughout; the distribution of tubular deformities and the degree of cellular damage were less well marked and 1 year after operation the testis had almost completely recovered. Tubular deformities and cellular changes in the germinal epithelium are primarily dependent on interference with the lymph flow and are not secondary to ischaemia.


Intrahepatic vascular lesions in experimental and natural ovine fascioliasis.

Using acrylic resin casts prepared from the liver vasculature and histology, subdivisions of the portal and hepatic systems stenosed as a result of experimental and natural infections of F. hepatica were identified as terminal, secondary and tertiary portal veins and central and sublobular hepatic veins; primary portal veins were also involved in the experimentally infected livers. Fewer veins tended to be involved in livers naturally-infected and they were more evenly distributed among liver lobes than in the experimental disease where most were found in the ventral lobe. Casts of both types of infection also demonstrated enlargement and tortuosity of arteries in ventral lobes and those forming the peribiliary arterial plexus, as well as showing that multiple anastomotic channels had formed. The arterial changes and anastomoses were suggested as developing to compensate for the effects of vascular stenosis. Portal vein stenosis induced experimentally was the outcome of replacement of eosinophils and oedema-like fluid present in veins around fluke tracks and of the organisation of fluke tracts impinging upon veins. During the post-migratory period of infection, stenosis became more marked, for which no adequate cause was identified. In livers naturally-infected, in addition to stenosed portal and hepatic veins, vascular channels in collagen septa in sinusoids and a slight convolution of arteries were seen.


Ultrastructure of intramuscular haematomas and electron-probe x-ray analysis of extracellular and intracellular iron deposits.

Haematomas were produced in rabbits by intramuscular injections of autologous blood. Clotting and marked lysis of erythrocytes was noted in these haematomas but there was no evidence of fragmentation of erythrocytes, prior to, during, or after ingestion by macrophages as has been reported in other sites such as spleen, peritoneal cavity or joint cavity. The phagocytosis of intact erythrocytes, lysed erythrocytes and haemoglobin led to the formation of three main types of lysosomal bodies, (1) myelinosomes, (2) siderosomes and (3) myelinosidersomes. Electron-probe X-ray analysis of siderosomes has yielded further data supporting the idea that haemosiderin is essentially an inorganic iron compound; presumably a hydrated ferric oxide. An unusual and hitherto unreported finding was the occurrence of electron-dense granules in the connective tissue matrix in two animals. The granules were shown to contain iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorus. It is thought they might represent an attempt at pathological calcification in damaged tissue.


Bronchial mucus hypersecretion induced by elastase in hamsters: ultrastructural appearances.

Male golden hamsters were exposed to a solution of purified pancreatic elastase by intratracheal injection. They developed panlobular (panacinar) emphysema and, in addition, were found to show severe goblet cell metaplasia in the major bronchi. The metaplastic change in the respiratory epithelium was associated with persistence of a fenestrated sheet of mucus, widely present throughout the bronchial tree, which was greater in amount than that in either unexposed or saline exposed controls. Transmission electron micrography showed a striking increase in size of individual goblet cells, due to increased numbers of secretory droplets which were also much larger and paler than in control bronchi. Ciliated cells appeared smaller than normal due to compression by the swollen goblet cells. The presence of prominent dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and the increased frequency of secretory droplet release from the luminal surface stronly suggest that the goblet cell changes were due to increased formation and secretion of mucus into the damaged bronchi. These experiments show that a single exposure to elastase produces both severe panlobular emphysema and goblet cell metaplasia. The changes resemble several of the anatomic features of chronic obstructive lung disease in man for which this injury may be a suitable model.


Histological changes in the thyroid gland in rats on acclimatisation to simulated high altitude.

Histological examination of thyroid glands from rats exposed to simulated high altitude has shown an increase in the amount of colloid and a decrease in the amount of epithelium when compared with the thyroid glands from rats kept at sea-level atmospheric pressure. These changes suggest a reduced thyroid activity in animals exposed to simulated high altitude.


Macrophages in giant cell tumours of bone.

Five giant cell tumours of bone were studied to determine the degree of macrophage infiltration and whether the giant cells expressed the characteristics commonly associated with macrophages, i.e., IgGFc and C3 receptors, phagocytosis and non-specific esterase activity. Macrophages were assessed in trypsin-derived tumour cell suspensions by IgGEAC rosette formation and in frozen sections of tumour by EA adsorption. The percentage of macrophages in cell suspensions from four of the tumours ranged from 11 to 40 per cent. Strong EA adsorption occurred over 35 to 95 per cent. of the tumours' surface and significant non-specific esterase positivity was observed in the tumour sections. The giant cells were receptor negative and non-phagocytic, but a low percentage of them expressed esterase activity. The results strongly suggest that despite the fact that large numbers of macrophages were present in the tumours, the giant cells were derived from cells other than macrophages.


Ultrastructural features of epithelioid cell granuloma induced by intradermal injection of xenogeneic nerve tissue.

Epithelioid cell granulomas were induced in rabbits previously sensitised with human sensory peripheral nerve extract by skin testing with homogenate of sural nerve. Ultrastructurally some of the cells contained in their cytoplasm abundant and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with a moderately dense product while the cytoplasm of other cells contained numerous membrane-bound vesicles. These cells show all the ultrastructural characteristics of epithelioid cells found in human granulomatous disease and in human states of granulomatous hypersensitivity. Thus we have developed an animal model which supports the concept of granulomatous hypersensitivity as a distinct entity in humans to be differentiated from foreign body and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. The model may also prove important in elucidating the pathogenesis of granuloma formation in non-lepromatous leprosy and other granulomatous disease and in defining the nature of the products of epithelioid cells.


The haemolytic action of particulate metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Fe, Mo, Ni, Ta, Ti, Zn, Co-Cr alloy).

The haemolytic action of particulate cadmium, chromium, cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, tantalum, titanium, zinc and cobalt-chromium alloy is described. Cobalt, nickel and cobalt-chromium alloy were found to be the most active and were also the most toxic for other cells in tissue culture. In contrast the other particulate metals produced only low levels of haemolysis and in general, were well tolerated by cells in culture. A dual effect of particulate metals is described due firstly to a direct interaction between the particle surface and cell membrane and secondly to the possible toxic effects of dissolved metal.


Surface markers on lymphocytes and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series in skin sections in leprosy.

E, EA and EAC rosetting techniques and Ig fluorescence were used in a study of receptor sites in cryostat sections of lesions through the spectrum of leprosy, and for comparison in some other mycobacterial and granulomatous lesions. Anti-C3, and trypsin were used as blocking agents. Lymphocytes in borderline lepromatous leprosy produced EA adherence and IgG fluorescence indicating B type cells. Lymphocytes in tuberculoid leprosy produced neither E or EA adherence and no fluorescence; these cells were presumed to be T cells. EAC and EA adherence was more marked in areas of macrophage infiltration, where there were few lymphocytes, than over the lympocytes themselves. Two distinct patterns emerged: (i) EA binding together with IgG fluorescence was seen in active lepromatous leprosy and could be localised to the surface of individual macrophages, and (ii) EAC binding together with IgM fluorescence was seen in the granuloma of tuberculoid leprosy and sarcoidosis, but could not be definitely related to cell surface; rather it was diffusely spread over the whole granuloma; EAC adherence was diminished by anti-C3 serum. Trypsin removed EA binding completely, but only diminished EAC adherence. It is suggested that the EA pattern indicates immunoglobulin receptors on macrophage and lymphocyte surfaces: and that the EAC binding (which is stronger than EA) involves C3 and IgM receptors at extracellular sites as well as C3 receptor sites on epithelioid cell surfaces. EA and EAC binding were enhanced in borderline tuberculoid leprosy in reaction and erythema nodosum leprosum, suggesting that immunoglobulin and complement receptor sites increase in number with enhanced hypersensitivity.


The sequestration and margination of platelets and leucocytes in veins during conditions of hypokinetic and anaemic hypoxia: potential significance in clinical postoperative venous thrombosis.

Lesions apparently similar to the white part of natural and experimental thrombi were found in the veins of animals starved of oxygen by "hypokinetic" and "anaemic" means: in contrast to this, no comparable lesions were seen in animals exposed to "arterial" hypoxia. The interpretation of these observations, and their probable relevance to the conditions in which postoperative venous thrombi develop, is discussed.


Early colonisation of a local inflammatory lesion and its relationship to changes in systemic leucocyte availability: a study of turpentine-induced lesions in the rat.

The changes in both peripheral blood leucocyte counts and lesion inflammatory cells have been measured at intervals up to 24 hr following the subcutaneous injection of turpentine in rats. The lesion PMNL changes were characterised by a sharp rise between 0 and 6 hr and a less-rapid fall between 6 and 24 hr. The half-life of lesion PMNL's, as determined by tritiated thymidine labelling between 12 and 24 hr after turpentine injections, was 13 hr and there was a significant correlation between blood and lesion PMNL counts throughout the experimental period. A dependence of the lesion PMNL population on the availability of these cells is thus suggested. Mononuclear cells, which were predominantly monocyte-derived, showed a sharp rise between 6 and 12 hr, plateauing thereafter. These changes were not associated with significant alterations in blood monocyte counts. Although significant changes in blood lymphocyte counts were observed, these were not reflected in the local inflammatory lesion.


Cytoplasmic filamentous masses in chromophobe adenoma of the human pituitary gland.

The fine structure of filamentous masses in three cases of chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary gland is reported. These three were among 18 cases of chromophobe adenoma, 13 non-functioning and five with acromegaly, studied by electron microscopy. All the three cases with fine filamentous masses were adenomas with acromegaly and none of the non-functioning adenomas showed these structures. The cells containing filamentous masses were rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and poor in secretory granules. These masses were composed of fine filaments and, in some, tubular structures and granules were also present. Prominent RER and sometimes an extensive Golgi system was seen in the adjacent cytoplasm. It is suggested that the filamentous masses arise as a result of degeneration and disintegration of RER and Golgi apparatus.


Histochemical observations on nodules induced in the mouse liver by phenobarbitone.

This study describes the histochemical reactions seen in nodules of the mouse liver. The nodules were obtained from 13 animals treated for over 80 weeks with phenobarbiotone and three untreated mice. The morphology of the lesion depends upon the preparative techniques and only two lesions with persistent abnormal trabecular pattern metastasised. A varying pattern of histochemical reaction was seen. The aniline hydroxylase reaction was dense in simple nodules and in centrilobular areas of phenobarbitone-treated mice but was weak in the abnormal trabecular lesions. These results suggest that it is possible to predict behavioural characteristics of mouse hepatic nodules on the basis of certain morphological characteristics.


Intra-articular loose bodies regarded as organ cultures in vivo.

A study of the changes which occur in the intra-articular loose bodies which contain hyaline cartilage, showed the chondrocytes to be very versatile. To effect the transformation of a fractured portion of the articular surface from an angular to a rounded body, peripheral chondrocytes lyse the surrounding glycans and revert to fibroblasts before proliferating and forming fibrocartilage. The central chondrocytes show a wide variety of changes which may mask the original structure of the hyaline cartilage. Remodelling can occur by the formation of osteoclasts. Analogies are drawn between the behaviour of chondrocytes in culture and in some pathologic processes.


Some effects of a thallium salt on the proliferation of hair follicle cells.

Thallium sulphate has been given to young rats at 4 and 7 days of age and the mitotic activity of the hair follicles has been assessed quantitatively. It has been found that there is a marked decline in mitotic rate over 48 hr in the thallium-treated animals, which is followed by variable amounts of cell death in the matrix zone. No specific mitotic lesion was found or change in cell cycle indices. A failure of energy metabolism is suggested as a possible cause of the inhibition of hair follicle mitosis by thallium.


The effects of damage to the renal tubular cell population in growing rats.

Intraperitoneal injection of mercuric chloride in the rat was used to study the effect of tubular injury on renal growth in intact and in unilaterally nephrectomised animals. If a reduction in the size of the tubular cell pool was effected, hypertrophy of surviving cells, rather than hyperplasia, would be the dominant response in treated animals. The remaining kidney in animals which had undergone nephrectomy showed hyperplasia without hypertrophy. However, unilaterally nephrectomised animals treated with mercuric chloride showed evidence of hypertrophy only, with no hyperplasia.


H2-receptors and traumatic oedema.

The effects of the H2-antagonists, metiamide and cimetidine, on the oedema following limb ischaemia or scald have been investigated in two strains of rat. No inhibition of oedema formation was found except when large doses of cimetidine were given before scalding. This effect was attributed to the fall in body temperature. Our results do not support the view that H2-receptors are concerned in the vascular response to injury.


Hereditary "draft lamb" disease of Border Leicester sheep: the ultrastructural pathology of the skeletal muscles.

A hereditary and congenital disease of Border Leicester lambs clinically indistinguishable from the "draft lambs" of Innes et al. (1949) but with no cerebellar lesion, is defined in terms of the ultrastructural pathology of the muscle, intramuscular nerves and neuromuscular junctions. The pathognomonic feature of these congenitally affected lambs was the occurrence of large intrafascicular muscle cells. On the basis of the mitochondrial content and Z disc thickness these were considered to be one of two subtypes of type I cell. There was evidence of muscle cell growth in all cell types between birth and 3 mth of age, particularly in the form of myofibrillar splitting. The myofibrils of the large cells were very large and incompletely split. The mitochondria in these cells were of two kinds, roughly rounded and tubular. The latter showed conspicuous branching. A few muscle cells appeared immature but no significant degenerative changes were detected. In some neck muscles intramuscular nerves were seen and in 28 per cent. of the axons lamellated electron-dense bodies occurred. The periodicity of the lamellations was 40--60 nm. No other defects were observed in their vicinity but some axon terminals contained distended mitochondria which themselves contained membranous bodies. The axon terminals also contained morphologically normal synaptic vesicles and there was evidence that these were transmitting their transmitter substance. The lesions in hereditary "draft" lamb disease of Border Leicester sheep may result from functional defects of the nervous system which have a delaying effect on the development of some muscle cells, whilst others capable of normal growth hypertrophy. Alternatively, there may be a primary defect in the muscle cells themselves either alone or together with an unrelated neuropathy.


Cardiac pathology in chronic myopathy, with particular reference to dystrophia myotonica.

Histological changes in the hearts of two patients with dystrophia myotonica and one patient with a familial scapulo-peroneal myopathy are described. The myocardium showed fibre hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, vacuolar degeneration of myocardial cells and focal groups of aberrantly orientated myofibres. The AV node in the case of scapulo-peroneal myopathy showed vacuolar fibre degeneration and fatty infiltration. The aberrantly orientated myofibres have not previously been described in this context, and their relationship to similar aberrant fibres in hypertrophic obstructive cardio-myopathy and the electrophysiological and clinical manifestations of cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy are discussed.


Increased plasma kallikrein activity and tumour growth suppression associated with intralesional bradykinin injections in hamsters.

Daily intralesional injections of bradykinin (250 microgram) into syngeneic SV40 virus-induced fibrosarcomas in inbred hamsters for 21 days produced marked inhibition of tumour growth, marked lymphoid cell infiltration of tumours, and significant elevations in plasma kallikrein and prekallikrein activity, compared with intralesional saline injections. All tumours were of comparable size and growth rates before injections were begun. Plasma kallikrein levels of animals which received the standard tumour cell inoculum subcutaneously and did not develop tumours were elevated significantly above normal levels and above levels of animals with large tumours. Kallikrein inhibitor activity of animals which did not develop tumours was depressed below normal levels. Intralesional injections of saline produced a significantly lesser response in plasma kallikrein and plasma prekallikrein activity than was encountered with subcutaneous saline injections in normal animals. Intralesional injections of bradykinin produced a response equivalent to that encountered with subcutaneous bradykinin injections in normal animals.


Ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity; experimental observations on the role of lipid peroxidation.

Hepatic lipid peroxidation in vivo or in vitro as measured by UV absorption spectra of microsomal lipids or by production of TBA-reacting substances by whole liver homogenates, was studied after acute or during prolonged administration of ethanol. No evidence of peroxidative derangement of liver microsomal lipids in vivo was detected in either experimental situation, while the production of TBA-reacting substances by pooled liver homogenates incubated in vitro appeared slightly increased. Treatment with reduced glutathione (GSH and 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (2-MPG) was able to reduce fatty liver in acute and prolonged ethanol dosing, as well as the production of TBA-reacting compounds. Similar effects were obtained with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole which was assayed only in acute experiments. By contrast, hepatic triglyceride accumulation induced by a single intoxicating dose of ethanol was not affected by preventive treatment with pyrazole which seemed to act as a pro-oxidant agent as far as the production of TBA-reacting substances is concerned. The role of lipid peroxidation as a pathogenic mechanism for acute and chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity is discussed in relation to the action of anti-oxidant compounds which are active in preventing liver injury. It is concluded that lipid peroxidation is unlikely to be an important mechanism in alcohol hepatotoxicity.


Histological and ultrastructural changes in experimentally produced post-vaccinial lymphadenitis in rabbits.

Light and Electron microscopic alterations in lymph nodes after intradermal vaccinia virus inoculation are described. In the early stages the lymph nodes show a diffuse lymphoreticular proliferation associated with the appearance of peculiar large cells called reticulolymphoblasts. This appearance can be mistaken for malignant lymphoma. Later on, these changes are replaced by markedly hypertrophied lymphoid follicles which persist for long periods. These alterations can be mistaken for follicular lymphoma. Evidence is presented that reticulolymphoblasts are derived from transformed lymphocytes.


A comparative study of the accuracy of area assessment by point counting for bronchial mucous glands.

The accuracy with which areas of bronchial mucous gland on histological sections may be determined has been investigated with respect to inherent statistical variability in the point counting procedure used, and with respect to variations between the histological stains and observers employed. Very good argeement was obtained between areas determined by point counting and by planimetry. It was shown empirically that for sections of well-defined gland-like structures the accuracy (coefficient of area) of area determination was inversely proportional to the 3/4 power of the mean point count. The constant of proportionality depended on the structure's shape and on the point geometry of the grid used. Using the relationship the count needed to achieve a required accuracy of area determination could be established. It was shown that in general a smaller count was required for a given accuracy than would be the case using randomly dispersed tissue. On histological sections the accuracy of area determination is also dependent upon gland boundary definition, and our experiments showed that a recticulin Alcian Blue stain best defined mucous gland acini, and that a PBS stain gave the most accurate results for whole gland. These experiments also showed that there were small but significant differences in mean areas determined by different observers. The observers were shown to be equally consistent in their judgment of what constituted whole mucous gland and acini, but since they differed over mean counts it is recommended that studies should be designed to use either a single observer or to assign observers randomly among groups. With these considerations point counting can be made an accurate method of area determination for these or similar tissues.


Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension.

Indwelling pulmonary artery catheters were used for continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure in ten infants with severe persistent pulmonary hypertention of the newborn. The labile nature of pulmonary artery pressure, with changes up to 50 mm Hg, was documented. Pulmonary artery pressure in the eight infants with suprasystemic pulmonary hypertension was analyzed at the time of maximum decrease in pressure (mean 36.1 mm Hg) and physiologic measurements were compared over an eight-hour period. During the study period when the infants were hyperventilated, as the Paco2 decreased from 48.9 to 28.3 mm Hg (P less than 0.02) the mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased by 36 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) to subsystemic pressure levels, and the mean AadeltaO2 decreased by 146 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). After the decrease in pulmonary artery pressure, patients were mechanically ventilated to maintain Paco2 in the range of 25 to 30 mm Hg until pulmonary hypertension gradually resolved in the six survivors.


Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of nafcillin in infants and children.

Nafcillin (150 mg/kg/day, divided every six hours) was administered intravenously to 46 patients ranging from 5 to 163 months of age with suspected or proved bacterial infections. Thirteen of 15 patients with bacteriologically proved infection responded to nafcillin. Two patients with cellulitis due to Escherichia coli or to Hemophilus influenzae type b did not improve with nafcillin therapy. A mean serum nafcillin concentration of 48 microgram/ml was observed 30 minutes after a dose of 37.5 mg/kg. The mean serum half-life was 0.76 hours. There was no significant relation between age and serum half-life, volume of distribution, or plasma clearance rate. Two patients developed neutropenia and six other patients developed an eosinophilia greater than 400/mm3 while receiving nafcillin. No significant toxic effect of nafcillin on liver or renal function was observed. One patient had phlebitis. There was a significant correlation between nfacillin concentrations and serum inhibitory and bactericidal titers (P less than 0.001). Results from this study indicate that nafcillin is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of infections due to susceptible bacteria in the dosage tested.


Hepatoxicity with encephalopathy associated with aspirin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.

Encephalopathy secondary to aspirin-induced hepatoxicity developed in three patients with JRA. In each patient clinical and biochemical resolution occurred after discontinuing the drug, but toxicity appeared on rechallenge. Liver biopsies in two patients showed mild nonspecific changes. Acute hepatic decompensation and encephalopathy may occur as a consequence of aspirin hepatoxicity in JRA and justify sequential observations of liver function tests and salicylate levels in such patients.


Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (congenital generalized phlebectasia).

Thirteen original examples of cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita are presented and the English literature is reviewed. CMTC is a benign, distinct congenital cutaneous anomaly manifested by a reticulate vascular pattern at birth, which frequently improves with age, and may be associated with other abnormalities in at least 50% of the patients. Our data suggest that in contrast to previous reports, the sex distribution is equal, and the condition as a whole is more prevalent than previously recognized.


Pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis.

The previously estimated incidence of pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis is approximately 10%. Our experience in nine patients with hereditary pancreatitis yielded five surgically documented pseudocysts and three additional patients with radiographically documented mass effects. Recent studies have shown a 20% spontaneous regression rate for pancreatic pseudocysts (of all etiologies), when evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography; our experience suggests that the incidence of pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis is considerably higher than previously suspected. Ultrasonography is thought to be an excellent method for diagnosing this entity, of evaluating mass effects identified on radiographic studies, and of providing sequential evaluation of pseudocysts treated surgically or conservatively.


Neonatal presentation of I-cell disease.

Two patients are described in whom the diagnosis of I-cell disease was established in early infancy. These patients lacked many of the clinical and radiographic features described in other children with this disorder. Differences between the neonatal and early childhood presentation of ICD are discussed.


Systemic carnitine deficiency. Report of a fatal case with multisystemic manifestations.

A 14-year-old boy presented with recurrent and intractable hypoglycemia. He developed marked hepatic dysfunction and a severe myopathy. The diagnosis of systemic carnitine deficiency was not made until after his death from acute cardiac arrest. The recognition that systemic carnitine deficiency may present with multisystemic manifestations may allow earlier diagnosis and potentially effective replacement therapy in other patients so afflicted.


The indirect hemagglutination test for onchocerciasis performed with blood collected on filter paper.

In Guatemala, an indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test for onchocerciasis, performed with a crude saline extract of Onchocerca volvulus and blood samples taken on filter paper, showed a high level of sensitivity and specificity. IHA titers of blood samples from the ear lobe taken on filter paper and of sera obtained by venipuncture showed a high correlation.


The effect of assay conditions on the recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of normal and resistant rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni.

The recovery of schistosomula from lungs of normal and resistant Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats was analyzed by varying the assay conditions. The effects of incubation medium, incubation time, and perfusion procedure on yields of schistosomula were significant and additive. Optimal assay conditions were established to recover schistosomula by the lung recovery assay. Differences were observed in the number of schistosomula recovered from lungs of normal and resistant rats; the assay was performed as a function of time after challenge infection. Differences in schistosomula recovered were significant on days 3 to 5 (Fischer) and days 3 to 6 (Sprague-Dawley); afterwards, no differences were observed in recoveries of schistosomula from lungs. Interpretations of these findings are disscused.


Differential susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila populations to infection with a strain of Schistosoma mansoni.

Experiments to determine the susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila from 20 localities over the species range exposed to a strain of Schistosoma mansoni showed widely varying infection rates, from 0% to 91.5%, this latter having been observed in a sample from an area where the natural infection rate of B. tenagophila has been the highest in the country. Comparison with similar studies involving B. glabrata seems to indicate that a process of adaptation between S. mansoni and B. tenagophila is evolving, the 2 organisms having reached a high degree of compatibility in a few areas. The present results point to the possibility of expansion of schistosomiasis to a wide South American area where B. tenagophila occurs.


Growth, development, and site location of the trematode Himasthla quissetensis in the chick following cloacal drop infections with cercariae.

Infections with Himasthla quissentensis were obtained per cloaca in the domestic chick using cercariae. Worms showed a preference for the ileum where they grew and developed to maturity at a rate comparable to those raised in the gull (Stunkard, 1938). Those from the bursa of Fabricius showed relatively little growth and exhibited gonadal atrophy in some instances.


Robenidine resistance in Eimeria tenella.

Robenidine protected chickens against cecal coccidiosis infections initiated by a strain of the parasite that had no previous exposure to drugs. No cross resistance was found with 13 strains resistant to other anticoccidials. A strain of Eimeria tenella that was serially propagated in chickens fed mash containing robenidine became resistant to the chemical. No cross resistance was detected when this experimental strain was tested against 12 other anticoccidials.


The life cycle of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer 1929 from the turkey in gallinaceous birds.

The life cycle of a turkey strain of Eimeria dispersa was studied in chickens, Chukar partridge, Ring-necked pheasant, and Bobwhite quail. Endogenous development in partridge and quail differed from development in chickens and pheasant. In partridge and quail, mature 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation schizonts, macrogamets, and oocysts were found in tissue sections at an earlier time interval, mature 1st-generation schizonts were larger, and mature 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-generation schizonts contained a greater number of merozoites that were longer. The only apparent similarity among the 4 hosts was the size of mature 2nd- and 3rd-generation schizonts. The life cycle was completed in all 4 species of birds. The prepatent period was approximately 6 hr shorter in partridge and quail than in chickens and pheasant. Two partridge and 2 quail given 50,000 sporulated oocysts each shed a total of 23 million and 135 million oocysts, respectively, during 4-day interval. Two chickens and 2 pheasant given the same dosage shed a total of only 70,000 and 1 million oocysts, respectively, during the same interval. Oocysts from partridge and quail sporulated more quickly and were slightly larger than those from chickens and pheasant.


Climbing behavior and host-finding larval rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris).

The rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) is highly host-specific. Adults feed almost exclusively on rabbits. Immatures feed primarily on rabbits but will attack birds. When larvae leave the daytime resting form of the rabbit, they climb up to a position on vegetation where they can encounter a host. Experiments using glass rod models to represent vegetation showed that ticks selected a position which had greatest substrate curvature and was at rabbit body height. This strato-orientation restricts the tick's host spectrum to rabbits and ground-dwelling or feeding birds.


Repeated feeding of Amblyomma herbraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae) immatures on laboratory hosts. Host effects on tick yield, engorged weight and engorgement period.

Rabbits and sheep are unable to acquire a resistance to larvae and nymphs of Amblyomma hebraeum. After repeated infestation of hosts there is no progressive decline in either the tick yield or the engorged weight of fed ticks. Seasonal fluctuations in engorged weights do occur however, with the weight declining in early to midwinter and increasing in early to midsummer. Changes in hose physiology as a result of low temperature acclimatization appear to be responsible for the fluctuations. Tick yield is determined by the amount of grooming undertaken by hosts. The feedings periods of larvae and nymphs are dependent on the skin temperature of the host.


Arousal as a necessary condition for attitude change following induced compliance.

This study examined whether arousal is or is not a necessary condition for attitude change in the induced compliance paradigm. In a 2 times 3 design, experimental subjects were induced to write counterattitudinal essays under either high- or low-choice conditions. All subjects were led to believe that a pill, which they had just taken in the context of a separate experiment, was a placebo. In reality, subjects were given a pill that contained either phenobarbital (tranquilizer condition), amphetamine (amphetamine condition), or milk powder (placebo condition). In this last condition, the results yielded the usual dissonance effect: High choice produced more attitude change in the direction of the essay than low choice. When subjects were given a tranquilizer, this effect was virtually eliminated; when subjects were given amphetamine, attitude change increased under high choice and was exhibited for the first time under low choice. These results are consistent with the notion that attitude change is in the service of reducing arousal and with the idea that arousal from other sources can be misattributed to attitude-discrepant behavior.


Phase solubility analysis and PMR study of complexing behavior of dinoprostone with beta-cyclodextrin in water.

The mechanism of inclusion compound formation by dinoprostone (prostaglandin E2) with beta-cyclodextrin was studied by phase solubility analysis and PMR spectroscopy. As indicated by the linear increase of aqueous solubility of dinoprostone with beta-cyclodextrin concentration, some types of molecular interactions definitely exist between dinoprostone and the complexing ligands. The temperature dependence of a 1:1 complex formation constant yielded the following thermodynamic data at 20 degrees : deltaG degrees = -4.11 kcal/mole, deltaH degrees = 7.20 kcal/mole, and deltaS degrees = 10.5 e.u. Since water was the solvent system, these parameters appear to be largely determined by solvent reorganization through hydrogen bonding rather than solely by the binding of desolvated free dinoprostone and beta-cyclodextrin entities. PMR data indicate that dinoprostone is included within the cavity and also interacts with protons on the exterior of the beta-cyclodextrin molecule. A model consisting of a 1:1 complex, in which a dinoprostone molecule is partially included within the cavity and the remainder of the molecule extends around the edge of the opening of the cavity to the exterior of the beta-cyclodextrin molecule, is proposed as the most probable structure of this inclusion compound.


Simultaneous determination of pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

A simple and sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of pseudoephedrine and chlorpheniramine in a pharmaceutical dosage form is described. Quantities of 1.5 microgram of pseudoephedrine and 0.1 microgram of chlorpheniramine are sufficient to determine concentrations in an aqueous solution. Small volume samples, without any extraction procedures, can be treated for direct drug concentration measurement with a high-pressure liquid chromatograph. The stability-indicating property and the accuracy of this method are comparable to those of an established GLC method. The HPLC method can be applied directly and successfully for dissolution studies. The latter application eliminates the need for volume replacement or subsequent mathematical corrections.


Dissolution of nonspherical powders.

To elucidate the effect of particle shape on the dissolution profile of a powder, an equation was derived for the dissolution of powders whose particles are rectangular parallelepipeds and log-normally distributed by introducing three-dimensional parameters instead of diameter in the Brooke equation for the spherical powder dissolution. By using some hypothetical values for constants in the equation, it is shown that the smallest side length, alphao does greatly affect the dissolution profile but that the other two side lengths, and betaalphao, do not, even with rather large values of alpha and beta. Nonisotropic dissolution also is discussed.