Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in the rat.

Cerebral blood flow autoregulation (CBFA) to changes in perfusion pressure has not been previously reported in the rat. A modification of the Kety and Schmidt technique employing 133Xenon was used to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) in paralyzed adult Sprague Dawley rats passively ventilated with 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen. At a mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) of 121 +/- 19 mm Hg, and a mean arterial PCO2 of 36.2 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, mean CBF was 103 +/- 22 ml/min/100 gm of brain. CBF responses to hypercarbia were 4.9 ml/min/100 gm per mm Hg change in arterial PCO2. CBF was measured during steady state levels of hypo- and hypertension induced by phlebotomy, or by intravenous metaraminol, over the MABP range of 48-205 mm Hg. From a MABP of 80 to 160 mm Hg. CBF remained nearly constant, indicating the presence of CBFA. However, when MABP exceeded 160 mm Hg, CBF became pressure dependent, indicating a "breakthrough" of autoregulation in acute severe hypertension.


Experimental stroke in gerbils: correlation of clinical, pathological and electroencephalographic findings and protein synthesis.

Cerebral ischemia was produced in gerbils by ligation of the right common carotid artery and the resulting clinical manifestations and pathological alterations, along with electroencephalographic findings, were followed from 30 minutes to 24 hours. Protein synthesis was evaluated with brain slices in vitro and subsequent cellular and subcellular fractionations. One group of animals developed clinical signs of cerebral ischemia and stroke very rapidly and often died within 12 hours. In these animals cerebral infarction was diffuse in the right side of brain within a few hours post-operatively and there was persistent suppression in the electroencephalographic recordings. Amino acid incorporation into protein of subcellular fractions was decreased to 50% of the opposite side at 30 minutes and further declined to less than 10% in 8 to 10 hours. Another group of animals survived to 24 hours in spite of severe neurological manifestations, and protein synthesis was about 15% of the control side at 24 hours. The suppression of protein synthesis was observed both in the neuronal and neurologlial fractions indicating similar vulnerability of these cellular elements toward cerebral ischemia as shown with cerebral anoxia in the past. It was emphasized that the correlation of clinical manifestations and biochemical data is very important to extract meaningful information from biochemical investigations in this model.


Cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity: role of a cholinergic mechanism modulated by anesthesia.

Cerebral cortical blood flow was measured in rabbits with the hydrogen clearance technique. The reactivity to CO2, tested by changing the end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in steps from 2 to 6 volumes %, was highly dependent on the kind of anesthesia, being greatest under halothane and least under nitrous oxide. Reactivity to CO2 in halothane-anesthetized animals also depended on arterial blood pressure, being greatest when pressure was below 70 mm Hg. Intravenous atropine blocked the increase in reactivity in halothane-anesthetized animals at low blood pressures. Conversely, intravenous eserine (physostigmine) greatly increased the reactivity to CO2 in nitrous oxide-anesthetized animals. Precollicular decerebration considerably decreased CO2 reactivity of halothane-anesthetized rabbits, while partial brain stem lesions that spared midline structures had no effect on CO2 reactivity. It is concluded that a central neurogenic mechanism with a cholinergic link may be responsible, at least in part, for the cerebrovascular effect of CO2. Moreover, the cerebrovascular effects of halothane may result from stimulation of the same system.


Strokes in children and adolescents.

Strokes in children and adolescents, although rare, are serious when they occur. A practical clinical approach is to differentiate between those events that occur in the presence of systemic disease and those that are restricted conditions involving just the intracranial circulation. Division on the basis of the presence or absence of intracranial hemorrhage further narrows down the differential diagnosis and dictates the urgency with which angiography should be performed. Treatment depends on the underlying condition and on the development of seizures, increased intracranial pressure, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prognostic statements are difficult and must be highly individualized.


Improved method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by 133Xenon inhalation. Part I: description of method and normal values obtained in healthy volunteers.

A clinical method for noninvasive measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and blood volume (rCBV) is described, based on Obrist's 10 minute, desaturation method after 1 minute inhalation of 133Xe. Sixteen collimated probes are placed over both hemispheres and brain stem-cerebellar regions. End-tidal 133Xe curves are used for correction of recirculation. KEV discriminators are set to record gamma and x-ray activity separately. Values are printed out automatically by a computer on a brain map. Extracerebral contamination is reduced by 1) computing curves from gamma activity, 2) applying pressure on the scalp beneath the probes, 3) 1 minute inhalation of 133Xe and recording desaturation curves for 10 minutes, thereby minimizing slow clearance from extracranial tissues. Normal values for both fast and slow compartments are reproducible and are in good agreement with the carotid injection method. The speech dominant hemishpere has higher flow than the right under conditions described. Posterior portions of the cranium over the cerebellum and brain stem appear to have higher flow gray values than the cerebral cortex. Gray matter flow decreases with advancing age.


Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 1: Production of thalamic infarction in dogs.

Difficulties in achieving focal temporary cerebral ischemia in experimental animals have delayed study of the prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction. We have succeeded in producing focal cerebral infarction by temporary occlusion of brain arteries. Infarction confined to the anterior portion of the thalamus was obtained by simultaneous occlusion of the 4 cerebral arteries: internal carotid, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral and posterior communicating arteries for 60-120 minutes. This experimental model in dogs is unique, since thalamic infarction can be produced with high frequency, and the dogs can be kept alive and managed for sufficient periods after temporary artery clipping. With this model it is possible to investigate cerebral infarction not only from the pathophysiological viewpoint, but also from the viewpoint of prevention and treatment of cerebral infarction in man.


Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 2: Electroencephalographic changes produced by experimental thalamic infarction in dogs.

Previously, one of the authors developed a reliable experimental model in dogs for producing cerebral infarction. The EEG increased detection of experimental cerebral infarction, and was useful in predicting ischemic regions or infarction.


Experimental cerebral infarction. Part 3: Protective effect of mannitol in thalamic infarction in dogs.

Whether or not mannitol can prevent infarctions in ischemic brain tissues was investigated utilizing the thalamic infarction model in dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into equal control and mannitol treatment groups. Temporary 4 vessel clipping for 60 minutes was adopted as the standard procedure for both groups. The only difference between the groups was the administration of 2 g/kg of mannitol before the arterial occlusion. In the controls, 6 of 10 dogs showed infarctions verified by histological changes at the seventh post-ischemic day. In the mannitol group only 1 dog in 10 showed infarction. The difference is statistically significant.


Effect of ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) on the response of brain metabolism to hypoxia in the dog.

Hypoxia is well known to cause an increase in brain anaerobic glycolysis. Ornithine alpha ketoglutarate (OAKG) given to six dogs was shown to attenuate these metabolic disturbances caused by hypoxia. Brain oxygen utilization was higher after ornithine alpha ketoglutarate during hypoxia than during a period of hypoxia alone. It is suggested that the clinical usefulness of OAKG should be explored in those situations where there is cerebral hypoxia or ischemia.


Sympathetic nervous system activity in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage there were increased concentrations of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine when compared with those concentrations in a group of patients admitted to hospital with other illness. Reassessment after a variable period showed that in patients whose eventual clinical result was poor the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations increased further while in those with a good result those concentrations showed a decline. No such changes were evident in plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities which were within normal range. In a sub-group of patients who had neurosurgery after admission for clipping an aneurysm, the post-operative changes of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were related to the clinical condition of the patients.


Cardiac cycle-dependent alternating flow in vertebral arteries with subclavian artery stenoses.

Continuous-wave Doppler sonography is a reliable method for detecting severe subclavian stenosis and occlusion as well as subclavian steal. Intermediate stages leading to subclavian steal can also be detected. These are characterized by a cardiac-phase-dependent alternating flow direction in the vertebral artery. Some cases of proximal subclavian or proximal vertebral artery stenosis produce a systolic deceleration of flow in the vertebral artery. Stenosis and occlusion of the subclavian artery as well as stenosis of the subclavian and vertebral arteries can be distinguished. The pulse curve changes described can be reversed by a vascular by-pass. Alternating flow direction or systolic deceleration of flow in the radial artery could also be observed or induced in a iatrogenic model using Cimino's a-v fistula in the arm in patients on dialysis. The results in beginning subclavian steal situations can be applied in principle to other collateral circulations, and in particular to the hemodynamics in the region of watersheds.


Delayed pentobarbital therapy of acute focal cerebral ischemia.

The efficacy of pentobarbital in the delayed treatment of acute cerebral ischemia was investigated in cats. Cerebral ischemia was produced by left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) ligation. Ten cats received 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital prior to ligation; a second group of 10 cats received the same dose of pentobarbital 2 hrs after ligation, and the control group of 7 cats received no pentobarbital. Brains were removed after spontaneous or induced death and the volume infarction was determined histologically. It was found that the volume of brain infarction in the group receiving pentobarbital 2 hrs after ligation was significantly less than that of the control group, which received no pentobarbital; but the volume of infarction in the former group was significantly greater than that found in the experimental group, which received pentobarbital prior to ligation. However, the mortality after LMCA ligation was higher in the 2 experimental groups, which received pentobarbital therapy, than in the control group, which did not receive pentobarbital. An hypothesis was advanced, which speculated that secondary adrenal insufficiency and altered cardiovascular function accounted for the increased mortality after pentobarbital treatment of patients with ischemic stroke.


Clinical and arteriographic comparison of amaurosis fugax with hemispheric transient ischemic attacks.

Eighty-seven patients with either amaurosis fugax (40 patients) or hemispheric transient ischemic attacks (47 patients) were studied to determine whether the two symptom groups could be differentiated clinically and arteriographically. Clinical data assessed were age of patient, incidence of cardiac disease, and presence of claudication, hypertension, diabetes, and carotid bruits. Contrary to a prior report, our results indicate no significant difference between the 2 patient groups based on clinical and arteriographic findings.


Rat brain osmolality during barbiturate anesthesia and global brain ischemia.

Ischemic brain damage can be partially ameliorated by barbiturate therapy applied postinsult. Catabolism-induced brain hyperosmolality during ischemia may contribute to the development of brain edema after restoration of circulation. To determine changes in brain osmolality during ischemia and the effect of barbiturate anesthetics in altering its course, we measured whole and regional (cerebral cortex, diencephalon-midbrain, and cerebellum) brain osmolality for up to 2 hours after decapitation ischemia in unanesthetized and pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Normal (nonischemic) brain osmolality in pentobarbital anesthetized rats was 319 +/- 2 mOsm/1 (mean +/- SEM) and higher than in unanesthetized rats (307 +/- 6 mOsm/1). The rate of increase in whole brain osmolality was 60% slower in pentobarbital anesthetized rats in the first 60 minutes of ischemia and regional brain osmolality increased by a maximum of 32 mOsm/1 compared to 45 mOsm/1 in unanesthetized rats. The potential for edema based on percent change in brain osmolality as well as the rapidity of the change was greater in unanesthetized rats. The significance of the increase in brain osmolality with barbiturate anesthesia and its attenuation of the rate and magnitude of increase during ischemia is discussed.


Disappearing carotid defects.

Large intraluminal cervical carotid artery filling defects consistent with mural thrombi were angiographically demonstrated during acute hemispheric neurologic episodes. These thrombi disappeared benignly as shown by serial angiography in 2 patients treated with intravenous heparin and spontaneously in 1 patient treated surgically. Thus, partially obstructing cervical carotid artery thrombi may lyse either with the use of anticoagulant therapy or else spontaneously. The etiology of the thrombi may partly be related to underlying atheromatous disease.


Relationship between primitive reflexes in stroke patients and rehabilitation outcome.

The reappearance of developmental reflexes in the aged has been found to be associated with severe, diffuse cerebral damage. This study examined the relationship between the presence of such reflexes in stroke patients and the outcome of rehabilitation. Tests for the presence of snout, suck, jaw-jerk and palmomental reflexes were tested in 106 consecutive stroke patients admitted for rehabilitation treatment. A mental status test was also included in the usual medical admission examination. Functional status ratings for self-care and mobility at discharge, and the setting to which the patient was discharged, were used as outcome criteria. All of the reflex signs were negatively related to a favorable outcome, but the correlations were not high enough for predictive value. The mental status measures were more highly related to rehabilitation outcome than were the presence of developmental reflexes.


Leptomeningeal artery atherosclerosis visualized by angiography: clinical correlates.

Circumscribed atherosclerotic involvement of secondary and tertiary branches of major cerebral arteries is a common angiographic finding whose nature is rarely in question. However, widespread and severe changes are unusual, and radiologic interpretation may be more difficult. We recently cared for a patient whose angiogram demonstrated extensive involvement of leptomeningeal vessels and were prompted to review the clinical courses and autopsy findings of a number of other patients with similar angiographic findings. Our observations suggest that the radiological appearance of leptomeningeal artery atherosclerosis can be confused with that of an arteritis. Atherosclerosis of leptomeningeal arteries is strongly associated with a history of arterial hypertension and seems to parallel arterial lesions thought responsible for lacunar infarction and intraparenchymal hemorrhage.


Implenting family planning in a Ministry of Health: organizational barriers at the state and district levels.

1. Family planning occupied a subordinate position in the medical and health bureaucracy almost two decades after its introduction. Senior Ministry officials accorded low priority to formal program objectives, while the State Family Planning Officer, the highest state official concerned solely with the family planning program, suffered from a relatively subordinate position in the Directorate and a lack of authority and support. Within the medical profession, family planning was held in low esteem, and the medical and health bureaucracies did not have a mechanism for selecting personnel on the basis of interest and commitment. 2. Organizational adjustment to family planning in the Ministry of Health was a slow and painful process, absorbing the energy and attention of Ministry officials for almost a decade. The repeated reorganizations of the district setup revolving around the division of labor between medical, health, and family planning acitvities and between the rural and urban program, led to months of almost total inertia and detracted substantially from the supervisory capacity of the officials involved. 3. Decision making and guidance suffered from the quick turnover of the Secretary, the most powerful administrator in the Ministry. In Uttar Pradesh Secretaries stayed barely long enough to begin to understand the complex organizational setup of the program. 4. Multiple and often conflicting lines of authority characterized the relationships between the higher and lower echelons within the Ministry. This was accentuated when the District Family Planning Officer was placed under the administrative control of the District Magistrate. While intended to "energize" family planning through the association of the most prestigious and powerful district official with the program, this organizational arrangement resulted in conflicting instructions to the staffs of the primary health centers. 5. The organizational behavior of the Ministry of Health was shaped by the interplay of the various "professional cultures" of its key actors. The generalist administrators' short time horizon and eagerness to produce quantitative results clashed with the specialists' emphasis upon long-term goals and technical constraints; the politician's defense of the interest of his constituents clashed with the administrator's desire to defend his autonomy. The calculus of political survival made support for family planning goals a costly burden that few politicians have been willing to shoulder. As the party system does not reward the advocacy of family planning, ministers emphasize those programs within their ministry or those decisions within their discretion that correspond to the demands of their constituents.


Differences between physicians and nurses in providing family planning services: findings from a Bogota clinic.

Having nurses provide a variety of services generally available only from physicians is one way to overcome shortages of physicians in family planning programs. To aid in determining if the quality of care provided by nurses is comparable to that of physicians, a study at a Profamilia clinic in Bogota, Colombia, evaluated the management of family planning clients by physicians and nurses. The study found significant differences between physicians and nurses in the prescription of contraceptives on the client's first visit, in prescription of methods to be used temporarily, in deferment of IUD insertions, and in changing of methods for the client. Continuation rates among the physicians' and nurses' clients, however, did not differ significantly, and clients of physicians and nurses were equally successful in preventing unwanted pregnancies.


Female sterilization in small camp settings in rural India.

In an effort to provide female sterilization services in areas that lack modern surgical facilities and highly trained personnel, while avoiding the high complication rates associated with mass sterilization programs, small sterilization camps were held at six rural primary health centers (PHCs) in the Baroda District, Gujarat, India, beginning in 1972. Data collected for 2,009 women undergoing sterilization by the Pomeroy technique at these camps showed an operative and immediate postoperative complication rate of 2.1% and an early postoperative complication rate of 6.7%. These rates compare well with those found in sterilization series performed in modern, well equipped urban settings, further demonstrating that the small camp is an appropriate facility for female sterilization in rural India.


Developing a clinic strategy appropriate to community family planning needs and practices: an experience in Lagos, Nigeria.

In Southern Nigeria, desired birth intervals, typically two to three years in length, have been achieved largely through the traditional practices of breastfeeding and sexual abstinence. In order to make the most effective use of both traditional practices and modern contraception, the Lagos Family Health Clinic, after analyzing responses on family planning in their 1975 health survey, developed strategies to facilitate introduction of modern family planning methods during the weaning period. These programs include regular home visits to mothers of preschool children; family planning clinic counseling at the time of weaning; and the organizing of a fathers's club to provide education about the clinic's program.


The effect of delayed refrigeration on red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF.

The effect of delaying blood processing for six hours while maintaining it at ambient temperature was investigated. Blood drawn from volunteers on two occasions was processed immediately (I) or after a six-hour delay (D). The effects of the delay on the efficacy and safety of red blood cells, platelet concentrates and cryoprecipitable AHF were studied. There was a more rapid decrease in 2,3-DPG in the delayed group during 21 days of refrigerated storage. ATP levels declined at similar rates. 24-hour survival of 51CR-labeled autologous cells was slightly better (p = .05) in the (I) group but excellent for both. Total platelets, per cent recovery and pH at 72 hours were identical for both groups. All cultures were sterile. There was no difference in total AHF recovered or per cent recovery between the two groups. To increase the availability of blood components, a six-hour processing delay seems warranted.


Platelet use in pediatric oncology: a review of 393 transfusions.

A total of 393 platelet transfusions, administered on the pediatric service at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between March, 1973, to December, 1974, were reviewed. Of these 64 were administered on indications of hemorrhage or surgery, while 324 were administered prophylactically. In only 33% was an adequate platelet rise seen, and in only 40% of those bleeding was the bleeding controlled. The primary factor precluding the success was the number of previously administered platelet transfusions. Infection, the use of random or single donors, and ABO matching had no effect on the outcome, but this was not accentuated in the bleeding patients. Surprisingly, transfusions in patients with leukemia resulted in greater success than transfusions in patients with solid tumors. The lower the platelet count prior to transfusion, the less likely the transfusion was to be successful.


Community-based computerized donor record systems.

Computer programs for management of donor information have been developed for the Champaign County Blood Bank, a division of the Regional Health Resource Center, Urbana, Illinois. The system provides the blood bank with reports from the donor files, incorporating the donor's last donation dates, ABO groups and Rh factors, memberships in assurance programs, and rare donor information to generate lists to meet either daily or emergency inventory needs. The system was designed to decrease time requirements for donor recruitment, improve donor base sampling, aid in support of special recruitment programs, and provide statistical profiles of the community donor base. Experiences in the development and use of the system indicate requirements for effective development of such systems include careful design, strict monitoring of performance, use of a versatile programming language, and incorporation of program modifications via staff-programmer interaction throughout implementation.


Patterns of blood utilization by physicians: transfusion of nonoperated anemic patients.

Prior studies have suggested that a high percentage of blood transfusions to hospital patients are unnecessary. If such transfusions can be reduced, more blood would be made available for those patients with legitimate blood requirements. In this study, blood transfusion of 401 nonoperated hospital patients with anemia as the final diagnosis explaining admission and with admission hemoglobin values equal to or greater than 10 gm/dl was analyzed. These patients were drawn from a 300 hospital sample distributed across the United States. Descriptive data showing the extent to which this selected population of patients is transfused with blood must be considered as one measure of unnecessary blood transfusion in this country. Hospital-based programs designed to identify and eliminate unnecessary blood transfusions should be established. The first step in the creation of such programs at the hospital level must be the development of guidelines for blood transfusion derived through the cooperative efforts of hospital physicians who fully understand and accept the rationale for them. Once guidelines for blood transfusion are established in a hospital, transfusion practice need only be measured against them.


Statistical effects of varying blood life span from 14 to 28 days.

Human blood can be stored in the liquid state for only 21 days. Although the 21-day limit appears to have been somewhat arbitrarily set, there is general agreement that quality of blood, especially the red blood cells' oxygen carrying ability and viability declines with age. Lengthening the shelf life could help in reducing outdating and shortages. Shortening the shelf life, on the other hand, would make it even more difficult to supply blood needs. This paper studies the effect of varying the blood's life span from 14 to 28 days using a simulation model and collections and utilization data from an actual blood region.


Studies on 4 C stored frozen-reconstituted red blood cells. III. Changes occurring in units which have been repeatedly frozen and thawed.

Units of frozen red blood cells were thawed, stored at 4 C for varying amounts of time up to five days, and then subsequently refrozen. This procedure was repeated for two or three cycles. Chemical and cytological studies showed that only a moderate number of red blood cells were lost and that the red blood cells would be transfusable with minimal danger to the patient. The units retained their sterility despite all of the manipulations. The ability to refreeze a unit of blood would extend the value of frozen blood greatly by preventing the loss of very rare units.


Suppression of human cytotoxic lymphocytes by methylprednisolone. An immunosuppressive mechanism of action of steroids.

In order to gain insight into the immunosuppresive mechanism of action of corticosteroids, an in vitro model of the cellular immune response was used to study the effect of methylprednisolone on human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Concentrations from 0.25 to 10 microgram/ml were equally effective in producing 74% suppression lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity when the steroid was present during the entire period of in vitro sensitization. A 12.5-fold increase in effector to target cell ratio was required to achieve 30% 51Cr release when cytotoxic lymphocytes were generated in the prescence of methylprednisolone. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was suppressed 48% when methylprednisolone was present only during the initial 24 hr of the 7-day in vitro sensitization period. Methylprednisolone also effectively inhibited cytotoxicity when it was incubated with sensitized lymphocytes for 3hr before incubating these cells with target cells. Our observations suggest that two of the major immunosuppressive mechanisms of action methylprednisolone are suppression of the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes and suppression of specifically sensitized cytotoxic lymphocytes.


The effect of refreezing previously frozen-deglycerolized red blood cells.

Frozen red blood cells, once thawed and washed, must be used within 24 hours or discarded. In this study, three units of blood underwent two freeze-thaw cycles. It was shown that red blood cell survival, ATP, and 2,3-DPG were not adversely effected. The data suggest that previously frozen red blood cells should be refrozen, rather than discarded, if not used within 24 hours of deglycerolization.


Transplantation of bovine odontogenic tissues and dissociated odontogenic cells to hypothymic mice.

It was demonstrated in this study that bovine odontogenic tissues and the dissociated cell preparations of such tissues, when transplated to the subcapsular kidney site of hypothymic mice, retained their phenotypic expression and continued function to produce their recognisable products, dentine and enamel matrices. It was also shown that in the grafts of dissociated odontogenic tissues, cell sorting occurred so that histotypical tissues were formed and that their function produced readily recognisable dentine and enamel matrices. Attention has been drawn to the usefulness of this model for studying a variety of events that occur during odontogenesis.


Quinidine-induced hemolytic anemia: immunohematologic characterization.

A 40-year-old white male with quinidine induced hemolytic anemia but no thrombocytopenia is described. Hemolysis was extravascular in nature and via the immune-complex mechanism. The quinidine antibody was an IgG immunoglobulin that did not activate complement.


The multicellular spheroid as a model tumor allograft. I. Quantitative assessment of spheroid destruction in alloimmune mice.

A quantitative model for the assessment of in situ immunity to solid tumor allografts has been developed. Multicellular spheroids of murine EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of normal or specifically alloimmune mice. Damage to spheroids was quantitatively assessed at various times by trypsinizing the recovered spheroids and assaying for surviving EMT6 cells by a cloning technique. In alloimmune mice, significant destruction of spheroids was observed within 24 hr of implantation, and a 99% reduction in the number of clonogenic MT6 cells in spheroids was consistently found after 48 hr. In contrast, little or no cytotoxic effect was observed when spheroids were implanted for 48 hr in nonimmune mice or in mice immunized against unrelated alloantigens. Implantation of spheroids in alloimmune athymic (nu/nu) mice did not result in appreciable spheroid damage as compared with littermate controls. Histological analysis of spheroids taken from alloimmune mice at the time of maximum tumor cell destruction indicated that large numbers of mononuclear cells had infiltrated the spheroid. These results suggests that multicellular spheroids will be a useful model for quantitative studies of the cellular mechanisms responsible for tissue-damaging reactions in vivo.


LISS--an effective way to increase blood utilization.

The low ionic strength solution (LISS) of Low and Messeter was compared with both the automated low ionic strength Polybrene and the manual IDAT techniques. A five minute incubation with the LISS was sufficient to detect all significant antibodies. By extending the incubation period to 15 minutes it was possible to increase the sensitivity of the reaction (as measured by titer) beyond that of either of the other methods. This LISS procedure has enabled us to greatly extend the applications of a "standby procedure" for elective surgery. In this procedure routine crossmatching is not done. Rather, the blood is placed on standby and if required, transfusion is provided by using the LISS. In one general hospital this resulted in the reduction by 1,600 units of unneccessary crossmatches and an increase of 10% in the total blood utilization rate over a nine-month period.


Cellular and humoral immune responses of mice during immunological enhancement of an allogeneic tumor.

Spleen cells obtained from C57BL/Ks (Ks, H-2d) mice carrying passively enhanced Sarcoma I (Sa I, H-2a) tumors were tested for alloantibody formation, lymphocyte blastogenesis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cell to cell cytotoxicity. Assays were usually performed approximately 6 weeks after tumor inoculation. The results of these assays indicate that spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice are actively synthesizing alloantibody, but have a depressed blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneneic cells, and manifest no detectable cytotoxic activity in 51Cr release assays for antibody-dependent or cell to cell cytotoxicity. The absence of cell to cell cytotoxicity was specific and could not be attributed to the activity of suppressor cells acting in vitro, or to immunoglobulin secreted during the in vitro assay. These results indicate that Ks mice carrying immunologically enhanced Sa I tumors have a strong humoral response but a defective cellular response to the alloantigens of their tumors. These results are compatible with a mechanism of immunological enhancement which involves suppression of the development of the cellular immune response throughout the course of tumor growth.


[Investigations on the susceptibility of Mastomys natalensis to Trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei gambiense (author's transl)].

Mastomys natalensis ("redeyed variant") proved to be as susceptible as suckling rats to infections with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei gambiense (14 passages after isolation). The susceptibility of M. natalensis and rats was significantly higher than that of mice. After 21 further passages the T. (T.) b. gambiense strain was fully adapted to M. natalensis. Polymorphic trypanosome strains could be isolated from pigs and dogs in Liberia using M. natalensis as recipient rodents. Some of these strains were examined for their sensitivity to human plasma in the "blood incubation infectivity test" (BIIT) using M. natalensis as well. 6 strains were highly resistant resp. subresistant to human plasma and can be regarded as potentially infective (T. (T.) b. gambiense) for man. Referring to the investigations 1.) on the susceptibility, 2.) the isolation of trypanosome strains of the subgenus Trypanozoon from animal and 3.) the biological differentiation of these strains in the BIIT, M. natalensis can be regarded as suitable experimental animals for field and laboratory studies.


Mechanisms of the anemia in trypanosomiasis: studies on the role of the hemolytic fatty acids derived from Trypanosoma congolense.

Trypanosoma congolense releases a number of hemolytic free fatty acids on autolysis of which the most potent is linoleic acid. These fatty acids can lyse washed rat and bovine erythrocytes in vitro. Autolysed T. congoleuse will cause increased fragility of erythrocytes in whole rat blood but not in whole bovine blood. The lack of effect of these fatty acids on bovine erythrocytes tends to be confirmed by the failure of this material to influence the survival of these cells in vivo. Calculations based on the amount of free fatty acids required to cause hemolysis in vivo also confirm that this mechanism of erythrocyte destruction is probably unimportant in bovine trypanosomiasis.


The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in the diagnosis.

This study included 72 persons with ova of S. mansoni and/or S. haematobium in their stool or urine, 16 persons from Schistosomiasis-endemic areas but without demonstration of ova, and 9 healthy persons from areas with no schistosomiasis who served as controls. The sera were examined with ELISA using antigen from adult S. mansoni worms. All parasitologically proven cases had extinction values higher than those of controls. False positive results were obtained in 11 out of 16 persons from endemic areas but without ova. These results may have been due to cross-reactions, a past history of schistosomiasis or a missed diagnosis of S. mansoni-infections. Cases with S. haematobium and cases with S. mansoni showed signifcantly different extinction values. The differences between both sexes were not statistically significant.


[Seroepidemiological aspects of onchocerciasis in Liberia, West Africa (author's transl)].

Sera of 1292 persons were examined for their antibodies to onchocercal antigen. The results were correlated with epidemiological data and microfilarial rates. They show that demonstration of antibodies is suitable for epidermiological studies although the frequency of antibodies does not increase in that degree like age and endemicity.


Sequential affinity chromatography for the purification of antigens extracted from Onchocerca volvulus adult worms.

Adult Onchocerca volvulus worms were extracted sequentially with buffers of various ionic strengths. The extract was incubated with purified human onchocerciasis immunoglobulin-G (IgG) convalently coupled to Sepharose. Antigens were then eluted with 8 M urea and 7.5 M guanidine-HCl. IgG contained in the eluates was removed by incubating the eluates with rabbit anti-human IgG covalently coupled to Sepharose. As demonstrated by double immunodiffusion and "double" crossed immunoelectrophoresis at least three antigens were isolated. Most of the antigens were totally excluded from Sephadex G-200 but entered the included volume of Sepharose 6B. In electrofocusing they focused in acid regions. Antibodies were generated in rabbits against the three antigens isolated together. The antibodies were covalently coupled to Sepharose, which was subsequently used as a new affinity medium for the isolation of antigens. Such isolated antigens appeared to be identical with those with human onchocerciasis IgG. The isolated antigens and their corresponding artificial antibodies generated in rabbits were successfully applied in the enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay. Host material and onchocerciasis IgG left behind during the purification procedure interfered in the assay system.


[A new phoretic species, simulium melanocephalum sp. n. (simuliidae: Diptera) from kivu, zaire, with taxonomic notes on the S. diceros-group (author's transl)].

A new species of the Simulium diceros-group (subgenus Phoretomyia) is described, the larvae and pupae of which are living in phoretic association with mayfly nymphs. The systematic position of the group, and the taxonomy of its species are discussed.


Epidemiology of poly-parasitism. I. Occurrence, frequency and distribution of multiple infections in rural communities in Chad, Peru, Afghanistan, and Zaire.

Parasitic diseases are predominantly rural diseases. They are often associated with poverty, illiteracy, poor sanitation and high risks of exposure to environmental and biological hazards. Because these factors are also essential determinants in the epidemiology of a variety of other infections with quite different etiologies, occurrence of multiple infections in the same people is common. In the tropics, polyparasitism may involve diseases of major public health inportance such as malaria, schistosomiasis, filarial infections, trypanosomiasis, and others. The paper presents data on the frequency and types of multiple infections with different parasitic and other infectious agents for thirteen villages of Chad, Peru and Afghanistan. The age and sex patterns of a number of observed combinations of parasitic and other diseases are shown for different ecological zones. Concomitant infections with up to five species of filarial worms are found in residents of villages in the Congo River Basin of Zaire. The specific types of combinations of these infections vary from place to place and appear to be closely linked to ecological factors.


Improved continuous wave frequency modulated sonars with aural displays.

This paper discusses methods for reducing the effects of the reset hiatus and wavelength related variations in received signal strength on the aural displays produced by simple continuous wave frequency modulated sonars. Two techniques that have been developed for reducing the effects of signal phase and amplitude discontinuities are described. As a practical example of the improved performance afforded by one of these techniques, a novel short range sonar for examining cardiovascular structures is discussed in detail.


An adaptive correlation ratemeter: a new method for Doppler fetal heart rate measurements.

For use in a cardiotocograph, ultrasound Doppler fetal singles have been thought to provide merely a limited reliability of the fetal heart rate record because of the difficulty of signal processing to obtain a consistent trigger, although the signal itself is easy to obtain with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. However, the authors have developed a unique signal processing system using a correlation technique with an automatic adaptation algorithm, which solved almost all of the difficulties associated with the old Doppler cardiotocograph and showed that the ultrasound Doppler fetal signal can also provide heart rate records compatible to that obtained by a fetal ECG system. The authors are sure that their method is a most promising one in the coming age of microprocessor-oriented instrumentation.


Exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy.

Classic bladder exstrophy and cloacal exstrophy are grotesque anomalies in the eyes of young parents. An immediate evaluation by an experienced team is required to assess the variations in the condition and to devise a plan of treatment that can reassure the parents as to eventual prognosis and rehabilitation. This plan of treatment must include provisions for renal preservation, urinary control, cosmetic appearance, and sexual function. The newborn is usually normal in respect to nutrition and its cardiopulmonary state, and will tolerate surgery well. Passive parental immunity provides better resistance to intercurrent illness at this time than will be present in the later months of infancy. When applicable, the initial stages of surgery should be undertaken at birth when the pelvic ring can be approximated without osteotomy and the bladder mucosa has not deteriorated from inflammatory changes. Parental attitudes toward the child as well as successful reconstruction may both be best served by immediate surgery to begin reconstruction and reduce the visible defect.


Induction of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in rats by feeding N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide. Histological and ultrastructural findings.

After feeding with 0.188% N-[4-(5-nitro-2 furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT), transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder was induced in all female Wistar rats tested. Histological changes of the urothelium consisted of various degrees of hyperplasia and dysplasia. An infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma first appeared after 8 months. These results are compared with the findings of other authors, and divergencies of the tumour induction rates are discussed with respect to strain, sex and weight of experimental animals as well as concentration and amount of ingested carcinogen. Electron microscopy shows microvillous transformation of the luminal plasma membrane and appearance of a thick fluffy cell coat (glycocalyx). These changes are explained by an altered function of the Golgi complex occurring during malignancy and leading to a loss of the specific discoid vesicles of the urothelial cells.


A soluble androgen receptor in the cytoplasm of the male Mastomys prostate.

A steroid receptor protein was isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction of Mastomys prostate. Following in vivo and in vitro labelling of the tissue with tritiated testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, samples were analysed by gel exclusion chromatography or sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A steroid receptor complex was isolated on Sephadex G-200. Analysis of the steroids associated with this complex showed that the major part of the bound radioactivity was 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The binding was inhibited by unlabelled testosterone and could not be demonstrated in the liver cytosol. Using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the dihydrotestosterone receptor complex sedimented at 5.6 s together with heavier aggregates. In the presence of 0.4 M KCl a single complex was sedimented at 4.6 s. The results demonstrate a receptor protein in the cytosol of the Mastomys prostate which binds to dihydrotestosterone and is comparable to that of rat prostate.


Consequences to the upper urinary tract after ureteric torsion.

The effects of ureteric torsion on the upper urinary tract were studied in 8 pigs. With 5 pigs the distal ureter was mobilised, torted 1 to 5 times and reimplanted into the bladder. With three pigs the proximal ureter was torted 1 to 3 times and re-anastomosed to the renal pelvis. It was shown that a torsion of 1 or 2 times in the distal ureter does not result in ureteral obstruction. However, as little as 360 degrees torsion in the proximal ureter may lead to dysfunction secondary to mechanical obstruction. Histological examination of the ureter showed ischaemic changes only after multiple torsions.


The impact of in-situ balloon occlusion of the renal artery and hypothermic perfusion on renal blood flow.

Unilateral renal blood flow was evaluated in-situ in 13 dogs by cineangiodensitometry and microsphere distribution studies before and after intermittent balloon occlusion with and without hypothermic perfusion of one kidney. The contralateral kidney served as control. No significant difference in renal blood flow and vascular resistance was noted before, and 5, 30 and 60 minutes after unilateral intra-arterial manipulation. Compartmental flow distribution studies in 5 dogs revealed no evidence of alteration of intra-renal haemodynamics. In a clinical pilot study, unilateral renal blood flow measured by cineangiodensitometry showed no change of clinical significance 5 and 60 minutes after intraluminal balloon occlusion of the renal artery for 60 seconds.


Current concepts in the study of bladder cancer.

Recent concepts may provide the basis for new insights into the etiology and prognosis of bladder cancer. Experimental observations related to the physiology, carcinogenesis and tumor growth of the bladder epithelium are providing useful information to the urologist and may soon extend our understanding of the characteristics of this disease. This article provides an overview of some of these theoretical and experimental considerations.


[Osteoangiography in early diagnosis of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis of the long tubular bones in children].

33% cardiotrast of 70% verographin were used for the vessels contrasting. Osteoangiography was carried out in 61 cases suspected for acute hematogenic osteomyelitis (AHO). The age of patients ranged from 2 to 5 years. The diagnosis was proved in 53 cases. In 8 children osteoangiography permitted to cancel the diagnosis of AHO, which was proved later by subsequent clinical observations.


[Diagnosis and treatment of crush syndrome].

The analysis of case records of 24 injuried with crush syndrome is presented. The conclusion is drawn that it is necessary to start the treatment of such cases immediately after the removal of the traumatizing factor. These cases should be concentrated in medical institutions experienced in the use of program hemodialysis. The authors are convinced that hemodialysis should be applied when the organic nature of renal failure is revealed at the stage of oligoanuria. It has been shown that the fasciotomy incisions do not decrease the pronunciation of uremic intoxication, but they become the inlets for purulent infection in the injured extremity.


[Current method of replacement of the ureter with the intestine].

The analysis of 19 operations of the replacement of the ureter with an intestine performed from 1965 to 1977 permitted to draw the conclusion on the advantages of the ileum for the replacement of the ureter. The other advantages of this operation are the following: one-stage performance of the operation, laparotomy approach, intra-abdominal and isoperistaltic localization of the graft, preservation of the natural ureter together with the new intestine-formed one, postoperative drainage-free management.


[Autologous blood transfusion in surgical treatment of peptic ulcer].

From 1975 the authors used autohemotransfusion in stomach resection for ulcer complications. The procedure was carried out upon 68 patients aged from 28 to 57. 200-350 ml of the blood were taken from these patients 4 to 7 days before operation. The routine method of donor blood conservation was used. The transfusion was performed during the operation. The patients did not develop any complications due to the blood exfusion and transfusion.


[Effects of autologous blood transfusion on the indicators of blood serum iron in surgical cases].

The authors studied the indices of the serumal ferrum (total ferrum of the blood serum, total ferrum-binding ability of the blood serum and transferrin saturation with ferrum) before and at different terms after the exfusion of 400 cc of blood for the autotransfusion in planned surgical interventions upon 30 cases of pulmonary cancer, 21 cases of carcinoma of the stomach and 16 orthopedic cases. The same study was carried out upon a control group of normal individuals after exfusion of 400 cc of donor blood. Characteristic changes of the serumal ferrum metabolism due to the loss of a certain amount of hemoglobin after the exfusion were found in differen patients and in normal individuals.


[Effect of L-dopa on the catecholamine content and myocardial ultrastructure and contractility in heart surgery].

The fluorometric and histochemical methods of the catecholamines contents determination and electronic microscopy of the ultrastructure were used in the examination of myocardium biopsy preparations. The heart operations were followed with the decrease of catecholamines contents in the myocardium and disorder of the mitochondria ultrastructure. The l-DOPA injection resulted in the increase of the myocardium contractile ability before the operation, but did not prevent from its decrease in the postoperative period. The postoperative l-DOPA administration combined with digitalis, according to the described scheme, contributed to the preservation of the myocardium contractile ability at the optimal level.


[Reduction of the incidence of suppurative complications after mitral commissurotomy through the use of pentoxyl and methyluracil].

Clinico-experimental study of the pentoxyl and methyluracil effect upon the natural resistance in mitral stenosis cases is presented together with the findings obtained in the experiments dealing with the healing of the wounds infected with pathogenic staphylococcus. All the control animals developed subcutaneous abscesses leading to the separation of the wound margins. The inflammation of the wound was less pronounced in the animals treated with pentoxyl and methyluracil. The use of pyrimidin derivatives before and during operation and postoperatively resulted in the decrease of the incidence of postoperative suppurative complications.


[State of circulating blood volume, blood components and the function of external respiration in lung cancer].

The data concerning the changes in the circulating blood volume, globular and plasma volumes, red blood cells indices and also some indices of the external respiration function in lung cancer cases are set forth. Radiopneumography has permitted to find out some significant disorders in the regional ventilation and in the pulmonary blood flow in early postoperative period, which in case of hypoventilation is likely to cause a severe respiratory insufficiency and, therefore, requires an energetic therapeutic control.


[Insuring the possibility of surgical interventions on the "dry" liver under experimental conditions].

Experimentally on 116 dogs it has been found that intravascular shunts of a big diameter or those controlled by means of extracorporal shunts ensure stable hemodynamic indices, approximately the initial ones. The isolated hypothermal perfusion protects, in its turn, the liver from an ischemic trauma and prolongs the safety period of the liver blood flow break to 40 minutes and more.


[Comparative hydrodynamic study of artificial heart valves in pulsating flow].

A comparative hydrodynamic study of artificial heart valves with spherical, hemispherical and lentil-shaped obturative elements has been carried out under the non-stationary conditions. The valves resistance coefficient is higher in the lentil-shaped valves. With the increase of pulse rate the stroke volume of the valves of all the types drops, and the regurgitation increases.


[Characteristics of morphological and functional liver disorders in mechanical jaundice under clinical and experimental conditions].

Clinical and morphological studies on 19 cases of cholelithiasis complicated with mechanical jaundice have been carried out together with experiments on 36 white mongrel rats, in which mechanical jaundice was modelled. The recovery of liver morphology takes a long time. After the recovery of the biliary tract patency liver changes subside very slowly, and within 60 days dystrophic processes in the liver parenchyma get evident.


[Calculous pancreatitis].

On the grounds of 12 observations over calcareous pancreatitis cases (10 of them were operated upon) some problems of etiology and clinical picture of the disease have been considered. The longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy without resection or with distal pancreatic resection, the authors' method included, is accepted as the method of choice. The immediate and late results of this operation are satisfactory.


[Change of the skin electrical resistance in the right iliac region in acute appendicitis].

The changes of skin electrical resistance in the dynamics of the disease were studied through the comparison of the right and left iliac regions. A reliable decrease of the right skin electrical resistance in various clinical forms of appendicitis, except for the gangrenous-perforating form, was found.


[Diagnosis and treatment of intraperitoneal abscesses after appendectomy].

The symptoms and complex treatment method of the post-appendectomy abscesses in destructive appendicitis are set forth in this work. The author believes that there is a number of characteristic signs helping to recognize these complications in due time within the postoperative period. An expedient surgical intervention and intense therapy have permitted to gain quite favorable results in the treatment of such severe cases.


[Gas composition and acid-base equilibrium of blood of patients operated on under conditions of epidural anesthesia].

The results of the studies on the gas composition and acid-base equilibrium of the blood in patients operated upon under epidural anesthesia have proved the rise of venous hyperoxia and the drop of the gas utilization percentage both in anesthetized and non-anesthetized regions. At the level of the whole organism, however, no essential changes of oxygen metabolism are noted.


[Ultrasonic endarterectomy].

The authors used a generator of ultrasound oscillations and a special wave conductor in endarterectomy in the clinic and in the experiment. They assess positively the described method of endarterectomy.


[Femoro-femoral cross shunting in unilateral iliac artery occlusion or thrombosis of the aorto-femoral prosthesis].

The results of the experiment in investigating the hemodynamic changes following femoro-femoral cross shunting are analyzed and the outcome of 13 operations for unilateral occlusion of the iliac artery is discussed. The authors draw the conclusion on minor traumatism and on the effectiveness of such operation; the improvement of the blood circulation in the ischemized extremity is not followed by any circulatory impairment in the donor leg.


[Trigger mechanisms in the etiology of varicose and post-thrombophlebitic crural ulcers].

The results of clinical study of 247 cases suffering from trophic crural ulcer are set forth in this paper. Their occurrence is mainly due to various diseases of deep, communicant and superficial veins (236 cases 95%). Venous hypertension in the deep veins, while the patient is standing, is the leading cause of the microcirculation disorders, occurrence of interstitial edema, and opening of arterio-venous shunts. Tissue hypoxia and an infection, arising against this background, lead to the expansion of necrobiosis and to the occurrence of trophic ulcers. The therapeutic principles grounded upon the results of the presented study are brought about in this work.


[Criteria of radical sector resection in mastopathy].

Statistical investigations of morphological structure in 2 groups of patients with localized forms of fibroadenomatosis (93 observations) have been carried out. Histological findings of the morphological picture have been received both within the localized fibroadenomatosis sites and beyond them. The character of the distribution of morphological forms has been shown to remain the same in all the sites of a single and in both mammary glands. Close relationship between the morphological picture in the localized sites and in so called "normal" sites of the mammae has been established. This proves the expedience of radical sectoral resection and the necessity of longlasting conservative treatment.


[Surgical treatment of defects of rotation and fixation of the "mid-gut" in newborn infants].

The systematization of malrotations according to their morphological patterns depending on topographic peculiarities of the duodenum and colon permits to ascertain an anatomical variant of the malformation in each case, which helps to make an adequate choice of the procedure of surgical correction. The author is convinced that in time of operation for any type of fixation and rotation abnormality it is necessary to explore the whole intestine, to evaluate the status and development of the superior mesenteric artery, to free the duodenum from abdominal formations along the outside curvature and to relieve the tissue pressure from the vessels of the pathologically developed mesentery.


[Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in acute appendicitis in children].

The pharmocokynetics of a semisynthetic penicillin-ampicillin in acute appendicitis in children has been studied. Intramuscular and intravenous injections of 12,5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg single doses of the antibiotic were administered. 50 children aged from 4 to 14 years were examined. Both ways of administration led to the creation of the ampicillin therapeutic concentration in the blood serum, but in case of intramuscular injection the circulation of the antibiotic in the blood was more prolonged. With the increase of the dose the antibiotic concentration in the blood and tissues of the abdominal cavity rises but without any significant prolongation of its circulation time in the blood.


The use of heat mount detectors in a large Iranian dairy herd.

Heat mount detectors were applied in a large Iranian dairy herd in an attempt to appraise their value for fertility improvement. A total of 100 cows with a recorded anoestrous period of at least 60 days were selected, 69 of them suffering from suboestrus or silent heat and 31 from true anoestrus due to inactive ovaries. The results indicate that inaccurate observation of heat is a major limiting factor in the reproductive performance of this herd and that heat detectors could be a valuable tool for improvement of oestrus detection and consequent reduction of the interval from calving to conception.


Evaluation of the optical refractometer for lamb serum immunoglobulin estimation.

Resistance of lambs to neonatal diseases has been shown to be related to their serum immunoglobulin levels. These may be estimated in the laboratory by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT). An experiment was designed to evaluate the optical refractometer, a relatively simple and inexpensive piece of equipment which measures the refractive index of a serum sample and thus provides an estimate of its total protein content. Refractometer readings of neonatal lamb sera were found to be closely correlated to their ZSTT readings (r = 0.89). The refractometer appears eminently suited to farm use avoiding elaborate and time consuming laboratory procedures. The limitations of the tests are discussed.


Functional infertility in sheep.

Most studies on reproductive efficiency in sheep have concerned the prolificacy of the ewe and the lambing rate of the flock. Some work has been done on reproductive failure but this has seldom separated fertilisation rate from embryonic and fetal loss. Inadequate attention has been given to the level of barrenness in working flocks and to the effect of the ram on conception rate and litter size.


Transmission studies with bovine malignant catarrhal fever.

The intravenous administration of whole blood from a pathologically confirmed field case of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) resulted in the appearance of the disease in three of five experimental calves 18 to 28 days later. Infection was maintained by serial calf transmissions, and produced clinical and pathological changes identical to those of the field disease for a total of 10 passages. The sixth passage involved the simultaneous infection of 10 calves from a single donor animal; six of the 10 recipients developed the typical disease after incubation periods ranging from 20 to 36 days and in each of these MCF was confirmed by pathological examination. In addition, clinical and pathological changes in the four other calves which were slaughtered either seven or 14 days post-infection suggested that they too would have developed typical clinical signs had they been allowed to survive for the necessary length of time. The results of a detailed study of the onset, progress and duration of the clinical signs of experimentally induced MCF are presented and the opportunity has been taken to discuss the available information regarding the transmission of MCF under experimental conditions and in the field.


Hydatid disease in Whales: 1. Epidemiology.

The literature on the epidemiology of hydatid disease in domesticated animals in Wales is reviewed and the results of a recent survey in a restricted area of Mid Wales summarised. In this survey the epidemiology of hydatid disease was studied with a view to the formulation of methods of control.


Hydatid disease in Wales: 2. Eradication.

The importance of hydatid disease in man and domesticated animals in Britain, and particularly in Wales, is reviewed. While the disease occurs throughout Wales the rural population in Powys shows the highest rate as estimated by hospital records and serological findings. The losses due to offal condemnation in sheep and cattle are estimated as at least 250,000. It is suggested that the feasibility of an area eradication scheme for Wales should be investigated; the form which this scheme might take is outlined.


Amoxycillin: clinical trials in dogs and cats.

Amoxycillin, a new broad spectrum semi-synthetic penicillin was subjected to preliminary clinical testing in 351 cases in dogs and 264 in cats in veterinary practices. Two formulations were used: capsules by mouth and an aqueous suspension by injection. Those taking part were asked to use amoxycillin in the treatment of all conditions that they considered required an antibiotic and to report their results in terms of success or failure according to criteria laid down. Samples were taken whenever practicable for bacteriology. Dose ranges were 4 to 11 mg per kg for the oral capsules twice daily in dogs and most cats and 11 mg per kg once daily in some cat cases over five days and 2 to 7 mg per kg for the injectable suspension once daily in both species for three to five days. Results for the full range of conditions are given in tabulated form. Overall percentage of success according to the criteria laid down was 80.1%.


The handling of animal wastes.

Most farm problems with animal wastes occur in modern intensive livestock enterprises where manure is handled as a slurry. It is not practical to treat slurry in the same way as domestic sewage: it should be used on land as a source of plant nutrients. On most farms, this can be done only at certain times of the year and so slurry has to be stored. Storage gives rise to problems of mixing, handling, application, pollution, smell and pathogen survival which can often be solved by separating slurry with special machinery into solid and liquid fractions. Where odour is a serious problem, however, some form of limited aeration will usually provide the best solution. For intensive pig units on limited land close to houses, the NIAE has evolved a new system of slurry treatment which can convert all the slurry from a fattening piggery into inoffensive solids. When incorporated into a piggery for 500 pigs being planned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the system should also reduce smell substantially both inside and outside the building.


[Immunological reactivity of the body in cancer of the corpus uteri].

Under study were the factors of antitumor immunity (RHDT, the reaction of microprecipitation, the functional activity of lymphocytes, RFC and RBT) in 104 patients with cancer of the corpus uteri. It was found that most patients show an impaired immunobiological response, manifested in higher percentage of positive results with RHDT performed with the tumor antigen, and the reaction of microprecipitation with tumor and embryonal antigens, more week RFC and RBT. Immunological indices are getting worse with the process spread and are improved following the combination therapy. The process of treatment however (surgery and radiotherapy) renders a negative effect on immune indices. Normalization of the latter is noted not earlier than 1-3 years after the treatment.


[Skeletal characteristics of the hand in cervical cancer].

Under consideration is the status of hand skeleton studied electroradiographically in patients with cervical cancer and in females of the same age without cancer. It is shown that in cervical cancer patients skeleton ageing was less pronounced. The value of electroradiography for determining skeleton age is emphasized. An attention is given to the necessity of a more careful observation over persons with "young" skeleton age.


[Lymphographic data variants in cerival cancer after Wertheim's extended hysterectomy].

Lymphography data in 53 patients previously operated upon for cervical cancer were analysed. The results obtained enabled the author to state that the application of roentgenological investigation of the lymphatic system after Wertheim's radical operation makes it possible to define how adequately the iliac lymph apparatus was removed and also to recognize the presence of postoperative retroperitoneal lymph cysts. But the method is of little informative value, if it is necessary to settle whether metastases and recurrence are present or not. This is due to the fact that on roentgenographs changes related with traumatic injury to lymph nodes and vessels appear to be identical to the character of tumor-induced injuries.


[Mitotic activity of cervical cancer cells under different teleirradiation regimens].

Radiation pathomorphosis of cervical cancer stage I-II was estimated quantitatively in a comparative aspect under 4 different regimens of distance split-course irradiation, being the first step of an associated radiotherapy. Irradiation (using the Luch-1 machine) consisted of two two-week steps with an interval of 14-21 days. Tumor foci were given a total of 1800 rad during each step. An efficacy of radiation exposure in daily irradiation (180 radx5) was lowered as compared with an average fractionation (450 radx2). Fractionation of a daily dosage (225 radx2 with an interval of 5-6 hours and 150 radx3 with a 3 hour interval) was followed by less effect of radiation exposure, mostly manifest in triple fractionation of a daily dosage.


[Cytomorphological characteristics of glandular hyperplasia of the endometrium].

Cytomorphological pictures of smears prepared from endometrial aspirations and scrapings from 50 patients with glandular endometrial hyperplasia were analysed. Different vaiants of cell and tissue structures are described. It was shown that the difficulties in interpretation of smear elements might result from dystrophic and degenerative changes. An attention is paid to the fact that the diagnosis of glandular hyperplasia should be established with due account of patient's age, while the absence of signs of endometrial glandular hyperplasia in curettage specimens, evidenced hystologically, should not be considered as a disproof of the cytological conclusion.


[Background processes in the development of endometriosis and endometrioid cancer in the ovaries].

The author has based his study on the operation material from 110 patients. It was found that endometrioid ovarian neoplasms appear and develop against the background of the generation apparatus atrophy, microfollicular cysts and the comatosis of ovarian stroma. Clinico-morphological correlations indicated that ovarian endometriosis is a dyshormonal process proceeding under conditions of steroid hormones disbalance, hyperrestrinism in particular. Due to this, the prophylaxis and therapeutic policy should be aimed at the reduction of hormonal manifestations of the background ovarian structures in patients with ovarian endometriosis, endometrioid cysts and endometrioid adenocarcinomas.


[Diagnostic potentials of lympho- and phlebography in tumors of the uterus and adnexa].

103 patients with neoplastic processes in the genitalia have been examined. Lymphography was performed in 73 patients, phlebography - in 52, a combined investigation (lympho- and phlebography) - in 22. Lymphography in malignant uterine and ovarian processes with the involvement of regional lymph nodes provides for direct and indirect signs of metastasization, that allows the stage to be determined with a greater precision and also the roentgenological control over the state of lymph nodes during the conservative therapy. Visceral phlebography gives a definite roentgenological characteristic depending on the site and character of a tumor. An associated use of lympho- and phlebography considerably enlarges the potentialities of these methods for determining the stage and character of tumors and seems to be a valuable adjunct for the differential diagnosis of neoplastic processes of the uterus and adnexa.


[Early detection of ovarian cancer].

The authors have analysed the results of the diagnosis and treatment in 144 patients with ovarian cancer, which took second place (28.8%) among malignant diseases of female gneitalia. Including in ovarian cancer high-risk group of females with impaired menstrual cycle and reproduction function, previously subjected to surgery on the adnexa, mammary glands, the intestine and also of those longterm followed up for uterine tumors and their detailed examination would contribute to earlier establishment of the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and enabled the percentage of far-advanced cases of the affection to be reliably reduced in 1974-75, and a percentage of clinical recovery to be increased in ovarian cancer patients to the moment of their discharge.


[Blood serum protein study in oncological patients].

The authors report the data on the protein spectrum of blood serum, examined by DEP method in PAAG in 21 patients with ovarian and endometrial cancer and in 20 female-donors. Totally 27 fractions were obtained. The following differences in proteinographs of the groups under examination were revealed: protein in the patients was reliably decreased by 30-90% in the 4th, 9th, 26th fractions, and it was increased by 25-100% in the 15th, 16th, 18th and 22d fractions; 62 patients showed the fraction with Rt 2.10 in the prealbumin zone, which was usually absent in donor blood serum. Moreover, proteinographs from patients with malignant neoplasms of different locatization were studied comparatively. It is believed that the differnces revealed may be used for diagnostic purposes.


[Immunogenic properties of adenocarcinoma of mouse large intestine].

The immunogenecity of a transplantable carcinoma, which has spontaneously developed from embryonal colonic tissues, ectopically transplanted into adult syngeneic mice, was investigated. Three methods were employed to check the immunogenicity of the tumor: 1) transplantation and subsequent surgical removal of the tumor; 2) injection of irradiated tumor cells, the effect of immunization in both cases was detected by the decreased weight of tumors, repeatedly transplanted into the immunized animals; 3) mice were immunized according to the 2nd method, the effect of the immunization was defined by calculating the number of tumors, arisen in lungs of mice injected i. v. tumoral cells. The 3rd method was found to be mostly sensitive. Significant differences in the immunogenicity of different passages of carcinoma were noted. An antigenic similarity of adenocarcinoma concerned and colonic sarcoma developed under identical conditions was revealed.


[Hematopoietic indices in rats with sarcoma 45 in the process of treatment with cytostatics and diuretic agents].

Sarcoma 45 growth in rats was noted to be followed by the development of anemia and leucocytosis. Sessional use of 6-mercaptopurine and cyclophosphane resulted in the enhancement of anemia, the development of leucopenia, and suppression of bone marrow hemopoiesis. The suppression of hemopoiesis was much less manifested, if cytostatics were used together with diuretics (diacarbe or furocemid).


[Morphological methods in the diagnosis of early cancer of the cervix uteri].

The authors have examined the registration cards of 673 patients, the cytological smears of which from the cervical canal, taken at mass prophylactic examination, showed changes of the IV-V th grade, while cytological diagnosis was not supported histologically. The conducted investigations seem to allow a suggestion to be made that one should not deny the cytological diagnosis of "cancer" or "suspicion to cancer" on the basis of a single negative pathohistological conclusion, since the percentage of cancer detection in repeat histological assays is high enough - 84.5%.


[Characteristics of rubella virus reproduction in human diploid cells].

The possibility of using diploid cell strains derived from some organs and tissues of human embryo for isolation and propagation of rubella virus has been demonstrated. The marked cytopathic effect of the virus was followed in the time course and shown to be readily reproducible.


[Adsorption of Escherichia coli B phage T2 by natural Cherkassy montmorrillonité].

Adsorption of E. coli B phage T2 by natural Cherkassy montmorrillonite from water under isothermal conditions was studied. This natural Cherkassy montmorrillonite was found to be superior by its specific adsorption capacity to known materials for removal of viruses from water and therefore to be a prospective sorbent for treatment of water aimed at removal of viruses from it.


[Physico-chemical properties of DNA of human adenovirus type 6].

Physico-chemical characteristics of human adenovirus type 6 DNA were studied. The sedimentation constant of adenovirus type 6 DNA was shown to be 32.7S. The intrinsic viscosity of DNA was on the average 93.8 dl/g. The average size of the molecular mass determined by the results of sedimentation and viscosimetry was 23.5 X 10(6) daltons which agreed favourably with the value calculated from the data of electron microscopic determination of the length of DNA molecule. The buoyant density of DNA in cesium chloride density gradient was 1.7126 g/cm3. The melting temperatures were 90.5 and 75 degrees C for 1 X SSC and 0.1 X SSC, respectively. Adenovirus type 6 DNA contained 52.6% GC pairs on the average.


[Long-term observations of dynamics of collective immunity to poliomyelitis in vaccinated children].

Examinations of children in the Moscow region in 1972 revealed low values of the herd immunity to poliomyolitis. This was suggested to be due to improper organization of vaccination of children. The regional health authorities took special measures for better organization of vaccination. The examinations two years later, in 1974, showed nearly 90% of children between the ages of 1 and 6 years to have antibody to all three types of poliomyelitis virus. The geometric mean antibody titre increased. In children of 10--14 years the heard immunity values did not differ significantly from those found in 1972. It is concluded that proper vaccination gives sufficiently intensive immunity nearly in 90% of children. It was found that in children vaccinated 10--12 times the herd immunity persists without significant changes for 3 years after the last vaccine feeding; at 4 years, however, some values of the herd immunity, particularly to poliomyelitis virus type III, were significantly lower than the original values. It is suggested that it is likely to be expedient to revaccinate 4-grade schoolchildren and to reduce the total number of vaccine feedings during the first 4 years of life.


[Persistence of Sindbis virus in cultures either non-producing or irregularly producing oncornavirus].

Persistence of Sindbis virus (SV) was studied for 9 months in two lines of mouse cell cultures (BALB/C) in one of which the genome of endogenous ecotropic oncornaviruses was repressed. The other lines was exogenously infected at the level of plimary culture with Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) and SV and showed gradual inhibition of oncornavirus functions. The presence of oncornavirus type C was not the necessary condition for the development of persistent SV infection, however it influenced the character of persistence. In both systems, sequential loss of the hemagglutinating and interferon-inducing activities, then infectivity of SV (61--82 days), and persistence of the noninfectious antigen of the arbovirus for 9 months were observed. The differences consisted in the time of appearance of homologous interference to SV: in the presence of oncornavirus earlier (40 days), under conditions of repressed oncornavirus genome later (179 days). Electron microscopic examinations showed that in the system infected with RLV and SV there occurred in the course of persistence a sharp activation of phagosome-lysosome complex accompanied by incorporation into phagocytolysomes of numerous intact and partially destroyed virions of SV and RLV and their release from cell with cytoplasmic fragments. Possible mechanisms of inhibition of functions of the oncogenic and infectious viruses in the reported model of mixed chronic infection are discussed.


[Effect of phosphonoacetic acid on experimental vaccinia infection].

The effect of phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) on reproduction of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblast cultures and on the development of vaccinia virus infection in rabbits was studied. In vitro the preparation was tested as a solution, in vivo as a solution and ointment. In rabbits, the preparation was applied epicutaneously and inoculated subcutaneously and intravenously. All these routes were found to be effective. A single application conferred a much lower protective effect than daily administration for 4 days. Poly (I).poly (C) administered subcutaneously was found to be more effective than PAA. The latter in tissue culture exerted a marked inhibiting effect when used in a dose of 100 microgram/ml.


[Effect of virulent and anttenuated variants of viruses of American equine encephalomyelitis on the mitotic activity of the cells].

A comparative study of reproduction of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (VEE and EEE) viruses in L cell culture showed the disorders of the mitotic activity of the infected cultures to depend on the variant of the inoculated virus and the degree of its attenuation. The highest number of pathological mitosis was observed within 12--24 hours after inoculation of the cultures, the attenuated variants of both the viruses causing lower numbers of pathological mitoses than virulent variants. EEE virus was found to induce accumulation of pyknotized nuclei in the stage of telophase in the culture.


[Production and testing of lyophilized standard preparation for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection by the indirect hemagglutination test].

A method for production of a reference lyophilized preparation for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia infections in the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test has been developed. The method is based on conjugation using bi-diasotized benzidine of acrolein-treated sheep erythrocytes and ultrasonicated whole Mycoplasma antigen. After lyophilization the diagnostic preparation retained its standard properties for 1.5 years (the observation period). The sensitivity of the preparation in detection of antibody exceeded those of the CFT and the metabolism inhibition (MI) test 16--64-fold and the specificity was as good as in these tests. The diagnostic value of the preparation in the IHA was 78.1%, in the CFT--64.7%. As compared with the CFT and the MI test, the IHA with Mycoplasma diagnostic preparation is simple and reproducible.


[Varicose veins: pathogenesis and therapy (author's transl)].

Valvular lesions of the main venous stems are regarded as the predominant cause of the formation of primary varicose veins. Peripheral arteriovenous shunts are regarded as sequelae of varicose veins rather than their cause. The perforating and communicating veins are not involved in the pathogenesis of varicose veins. This opinion is supported by the demonstration of insufficiency of the main superficial venous stems in a series of 200 consecutive cases of primary varicosis, even if only the more peripheral veins were dilated. In addition, histological examination of the uppermost valves in the saphenous veins of patients and experimental studies on post-thrombotic vein valves corroborated these views. The therapeutic importance of high ligature of the saphenous veins is stressed. Removal of the dilated veins by stripping is best, but unnecessarily radical procedures should be avoided. A combination of stripping with sclerotherapy is recommended. The dangers of both forms of treatment are outlined.


[Effect of various methods of administration of live poliovirus vaccine on the immunoglobulin levels in the blood serum and mouth mucosa secretion in children].

Oral vaccination with live trivalent poliomyelitis in the liquid form in drops exerts a considerable influence on the IgA content in oral cavity secretes. After immunization with same vaccine in capsules no significant changes in IgA levels could be observed in oral cavity secretes for a 18-week observation period. A considerable increase in IgA level in oral secretes in children vaccinated with vaccine in capsules was observed after a 4th administration of the vaccine given orally in drops. Inrrespective of the method of vaccine administrations in the blood serum there was a considerable increase in the levels of immunoglobulins of all classes in the course of vaccination.


[The effect of CO2 laser on skin lymphatics (author's transl)].

The intense infra-red rays of the CO2 laser effect instant evaporization and carbonization of superficial tissue layers. Simultaneously, small blood vessels in the immediate vicinity of the impact area are occluded, which results in a circumscribed ischaemic operating field. On the other hand, small lymphatic vessels are not sealed. The lymphatic drainage of an area can be blocked mechanically only by a relatively large wall of carbonized tissue. This is why laser surgery does not necessarily prevent propagation of suspended material in the lymphatics, e. g. tumour cells.


[Serum uric levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris (author's transl)].

Hyperuicaemia is a frequent finding in psoriasis vulgaris. Enhanced purine catabolism due to the rapid turnover of psoriatric epidermis is thought to be the cause of the raised serum uric acid levels. In the present study serum acid determinations were performed in 197 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Since no correlation was found between the extent of skin involvement and the incidence of hyperuricaemia, increased epidermopoesis does not seem to be an adequate explanation for hyperuricaemia in psoriasis. An analysis of body weight and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in psoriatic patients points to a combination of genetic predisposition and overeating as the causes of hyperuricaemia.


[Radioimmunoassay for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen].

A modification of radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of HBsAg is described. The schedule for purification and the method of iodinization of purified HBsAg are presented. The sensitivity of RIA and other immunological methods for detection of HBsAg was analysed comparatively. RIA in the modification described detected HBsAg in a concentration of 50 mg/ml.


[The implication of trace metals in household products in the causation of contact dermatitis (author's transl)].

The 6 most common fluid and powder detergent brands in use in Austria were analyzed as to their nickel and chromium content. The analysis was carried out by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. 1. The above-mentioned metals were found to be present in each of the products analysed. On average, the fluid detergents contained ten times less nickel and chromium than the powders. 2. Repeated investigations revealed a considerable variation in metal ion content in different batches of the same detergent. Thus, presumably the raw products already contain nickel and chromium and it is unlikely that these ions get into the products during the manufacturing process. 3. In the appropriately diluted detergent powder solutions, as recommended by the producer, the content of nickel was found to lie between 0.4 ppm and 0.717 ppm and the chromium content ranged from 0.733 to 0.917 ppm. Since powder detergents also contain complex-producing agents, it can be assumed that these concentrations of metal ions do not suffice for sensitization. In the fluid detergents the nickel and chromium contents were found to be below the safety limit for the elicitation of an excematous reaction.


[Allergic rhinitis--does the radioallergosorbent test improve the diagnosis? (author's transl)].

A comparison between the skin test and radioallergosorbent test RAST) in 127 patients with allergic rhinitis reveals no advantage of RAST. This contrasts with the results obtained in other allergic diseases. However, the determination of a single pollen allergen allows the in vitro diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, which, obviously, is due to cross reactivity of pollen allergens. This makes the RAST a useful procedure in routine diagnosis, especially in the case of patients living far away from an allergy centre. In these cases RAST can easily be used as a screening test.


Radioimmunoassay technique for detecting urinary excretion products after administration of synthetic anabolic steroids to the horse.

1. Cross-bred and thoroughbred geldings were injected with veterinary doses of various synthetic anabolic steroids. Urines collected sequentially from treated animals were analysed, following solvent extraction, by radioimmunoassay using 19-[3H]nortestosterone and an antibody raised against a 19-nortestosterone immunogen. 2. Urinary excretion of 19-nortestosterone and/or its cross-reacting metabolites was detectable for various times after administration of different nortestosterone esters, as follows: phenylpropionate (400 mg), greater than 14 days; cyclohexylpropionate (100 mg), greather than 10 days; laurate (200 mg) greater than 50 days. After administration of the parent steroid (150 mg) cross-reacting compounds were detectable in urine for ca. 3 days. 3. Urinary excretion of esters of other anabolic steroids cross-reacting with the 19-nortestosterone antibody (e.g. 1-dehydrotestosterone and trienbolone) could also be followed by analysing solvent extracts of urines by the radioimmunoassay. Cross-reacting compounds in urine after administration of 1-dehydrotestosterone undecylenate (250 mg) and trienbolone acetate (75 mg) could be detected for greater than 35 days and greather than 5 days, respectively.


Metabolites of 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxy- and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane.

1. Rabbits and rats dosed with 1,2-epoxy-3-phenoxypropane excrete 2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropionic acid and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)-L-cysteine. 2. Rabbits and rats dosed with 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane excrete 2-hydroxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propionic acid, N-acetyl-S-[2-hydroxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy/propyl)propyl]-L-cysteine and p-nitrophenol. 3. The administration of either epoxide to the rat produces a marked fall in hepatic GSH level. 4. The biliary excretion of metabolites of 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane is described.


Biotransformation of chlormezanone, 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-metathiazanone-1,1-dioxide, a muscle-relaxing and tranquillizing agent: the effect of combination with aspirin on its metabolic fate in rats and mice.

1. After oral administration of [14C]chlormezanone, about 74% of the dose was excreted into the urine of rats within 24 h and 21% into urine of mice within 2 h. 2. Biliary excretion of radioactivity was about 10% of the dose in rats. 3. Six metabolites in the urine of rats and mice were identified as p-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorohippuric acid, N-methyl-p-chlorobenzamide, 2-[N-methyl-N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)]carbamoylethylsulphonic acid, 3-sulphopropionic acid and the glucuronide of p-chlorobenzoid acid. 4. The effect of combination with aspirin on the metabolic fate of chlormezanone was investigated in rats and mice. Aspirin had no effect on the metabolite pattern in either species but reduced the rate of excretion, particularly in the mouse.


Metabolism of butyl p-nitrophenyl ether in vitro with rabbit liver preparations.

1. The metabolism of butyl p-nitrophenyl ether in vitro has been investigated with rabbit liver preparations. 2. Evidence for three metabolic pathways is presented. These involve initial microsomal hydroxylation at alpha, omega--1 or the omega positions of the butyl chain. 3. (omega--1)-Hydroxybutyl p-nitrophenyl ether was oxidized chiefly by the soluble fraction to the corresponding (omega--1)-oxo derivative which spontaneously decomposed to give p-nitrophenol. 4. omega-Hydroxybutyl p-nitrophenyl ether identified as a metabolite was further oxidized by the soluble fraction to p-nitrophenoxybutyric acid.


[Maintenance metabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Streptomyces hygroscopicus].

Investigations with the mycelium forming bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus IMET JA 6599 in glucose-limited chemostat cultures gave a maintenance coefficient of m = 0.031 h-1. This low maintenance coefficient corresponds to those of moulds (RIGHELATO et al. 1968, CARTER et al. 1971). With a simple model structured in active and inactive biomass (x1 and x2) it was tried to explain the low maintenance coefficient of S. hygroscopicus in relation to nonfilamentous growing microorganisms. The model contains the transition rate k, which describes the transition of active biomass in inactive one and the decay rate beta, which considers the decay of hyphae. The model was used to study the influence of beta on the maintenance coefficient and it was shown that maintenance metabolism can be simulated by the parameter beta alone.


[Structure of mannan of Candida guilliermondii H].

The mannan of Candida guilliermondii was acetolyzed and the seperation by gel chromatography gave five neutral fragments with the characteristic nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, mannose, mannobiose, mannotriose, mannotetraose, and mannopentaose. All oligosaccharide fragments were composed of mannose in alpha-linkage. Methylation analysis combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated (1 leads to 6)-linked D-mannopyranose main chains with (1 leads to 2)-linked D-mannopyranose side chains.


[Crohn's disease--observations on own patient material].

On the basis of own clinical material, consisting of 32 patients with Crohn's disease the picture of this disease is discussed. Patients with an acute terminal ileitis in whom no development in the sense of a Crohn's disease took place were not included in the study. It is typical that also in the number of our own patients that the perferred terminal ileum alone or in connection with other parts of the intestinum as well as a high coefficient of relapses could be proved. Of the complaints cramplike pains in the abdomen were the most frequent symptom. Of the laboratory findings an increased blood sedimentation rate, a decreased iron level, an anaemia and a pathologicial Schilling test were foremost. In 2 patients during a short period a toxic megacolon developed. In the two patients it was the first shift of the disease. In another patient the relatively seldom affection of the duodenum and the stomach by Crohn's disease could be diagnosed.


[Thermographic thorax diagnostics].

Among several variants of devices the infra-red thermography has obtained a wide technical perfection allowing to measure the thermal energy emitted from the body surface without contact, quickly and dynamically, and to produce a picture for analysis. Since numerous functional and pathophysiological proceedings are connected with changes of temperature, the use of thermography for diagnosis of processes near the body surface may be recommended. Based on thermic observations in 63 patients and a control experiment in 15 persons, experiences with the thermography in the diagnosis of diseases, which are localized more profoundly in the thoracic cavity, were reported.


[Alternating ECG changes in dystrophia myotonica (Curschmann-Steinert)].

It is reported on a 39-year-old patient who revealed pathological ECG-findings of the most different kind during several years. Since there were no clues to a myocarditis, later on, however, pareses of atrophical skeletal muscles developed and a distropia myotonica could be diagnosed, the cardiological disturbances are to be regarded as a symptom of this disease. When also a participation of the myocardium in the distrophia myotonica is not unknown, so even in our case the frequently changing disturbances of the nervous impulses of the heart, of the ventricular stimulus conduction and of the replolarisation of different expression as well as the pronounced hypersensitivity to heart glycosides are remarkable individual findings. The interpretation of these findings is problematic. Morphologic and dystrophic changes of the myocardium as well as functional myotonic disturbances on the membraneous system may influence the process of stimulation and may cause the clinical appearances.


[The cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with normal, marginally disordered and proven pathological glucose tolerance].

In 1.035 persons with reduced glucose tolerance (borderline diabetics, diabetic biophan G test admissions, spontaneous admissions and diabetics treated already for a longer time) the cardiovascular factors of risk over-weight (Broca-weight greater than or equal to 110%), hypertension (RR greater than or equal to 160/and/or 95 Torr), hypertriglyceridaemia (greater than or equal to 200 mg/100 ml), hypercholesterolaemia (greater than or equal to 300 mg/100 ml) and hyperuricaemia (greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/100 ml in males and 6.0 mg/100 ml in females) were determined and compared with the frequency of the same danger indicators of 255 persons with certainly normal glucose tolerance. Taking into consiteration the reduction of the glucose tolerance as cardiovascular factor of risk the glucosuria test admissions with 3.48 factor of risk/proband had no less factors of risk than the spontaneous diabetic admissions (3.29 factor of risk/proband). Already the borderline diabetic differed in the frequency of overweight, hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia significantly (p less than 0.01) from the normal case of the same age. Thus the glucose tolerance disturbed in its limit deserves increased consideration from the diabetological as well as from the cardiological point of view.


[Influence of oral antidiabetics on the fat metabolism in diabetics].

In the therapy of diabetes mellitus the avoidance of the late cardiovascular complications is at present the largest problem. By the American UGDP-study the attention was paid to an increased death rate of cardiovascular diseases induced possibly by sulfonyl ureas. Since it is ascertained that the disturbance of the fat metabolism which at the same time is frequently present also in diabetes mellitus significantly disturbs the risk for cardiovascular diseases the problem was pursued, to what extent the parameters of the fat metabolism are unfavourably influenced by a therapy with sulfonyl ureas. The result of the investigations was that by an additional intake of 5 mg glibenclamide a day in the usual dietetotherapy with clear improvement of the carbohydrate metabolism there appear no changes in the level of the triglycerides, the cholesterol or the beta-lipoproteids in the serum. By means of this a clear effect of the sulfonyl-ureas on the fat metabolism could be proved.