Suppression of gene 49 mutations of bacteriophage T4 by a second mutation in gene X: structure of pseudorevertant DNA.

Mutations in gene 49 of bacteriophage T4 were suppressed by a second mutation in gene X. Mapping studies located gene X between genes 41 and 42. Complementation results indicated that mutations in FdsA gene (a suppressor of gene 49 mutants) were in gene X. The intracellular pseudorevertant DNA was examined for unusual properties which could explain its successful encapsidation. After the in vivo inactivation of a temperature-sensitive gene 32 (DNA unwinding) protein, the intracellular pseudorevertant DNA was converted into DNA pieces of approximately genome size. A similar conversion was observed after in vitro digestion of pseudorevertant DNA with single-strand-specific S1 endonuclease. Appreciable quantities of oligomeric intermediates were not produced during this conversion process. These data indicate that pseudorevertant DNA contains sizable single-stranded gaps and has a conformation similar to that of wild-type DNA. The results further suggest that the suppression of gene 49 mutant abnormal DNA phenotype and the encapsidation defect by a second mutation in gene X is associated with the formation of sizable single-stranded gaps. These studies raise the possibility that single-stranded gaps may be involved directly in the DNA encapsidation process, or may act indirectly as a consequence of their effect on the organization of intracellular DNA.


Synthesis and glycosylation of polyprotein precursors to the internal core proteins of Friend murine leukemia virus.

Synthesis and post-translational processing of murine leukemia virus proteins were analyzed in a murine cell line (Eveline) that produces large amounts of Friend lymphatic leukemia virus. Immunoprecipitation of l-[(35)S]methionine-labeled cell extracts demonstrated that several different virus-specific proteins antigenically related to the virion core (gag) proteins p12 and p30 become radioactive within 1 min of labeling and exhibit labeling kinetics characteristic of primary translation products. The most abundant of these were proteins with molecular weights of 75,000 and 65,000. There were, in addition, two large glycosylated polyproteins with apparent molecular weights of 220,000 and 230,000, which were precipitated by antisera to p30 or p12 but not by antiserum to the major envelope glycoproteins gp69/71. Several lines of evidence, including labeling with d-[(3)H]glucosamine and binding to insolubilized lectins, suggested that the 75,000-dalton internal core polyprotein is slowly processed to form a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 93,000. On the contrary, the 65,000-dalton protein appeared to be an immediate precursor to the virion core proteins. Its processing can involve intermediates containing p30 and p12 antigens with molecular weights of 50,000 and 40,000; however, the latter did not appear to be obligatory intermediates. The detection of the 40,000-dalton protein suggested that the genes for p30 and p12 are adjacent on the viral genome. These results indicated that there are several pathways of synthesis and post-translational processing of polyprotein precursors to the gag proteins and that several of these polyproteins are glycosylated. A comparison of gag precursor processing in rapidly growing, slowly growing, and stationary cells indicated that different pathways are favored under different conditions of cell growth. Our analysis of envelope glycoprotein synthesis has confirmed the existence of two rapidly labeled 90,000-dalton glycoproteins, which appear to be precursors to the envelope glycoproteins gp69/71.


Formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses.

Wild-type recombinants were obtained at high frequency from coinfections of BHK cells involving temperature-sensitive, conditional-lethal mutants of snowshoe hare (SSH) and La Crosse (LAC) bunyaviruses. Analyses of two of the recombinants indicated that they have the genome compositions SSH/LAC/SSH and SSH/LAC/LAC for their respective L, M, and S virion RNA species. This evidence, together with that for the genetic stability of the recombinants, indicates that they were derived by segment reassortment of the competent genome pieces of the parental viruses. The SSH/LAC/SSH recombinant appears, from polypeptide analysis, to have the SSH type of nucleocapsid protein (N), whereas the SSH/LAC/LAC recombinant has the LAC nucleocapsid protein, suggesting that the viral S RNA codes for the N protein.


Transient association of Semliki Forest virus capsid protein with ribosomes.

HeLa cells infected with Semliki Forest virus were exposed to [35S]methionine for 1 min and chased for various periods. The analysis of labeled ribonucleoproteins showed that the viral capsid protein associated first with the large ribosomal subunit in polysomes, from which it was chased to assembling nucleocapsids and to free monosomes.


Quantitative analysis of left ventricular ejection phase by means of left ventricular cineangiography.

The left ventricular systolic ejection phase was cineangiographically analyzed in an attempt to evaluate left ventricular performance. Forty-eight patients were classified into five groups: (1) 9 controls; (2) 5 patients with PMD (congestive type) (COCM); (3) 9 patients with PMD hypertrophic type) (HCM), (4) 9 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD); and (5) 16 patients with mitral stenosis (MS). The rate of volume change (deltaV/deltat) and the volume change as a percentage of stroke volume (deltaV/SV) in patients with COCM and IHD were lower in the early systole and higher in the mid-systole as compared with the control group. Normalized systolic ejection rate (NSER) and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) for the early and late systole were significantly lower in patients with COCM and IHD than in the control group. In two patients with IHD in whom normal indices of left ventricular performance and no asynergy were observed, NSER and Vcf were normal in the late systole but were significantly lower in the early systole. In all 48 patients, deltaV/deltat, deltaV/SV, NSER and Vcf were compared statistically with conventional ejection phase indices and isometric phase indices. delthV/SV for the midstystole showed a negative correlation with EF, MNSER and mVcf. NSER and Vcf for all three phases showed a good correlation with Vmax, max dp/dt and R-max dp/dt but a better correlation with EF, MNSER and mVcf. It was concluded that NSER and Vcf for the early systole were sensitive indices of left ventricular performance and may be utilized to detect subtle depression of left ventricular performance.


Studies on the normal polarcardiograms using the inferosuperior axis as the polar axis.

Polarcardiography made possible not only to let us know the polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors at any instant very easily, but also to express the time-related curve of the polar coordinates of the cardiac vectors, which vary as function of time, in easily understandable analogue pattern. Especially it was difficult to grasp the time-related curves of the polar coordinates of ST segment and T wave by means of the conventional electrocardiography and vector-cardiography. QRS waves, ST segments and T waves of the spatial magnitude ECG and I-S latitude ECG in normal subjects were classified into the several definite patterns.


Cyclical reduction in blood flow of partially constricted coronary artery in dogs. II. An arteriographic study.

Mechanisms for cyclical reduction in peripheral blood pressure and flow of partially constricted coronary artery of anesthetized dogs has been examined. In 64 of 97 preparations, cyclical reduction in coronary blood pressure and flow developed 3 to 32 min after the beginning of constriction. Period duration of the cyclical reduction ranged from 1 to 32 min. The cyclical reduction was frequently associated with elevation of the ST segment of surface electrocardiogram, systolic bulge of the left ventricle and excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers. In the preparations in which cyclical reduction was not produced by constriction, a brief stretching of the constricted portion provoked the cyclical reduction. Segmental or diffuse narrowing of the constricted coronary artery which occurred during the reduction in pressure and flow was demonstrated by selective arteriography. Also, segmental spasm in the constricted coronary artery was demonstrated by photography. No obvious difference in the constricted of the artery was observed histologically between the preparations in which cyclical reduction developed and those in which cyclical reduction was not produced. The results indicate participation of vasospasm in the cyclical reduction of blood pressure and flow in partially constricted coronary artery.


Near-maximal exercise responses in health and disease in middle-aged Chinese men.

Cardiovascular, aerobic, and ventilatory responses to a multistage treadmill test of near-maximal exercise were determined in 208 middle-aged Chinese men to provide standards in health, and to identify differences in relation to hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic pulmonary disease and stroke. Except in patients with hypertension, exercise duration was shortened and symptom-limited oxygen uptake was reduced in all disease groups. Unexpectedly, stroke patients exhibited lower heart rate responses to exercise than did patients with coronary heart disease.


[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (author's transl)].

S-6436 and S-6437 are preparations of sustained release cefalexin, which consist of 30% of nonenteric coated granules and 70% of enteric coated ones. With oral administration of those preparations at b.i.d. regimen, good efficacies can be expected. Those preparations were orally given to 39 patients with skin and soft tissue infections and 4 patients with other infections at the dose levels of 1,000 approximately 2,000 mg/day (20 approximately 50 mg/day in children) at 2 divided doses. Excellent effect was observed in 30 patients and good effect was found in 13 patients. In 11 patients, usefulness of b.i.d. regimen was recognized. No side effects were observed. From the above. S-6436 and S-6437 are considered to be unique and useful preparations.


[Clinical experience with S-6436 in acute pyelonephritis (author's transl)].

S-6436 (a preparation consisting of 30% of non-enteric coated granules and 70% of enteric coated ones) was orally administered to the patients with acute pyelonephritis, and the following results were obtained: 1. Subjective symptoms: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 1, fair in 2 and poor in 4. 2. Urine finding: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 3 and poor in 4. 3. Disappearance of causative organisms: Organisms which were identified in the first examination were 17 strains of E. coli, one each of Pr. vulgalis, Klebsiella and Staph. epidermidis, 3 of Strept. faecalis, and 3 of mixed infections. Very good effect was observed in 16 cases, good in 1, fair in 1 and poor in 2. 4. Total evaluation: Very good in 13 cases (65%), good in 4 (20%) and poor in 3 (15%). 5. Slight discomfort in abdomen was observed in only one patient, but disappeared by administration of digestive. 6. S-6436 was given to the patients with acute pyelonephritis twice a day expecting that the drug has satisfactory clinical efficacy.


[Sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) and genitourinary tract infection (author's transl)].

1) Forty (40) patients with comparatively simply urinary tract infections were orally administered 1 g/day of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) in two divided doses (after breakfast and dinner) for 7 approximately 14 days, and 20 patients complicated with chronic urinary tract infections or epididymitis were orally given 2 g/day of the drug in two divided doses (after breakfast and dinner) for 7 approximately 28 days. Thirty six (90%) patients of the 40 receiving 1 g/day and seventeen (85%) of the 20 with 2 g/day satisfactorily responded to the drug. 2) Disappearance of organisms was observed in 43 patients (75.4%) of the 57 with urinary tract infections on whom bacteriological examination was conducted. Three (7.0%) of the 43, however, recurred within 7 days after the treatment. In six patients (10.5%) of the 57, the organisms were replaced. 3) Side effects such as gastrointestinal disturbance, allergic reactions, abnormality of blood picture, and impairments of renal and hepatic functions were examined and no such side effects were found except uriticaria in whole body was observed in only one patient with 1 g/day, which disappeared after discontinuation of the administration of the drug.


[Clinical efficacy of S-6436 in urinary tract infection (author's transl)].

S-6436 was orally given to the patients mainly with uncomplicated acute cystitis at two divided doses for 7 days with the following results: 1) One or 2g/day of S-6436 were administered to the patients with 93.7% of effectiveness. There is almost no difference in effectiveness between 1 g and 2g dosages. 2) Bacteria in urine disappeared in 74% of the patients treated and superinfection occurred in 22%. The disappearance of the bacteria was observed in 83.3% of the patients with E. coli and 60% with Staph. epidermidis. The superinfection however was observed in 16.5% with E. coli and 33.3% with Staph. epidermidis. The disappearance of bacteria was observed in each one case with Klebsiella, Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa. The superinfection was observed in 2 cases with Proteus. 3) Sensitivity tests on the organisms indicated that 94.4% of E. coli, 40% of Staph. epidermidis, Klebsiella and Staph. aureus were susceptible to the drug but Proteus and Ps. aeruginosa were not susceptible. 4) No remarkable side effects were observed, though digestive was used in several patients. From the above results, S-6436 is considered to be a useful drug which is expected to have as much effectiveness as regular cephalexin at two divided doses after breakfast and dinner.


[Clinical experience with S-6436 in urinary tract infections (author's transl)].

S-6436 is a new preparation of sustained release cephalexin. Twenty-eight patients with urinary tract infections were orally given 500mg of S-6436 twice a day for about 7 days, and the following results were obtained: 1) Excellent clinical responses were observed in 8 cases, good in 18 cases and failure in 2 cases. Effectiveness was 93%. 2) As for the side effect, gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in one case out of 28 cases, but they disappeared after the completion of the treatment. No other side effects due to S-6436 were observed. S-6436 has as much effectiveness and safety as compared with usual cephalexin preparations. The frequency of the administration of S-6436 is twice a day, which means that S-6436 is more convenient in giving it to patients than usual cephalexin preparations.


[Excretion in bile and clinical study of T-1220 (piperacillin) in biliary tract diseases (author's transl)].

The excretion of T-1220 in bile was evaluated in 4 patients with biliary tract diseases. The bile was collected for 6 hours after intravenous injection of T-1220. The maximal concentration in bile was 1,600 mcg/ml at 0.5 approximately 1 hour after administration of 1 g of T-1220 to 1 case. In 3 cases treated with 2 g, the maximal concentration was 155 approximately 1,115 mcg/ml at 2 approximately 3 hours after administration. Total excretion rates in bile after 0 approximately 6 hours were 0.5 approximately 7.2%. T-1220 was applied clinically to 3 patients with biliary tract infections. Clinical results obtained were good in all cases. No side effect was observed in all cases.


[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (S-6437) for pediatric use in pediatrics (author's transl)].

S-6437 is a preparation of sustained release cefalexin consisting of non-enteric coated granules and enteric coates ones and it is reported that the drug shows good effectiveness with b.i.d. regimen. Various infections in pediatrics were treated with S-6437 and the following results were obtained. Dose used was 40 approximately 100 mg/kg/day at 2 divided doses after breakfast and dinner. 1) Twenty patients (87.0%) of the 23 with respiratory tract infections and 3 (60.0%) of the 5 with the other infections responded to the drug. Overall effectiveness was 82.1% (23/28 cases). 2) As for side effects, tentative diarrhea was observed in 5 patients (17.2%) of the 29 but no other severe side effects were found. 3) S-6437 is considered to be a drug which overcomes inconvenience of giving regular cefalexin four times a day.


[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (X-6437) (author's transl)].

Oral sustained release cephalexin (S-6437) was administered to 24 pediatric patients. Daily dose used was 18 approximately 60 mg/kg, which was divided into two doses and given after breakfast and dinner. The following are the results of the study. Out of 24 patients, 6 showed very good response, 10 good response, 6 fair, 1 poor and 1 unknown, Ratio of effectiveness was 69.6%. Two patients were reluctant to receive the drug and, therefore, they took other drugs. The other 22 patients, however, were easily given. No remarkable side effects due to S-6437 were found. From the above results, it was recognized that S-6437 has good effectiveness and safety, and it is convenient to give to children because the frequency of the drug administration is only twice a day.


[Clinical experience with sustained release cefalexin (S-6436) in surgery (author's transl)].

Sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) was studied in 23 outpatients (20 males, 3 females) who visited surgery of our hospital. The summary of the study is as follows: 1) The drug was administered for 2 approximately 8 days and the average was 3.5 days. Clinical effectiveness was 87.0% with the following breakdown: excellent 4, good 16, and poor 3. 2) Causative organisms isolated from the patients showing excellent effectiveness were all staphylococci. 3) No side effects were observed in any patients receiving the drug. From the above results, it is expected that S-6436 has good effectiveness and can be used as a first choice drug to outpatients with mild infections such as superficial infections who want to go to the office or school over their receiving the treatment.


[Clinical experience with sustained release cephalexin (S-6436) in urology (author's transl)].

Clinical studies of S-6436 were conducted in 30 urinary tract infection patients in urology with the following conclusion. The patients received the drug twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 1. Of the 30 patiens, excellent efficacy was observed in 9 patients, good efficacy in 14, fair in 5 and poor in 2. The effectiveness (excellent or good) was 76.7%. 2. Twenty-seven (27) strains were isolated from the 30 patients and 23 strains (85.2%) of the 27 disappeared with the administration of the drug. 3. Side effects were found in 3 patients (10%) of the 30. The incidence was almost similar to that of regular cephalexin. No remarkable changes in laboratory data were observed. 4. S-6436 which requires the administration of only twice a day is a preparation which is more convenient for patients than regular cephalexin which requires the administration of four times a day.


[Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6435 and S-6436) in tonsillitis and pharyngitis (author's transl)].

Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6435 and S-6436) was conducted with the following results: 1) Pediatric patients with 1.5 approximately 12 years of age having acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis were orally administered 500 approximately 1,000 mg/day of S-6435 or S-6436 divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner. Out of 21 patients receiving the preparations, 19 patients satisfactorily responded to them and 2 fairly did. 2) In only one patient of the 21, rash was observed during the treatment. The side effect, however, disappeared 2 days after the initiation of the treatment, and was considered to be due to underlying disease of the patient. No other side effects were observed. Since it has become our concern to conduct injectable therapy in children, oral therapy should first be recommended to them. However, oral drugs, like a regular cephalexin, requiring q.i.d. regimen are inconvenient in giving the drugs to patients because they have to take the drugs once at midnight. S-6435 and S-6436, however, have no such disadvantages and prove to have as much effectiveness and safety as regular cephalexin has.


[Clinical study of sustained release cephalexin (S-6436, S-6437) in dermatology (author's transl)].

S-6436 or S-6437 was orally administered to 30 patients with bacterial infections including some patients with secondary infections. The following results were obtained: 21 patients had excellent effect, good 5, fair 2 and poor 2. The effectiveness was 86.7%. One gram (potency)/day of sustained release cephalexin was given to most of the patients divided into 2 doses after breakfast and dinner. This b.i.d. regimen was popular among outpatients as well. Staph. aureus isolated from 73.3% of the patients disappeared. Overall bacteriological effectiveness was 72.2%. In only 2 patients, side effects were observed. One had a mild pain in stomach and the other had aggravation of itching in complication of eczema. No abnormalities in laboratory studies which were conducted in some patients were found.


Relation of occupations to the regional differences of lung cancer motality in Fukuoka Prefecture.

Geographic pattern of lung cancer mortality in Fukuoka Prefecture showed elevated mortalities among males in the Chikuho district where many coal-mines had long been operated as one of the biggest coal-mining areas in Japan. The analysis in relations of occupations to lung cancer mortality revealed that consistently significant correlations exist between lung cancer mortality, and mining and quarrying occupations in every census year after World War II. No other occupations showed consistent relations to lung cancer though a few significant correlations were found only in the recent years. The results appear to suggest that elevated risk of lung cancer among coal-mining workers may exist and deserve further analytical study.


[Determination of a small amount of acrylamide in air (author's transl)].

According to the recently published "Guidebook of Measuring Method for Environmental Atmosphere" edited by the Department of Safety and Health Labour Administration of Japan, it is recommended to determine acrylamide (AAM) in air by sampling with glass fiber filter, extracting into methanol and injecting in the FID gaschromatograph (GC). Although acrylamide particle may be measured by this method, it is questionable whether a small amount of gaseous acrylamide could be determined together. We have investigated the determination of a small amount of acrylamide monomer in air by sampling it on solid adsorbent packed in a specially designed sampling tube. We concluded that it is capable to determine a small amount of acrylamide in air, by using the above mentioned sampling tube packed with Flusin-F (treated with phosphoric acid; 30--60 mesh) as the solid adsorbent, at the concentration range from 1.0 to 0.01 ppm (v/v), and the recovery rate of 82--83%.


[Comparison of descriptive expressions between ILO U/C international classification of radiographs of pneumoconiosis 1971 and Japanese classification of pneumoconiosis law in Japan 1960 in pulmonary asbestosis (author's transl)].

In the explanatory text of the ILO U/C International classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (1971) sent to Japan in 1973, items of its expression on pulmonary asbestosis were analyzed by the author. On the other hand, items of Japanese Asbestosis Classification of Pneumoconiosis Law were also analyzed. The ILO U/C International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis (1971) have some confused words. As to pulmonary asbestosis, an expression of irregular opacities is used, but the fundamental X-ray opacities such as linear opacities are forgot in the description. The X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis are divided into 3 types as s, t and u. It is, however, difficult in practice to divide X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis into such types. The classification of X-ray findings of the pulmonary asbestosis in the Japanese Pneumoconiosis Law is based on the classification worked out by many investigators i; the past, providing for simplicity and ease of handling.


Cardiovascular activity of Carnigen in normotone and in experimentally hypotone dogs.

Activity of Carnigen on the cardiovascular system, following intraduodenal and intravenous application, was investigated in normotone and hypotone dogs anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, 35-40 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Intraduodenal application of 1 and 3 mg Carnigen/kg caused an increase in blood pressure and tachycardia. The total peripheral resistance was lessened, in normotone as well as hypotone dogs, whereas the cardiac output and stroke volume were augmented. A rise in myocardial inotrophy and cardiac work in combination  with a moderate increase in left ventricular O2 consumption also occurred as result of the action of Carnigen. An increase in the central and peripheral venous pressure was registered during continuous infusion of Carnigen. Coronary flow was also raised, in a dose dependent manner within the range of 0.1 to 1 mg Carnigen/kg i.v. The rise in arterial blood pressure is due to an increase in cardiac output, resulting from the positive inotropic action of this compound on the myocardium. The reduction in arterial resistance can be explained on the basis of a possible interaction between the inosine, released from Carnigen, and the adenosine already present in the system.


Comparative studies on anti-nicotinic action of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine in the guinea pig isolated ileum.

The mechanism of anti-nicotinic actions of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine was investigated in guinea pig isolated ileum. Mecamylamine shifted the dose-response curves for nicotine to the right with a gradual depression. On the other hand, hexamethonium shifted the curves to the right without a depression and adenosine made only a gradual depression, suggesting the different modes of their antinicotinic actions. The transmurally-stimulated twitch response was unaffected, partially inhibited and abolis hed by hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine, respectively. These three compounds also had little effect on direct muscle response to acetylcholine and on the acetylcholinesterase activity of the ileum. From these results, it is suggested that the antagonism to the effect of nicotine shown by mecamylamine does not appear to be a simple competitive blockade of ganglionic receptors as is the case with hexamethonium and that adenosine may antagonize the effect of nicotine non-competitively. The mechanism by which mecamylamine and adenosine showed anti-nicotinic action is discussed.


Natriuresis of fasting in intact and adrenalectomized rats.

Experiments were carried out in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of fasting-induced natriuresis in conscious rats. Female animals were given low sodium diet and saline in a fixed concentration for at least three days, and deprived of food thereafter. The sodium balance significantly shifted to negative independently of potassium supply in intact rats. Such was also observed in the dexamethasone-replaced, adrenalectomized rats and was not affected by further administration of  aldosterone. In addition, the diuretic effect of insulin in fasted intact rats was not evident in the fed diabetic rats in which diabetes had been induced by streptozotocin. Such findings suggested participation of factors other than insulin. The natriuresis of fasting in intact rats appears to involve two factors, one of which is independent of the sodium intake level. Dependence on the sodium intake level may be derived from alteration of the solute diuresis-like effect of drinking saline w hen animals are fasted. These results suggest that neither aldosterone nor insulin is a major causal factor involved in fasting-induced natriuresis.


Effects of a 2-substituted adenosine derivative, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-adenosine (CV-1674) on coronary and cardiohemodynamics, and myocardial energetics.

In dogs, intracoronary doses of CV-1674, adenosine ( ADS) and 2-Cl-ADS for doubling coronary flow were estimated as 5.0, 2.0 and 0.4 microgram/dog, and i.v. doses 31, 71 and 2.5 microgram/kg, respectively. ADS and 2-Cl-ADS decreased, while CV-1674 increased LV dp/dt. Intravenous infusion (30 min) of CV-1674 (10 microgram/kg per min) and ADS (700 microgram/kg per min) decreased coronary resistance to approximately the same extent. Decreases in blood pressure, total peripheral resistance and myocardial O2 concumption with ADS were more prominent than those with CV-1674. ADS produced a marked bradycardia that was not evident with CV-1674. Neither agent had a significant influence on myocardial efficiency. In guinea pig atria, ADS and 2-Cl-ADS exerted negative effects while those with CV-1674 were positive inotropic and chronotropic. In cats, intraduodenal ADS (10 mg/kg) produced no effects on cardiohemodynamic parameters.  CV-1674 (250 and 500 microgram/kg) increased myocardial tissue blood flow (MBF) with a slight hypotension in a dose-dependent manner, whereas 2-Cl-ADS (100, 250 and 500 microgram/kg) increased MBF only with the highest dose concomitantly with marked hypotension and bradycardia. These results suggest that CV-1674 induces selective coronary vasodilation with less depression on cardiohemodynamics, and is relatively well absorbed from the intestinal tract. The pharmacological profile of the compound, therefore, differs from that of ADS and 2-Cl-ADS.


Effect of erabutoxin on respiration of rabbits.

The effect of erabutoxin (ETX) was examined on respiration of rabbits. A single dose of 15 microgram/kg or 25 microgram/kg of ETX did not cause respiratory paralysis, but repeated administration of 15 microgram/kg of ETX at 3 hour intervals (three times) or 25 microgram/kg at 4 hour intervals (twice) caused fatal respiratory paralysis. Furthermore, a single administration of 50 microgram/kg of ETX caused fatal respiratory paralysis within 2 hours after the administration in all animals. This respiratory paralysis caused by ETX was reversible and of long duration (10-20 hour). This respiratory paralysis was not blocked by the administration of anticurare agents (neostigmine, edrophonium) or respiratory stimulants (nikethamide, picrotoxin, dimorpholamine). Since ETX had no influence on the circulatory system, death caused by ETX was prevented with application of artificial respiration.


The pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in rats.

The absorption and tissue distribution of ochratoxin A (OCT A) following a single oral dose of OCT A were investigated in adult, male Wistar rats. In experiments concerning excretory patterns of OCT A, 14C-OCT A was used. A relatively large amount of OCT A was found in the circulating blood 48 hours after dosing. The patterns of absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of OCT A were affected by acute catarrhal enteritis produced by OCT A and/or ochratoxin alpha(OCT alpha). Quantitative data show that OCT A is distributed mostly in the kidney and this finding is closely associated with the tissue specifity of OCT A-induced nephrotoxicity. OCT A was found to be hydrolyzed to its major metabolite, OCT alpha by addition of the homogenate of pancreas, duodenum and ileum. Approximately 56% of OCT A administered was excreted in both urine and feces as the unchanged toxin and OCT alpha during 120 hours following dosing. A relatively larger amount of OCT alpha was detected as compared with that of OCT A.


[Spatial properties on the contralateral suppressive field in binocular rivalry (author's transl)].

This paper was to examine the spatial extent of the Contralateral Suppressive Field by using a probe stimulus (20' in diameter) method. It was found that (a) the suppressive effect, measured by frequency of phenomenal disappearance of the probe stimulus, declined sharply in proportion to the distance from the contour of the suppressor, and it declined more sharply near the center of the visual field and (b) the same effect increased in proportion to the contrast of the suppressor, but was independent of the width of the suppressor.


Hemispheric differences in a categorization matching task.

The laterality difference in the execution of the higher-order cognitive task, categorization utilizing a superordinate concept, was examined. The subjects decided whether the two stimuli serially presented in the right or left visual field came under an identical category. In Exp. I, outline drawing stimuli were used and the RVF condition superiority in latency in the "same" response and LVF condition superiority in the "different" responses were demonstrated. These results were similar to those in the previous physical matching task and suggested that a superordinate concept was not in use to execute the present task. In Exp. II, vertically written verbal stimuli were used and the RVF condition superiority in both the "same" and the "different" responses were demonstrated. These results would suggest the superiority of the left hemisphere in the higher-order cognitive tasks.


[Occipital blindness in juvenile, spongiform glio-neuronal dystrophy (author's transl)].

A 17-year-old patient with spongiform glioneuronal dystrophy is described. Symptoms of a severe infection at the onset of this disease give an insight on the unknown etiology. Occipital visual disturbances were the main signs in this case. 5 years after the onset of the disease death occured. The pathological-anatomical findings were: necrosis of ganglion cells in the visual cortex, severe loss of Purkinje- and granular cells of the cerebellum with spongy changes and cavities in the occipital lobe. Slight loss of ganglion cells was to be seen in the striata area, thalamus, dentate nucleus, and in the inferior olive. In addition, there was a demyelinisation of the posterior funiculi.


[Factors influencing the urgency of repair of retinal detachment (author's transl)].

An earlier publication (1974) described the urgency for surgical repair of some retinal detachments. The presurgical state of the macula provides a basis for categorizing detachments into 5 prognostic groups. Due to different degrees of macular detachment a statistical significance was present in the postsurgical visual acuity. The following clinical findings define the urgency for repair of a retinal detachment: 1. the macula attached but threatened by an approaching bullous, 2. the macula partially detached, 3. the macula detached for 1 day but less than 1 week, and 4. the macula detached in an old or highly myopic patient.


[Sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs in the therapy of glaucoma (author's transl)].

The basis of sympathetic impulse transmission are summarised. Sympathomimetics and sympatholytics are discussed with regard to their mode of action, clinical use and contra-indications. We found that a 1% solution of adrenaline twice a day together with miotics is most suitable for long-term treatment. With the beta-blockers Bupranolol and Timolol tried by us can a massive pressure reduction be obtained, but which is of short duration with the concentrations used up till now. Adrenergic potentiators can not be recommended.


[The consideration of topographic anatomy in ophthalmic surgery (author's transl)].

The fistulizing operations can be classified with regard to their topography to the Schlemm's canal into the precanalicular Elliot's trephining, the trephining in the region of the Schlemm's canal (intercanalicular) or of its next vicinity with scleral flap (goniotrephining with scleral flap), the sclerectomy in the region of the Schlemm's canal (intercanalicular) or of its next vicinity with scleral flap (trabeculectomy). If the trephining is performed retrocanalicularly, the scleral spur and the ciliary muscle are involved. Iridodialysis and haemorrhage from the circulus arteriosus iridis major may occur in the peripheral iridorhexis, which is recommended for the iridencleisis and for the iridectomy in acute glaucoma. The proof for the decompression of the intrascleral optical canal in central vein thrombosis by the surgical procedure reported by Vasco-Posada cannot be deduced when the topographic-anatomical circumstances are taken into consideration.


[Benign angiofollicular lymphoma of the eyelid (author's transl)].

The first case of benign angiofollicular lymphoma (Castleman) of the lower and upper eyelid is reported. The patient was a 79-year-old woman. The multifocal tumor was removed in two operations. The patient has since been free of complaints and the tumor has not recurred. This observation shows that Castleman's tumor must be included in the differential diagnosis of ophthalmologic benign and malignant lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. The diversity in nomenclature of this tumor expresses the varying pathogenetic and etiologic concepts. As in the present case, the majority of extrathoracal angiofollicular lymphomas of the hyaline-vascular type is obviously best interpreted as being hamartomas or choristomas. This does not exclude a poly-etiology, especially of the plasma cell type which is associated with general clinical symptoms.


[Ophthalmological long-term effects of malar fractures (author's transl)].

In the years 1964 to 1974 138 patients with malar fractures were treated by operation. After follow-up examination on an average of 3 years and 10 months after the operations the occuring complications in 61 patients were revealed. On the first stationary admission to hospital 14 patients complained of diplopia; on the follow-up examination only 5 paresiae were found. On the first examination after the accident 35 patients had hypoaesthesiae, anaesthesiae or paraesthesiae in the area of supply of the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves. It is remarkable that in the follow-up examination 29 patients complained still of these disturbances. Perforating injuries were not found in these patients. 2 patients had however traumatic macular foramina. 2 further patients had partial optic atrophy, a result of fracture in the region of the optic canal.


[Studies on the lymph drainage of the eye. 2. Drainage of lymph-dependent radioactive substances from the anterior chamber. (author's transl)].

In order to study lymph drainage from the eye colloid solutions (198Au-colloid and 99mTc-sulfur-colloid) were injected into the right anterior chamber of the eye in 12 rabbits. The distribution of the radioactivity was measured in vivo with an Anger-type camera and in vitro with a sodium iodine crystal well-counter after dissection. The drainage of radioactivity from the anterior chamber had an average half-life of 36 min. The drained activity could be found mainly in blood, liver, kidney, and bone tissue. Moreover, a concentration of radioactivity significantly surpassing the concentration in blood was measured in the right retrobulbar space in 75% of the cases and in the cervical lymph nodes in 50% of the cases. These findings substantiate a communication between the anterior chamber of the eye and the retrobulbar space in the form of a lymphatic or a prelymphatic-lymphatic flow.


[Dangers of ocusert therapy (author's transl)].

According to many publications, patients who wear Ocusert often loosed their medicamental pocket. We observed a case, who developed an acute angle-block-glaucoma. This was a reason for us, to represent the dangers of Ocusert-therapy. A glaucoma with narrow angle of the anterior chamber should be regarded as a contraindication.


[Closure of the central artery of the retina in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)].

In the present paper a case of generalized scleroderma with concomitant central arterial occlusion is reported. To our knowledge this coincidence of generalized scleroderma and central arterial occlusion has not been described so far. As fibrinoid necrosis and proliferative changes of the choroidal vessels occur with generalized scleroderma the possibility is discussed that the central arterial occlusion may be an effect of the scleroderma.


[Intraocular (subretinal) echinococcosis (author's transl)].

A case report is given of a 2-year-old boy with a young subretinal hydatid cyst in his left eye. Without inflammation. Secondary convergent strabismus was present. The diagnosis was made by positive intracutan-test by Casoni.


[Macular function after successful surgery of retinal detachment (author's transl)].

Following successful surgery 20 cases of retinal detachment with previous separation of the macular area were submitted to examination of visual acuity, colour perception and metamorphopsia. Improvement of visual acuity usually developed during the 12-week-period of supervision; this improvement was related to the preoperative duration of the detachment. The disturbance of colour sense was confined to the perception of yellow and blue, beeing independent of the duration of the retinal detachment; as a rule a tendency to improvement was found during the time of observation. Labile postoperative metamorphopsias were more pronounced in the spoke-test than in the Amsler-test. No evident connexions between the duration of retinal detachment and the intensity of metamorpoptic distortions could be found. In cases with retinal tears in the posterior segment cured with a high plombade effect stable visual distortions occurred in the Amsler-test only. Such distortions seem to be due to mechanical factors and cannot be considered real metamorphopsias.


[The drug treatment of "myopia syndrome" (author's transl)].

46 patients with myopia syndrome were treated for over two years with Difrarel E and Neosynephrin 5%. Three patients discontinued treatment. Only in one case deterioration occured. All remaining patients showed none or only slight changes of the refraction during the treatment period.


[Immunosuppressive treatment of Behçet's disease (author's transl)].

Report on the results of immunsuppressive therapy in 6 patients with Behçet's disease. A combined regimen of azathioprine and cortisone improved the course of the disease and diminished the number of recidives. In order to prevent irreversible damage to the eye early immunosuppressive therapy is advocated. Because of possible side-effects of azathioprine the necessity of further treatment should be reevaluated after several months without symptoms and then gradually terminated.


[The significance of central, peripheral and binocular vision for parachute jumping (author's transl)].

In this study personal observations during parachute jumping under various visual conditions are recorded. Jumps were executed with reduced visual acuity, monocular vision, and hemianopic defects of the visual fields. The conclusions regarding admission to parachute jumping drawn from the author's personal observations are discussed.


[A simple method to perform conjunctivorhinostomy (author's transl)].

We have done conjunctivorhinostomy with a new and more simple method than that of Chandler et al. (1974/1975). A venous cannule is pushed through the conjunctiva via ductus nasolacrimalis to the nose. When dye-marked physiological salt solution can be injected through the needle into the nose, we can be sure to have the right position. Now the needle is pulled away and the plastic cannula sutured to the conjunctiva. We have made this new operation only a few times and we are expecting good results.


[The prognostic value of the laser-interference-fringe-test with cataract patients (author's transl)].

The retinal visual acuity of 198 cataractous eyes was tested with interference-fringes and compared with the post-operative visual acuity. A new method of creating interference-fringes was used. The interference-fringe technique showed its special clinical value with immature cataracts. It is of certain value also with premature cataracts. With mature and hypermature cataracts no results of clinical value could be obtained. The method seems to have its value with congenital and juvenile cataracts.


[Dopamin-beta-hydroxylaseaktivität im Plasma von Dialysepatienten (author's transl)].

Plasma dopamin-b-hydroxylase (DBH) was studied in 70 healthy control persons and in 37 hemodialysed patients. Basal DBH in controls corresponded to 50.0 +/- 29.3 IU. There was was no significant difference between males (53.9 +/1 33.8 IU) and females (47.4 +/- 25 IU); no correlation could be found between age and plasma DBH. In hemodialysed patients basal DBH levels were significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased (32.5 %/- 17.6 IU), suggesting lowered sympathetic activity and/or abnormalities in release, distribution space, or metabolism of DBH. During hemodialysis plasma DBH activity rose during ultrafiltration. This finding indicates a directionally appropriate sympathetic reflex response to volume depletion in dialysed patients.


Morphological findings of different areas of gastric mucosa in patients with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria, normochlorhydria and their relationship to serum gastrin levels: evidence for two different types of gastritis.

The morphological changes of gastric mucosa taken from different areas has been studied in patients of approximately the same age with achlorhydria, extreme hypochlorhydria and normochlorhydria. The serum gastrin level and parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric parietal cell antibodies were determined in the achlorhydric patients. In the latter the diffuse gastritis was localized in the corpus-fundic area, while the changes in the antral region were few and occurred mostly in the superficial zone. In normochlorhydric patients however, the diffuse gastritis was localized in the antral region, with only few changes at the corpus-fundic area. In patients with extreme hypochlorhydira either the fundic or the antral region was involved. Besides the diffuse gastritis intestinal metaplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and atrophy of mucosa were also observed, although much less commonly. The increase of gastrin level could not be related to a definite morphological pattern in the gastric mucosa. It can be assumed that each of the two types of gastritis has a different natural history; the antral site of gastrititis cannot be transformed into the fundic site, nor can the fundic site be transformed into the antral site.


[Ferritin. Radioimmunological determination in serum and clinical significance (author's transl)].

Ferritin is an iron storage protein which has been shown to be present in blood serum only recently. An immunoradiometric determination of ferritin in 324 subjects with different iron stores is reported. In healthy men and women a ferritin concentration of 131 microgram/l (SD: 1,59) and 67 microgram/l (SD: 1,79) was found respectively. In male and female blood donors as well as patients with iron deficiency and iron overload significant differences of serum ferritin concentration could be demonstrated. In clinical practice the determination of serum ferritin is a valuable method for the estimation of body iron stores.


[Serumferritin in patients with malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].

Serum of 70 patients with malignant lymphoma was tested for concentration of ferritin by immunoradiometric assay. Serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease showed an apparently increased ferritin concentration only in the stage III and IV. Concentration of serum ferritin was found normal in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of low malignancy. Among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphome of high malignancy only one who suffered from advanced immunoblastic sarcoma showed increased concentration of serum ferritin. Patients with elevated concentration of serum ferritin had a decreased level of serum iron and showed also anemia. Their bone marrow reticulum was rich in dyeing iron. These results suggest that hyperferritinemia in patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease is related to a lack of release of iron from reticuloendothelial system.


[Arteriovenous haemofiltration: a new and simple method for treatment of over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics].

Fluid withdrawal in over-hydrated patients resistant to diuretics was obtained by means of a capillary haemofilter, using the arterio-venous pressure gradient for blood perfusion at a rate of 100 ml/min. The ultrafiltration rate was 200-600 ml/h and could be maintained as long as 48 h without changing the haemofilter. This method, which needs no technical investment, is easy and simple to handle for the physician, bears only a very low risk for the patient, and ensures a negative fluid balance even at a mean blood pressure of only 60 mm Hg.


[Man and his environment. Introduction with historical analysis].

This historical analysis, given at the 109th Meeting of the German Society of Naturalists, Scientists and Physicians was intended as an introduction to the day assigned to the Medical Section of the Society. The following topics were dealt with: (1) the claim of science and scientists of the 19th Century to establish absolute norms by scientific methods, (2) the change of paradigm of modern sciences during the last hundred years, (3) the profound changes concerning "Man and His Environment", which was the general topic of the meeting.


[Detection of genetic defects by amniocentesis in early pregnancy (author's transl)].

In the view of the obstetrician the development of prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases is the consequent continuation of preventive measures for mother and child during prenatal care. In vitro cultivation of fetal cells after amniocentesis in the beginning second trimester enabled the use of those cells for cytogenetic and biochemical analyses. In doing so, chromosomal anomalies, an increasing number of inborn metabolic diseases and open neural tube defects can be detected or excluded in early pregnancy. We are today in a position to encourage carrier families suffering from hereditary defects to have children in cases which have so far been dissuaded from pregnancy. Due to the fact that in approximately 95% of the cases an inborn anomaly can be excluded prenatal diagnosis of congenital defects has got a positive effect on the ongoing pregnancy and over all family planning. Based on our studies of 1000 amniocenteses indications, risks and results are being presented. The diagnostic possibilities of the fetoscopy are being discussed in the light of the first own experiences.


[Human tolerance to repeated +Gz loads].

Centrifugation experiments were carried out to study human tolerance to repeated acceleration +Gz of 7.5 and 8.5 G as maximal and 1.2 and 3.0 G as minimal values. The exposures were no longer than II min with the onset rate of 0.3 to 0.8 G/sec. Repeated exposures to acceleration changed their tolerance by test subjects. Further study of the effects of repeated exposures to +Gz is needed under the conditions similar to those of a real flight.


[Water-salt metabolism in white rats following a flight on the Cosmos-690 biosatellite].

As a result of a combined effect of prolonged weightlessness and ionizing radiation at a dose of 800 rad aboard the biosatellite Cosmos-690, the recovery time of certain parameters of fluid-electrolyte metabolism (hydration of the body, balance of sodium, potassium, calcium) was longer than that for the animals which flew abroad the biosatellite Cosmos-605.


[Clinical aspects of a change in the nervous system after 49-day head-down hypokinesis].

Clinical and neurological methods were used to investigate the state of the central nervous system of 9 healthy male test subjects during a 49-day head-down (at an angle of 4-6 degrees) bed rest experiment. Beginning with the 4-5th week polymorphic changes in the nervous state emerged and developed. They can be divided into three clinical syndromes: astheno-neurotic syndrome that of autonomic dysfunction and the syndrome of neuromuscular (trophic) and statokinetic disorders. In comparison with the clinostatic bed rest, head-down tilting brought about changes in the nervous system earlier and with a more distinct "acute" phase. This is in favour of the concept that hemodynamic changes in the brain and the upper body play a very important part in the pathogenetic mechanism that underlies most disorders accompanying bed rest.


[Effect of prolonged weightlessness on protein metabolism in rat red and white skeletal muscles].

With the aid of C14-leucine incorporation into proteins the protein synthesis in the red (m. soleus) and white (m. extensor dig. longus) skeletal muscles of flight and synchronous rats from the Cosmos-605 experiment was investigated. On the 2nd postflight day the total synthesis of proteins (as calculated per whole muscle) in the red muscle of flight rats remained unaltered. Therefore, distinct atrophy of this muscle that was seen only in flight rats can be attributed to increased degradation of proteins. On the 2nd postflight day the white muscle of both flight and synchronous rats showed moderate atrophy, not only increased protein degradation but also inhibited protein synthesis contributes to this.


[State of the muscle motor neuron apparatus in rats with limited mobility].

Neurohistochemical examinations of the motor nerve endings in the soleus and gastrochemius muscles of rats kept from 7 to 65 days under hypokinetic conditions were performed. The study of the soleus muscle revealed changes which resulted in the formation of the so-called target fibers and partial death of muscle fibers as well as changes in the nerve endings. These changes seemed to be destructive throughout the 7-15-hypokinetic day period and reparative during 30-65 hypokinetic days. The study of the gastrochemius muscle, where atrophic changes normally developed, did not demonstrate any structural changes in motor patches. It is suggested that disorders in the motor nerve endings of the soleus muscle are induced by circulation disturbances in the muscular tissue at early hypokinesia.


[Daily changes in the activity of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal system in animals with varying individual radiosensitivity].

Circadian variations in the functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system of Wistar rats with different individual radiosensitivity were studied. The latter was measured using an adrenaline test. The rats that differed in their radiosensitivity showed dissimilar circadian changes which included the amplitude, position of acrophases, pattern of periodic processes in the HPA system. Radioresistant rats exhibited a smaller amplitude of changes in the HPA system and a significantly larger amplitude of variations of the effectors.


Changes in thymus size observed radiographically during the course of spontaneous lymphoma in the AKR/J mouse.

Previous means of diagnosing AKR lymphoma only detected mice in fairly advanced stages of the disease. Since the first organ to be affected is usually the thymus, a study was made of the feasibility of diagnosing the disease and following its course by observing changes in thymus size radiographically. Rapid exposure of unanesthetized AKR/J mice to relatively soft X rays provided adequate radiographs with negligible doses to the mice (3-4 mrad). Planimeter measurements made of the cross-sectional area around the heart and thymus in side view radiographs of the individually housed mice provided a quantitative and reproducible measure of the thymus size for thymuses greater than 100 mg. When these measurements were added to the palpation scores of spleen and lymph nodes, all leukemic mice were detected. Thymus size increases were not detected until late in the disease, and decrease in thymus size was seen in approximately half of the mice prior to death. This precluded direct correlation of size to time of death. There was no relationship between the preterminal decrease in thymus size and increasing or decreasing blood leukocyte counts or leukocyte size.


Hormonal regulation of rapid eosinopenia in the rat.

The stress of handling and taking blood samples from adult male Sprague Dawley rats every 10 minutes for 60 minutes resulted in eosinopenia within 10 minutes. The fall in eosinophils reached a nadir of 63% of the nonstressed sample by 40 minutes. This eosinopenia was mediated by way of the adrenocortical steroids as indicated by the failure of both adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized rats to react to the stress of handling and sampling with an eosinopenic response similar to the intact controls. The response was not dependent on the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine since propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, failed to produce any diminution of the eosinopenic response.


[Toxicology of 1-4-dioxane].

Toxic parameters of 1-4 dioxan were estimated to be for white rats during 4 hr inhalation LC16 = 40 mg/l LC50 = 46 (42.2 +/- 50.1) mg/l; LC84 = 52 mg/l; for white mice during 2 hr inhalation LC16 = 61 mg/l; LC50 = 65 (61.3 +/- 68.2) mg/l; LC84 = 69.5 mg/l. As a result of single and repeated application, 1-4 dioxan did not induce skin changes, it was rapidly absorbed into the blood, and led to acute poisoning and irritation of the eye mucosa. A 24 hr exposure of white rats to 1-4 dioxan at concentrations of 4 and 20 mg/m3 for 90 days brought about their delayed weight gain, increased activity of glutamate-aspartate and glutamate-alanine transminases, prolonged duration of narcotic sleep, elevated content of protein in the urine, decreased diuresis, changed content of chlorides and altered motor chronaxia. The above concentrations proved to be effective. 1-4 dioxan at a concentrations proved to be effective. 1-4 dioxan at a concentration of 0.5 mg/m3 produced slight threshold changes.


[Effect of physical loads on lipid and carbohydrate metabolic indices in hypokinesis].

Experiments on 140 white rats kept under hypokinetic conditions for 15, 30, 60 and 90 days showed a significant decrease of the glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscles, acceleration of lipolysis in the adipose tissue, progressive increase of the content of nonesterified fatty acids, ketone bodies and cholesterol in the blood, decrease of the content of total lipids and increase of the cholesterol content in the skeletal muscles and liver. Hypokinetic rats exposed to exercises (swimming) also exhibited changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; however the content of ketone bodies in the blood increased a little, the glycogen content in tissues decreased to a lesser extent, the cholesterol level in the and skeletal muscles increased only on the 15th day, remained at the control level at later stages and even decreased in the skeletal muscles. Thus, during an exposure to hypokinesia and its combination with exercises the role of lipids on the energy balance of the animal body increases. Exercises facilitate better utilization of lipids, thus delaying adverse effects of hypokinesia.


Age related changes in serum throxine and 125I-triiodothyronine resin sponge uptake in the young dog.

Serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations and 125I-labelled triiodothyronine resin sponge uptakes (T3-RSU) were determined in young dogs every 10 days between 3 and 103 days of age. When compared to the adult mean of 1.7 microgram T4/100 ml serum, the T4 in young dogs was elevated throughout the ages studied. The serum T4 concentration was twice the adult value at 3 days of age, rose to over five times the adult value in the 1st month of life, and declined again to twice the adult mean by 103 days of age. Serum T3-RSU values decreased from 52% at 3 days (approximately equal to the adult mean) to about 30% from 13 to 23 days, indicating an increase in the thyroid hormone binding capacity of serum proteins in the first few weeks of life. Thereafter, T3-RSU rose to near 50% again. The change in binding capacity appeared to explain, at least in part, the apparent hyperthyroid-like T4 concentrations of the young dog.


[Functional state of the rat liver exposed to the primary damaging action of impact G forces].

White rats were exposed to undamaging and producing the primary damage (focal hemorrhages in the lung tissue) effects of impact acceleration. Biochemical parameters of the blood characterizing the functional state of the liver parenchyma were studied. Histological and histochemical changes in this organ were also investigated. It was demonstrated that impact acceleration that induced microlesions of the lung tissue damaged the liver parenchyma as well. However, in contrast to lesions located in the lung tissue, liver damages cannot be discerned visually since they mainly involve metabolic changes. These changes are suggested by blood biochemistries indicating alteration or inhibition of specific functions of the liver: biosynthesis of cholesterol, urea, etc. Thus, a study of partial functions of the liver is a promising procedure to help evaluate possible effects of an exposure and, first of all, differentiate in vivo undamaging and damaging (pathological) effects of impact acceleration.


Computer record keeping in a large rodent colony.

An automated information system was developed to aid in the record keeping of inbred rodent breeding colonies. The system had keyboard terminals in each breeding room linked to a local mini-computer for data collection, editing, and short-term storage; and a remote, large computer center for permanent storage and report generation. The system allowed an animal technician to record all the activities associated with an inbred rodent breeding colony such as recording births of litters, weanings, assignment of animals, disposition of animals, and health observations. The information collected was available in daily reports provided within 24 hours after observations were recorded; weekly compilations that summarized the daily events; and special reports such as pedigrees, which were available on request.


A simple and inexpensive method for maintaining a defined flora mouse colony.

The use of autoclaved cages, feed, bedding, water, and filter caps combined with aseptic techniques of animal husbandry in an existing mouse colony was ineffective in maintaining a defined flora colony. The addition of a laminar air flow bench equipped with a high efficiency particulate air filter provided a sterile environment in which to manipulate mice when the filter caps were removed. The installation of a duct to direct all air entering the room through the bench filter reduced the airborne bacterial counts in the room. This modification combined with the culling or marking of infected cages so that no future breeders would be taken from these cages eliminated a number of bacterial contaminants (Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis, and streptococci) from the colony.


Ulcerative dermatitis in the rat.

Ulcerative dermatitis observed in several shipments of rats was found to be limited to one strain (Sprague Dawley) provided by one supplier from two specific breeding areas. The incidence of lesions was higher in males than in females. Rats receiving an agar base diet also appeared to have a higher incidence of the lesions. The lesion consisted of a moist ulcer usually involving the lateral aspect of the shoulder and often the sides of the neck. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from lesions of affected rats and from the skin of unaffected rats. Inoculation of S aureus into susceptible animals resulted in lesions in 25-40% of the rats, but usually at sites other than the site of inoculation. Serum neutralization tests for sialodacryoadenitis virus indicated that about half the rats with lesions and half the rats without lesions were positive. Toenail clipping of the hind feet of affected rats reduced the severity of the lesions. Efforts to isolate fungi and ectoparasites were unsuccessful. The selective procurement of rats from specified breeding areas, eliminated the population susceptible to or harboring the etiologic agent or agents responsible for the development of the ulcerative dermatitis described.


Poditis in the rat as a complication of experiments in exercise physiology.

Experiments using the rat to study the effect of forced exercise on various physiologic and biochemical processes were complicated by the occurrence of poditis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from two affected rats and a tentative diagnosis of staphylococcal pododermatitis was made. In a subsequent study, poditis again occurred and S aureus was isolated from the rats, cages, exercise wheels, and attendants. Subcutaneous inoculation of six rats with the organism failed to reproduce the disease. The isolation of S aureus, and the apparent response to hygienic and therapeutic procedures and a change in exercise apparatus, suggested a traumatic and infectious etiology. However, the respective roles of trauma and S aureus or other microorganisms were not resolved.


An in vivo preparation (Thiry-Vella fistula) suitable for the measurement of intestinal absorption in the guinea pig.

A thiry-Vella isolated intestinal loop was constructed in the guinea pig. The procedure consisted of removal of a 30-cm segment of the jejunem, restoration of intestinal continuity by a jejunojejunostomy, and exteriorization of the segment through stomata sutured to the skin. The procedure was performed on seven guinea pigs of which three survived. The three survivors remained normal in maintenance of hair, feeding, and weight gain over a long period.


An improved method of tracheal intubation in the rabbit.

A rabbit to be intubated was anesthetized and placed in a supine position with its head back at a 45 degree angle. A speculum made of spring steel and cord was used to hold the mouth open. The tongue was held to one side, an infant size laryngoscope was inserted in the direction of the larynx, and an uncuffed nasal/oral tube was introduced into the mouth. The tube was then passed into the larynx during inspiration and held in place in the mouth and a specially designed bit.


The retired breeder rat as a new model for antiplatelet drug discovery.

Spontaneous circulating platelet aggregates were observed in male retired breeder rats but in nonbred males of the same age and strain. Fasting serum lipid, platelet serotonin, and platelet rich plasma cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels were similar in retired breeders and nonbred rats. The in vitro response of platelets from retired breeder and nonbred rats to adenosine diphosphate and collagen were also similar. Administration of prostaglandin E1 and antiplatelet drugs (acetylsalicylic acid, sulfinpyrazone, and dipyridamole) reduced the number of circulating platelet aggregates in the breeder rats. It was concluded that the retired breeder rat may be a useful model for identification of new anti-platelet drugs.


The hamster as a model of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man.

Male hamster weighing 100-140 g were exposed to 50-500 microgram purified elastrase per 100 g body weight by intratracheal injection. The hamster were killed at intervals up to 12 months after treatment, and their lungs were examined grossly and microscopically. At 8 days after treatment, the lungs appeared to have a greater volume than the controls. At 16 days, the lungs remained inflated when the pleural cavity was opened. Alveolar size was increased in proportion to the dose of elastase. From 16 days onward, the emphysematous lesion was well established. The number of goblet cells in the bronchi also increased. Counts of goblet cells as a proportion of all bronchial lining cells showed that goblet cells more than doubled in number in elastase treated hamsters as compared with controls. The mechanism for the two lesions caused by elastase was not clear. It was concluded that the elastase treated hamster is a useful model for studies of the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema in man.


Experimental spironucleosis (hexamitiasis) in the nude mouse as a model for immunologic and pharmacologic studies.

Experimental infection of the nude (nu/nu) mouse with the intestinal flagellate, Spironucleus (Hexamita) muris, was used as animal model for immunologic studies and for the testing of protozoa cides. The fecal discharge of cysts was shown to correlate with the immune status of the host. It was dependent on the strain, presence of the thymus (nu/nu and nu/+), and age (immunologic maturity). Four protozoacides (dimetridazole, metronidazole, tinidazole, and chlormethoxyacridylamino-diethylaminopropanol-dihydrochloride) were tested in infected mice. All lowered or suppressed the fecal discharge of cysts during treatment; however, the cysts reappeared in the feces when treatment, lasting 1-3 weeks, was terminated. It was concluded that experimental infection of the nude mouse with S muris was an excellent model for immunologic and pharmacologic studies.


The guinea pig as an animal model of diabetes mellitus.

Spontaneous diabetes mellitus, observed in a colony of guinea pigs, parallels in many ways the syndrome known as juvenile diabetes mellitus in man: elevated blood glucose levels; reproductive dysfunction in the female; degranulation and severe cytoplasmic vacuolation of beta cells, severe fatty degeneration of acinar cells, and hyperplasia of the islets of the pancreas; and a high frequency of abnormal pancreatic secretions. Islet-cell necrosis and insulinitis usually seen in viral infections was not observed. Microangiopathy, another characteristic of juvenile diabetes mellitus in man was demonstrated as a significant increase in the thickness of the basal membranes in peripheral capillaries. A glomerular lesion encountered in some of the diabetic guinea pigs was shown to be similar to the glomerular sclerosis seen in human diabetics. Although a definitive etiologic agent was not identified, the disease was clearly contagious in origin.


The guinea pig as a model for the asymptomatic human typhoid carrier.

Studies were designed to develop an animal model which mimics the asymptomatic carrier state of typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi infection, in man. The gallbladder of the guinea pig [Can (HA)] was surgically cannulated to provide a route for infection and bile sampling. Organisms (2 X 10(8) S typh:) were introduced by way of the cannula and samples of bile removed and analyzed periodically. Salmonella typhi was recovered from the bile and feces of infected, yet apparently normal, guinea pigs for periods of up to 5 months thus mimicking the human symptomeles carrier. Some guinea pigs were treated with chloramphenicol after infection. Antibiotic therapy with chloramphenicol did not eliminate the carrier state. Microabscesses of the liver were induced by S typhi both in untreated and treated animals (cultures were positive from these abscesses). When blood antibiotic levels dropped, the organism was found in the bile fluid and was again excreted. Vaccinated guinea pigs developed elevated levels of 0 and H serum antibody, but were not protected against infection of the gallbladder with S typhi (2 X 10(8) organisms). Similarly, vaccination failed to eliminate the carrier state.


Utility of selected line (SEA) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for the discovery of new anti-atherosclerosis drugs.

A special line of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was developed by selective breeding to screen for new drugs that are effective in either preventing or reversing atherosclerosis. By the fourth or fifth generation, approximately 95% of the males of the selected line developed aortic atherosclerosis in response to a 2% cholesterol atherogenic diet. The arterial cholesterol level was significantly elevated after 1 week on the diet and was 14 times the control level after 14 weeks. Significant macroscopic lesions developed as early as 4 weeks. Neither arterial cholesterol nor grossly visible fatty plaques regressed after return to a normal diet for 8 weeks. After 2 weeks on the atherogenic diet, both serum cholesterol and heparin precipitating lipoproteins were maximally elevated. Serum cholecterol returned to normal within 1 month after removal from the diet, and by 2 months, the heparin precipitating lipoproteins had almost returned to baseline values. The male of the selected line of Japanese quail was shown to be an economical and practical animal model for the screening of anti-atherosclerosis drugs; it is small, inexpensive, and readily develops atherosclerosis.


Laboratory maintenance, breeding, rearing, and biomedical research potential of the Yucatan octopus (Octopus maya).

Eggs of the Yucatan octopus, Octopus maya, were collected at Campeche, Mexico, transported to Hawaii, and incubated in glass funnels. Benthic juveniles hatched from the large (17-mm) eggs and were reared on a variety of live and frozen foods. As many as 200 animals were reared for the first month in a 20-liter aquarium. No disease or parasite problems were encountered and nearly all well-fed juveniles survived to sexual maturity. The species was reared through four generations in the laboratory. Animals weighed 0.1 g at hatching and within 8.5 months attained an average weight of 3231 g. Mating was promiscuous and sperm were stored in the oviducts until spawning. Spawning occurred at 8-9 months of age. Up to 5,000 eggs were laid by large females and nearly 100% of fertilized eggs developed to hatching. Females brooded eggs during the 45-day period of development but artificial was as successful as natural incubation by the mother. Pos-reproductive senescent decline of both males and females was rapid and average life span was 300 days from hatching. Areas of biomedical research in which O maya could be a useful model were suggested and included neurobiology, comparative psychology, ontogeny of behavior, immunology, endocrinology, and studies of aging.


Animal model of spontaneous neoplasia based on lymph and cells collected from thoracic duct of normal dogs and dogs with malignant lymphoma.

Peripheral blood and thoracic duct lymph from normal dogs and dogs with a leukemic malignant lymphoma were compared for total and differential leukocyte count and lymph flow rate. Except for higher numbers of circulating atypical lymphocytes, the blood leukocyte count as well as the lymph cell count and flow rate were similar in both groups. Lymph cell differential pattersn in lymphoma dogs had higher numbers of lymphoblasts and minor cell types, plasmacytes, monocytes, and reticulum cells, plus degenerating and mitotic cells. There was a five-fold increase in the lymph leukocyte count shortly after irradiation in two lymphomatous dosg. Stained preparations of this lymph showed signs of 100% cell mortality. It was concluded that the thoracic duct lymph is a practical source of normal and cancerous lymphoid cells, and that the lymph and cells collected from dogs with malignant lymphoma are excellent models for certain studies of spontaneous neoplasia.


Reaction in leprosy complicated by filariasis.

Five cases of reaction in leprosy with filariasis have been presented to emphasise the coexistance of the two conditions in the areas endemic to filariasis and leprosy. One may modify the clinical features of the other. Necessity of recognising filariasis as an important precipitating factor for lepra reaction in tropical countries has been highlighted for proper management of rather protracted and resistant cases.


Monitoring self administration of dapsone by patients.

The Urinary DDS/Creatinine ratios in the supervised in-patients and out-patients attending the C.L.T. & R.I., clinic were compared. The subjects of this study were receiving dapsone at the daily dosage of 25, 50 and 100 mg or bi-weekly dosage of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200 mgs. The mean urinary DDS/Creatinine ratios from out-patients were significantly lower than those of the in-patients in both dosage schedules of treatment and suggest that a certain percentage of out-patients have been irregular in the intake of dapsone in the period immediately prior to the collection of urine specimens. The estimated percentage of gross irregularity of intake is markedly higher in the bi-weekly as compared with the daily dosage schedule. The gross irregularity of intake was particularly marked in the higher dosage groups such as 100 mg daily or bi-weekly and 200 mg bi-weekly. The implications of the findings are discussed.


A comparison of low and conventional dosages of dapsone in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy.

A therapeutic trial using two dosages of Dapsone with a schedule of administration of the drug once a week was undertaken at the Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Chingleput. Adult males with active lepromatous leprosy who were either previously untreated, or who had no specific treatment for at least three months immediately prior to their inclusion into this study, were the subjects of this trial. Two dosages, viz., 10 mg. per kg. body weight/week, and 3.3 mg. per kg. body weight/week, were employed in this trial. It was found that Dapsone administered orally as a single dose once a week was therapeutically effective in most of the patients, and improvement, clinical or bacteriological, was directly related to the duration of treatment, irrespective of the dosage of Dapsone. Blood levels of Dapsone in these patients were in general commensurate with the dose of the drug in either group. No adverse effects on any of the visceral functions were encountered during the prolonged use of this schedule of treatment with Dapsone.


Self-healing in non-lepromatous leprosy in the area of the ELEP Leprosy Control Project Dharmapuri (Tamil Nadu).

A study to assess the evolution of the disease in non-lepromatous group, who have taken no treatment in a six year period 1970-1975, was undertaken. Among the 714 patients who did not take treatment, only 432 cases (60.5%) could be examined. The majority of these patients (425) had single lesions. The study revealed that nearly 74% of these "N" patients became self-healed.


A survey of leprosy deformities among the patients of Hyderabad city.

Neuropathic deformity is a major problem among the patients of Hyderabad city. Nearly 44.3% of the patients have one or the other kind of deformity of the hand, foot or face. 29.1% of the upper limbs, 30.7% of the lower limbs and 5.2% of the faces were affected. The patients with Lepromatous Leprosy showed greater tendency to deformity (66.4%). Patients with simply anaesthesia in hands and feet formed the majority among the deformity cases, a total of 41.6%. Education of the patients in the hand and foot care is an essential feature of the clinic physiotherapy technician.


Accessibility of the carbohydrate moiety of membrane-boound rhodopsin to enzymatic and chemical modification.

Galactose was specifically inserted into the carbohydrate moiety of rhodopsin by incubating retinal disk membranes with UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase. The stoichiometry of labeling ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 (average = 1.5) residues of galactose per molecule of rhodopsin, indicating that some or all of the oligosaccharide chains of membrane-bound rhodopsin are readily accessible to enzymatic modification. These modified membranes were treated with galactose oxidase to generate an aldehyde at the C-6 position of the inserted galactose units. The enzymatically-oxidized membranes were then reacted with dansyl hydrazide to yield a fluorescent hydrazone which is sufficiently stable to permit spectroscopic analysis. This procedure for the specific attachment of a spectroscopic probe should be applicable to a wide variety of membrane glycoproteins.


The sub-membrane reticulum of the human erythrocyte: a scanning electron microscope study.

A web-like reticulum underlying the human erythrocyte membrane was studied at a resolution of 5-10 nm by means of scanning electron microscope. The network was visualized in isolated membranes (ghosts) torn open to reveal their interior space and in residues derived from ghosts extracted with Triton X-100. It formed a continuous (rather than patchy) cover over the entire cytoplasmic surface, except where lifted off or torn away. Filaments (5-40 nm in diameter), annular figures (40-60 nm in diameter), and nodes (30-100 nm in diameter) were prominent in different networks. The dimensions of the filaments and the interstices in the reticulum varied with conditions, suggesting that the network has elastic properties. This reticulum is probably related to the erythrocyte membrane proteins spectrin and actin.


Thermodynamics, the structure of integral membrane proteins, and transport.

Membranes are structures whose lipid and protein components are at, or close to, equilibrium in the plane of the membrane, but are not at equilibrium across the membrane. The thermodynamic tendency of ionic and highly polar molecules to be in contact with water rather than with nonpolar media (hydrophilic interactions) is important in determining these equilibrium and nonequilibrium states. In this paper, we speculate about the structures and orientations of integral proteins in a membrane, and about how the equilibrium and nonequilibrium features of such structures and orientations might be influenced by the special mechanisms of biosynthesis, processing, and membrane insertion of these proteins. The relevance of these speculations to the mechanisms of the translocation event in membrane transport is discussed, and specific protein models of transport that have been proposed are analyzed.


Control of amino acid transport in the mammary gland of the pregnant mouse.

The regulation of the uptake of the amino acid analog alpha-aminoisobutyric acid was studied in diced mammary glands from pregnant mice. Stimulation of uptake by insulin was not prevented by inhibitors of protein synthesis; protein synthesis inhibitors decreased uptake by 20%; this response occurred more promptly in insulin-treated tissues. Elimination of extracellular amino acids led to a substantial increase in transport which was not abolished by inhibitors of protein synthesis. These results indicate that insulin does not increase amino acid transport in this system by altering synthesis and degradation of transport protein. They are consistent with a model in which the activity of the existing amino acid transport protein in subject to negative feedback regulation from the intracellular amino acid pool.


Microbial carbohydrate specific antibodies distinguish between different stages of differentiating mouse cerebellum.

High titered anticarbohydrate antibodies were used to identify cell surface carbohydrates during different stages in histogenesis of mouse cerebellum in a micro tissue-culture system which mimics selected features of in vivo cerebellum development. Blockage of fiber formation within the first few days in vitro and inhibition of cell migrations by carbohydrate-specific antibodies served as an assay system for possible contributions of surface carbohydrates to the behavior of developing cerebellar cells. Microbial strains were selected on the basis of carbohydrate structures of their cell wall antigens, and anticarbohydrate antibodies were raised against treated whole bacteria and yeast in rabbits. We found that antibodies to mannan were active at all stages of development tested (embryonic day 13, E13; the day of birth, PO; and postnatal day 7, P7). Antibodies to sialic acids prepared against strains B and C of Neisseria meningitidis distinguish different subterminal structures: anti-B reacted with E13 and PO cerebellar cells, and anti-C mostly with cells older than P7. Antifetuin antibody recognized E13 and PO but not P7 cell populations. Pneumococcus C strain R36A-specific antibodies were effective only after coating cells to C type carbohydrate before application of the antibody. The results demonstrate that antimicrobiol carbohydrate antibodies cross-react with mammalian cell surface carbohydrate structures and therefore can be used as a powerful tool in tissue culture to analyse those structures which might control cell behaviors pertinent to cerebellar development.


The sialoglycoprotein subunits of human placental brush border membranes characterized by two-two-dimensional electrophoresis.

A brush border membrane enriched fraction was isolated from human full-term placenta. This membrane fraction exhibited large membrane fragments with microvilli projecting from the basal membrane in electron micrographs and was enriched tenfold in alkaline phosphatase, a brush border enzyme marker. The sialoglycoproteins associated with this membrane fraction were tritiated by mild periodate oxidation of sialic acid and reduction with tritiated NaBH4. The membranes were solubilized in 8 M urea, 2 percent Triton X-100, and the tritiated glycoprotein subunits were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol and characterized by 2-dimensional poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis using a method similar to that described by O'Farrell and Bhakdi, Knüferman, and Wallach. The tritiated subunits were detected in the gels by autofluorography. The 2-dimensional subunit "maps" resolved at least 17 major sialoglycoprotein subunits whereas only 10 major periodate-Schiff reagent staining components were resolved by 1-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) was identified on the subunit maps by inclusion of 32P-labeled PAP in the tritiated membrane sample. The 32P-labeled PAP corresponded to a major tritiated sialoglycoprotein subunit, which was heterogeneous with respect to charge as demonstrated by 3 closely running spots of the same molecular weight.


Carbon-13 as a tool for the study of carbohydrate structures, conformations and interactions.

The application of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to problems involving the structures and interactions of carbohydrates is described. Both 13C-enriched and natural abundance compounds were used and some advantages of the use of the stable isotope are described. Carbon-carbon and carbon-proton coupling constants obtained from 1-13C enriched carbohydrates were employed in the assignment of their chemical shifts and to establish solution conformation. In all cases studied thus far, C-3 couples to C-1 only in the beta-anomers while C-5 couples to C-1 only in the alpha-anomers. C-6 and C-2 always couple to C-1 in both anomeric species. The alkaline degradation of glucose [1-13C] to saccharinic acids was followed by 13C-NMR. The conversion of glucose [1-13C] to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate [1, 6-13C] by enzymes of the glycolytic pathway was shown as an example of the use of 13C-enriched carbohydrates to elucidate biochemical pathways. In a large number of glycosyl phosphates the 31P to H-1 and 31P to C-2 coupling constants demonstrate that in the preferred conformation and phosphate group lies between the O-5 and the H-1 of the pyranose ring. The influence of paramagnetic Mn2 + ions on the proton decoupled 13C-NMR spectra of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine indicates that the Mn2 + interacts strongly with the pyrophosphate moiety and with the carbonyl groups of the uracil and N-acetyl groups.


The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequence of bovine rhodopsin.

The amino terminus of bovine rhodopsin is blocked and has the sequence x-Met-Asn(CHO)-Gly-Thr-Glu-Gly-Pro-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Val-Pro-Phe-Ser-Asn(CHO)-Lys-Thr-Gly-Val-Val-Arg, where CHO represents sites of carbohydrate attachment. The carboxyl-terminal sequence of rhodopsin is Val-Ser-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Ser-Gln-Val-Ala-Pro-Ala. Upon short-term digestion of rod outer segment (ROS) membranes with thermolysin, opsin (similar to 35,000 daltons) is converted to a membrane-bound fragment O' (similar to 30,500 daltons) and 2 peptides containing 12 amino acids are released from the carboxyl terminus of rhodopsin into the supernatant. Upon long-term digestion of ROS with thermolysin, opsin and O' are replaced by the membrane-bound fragments F1 (similar to 25,000 daltons), and F2 (similar 9,500 daltons). When 32P-ROS are digested, F2 carries the 32P. Both O' and F1 contain the amino-terminal glycopeptide.


Sialic acid uptake by BHK cells and subsequent incorporation into glycoproteins and glycolipids.

BHK cells can be grown in the presence of growth medium to which radiolabeled sialic acid has been added. After 24 h, 85 percent of the radioactivity in the cells is covalently bound to glycoproteins and glycolipids. No metabolism of the radiolabeled sialic acid could be detected.


Temporal information processing by alcoholics.

In time-discrimination tests using visual and auditory stimuli, more information was transmitted by social drinkers than by alcoholics, and cognitively unimpaired alcoholics transmitted more information than did cognitively impaired alcoholics.


Visuoperceptive deficits in long-term alcoholics and alcoholics with Korsakoff's psychosis.

Compared with control subjects, alcoholics with Korsakoff's psychosis were significantly impaired in performance on the digit-symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and in four tasks assessing related processes. Other alcoholics showed similar, but not as severe, visuoperceptive deficits when compared with controls.


Effects of stress on autonomic reactivity in alcoholics. Pupillometric studies. i.

Pupillary contraction and dilation during rest, stress and homeostatic recovery occurred more slowly in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics.


Stimulus intensity modulation and alcohol consumption.

In a study of men alcoholics, cortical average evoked response proved to be a good indicator of subsequent alcohol acquisition and consumption behavior in the laboratory.


Effect of alcohol and monetary reward on visually evoked potentials and reaction time.

A dose of alcohol producing a mean blood alcohol concentration of 0.09% slowed the peak of later components of visually evoked potentials recorded from the occipital scalp. Simple visuomotor reaction time was also slower in a low-motivation nonreward condition.


Counseling homosexual alcoholics. Ten case histories.

The case histories of 10 male homosexual alcoholics are presented, and psychoanalytic theories about the link between homosexuality and alcoholism are reviewed.


Locus of control in alcoholics and treatment outcome.

Belief in external control by chance, rather than control by powerful others or internal control, appears to be associated with unfavorable treatment outcome in male alcoholics receiving inpatient and outpatient therapy.


Comparative efficacy of propranolol and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal.

Propranolol alone was more effective than either chlordiazepoxide or a combination of chlordiazepoxide and propranolol in alleviating the symptoms of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.


Stigmatization of men and women problem drinkers and their spouses. Differential perception and leveling of sex differences.

Ratings on semantic differential scales indicate strong stigmatization of alcoholic and drink men and women, weaker stigmatization of the spouses of alcoholics and a leveling of sex differences.


Drinking patterns and drinking problems of college students.

Compared with the findings of previous studies, a recent survey of students at 13 U.S. colleges found that more women are drinking, fewer Black men are heavy drinkers, there are fewer differences in the drinking patterns of freshmen and seniors, and there has been no increase in the incidence of drinking-related problems.


Introduction of low alcohol content beer. A test of the addition-substitution hypothesis.

Survey results indicate that most use of a low-alcohol-content beer is in place of other alcoholic beverages; the beer is also being used in situations in which formerly no alcoholic beverage had been consumed.


Screening alcoholics for medical problems with the Cornell Medical Index.

Scores on the Cornell Medical Index were not useful in distinguishing alcoholic patients who required medical attention from those who did not.


On the reliability of the Iowa Alcoholic Stages Index.

The test-retest reliability of the Iowa Alcoholic Stages Index is found consistent with the process model of alcoholism.


Drinking on television; a preliminary study with emphasis on method.

A procedure designed to assess the frequency of alcohol-related events in television shows and commercials is described.


Tattooing for preservation of oral and oropharyngeal cancer resection margins.

En bloc composite cancer surgery for head and neck tumors is now available with reconstruction. Preoperative adjuvant therapy threatens the concept of wide resection because of alteration of tumor margins. Pre-irradiation tattooing at resection margins will preserve this fundamental surgical doctrine.


The treatment of lung cancer: perspectives and critique.

Future improvements in the therapy of lung cancer most probably will result from new treatment approaches that combine all existing modalities. This paper discusses the applications and, in particular, the shortcomings of present knowledge in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combinations of these modalities as they relate to the growing problem of treatment in lung cancer.


The therapeutic dilemma of carcinomas of unknown origin.

The charts of 23 patients with metastatic carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively in hospitalized patients who had no apparent primary lesion. Eleven patients eventually had autopsies. The primary became apparent in 8 patients either pre- or post mortem. Treatment by operative intervention, and/or radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy are discussed. The discussion reviews mechanisms of metastasis, problems in pathological interpretation, and considerations for evaluation of such patients.


Decreased incidence of renal tumors in DMN treated Balb/C mice after orchiectomy.

Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) induced a significant incidence (45.5%) of kidney epithelial tumors in adult male Balb/C mice. The proportion of mice with renal tumors orchiectomized after DMN injection was reduced to 25.6%; whereas the proportion of tumor bearing animals at other sites, such as lung, liver, and lymphatic tissue, increased compared to intact DMN treated animals and controls. This experiment confirms other studies in rats and mice showing that androgens play a role in initiation and progression of nitrosamine induced renal cancer, paralleling the finding of increased male susceptibility in human renal cancer.


Adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate: effect of schedule of administration on metastasis of 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma.

Metastasizing mammary adenocarcinoma 13762 in female Fischer rats has been used as a model for studying postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, using methotrexate (Mtx) and 5-fluouracil (5FU) either singly or in combinations. All animals that received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy of 5FU alone, 5FU and Mtx simultaneously, or Mtx followed by 5FU had significant improvement of survivals. Methotrexate alone was ineffective in treating the visceral metastasis. The addition of Mtx at the time of 5FU administration actually decreased the therapeutic effectiveness of 5FU given by itself. Fluorouracil alone improved survival of rats with small or large tumors, whereas Mtx followed by 5FU was better than 5FU alone in rats with smaller tumors. Among all rats treated with chemotherapy, those rats that got Mtx followed by 5FU had the lowest amount of lung metastasis, and concomitant administration of nonspecific BCG immunotherapy delayed death from visceral metastasis only for rats receiving drugs according to this schedule.


Acinic cell tumor of the palate.

A rare acinic cell carcinoma of the soft palate is reported and its potential for recurrence and metastasis discussed. A wide ablation created a speech-crippling defect that was reconstructed with an island flap from the opposite side and a pharyngeal flap for nasal lining and an island flap from the same side for oral cover. Speech is again normal.


Radical mastectomy for operable breast cancer.

The experience with radical mastectomy in the treatment of 152 cases of operable breast cancer at the Hadassah University Hospital has been analyzed. An overall 5 year survival of 75% and a 10 year survival of 62% are reported and compared with results from other methods of treatment. Based on the excellent survival rates achieved and the low incidence of local recurrence (9.8%), the present study suggests that radical mastectomy is still the most suitable surgical procedure in the treatment of operable breast cancer.


The adverse effects of elemental diets on tolerance for 5-FU toxicity in the rat.

The effects of a group of elemental diets on the gastrointestinal toxicity of 5-FU in the Sprague-Dawley rat were evaluated. Diarrhea, stomatitis, hypoalbuminemia, and early deaths were more frequent in the animals on elemental diets than in those consuming standard rat chow. Sepsis and hypoalbuminemia were directly related to the extent of protein hydrolysis of the particular elemental diet.


An unusual presentation of carcinoma of the lung: 26 patients with cervical node metastases.

Carcinoma of the lung should be considered in the search for an unknown primary lesion when there is evidence of cervical lymph node involvement. Of 1,686 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma seen during a 10-year period at the University of Louisville Hospitals, 26 presented one or more clinically positive cervical nodes. The frequency of lung cancer in such instances varies from 1.5% (in the present report) to 32%, possibly because the term "cervical node" is used without clarification. More precise description of such metastases is urged.


The role of stress factors in the postoperative course of patients with rectal cancer.

The authors studied 82 patients with rectal cancer who underwent radical surgical treatment at the N.N. Petrov Oncological Research Institute of the Ministry of Health of the USSR in 1974-1975. They defined the markedness of patients' psychogenic disturbances in the pre- and postoperative period and measured the level of catecholamines in urine and that of 11-oxycorticosteroids in blood. The findings showed the highest frequency of postoperative complications (68%) in the group of patients who evidenced severe psychic reactions when they were admitted to the clinic. These data correlated with a higher level of catecholamines in the urine and of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood before surgery, and with a marked decrease of catecholamine excretion on the sixth day after the operation. This may indicate sympathetic-adrenal system exhaustion and play a certain part in the development of postoperative complications.