Further studies on diurnal changes in small vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings in the mouse pineal and the effects of continuous light on the vesicles--quantitative electron microscopic observations.

Diurnal variations in the number of various types of small granulated and non-granulated vesicles as well as effects of continuous light on the vesicles in sympathetic nerve endings of the mouse pineal were investigated using quantitative electron microscopic techniques. Small granulated vesicles, 40 to 80 nm in diameter, were classified into two categories, type 1 or type 2, according to the size of the granule. Small non-granulated vesicles were also divided into two categories, i.e., spherical and elliptical. Non-granulated vesicles with the long diameter more than twice the shorter one (ranging from 50 to 90 nm in long diameter) were referred to as elliptical vesicles and the other (ranging from 40 to 80 nm in diameter) as spherical vesicles. The number of small vesicles, except for the non-granulated spherical vesicles, varied diurnally in relation to the daily photoperiod. The total vesicle density also exhibited diurnal changes. On the basis of these observations, possible relationships between small vesicles and noradrenaline or serotonin were discussed. Both the diurnal variation in small vesicles and that in the total vesicle density were completely abolished by continuous lighting. Continuous light exposure for various periods until 35 days provoked no apparent changes in small vesicles, except the type 2 granulated vesicles, which were increased in number in response to continuous lighting for about 1 to 3 days.


Reevaluation of the indoleamine hypothesis of depression. Evidence for a reduction of functional activity of central 5-HT systems by antidepressant drugs.

The effects of antidepressant drugs on central 5-HT receptor activity were studied in rats and mice. Antidepressant drugs were evaluated for their ability to displace 3H-5-HT and 3H-d-LSD from membrane binding sites in the dorsal neocortex of rats in vitro and for their ability to block 5-HTP and d-LSD induced behavioral effects in mice. The degree of blockade of head-twitches in mice produced by the antidepressants was highly correlated with their affinity for 3H-d-LSD binding sites. A number of antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, mianserine, doxepine, nomifensine and dibenzepine appear to possess marked 5-HT receptor blocking activity at some type of 5-HT receptors in brain. New antidepressant drugs such as zimelidine, which specifically inhibit 5-HT reuptake and do not block 5-HT receptor sites, may after chronic treatment also reduce the functional activity of 5-HT systems by producing adaptive changes in postsynaptic 5-HT mechanisms. Thus, a new indoleamine hypothesis of depression is presented: the therapeutic action of antidepressant drugs may in part be due to a reduced functional acitivity of some central 5-HT systems.


A rat bioassay for measuring the comparative availability of carbohydrates and its application to legume foods, pure carbohydrates and polyols.

An assay was developed to evaluate the bioavailability of dietary carbohydrate by slope-ratio analysis of weight gain and plasma ketones of rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet supplemented with glucose as a standard and selected food items, pure carbohydrates and polyols. The diet was based on 35% food grade oleic acid, 12% casein protein supplemented with methionine (0.3%) and arginine (0.2%), 7.5% soybean oil, 37% cellulose, minerals and vitamins. Glucose, as the reference standard, or test materials were incorporated in the diet by replacing equi-energetic amounts of oleic acid and adjusting cellulose to equalize total weight. Optimal levels of protein (casein) and triglyceride (soybean oil) in the basal diet were defined as those levels above which additional protein or fat would serve only to provide endogenous glucose from their glucogenic amino acids and glycerol constituents. A standard dose-response curve was obtained by feeding diets containing 0%, 1% and 2% glucose. Similar dose response curves were obtained by feeding test materials. Under these experimental conditions, additional glucose or additional protein were growth stimulating and casein had approximately 50% of the value of an equal weight of glucose, which was consistent with its content of glucogenic amino acids. The specific carbohydrate value of a food was estimated in the assay by subtracting the calculated glucogenic value of its digestible protein from the total response. The apparent availability of the carbohydrates (i.e., nitrogen-free extract) in soybean meal, lima bean (Phaseolus lumatus), and chick pea (Cicer arietinum) were 35, 70, and 80%, respectively, as available as glucose. Galactose, a 1:1 mixture of galactose + glucose, fractose and starch were as available as glucose. Lactose, ribose, sorbitol, and xylitol were 50 to 65% as available as glucose while mannitol and inulin were not available to a significant extent. Possible metabolic bases for these differences are discussed.


Further studies on the development of gamonts and oocysts of Eimeria magna in cultured cells.

Monolayer, cell-line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea, Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), and monolayers (RK-1) or aggregates of primary rabbit kidney cells were inoculated with merozoites obtained from rabbits that had been inoculated 3 to 5 1/2 days earlier with Eimeria magna. Merozoites obtained from from rabbits 3 days entered cells and underwent only merogony, whereas 3 1/2-5 1/2-day-old merozoites formed gamonts as well as meronts. Merozoites arising from the first or second meront generation in culture formed another meront generation or gamonts. Third-generation merozoites formed only gamonts. Most merozoites remained within the parasitophorous vacuole of the original host cell and transformed into macro- or microgamonts or meronts. Some such macro- and microgamonts then fused with each other to form larger multinucleated bodies. Such microgamonts formed microgametes, but multinucleate macrogamonts did not form oocysts. Mature microgamonts were 34 microns in diameter, and contained several hundred biflagellate microgametes. Mature macrogamonts measured 29.1 x 21.5 microns, unsporulated oocysts were 31.2 x 22 microns, and sporulated oocysts were 32 x 23.1 microns. Oocysts obtained from cell cultures were sporulated and then inoculated by gavage into rabbits, which passed E. magna oocysts 6--10 days later. Sporozoites, obtained from oocysts produced in culture or from rabbits that had been inoculated with the vitro-produced oocysts, developed to first- and second-generation meronts in MDBK or RK-1 cultures.


Components of aggression in chickens and conceptualizations of aggression in general.

A refined analysis of the peck order in chickens was offered as a test of the notion that for this species, different responses such as leaping and various types of pecking need not be interchangeable indexes of aggression. Indeed, tests showed that particular response types of the birds were differentially mediated by organismic or environmental factors. In large cages pecking at the body was most frequent by birds that had a home-cage advantage. Contrarily, rates of aggressive leaping were independent of this environmental influence, with males having an advantage over females. Males showed more head pecking than females, but the profile for this sex difference did not resemble the profile for leaping. Correlational analyses revealed that whereas head pecking between testmates was not matched in frequency, leaping was positively related. Finally, the behavior of birds tested in small cages differed from that of the large-cage subjects. Although there was more head pecking in the small cages, males did not have an edge, and leaping was infrequent. Such results indicate that these responses cannot be viewed as interchangeable indicators of aggression in fowl.


Development of radioimmunoassay for guanethidine.

A radioimmunoassay was developed for measuring plasma concentrations of the antihypertensive agent guanethidine at the nanogram level. Guanethidine was conjugated covalently to human serum albumin by two procedures, and the degree of conjugation was determined using tracer amounts of 3H-guanethidine. Immunization of sheep ethidine, as determined in competitive binding studies using 3H-guanethidine and a dextran-coated charcoal technique for the separation of free and antibody-bound drug. The major human metabolities, an N -oxide and a ring-opened derivative, were not cross-reactive in antibody binding studies. Constituents of human plasma or serum do not appear to interfere with the assay. Preliminary results from immunoassay of plasma samples from patients receiving guanethidine indicate potential use for assessing dosage regimens and studying pharmacokinetics.


Antibody specificity studies for reserpine, its metabolites, and synthetic reserpine congeners: radioimmunoassay.

Progress in the development of radioimmunoassay techniques for reserpine and related compounds is reported. A conjugate of reserpine with human serum albumin was prepared, involving linkage at the indole nitrogen atom of reserpine. Injection of the purified conjugate into sheep elicited antibodies of high titer, which bound reserpine selectively. Tritiated reserpine was employed in the procedure, and dextran-coated charcoal was utilized to separate free and bound forms of the drug. Antibodies exhibited a selectivity for reserpine and did not cross-react significantly with major human metabolites. Cross-reactivity of antibodies with other reserpine derivatives (i.e., syrosingopine, deserpidine, and rescinnamine) also was investigated. A stable tritiated or radioiodinated reserpine derivative of high specific activity is being sought to improve assay sensitivity for use in bioequivalence and bioavailability studies. In the absence of any extraction or concentration procedures, at least a 10-fold increase in immunoassay sensitivity would be required to follow reserpine levels in humans given normal doses of the drug. The methods show promise also for the assay of reserpine derivatives such as deserpidine, which exhibits cross-reactivity to reserpine antibodies.


Discriminative stimulus effects of naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat.

Rats maintained physically dependent upon morphine by scheduled access to drinking water containing morphine  were trained to discriminate between s.c. injections of saline and 0.1 mg/kg of naltrexone in a discrete trial avoidance procedure in which a response on one of two choice levers would prevent or terminate the delivery of mild electric shocks to the floor of the test chember. Stimulus control of behavior by naltrexone in the morphine-dependent rat (defined as the reliable completion of at least 18 trials of a 20-trial session on the appropriate choice lever) had many of the features previously described for the stimulus control of behavior by morphine in the nondependent rat: long-term stability and reproducibility, orderly dose- and time-effect relationships and pharmacologic specificity. Stimulus control by naltrexone was blocked in a dose-related manner by morphine, an effect completely surmounted by a 10-fold increase in the dose of naltrexone suggesting a competitive antagonism. The naltrexone-induced discriminative stimuli appeared to be related to precipitated morphine withdrawal phenomena: following the abrupt withdrawal of morphine the amount and time course of naltrexone-appropriate responding were directly related to the degree of physical dependence; loss of body weight, a reliable index of morphine withdrawal in the rat, paralleled changes in naltrexone-appropriate responding; the maximum level of naltrexone-appropriate responding produced by a total of eight narcotic antagonists with agonist activity of differing prominence was a function of the extent of separation of the agonist and antagonist components of action of the drugs. Control of behavior by stimuli associated with morphine withdrawal may afford a specific animal model for studying factors relevant to the perpetuation of chronic drug use by human addicts.


Ovarian and luteal blood flow, and peripheral plasma progesterone levels, in cyclic guinea-pigs.

Ovarian and luteal blood flow rates were studied using radioactive microspheres in guinea-pigs between Day 6 of the oestrous cycle and Day 1 of the following cycle. Peripheral plasma progesterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay on the same days of the oestrous cycle. Ovarian blood flow was greatest between Days 9 and 12 and had fallen by Day 16 both in absolute (ml . min-1) and relative (ml.min-1.g-1) terms. Luteal weight and blood flow were also greatest between Days 9 and 12 and had fallen sharply by Day 16. The highest mean (+/- s.d.) luteal flows measured were 0.10 +/- 0.04 ml.min-1 per corpus luteum, and 24.26 +/- 9.3 ml.min-1.g-1 luteal tissue on Day 10 of the cycle. Mean peripheral plasma progesterone levels reached a maximum of 3.66 +/- 1.1 ng/ml at Day 12 of the cycle and fell thereafter, reaching 0.74 +/- 0.5 ng/ml by Day 1 of the following cycle. Plasma progesterone levels declined significantly between Days 12 and 14 of the cycle, whereas no significant drop in luteal blood flow was demonstrable until after Day 14. These data do not support the idea that declining luteal blood flow is an initiating mechanism in luteal regression in the guinea-pig.


The accessory olfactory system and its role in the pheromonally mediated suppression of oestrus in grouped mice.

Mice were grouped to induce suppression of oestrus and subjected to removal of the vomeronasal organs or treatment with CB 154 which lowers prolactin levels. Both treatments overcame the suppression of oestrus after 72 h. Oestrus suppression was induced in lesioned mice by haloperidol treatment which raises plasma prolactin, and oestrus returned some 72 h after withdrawal of haloperidol treatment.


Enzyme levels in testis and other tissues of genetically sex-reversed mice.

The specific activity of G6PD and PGK were measured in the testes, seminal vesicles, and livers of Sxr/+,XX mice, their Sxr/+,XY littermates and normal mice. While G6PD activity was high in the testes of young normal mice and declined as the testes matured, in the testes of Sxr/+,XX mice activity remained high, suggesting a failure of the Sertoli cells to mature normally. The activity of PGK was low in the testes of young normal mice, and increased as the testes matured. The testes of young Sxr/+,XX mice had high activity of this enzyme which remained high into adulthood. The high activity in young mice suggests an abnormality in the somatic cells. The seminal vesicle and liver measurements of G6PD and PGK confirmed that the Sxr/+,XX mice were phenotypically normal males except with respect to the testis. The developmental patterns of both enzymes in testes lacking germinal cells indicate that the maturation of the somatic cells of the normal testis is influenced by the presence of germinal cells.


Effect of age and parity on litter size in pigs.

Litter size increased (P less than 0.01) as the age of the dam at farrowing increased. However, previous reproductive experience (parity) had no direct effect on litter size of dams of the same age.


Biochemical and physiological studies of androgen-binding protein in the reproductive tract of the ram.

The electrophoretic mobility, effect of pronase, temperature stability, affinity constant and specificity of androgen-binding protein (ABP) were compared in rete testis fluid (RTF), cauda epididymal plasma (CEP) and seminal plasma (SP) of the ram in which the levels of ABP, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), total protein and the number of spermatozoa were also measured. The characteristics of the ABP appeared to be almost identical in all 3 fluids. ABP was highly concentrated in the cauda epididymidis although 50-75% of it was utilized or destroyed during transit through the epididymis. The levels of ABP were higher in the breeding season and positively correlated with DHT in RTF and SP. It is concluded that ABP might be responsible for the increase in DHT in the reproductive tract of the ram during the breeding season and that ABP in the SP might serve as a useful marker of Sertoli cell function in the ram.


Regional blood flow measurements with 15 micron and 50 micron microspheres in pregnant guinea-pigs.

Two sizes of microsphere were used to determine regional blood flow in pregnant guinea-pigs. Tissue perfusion measured with 50 micron microspheres was significantly greater than that measured with 15 micron microspheres in the small intestine, uterus, vagina, and placenta. A significantly larger proportion of the smaller microspheres passed through the systemic vasculature and could be detected in the lungs.


follicular fluid electrolytes and osmolality in cyclic pigs.

Sodium and osmolar concentrations of porcine folliclar fluid in the cyclic pig did not vary significantly during the oestrous cycle, and were similar to those in plasma. The K+ concentration was greater in small (Days 12-13) and medium-sized (Day 16) follicles than in plasma or large (Day 18-oestrus) follicles of cyclic sows. In contrast, follicular fluid obtained from slaughterhouse material had higher potassium and osmolality, and lower sodium values, which are assumed to be due to post-mortem changes.


Plasma oestrogen, progesterone and other reproductive responses of gilts to photoperiods.

Yorkshire gilts in 18 cool-white fluorescent light with 6 h dark daily and those in 9.0-10.8 h natural light exhibited puberty earlier (165 and 175 days: P less than 0.05) and had more corpora lutea (13.5 and 12.6: P less than 0.05) than those reared in complete darkness (200 days and 11.3 respectively). Weekly samples of plasma showed significant fluctuations of progesterone which confirmed the different times of the first over oestrus (puberty). In all 3 groups total oestrogen concentrations showed a peak at about 135 days. The correlation between oestrogen and progesterone values changed from a positive to a negative value at about 135 days of age. It is suggested that the oestrogen peak marks a time of change in sensitivity of the reproductive system to hormonal feedback.


The oestrous cycle and basal body temperature in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus).

An oestrous cycle length of 33 days (N = 4, range 32-34) was obtained for the common womab from a number of parameters including vaginal smears, vaginal biopsies, changes in pouch morphology and behavioral observation. All but one of the successive periods of oestrus occurred during winter. Hourly measurements of body temperature by telemetry showed a rhythm typical of nocturnal species. Superimposed on this diurnal rhythm was another rhythm whoch could be correlated with the oestrous cycle.


Induction of oestrus and fertility in the anoestrous ewe with hormones and controlled lighting and temperature.

A programme consisting of 14 daily injections of progesterone (10 mg) followed by single injection of PMSG (500 i.u.) and oestradiol- 17 beta (30 micrograms), along with controlled temperature (18-20 degrees C) and lighting (10 h light/24 h), was applied to 60 anoestrous ewes between late May and early August to induce reproductive activity. Breeding started within 24 h of the oestradiol injection and 80.0% of the ewes conceived at the induced oestrus. Dorset ewes had higher conception (95.2 versus 71.8%) and prolificacy (1.74 versus 1.52 fetuses/ewe) rates than did crossbred Suffolk ewes. Plasma progesterone concentrations during progesterone administration were significantly higher than those found during anoestrus and were generally lower in ewes which did not conceive than in those which did. The plasma progesterone data indicated that ovulation had occurred in most of the ewes which were not pregnant at 90-100 days and that many may have been pregnant initially but then lost the conceptus.


Effects of age and parity on the breeding potential of mice with one or two ovaries.

Although removal of one ovary from young CBA/Ca mice and CFLP mice did not reduce the overall numbers of ova shed at ovulation, the total number of live offspring delivered during the lifespan was reduced to 65% and 50%, respectively, of control values. This reduction was due to fewer and smaller litters. The capacity of intact and unilaterally ovariectomized animals to support gestation of embryos transferred from young donors was tested to determine whether premature exhaustion of uterine function had occurred as a result of embryo overloading. An effect of breeding history on embryo survival to Day 19 of pregnancy was found after unilateral transfer, the least favourable sites for survival being the primigravid horns of ageing intact and unilaterally ovariectomized mice (0% and 1% survival, respectively, in CBA/Ca mice). The proportion of embryos surviving in multiparous horns of the one-ovary animals (24%) was greater than in horns of primigravidae and less than in horns of intact multigravidae of similar age and parity (48%). A larger proportion of ova survived in young uteri than in any of these aged horns. The results suggested that the normal decline with age in breeding potential is due to decreased uterine capacity and that the rate of loss is accelerated by both repeated embryo overloading and prolonged nulliparity, probably as a result of local factors. The decidual response was reduced in older animals, although there was no clear-cut variation with parity. Ageing uteri accumulated mass cells and macrophages, but the latter were abundant only in multiparous horns and were probably related to puerperal involutionary activities. There was no evidence that these changes in cell number or response were responsible for decreased gestational potential in ageing animals.


Plasma prolactin concentrations during the oestrous cycle of sows.

Plasma prolactin levels were measured in 7 sows during the oestrous cycle after the 1st farrow. Blood samples were taken 4 times during the day (07:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 19:00 h). The prolactin concentration was determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay method. There was an increase in plasma prolactin at the second oestrus after weaning, with a peak of prolactin 4 days before oestrus, regardless of the length of the cycle.


Testis cancer: the pendulum swings. Experience in 430 patients.

A review of 430 patients with testis cancer followed for at least 3 years is presented. A protocol for actinomycin D therapy before and after node dissection had been instituted in 1966. In the 58 protocol cases studied there appeared to be an increase in the survival of patients with stage A disease and a significant increase in the survival of patients with stage B disease. There was an improvement in the survival of patients with stage C disease treated with actinomycin D alone. Since 1976 all patients with stages B and C disease have been treated with multiple drug regimens, showing dramatic results. The therapy of testis tumors is multimodal, using lymphadenectomy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, but the pendulum has swung so that chemotherapy has assumed the vital role in management.


Urodynamics in stress urinary incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence was evaluated urodynamically in 86 women in private urologic practice. While 31 patients had failed prior surgical repairs and 58 patients (67.4 per cent) reported irritative symptoms of frequency, nocturia, urgency and urge incontinence unstable bladders were found in only 5 women (5.8 per cent) over-all, in 6.5 per cent of those patients failing a previous operation and in 8.6 per cent of those patients with irritative symptoms. Urethral pressure profiles were decreased mildly in patients with, compared to those without, stress urinary incontinence but considerable overlap existed and no improvement was seen in 20 patients cured with an operation. Excretory urography, post-voiding residual urine volumes and sphincter electromyography usually were normal. Women with stress urinary incontinence consistently showed poor transmission of cough to the urethra so that the intravesical pressure exceeded the intraurethral pressure.


Idiopathic female intersex with clitoromegaly and urethral duplication.

Idiopathic female intersex presents in the neonate with characteristic anomalies of the external genitalia, complete and separate phallic and vaginal urethras and vesical outlet obstruction. Management of this disorder should initially focus upon adequate urinary drainage and proper sex assignment in the neonate. Successful management and surgical reconstruction of the external genitalia should later result in normal female development.


Pseudomyotonia of the periurethral sphincter in women with urinary incontinence.

Needle electromyography demonstrated bizarre repetitive high frequency discharges of the periurethral muscles in 3 women with urinary incontinence. One patient recovered spontaneously and 2 had associated stress incontinence that was greatly accentuated. Surgical correction of the stress incontinence had been done in 1 woman before the sphincter neuropathy was recognized and she continued to experience severe incontinence unrelated to activity for 30 months while the neuropathy subsided and stabilized. The second patient with stress incontinence and sphincter pseudomyotonia was diagnosed preoperatively. The operation was delayed for a year until the peripheral neuropathy appeared to be stabilized. This case had a more predictable and satisfactory postoperative result. The experience with these patients suggests that other specific neurogenic disorders of the striated sphincters may cause significant urologic symptoms.


Thoracotomy in re-staging germinal testis tumors.

In 3 patients undergoing therapy for germinal testis tumors (teratoma with choriocarcinoma, seminoma and teratocarcinoma) solitary pulmonary lesions developed consistent with metastatic tumor. After non-diagnostic medical pulmonary evaluation thoracotomy established benign lesions in each (sarcoidosis, Cryptococcus and postoperative inflammatory cyst). Surgical pathologic restaging to obviate the institution of unnecessary chemotherapy and/or radiation with its attended morbidity in such instances is stressed.


Local effect of burn injury on glucose and amino acid metabolism by skeletal muscle.

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that there is a difference in glucose metabolism by skeletal muscles from the burned versus unburned regions of the body. To further investigate the effect of proximity to the burn wound on muscle metabolism, in vitro glucose uptake as well as lactic and amino acid releases by soleus muscles, were studied 3 days following a 3-second scald burn on one hind limb of the rat. No differences in glucose uptake or lactic and amino acid releases were observed between soleus from the unburned limb of burned rats and that of controls. In comparison to these two groups, soleus from the burned limb took up 125% more glucose (p less than 0.001), and released 80% more lactic acid (p less than 0.01), 229% more alanine (p less than 0.001), 84% more glutamic acid (p less than 0.01), and over 36% more glutamine (p less than 0.05). The relatively enhanced release of lactic acid by soleus muscle from the burned limb was reduced but not eliminated by the omission of glucose from the medium. Simultaneously, the omission of glucose had no effect on the release of alanine, glutamic acid, and glutamine by the burned limb soleus. The data indicate that a mild thermal injury stimulates glucose utilization and enhances amino acid release by skeletal muscle from the burned region. Since such an effect is absent in muscle from the contralateral unburned region of the same animal, the changes are not likely to be mediated by systemic alterations in the metabolic and endocrine environment. The persistence of an enhanced amino acid release in the presence of varying glycolytic rates suggests that the burn-induced local alterations in amino acid metabolism by skeleton muscle are independent of coincident changes in glucose utilization.


Amino acid levels in plasma and muscle of rats after intravenous administration of different amino acid infusions.

Studies were conducted on the participation of specific amino acids in the alterations of their levels in plasma and muscle of rats after short term intravenous infusion. Sufficient amounts of amino acids and glucose were used as a basal solution, and the levels in plasma and muscle were determined 30 min after the end of infusion. When an infusion solution devoid of one of the essential amino acids from the basal solution, -Leu, -Ile, -Lys or -Thr, was administered, the plasma and muscle levels of the deleted amino acids decreased in different degrees. With infusion of the deficient solutions except for the -Leu, no significant changes were observed in amino acids other than those deleted, although occasional changes were noted. On the other hand, the infusion of the -Leu resulted in significant increase of isoleucine and valine levels, and a moderate increase of many other amino acids both in plasma and in muscle. In contrast, when leucine was administered singly in an amount equivalent to that in the basal solution, isoleucine and valine decreased significantly. Most of the other amino acids also decreased markedly after the infusion of leucine alone. These results suggest that, in intravenous infusion, leucine plays a specific role on amino acid levels in plasma and muscle of rats.


Ketosis and nitrogen excretion in undernourished surgical patients.

Hormonal and substrate profiles and urinary nitrogen and urea excretion were measured in 78 underweight patients admitted for surgical investigation, who were placed into either a normo- or a hyperketonemic group, depending upon their levels of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The two groups were otherwise similar in terms of weight loss, arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and serum protein levels. Before surgery only one-quarter of them were hyperketonemic displaying mean glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels characteristic of starvation-adaption, and excreted significantly less urinary nitrogen than in normoketonemic group. Those patients who underwent surgery tended to retain their presurgery hormonal and substrate profile. The normoketonemic group excreted significantly greater amounts of urinary nitrogen, depleted body protein to a greater extent as evidenced by larger changes in arm muscle circumference and serum protein levels, and mortality was greater. Interference with insulin-glucagon balance by sepsis and disease is suggested as a possible explanation for the failure of three-quarters of the patients to become starvation-adapted. The implications of this finding on the parenteral feeding of undernourished patients are discussed.


Validity of anthropometric norms used in the assessment of hospitalized patients.

To assess the validity of standards for weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, and arm muscle circumference commonly used to assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients, these standards were applied to data for the normal U.S. population. Moderate depletion was defined as a value between 60 and 90 percent of the standard; severe depletion was defined as a value below 60 percent of the standard. The standards themselves were found to differ substantially from the population averages, and this method of classifying an individual does not take into account the fact that there is more variation in the population for some measures than for others. As a result, the proportion of individuals classified as depleted varied greatly between measures and also between sexes and ages. Over half of all young women would be classified as moderately depleted based on the arm muscle circumference. Over half of young men would be classified as depleted based on the tricep skinfold, and half of these would be classified as severely depleted. It is recommended that the use of these standards and this method of interpretation be abandoned and replaced by the use of tables of percentiles for the U.S. population.


Anthropometric assessment of nutritional depletion after surgery injury.

Triceps skinfold (TS), arm muscle circumference (AMC) and body weight (BW) were studied prospectively in 20 adults, admitted to elective operations on the digestive tract, in order to evaluate these anthropometric parameters in planned surgical procedures performed in non-critically ill, non-stressed patients. Mean duration of the preoperative period was 19.2 days (range 1--38), and of the postoperative period, 14.1 days (range 6--31). Mean changes for BW were, respectively, -0.2% and -2.5%, AMC decreased -0.5% before operation and -3.4% afterwards, and TS was reduced to -1.9% in the preoperative phase, and to -8.4% postoperatively. These results are consistent with minimal anthropometric changes during the presurgical stay, with more striking decreases after operative injury. Postoperative findings were further examined in relationship to degree of surgical trauma and length of postoperative hospitalization. After the arbitrary selection of a 10% reduction as the limit for significant decrease in any of the analysed parameters, the percentage of impaired measurements was determined in the sub-groups of medium and large operations, two consecutive procedures, as well as postoperative stay of 6 to 14 days, 15 to 21 days, and over 3 wks. Decreased parameters comprised 6.0% (2/33) of the observations after moderate surgical manipulation, 27.7% (5/18) after serious trauma, and 66.6% (6/9) after two operations. Simarilarly they represented 2.7% (1/36) of the findings in patients discharged within 2 weeks, 33.3% (4/12) in those staying between 2--3 weeks, and 66.6% (8/12) in the cases remaining for longer periods. Despite the limited sensitivity of anthropometric parameters in the detection of acute moderate changes in body constitution, they were useful in separating the patients undergoing medium surgical injury from those subjected to more severe metabolic stress, when only changes greater than 10% of initial value were considered.


[Cardiomyopathy in juvenile diabetics? (author's transl)].

Report on a cardiologic study conducted in 26 juvenile diabetics with insulin deficiency, in whom the disease had lasted for more than ten years. Electrocardiograms, vectorcardiograms and echocardiograms were recorded. The investigations did not indicate the presence of a subclinical cardiomyopathy as a sign of an early diabetic microangiopathy of the myocardium. Hence the findings by Riff and Riff (1974) as well as those by Sanderson et al (1978) have not been confirmed.


[The albumin-IgG ratio in the CSF in inflammatory diseases of the CNS (author's transl)].

Levels of albumin and IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid were determined in 69 children with infectious diseases of the central of the central nervous system in the years 1975 to 1978. The cerebrospinal fluid in 63 children without infectious diseases of the central nervous system, serving as a control, showed a close correlation between albumin and IgG levels. In the acute stages of serous and purulent meningitis (meningococci, streptococci, and hemophilus influenzae) however, IgG levels in the cerebrospinal fluid were overproportionately high. Very high yet correlating levels of IgG and albumin were found in purulent meningitis due to Escherichia coli. The determination of cerebrospinal fluid levels of albumin and IgG renders information about the function of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as well as about any significant production of IgG at these sites. In case of repeated determinations information about the course of inflammation and the efficacy of antibiotic therapy can be obtained. This technique is simple and inexpensive. For one determination only 50 microliter of cerebrospinal fluid is required.


[Indomethacin in IRDS with PDA phenomenon (author's transl)].

16 premature babies (all needing artificial ventilation, 15 suffering from idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and one from severe apneic spells) received a single or double dose of indomethacin once the symptoms of an open ductus arteriosus further complicated their disease. Within 24 hours four patients showed closure of their duct, three other patients a very distinct improvement of their hemodynamic situation. There was no change of the ductus dependent symptoms in 8 other babies. One baby presented with a marked a worsening of its clinical situation and finally required surgical closure of its duct. There is quite a discrepancy found in the results reported from different centers. Starting from our results possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.


[Isovaleric acidemia combined with hypertrophic pylorstenosis (author's transl)].

A case of isovaleric acidemia combined with hypertrophic pylorostenosis is described. The diagnostic procedure, the biochemical findings as well as the performed therapy are discussed. Additionally the patient was successfully operated upon a pyloromyotomy. Thus the patient suffered form two conditions which are always to be considered in terms of differential diagnosis.


[Psychosocial intellectual development of children with infantile cystinosis and cerebral atrophy (author's transl)].

The psychosocial and intellectual development of 4 boys with nephropathic cystinosis and brain atrophy documented by cranial computerized tomography was investigated by use of biographical data and psychological tests (HAWIK, Deutscher Rechtschreibtest). Inspite of the brain atrophy the patients showed low-normal intellectual capacities and mainly average school performance. There were no psychosocial abnormalities correlated to the primary metabolic disease. However, renal dwarfism led to mascotism requiring psychotherapy.


[Vertical transmission of hepatitis B in infancy by asymptomatic HBs-antigen positive mothers].

Two cases of Hepatitis B in the infant period are presented. Both mothers were chronic asymptomatic HBsAntigen Carriers at the time of delivery. The high frequency of the HBs Antigen in pregnant women in a pilot-study in our area forces us to examinate the serum of each pregnant for HBs Antigen as a routine examination. Extended immunological diagnostics for the other hepatitis B antigens are recommended by each HBs-Antigen positive women. The prophylactic use of hyperimmunserum-globulin by such risk newborns is discussed.


[Sudden death of children by hemorrhage from a cerebral angioma (author's transl)].

Among 65 necropsies of children aging between 10 days and 15 years three cases of spontaneous letal hemorrhage from a solitary vascular angioma in the brain were observed. In two cases a sudden death occured. The third child died unexpectedly after years of noncharacteristic clinical nervous symptoms. In all cases the diagnosis of connatal vascular malformation was established by necropsy.


[The caudal regression syndrome (author's transl)].

Caudal regression syndrome in a male newborn with total aplasia of the vertebral column below L I is reported. A family history of malformations of the vertebral column and diabetes as atiologic factors are discussed.


[Rare forms of chronic osteomyelitis in children (author's transl)].

4 cases of chronic osteomyelitis in children and adolescents are described. The first one concerns a girl with severe plasmacellular osteomyelitis of the right upperarm. As the treatment with antibiotics failed a partial resection of the right humerus, followed by plastic covering of the resulting defect was successful. Two further cases of chronic metatarsal osteomyelitis of both feet could be classified as a kind of "sclerosing osteomyelitis Garré", mostly corresponding to the clinical feature of the "chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis" (Björkstén et al., 1978). Furthermore, a case of chronic ostitis localized in the symphyseal area is described, the clinical symptoms of which were resembling to the cortical osteoid, a special kind of sclerosing osteomyelitis. It is suggested that these different forms of chronic osteomyelitis in children are caused by bacterial infections. Nevertheless, this hypothesis remains to be proved. The problems of the differential diagnosis are discussed. Generally, the only therapy with antibotics is not successful, whereas the combination of removing of the inflammatory process with plastic covering of the bone-defect usually results in recovery.


[Traumatic pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood (author's transl)].

Two children had extensive resection of the pancreas due to a posttraumatic pseudocyst. Function of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas was reinvestigated following surgery and found to be normal. Based upon these observations pathogenesis, clinical and therapeutical aspects of pancreatic pseudocysts in childhood are reviewed.


[Identification of metastases in the infant skeleton--comparison of methods of roentgenology and scintigraphy (author's transl)].

Conventional x-ray examination and a whole body scintigram were performed within four weeks in 40 children with tumours. The findings obtained by both methods were subjected to a comparative analysis. Pathological findings were revealed in eleven children; in eight of these, the findings were partly confirmed as metastases. Of 39 metastases confirmed by x-ray film, 16 were found to be negative according to scintigraphy. On the other hand, 34 of a total of 60 scintigraphically pathological findings could not be confirmed by x-ray examination six months later. The falsely negative scintigraphic findings were mainly localised in the region of the ribs, the pelvis and the long bones near the epiphysis. Our own case material demonstrated these findings.


[Longitudinal growth data of development of weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest- and abdominal circumferences in healthy children (author's transl)].

From 1974--1977 anthropometric investigations were performed in 173 healthy infants during the first year of life. Weight, height, skinfold thickness, head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences had been measured as parameters for growth. Birth weight increased ceased threefold on 12th month in males only. There is no difference in the increase of height in males and females. Width of skinfold thickness increases rapidly until month 5, except abdominal skinfold. A radual decrease follows thereafter. The difference in decreasing velocity of skinfold thickness indicates changes in distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue during infancy. Growth of head-, chest-, and abdominal circumferences of males are similar to that of females.


[Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy and labyrinthine deafness: the DIDMOAD-syndrome (author's transl)].

The DIDMOAD syndrome is a combination of diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy and labyrinthine deafness. The inheritance is autosomalrecessive. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed on the basis of a further case of this pathogenetically not yet clarified disease pattern. Early detection of this syndrome in juvenile diabetics is important for long-term prognosis and genetic family advice.


[Treatment of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with zinc (author's transl)].

Oral administration of zinc sulfate did not improve the clinical conditions in two patients with Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrome type I. Zinc levels in serum and hair were normal before and during treatment.


[Viscerocutaneous Haemangiomatosis (author's transl)].

The article describes a case of viscerous haemangiomatosis in a 3 1/4-year old girl. Unusually extensive changes in the skin and soft parts, progressing since birth, are shown. Radiological findings for localising visceral haemangiomas are underlined, especially in connection with frequent posthaemorrhagic anaemia as a result of intestinal involvement. Typical x-ray findings: Phleboliths and soft-part "tumours" in plain roentgenograpy (abdomen, soft parts of the skin, cranium); involvement of the walls and disturbances of motility through intestinal haemangiomas in oral and rectal examination with contrast medium; changes in osseous structures and internal organs caused by adjacent angiomatous space-occupying growths.


[Formation of chondroid tissue in the left ventricle and bundle of His in complex congenital cardiac abnormality (author's transl)].

The formation of chondroid tissue in the heart ventricles and in the region of the ventriculoatrial transition is regarded as a rare lesion of the human heart. We present the observation of a not well-known disorder of cardiac development connected with a cartilagineous transformation of endo- and myocardial tissue. Chondroid change was found in the innermost parts of the left ventricle in a heart with severe hypoplasia of left parts and aortic atresia. Cartilage-like tissue reached to the region of the bundle of His and to supraanular parts of the interatrial septum. The possible genesis of this change, that may be of clinical relevance, is discussed with regard to normal endo- and myocardial development.


[Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage in infancy -- first symptom of a medulloblastoma (author's transl)].

The death of a 10 years old male patient was due to a clinically asymptomatic tumor in the posterior fossa with the initial symptom of a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Even if those cases are rare, symptom-free subtentoiral tumors have to be considered as possible etiological factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage unrelated to intracranial aneurysm or a-v malformation.


[Intestinal obstruction following necrotizing enterocolitis (author's transl)].

The increase in survival from necrotizing enterocolitis results in an increased rate of late sequelae. We would like to take the opportunity to emphasize these new complications by a review of our patient material. 11 (23.9%) patients from a total number of 46 showed signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction at different points in the course of the disease. In two surviving patients out of this group of 11, a resection of postinflammatory gut stenosis had to be performed within the first year. In the 9 children who died, particular emphasis is being paid in the autopsy reports to obstructive lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to this rather frequent event (23.9%) of postinflammatory formation of strictures and stenoses in the recovery from NEC a functional radiographic study of the intestinal patency seems mandatory before discharge of any patient with NEC with operative or conservative treatment.


[Fanconi's anemia (author's transl)].

A 6.6 years old girl is described who shows the typical symptom complex of Fanconi's anemia. Pathogenesis, clinical findings, cytogenetic results, therapy and prognosis of Fanconi's anemia are discussed.


[Phenylalanine-fetopathia in twins of an undiagnosed phenylketonuric mother (author's transl)].

A case report of microcephalic twins born to a hithertoo undedected phenylketonuric mother is given. The female twin suffered from phenylketonuria, too. The clinical findings included microcephaly, growth retardation, retarded bone age and an unusual facies. The psychomotor development was retarded in both twins, but more so in the phenylketonuric twin despite appropriate low phenylalanine diet.


Torulopsis glabrata fungemia--a clinical pathological study.

The clinical findings, pathologic features, and outcome were investigated in 46 patients in whom Torulopsis glabrata was isolated in 131 specimens of blood. Nineteen of the patients had only a single positive blood culture and no evidence of systemic yeast infection, while 27 patients had a clinically significant fungemia based upon the occurrence of 2 or more positive blood cultures, or the combination of a positive blood culture and isolation of the organism from a closed body cavity or demonstration of the yeast in tissue sections. The predisposing factors to the development of fungemia included the presence of intravenous lines, indwelling Foley catheters, antibiotics and surgery, especially when the gastrointestinal tract was involved. Only 22% of patients received either steroids or cytostatic agents. Possible portals of entry were suggested by the prior isolation of the organism from urine, sputum, wounds, and central venous catheter tips in most of the patients. Twelve of 27 patients with clinically significant fungemia were treated. The initial mode of therapy in nine patients was removal of intravenous lines because of the clinical suspicion of catheter related sepsis. Seven of the patients improved rapidly and one more after amphotericin B was subsequently administered. Amphotericin B was the initial therapy in three cases. One patient was cured while another died of an unrelated infection. Five patients were not treated although the isolation of T. glabrata had been reported; the fact that the presence of the organism was felt to be unimportant was considered to be a factor in the delay of treatment. In the remaining 10 patients the organism was isolated only after the patient had died. Division of the patients into four groups based upon whether the individuals survived, died of unrelated disease, died with potentially lethal infection, or died with T. glabrata infection significantly contributing to death, revealed a spectrum of disease, certain signs of which appeared to be of predictive value as prognostic indices of survival and severity of the infection. Seven patients with transient fungemia experienced an acute episode of high spiking fever (greater than 102.5 degrees F), rigors and/or hypotension, six of whom improved after the intravenous catheter was removed, suggesting a catheter-related sepsis. In contrast, persistent low grade fever (less than 102.5 degrees F) characterized eight of the nine patients in whom T. glabrata infection was considered either potentially lethal, or contributing significantly to death. A deteriorating clinical course with organ failure was also associated with this latter category of patients. Catheter-induced specticemia was considered in only two patients in this category. The autopsy and clinical findings in this investigation as well as reported experimental studies suggest that T. glabrata is an organism of low virulence. The patients' underlying disease (e.g., neoplasia) and coexisting bacterial infection are the most important factors responsible for death.


Studies on the near-UV effect on carotenogenesis in Verticillium agaricinum.

Carotenoids identified in Verticillium agaricinum under near-UV were beta-, zeta-, and gamma-carotenes, neurosporene, torulene, neurosporaxanthin and one of its esters. Evidence supports the proposal that gamma-carotene, and not torulene, is the immediate precursor of neurosporaxanthin. It is also suggested that phytochrome may be involved in the high irradiance reactions (HIR) causing carotenoid synthesis in this fungus although there is no knowledge of how this is effected. Spores grown under near-UV conditions varied in size and shape from those grown in the dark. A new pigment (390, 420 nm) is also proposed as the photoreceptor for carotenogenesis in V. agaricinum.


[Analysis of serum immunoglobulins and complement factors in children with chronic ITP and after reversible postinfectious thrombocytopenia (author's transl)].

Levels of immunoglobulins G, A and M and complement factor C3 and C4 were determined by single radial immunodiffusion techniques in a group of 26 children with a history of postinfectious thrombocytopenic purpura and in another group of 6 children with chronic ITP. The statistical evaluation of the data of patients with chronic ITP did not show any significant deviation from normal. In patients with previously acute, reversible ITP, levels of IgG and IgM were elevated. Whether this elevation was significant or not depended upon the statistical analysis applied. C3 levels tended to be above the average normal mean, C4 levels, in contrast, to be below. The importance of increased IgG and IgM concentrations in patients with the history of postinfectious ITP is discussed. The raised IgG and IgM levels are interpreted as an expression of a certain type of hyperimmune state rather than as an impairment of immunoregulatory mechanisms.


Mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene by guinea-pig liver homogenates: essential involvement of cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidases.

2-Acetylaminofluorene (AAF) was highly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98, when activated by a liver post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction (S9 fraction) from guinea-pigs, in spite of the resistance of this species to AAF carcinogenesis and the low capacity of the liver of this species for N-hydroxylation of AAF. The mutagenicity was comparable to or higher than that resulting from activation by mouse- or rat-liver S9 fraction, and was not enchanced by treatment with cytochrome P-450 inducers, a combination of phenobarbital and 5,6-benzoflavone. In an attempt to understand this unexpected result we examined whether a cytochrome P-450 mixed-function oxidase system participated in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea-pig liver, as it does in the case of mouse liver. The mutagenic activation was: (1) completely dependent on the addition of a co-factor, NADPH, to the mutation assay system, (2) completely suppressed by antiserum against NADPH--cytochrome c reductase, and (3) sensitive to a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, 7,8-benzoflavone. These results indicate that the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system is essentially involved even in the mutagenic activation of AAF by guinea-pig-liver S9 fraction. Based on both the present and other data, the mechanism of the mutagenic activation is discussed to explain the observed high mutagenic potential of AAF in the presence of guinea-pig-liver S9 fraction.


[Uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms].

It is reported of the uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from lead, cadmium and mercury-containing substrates. Cd and Hg were observed to accumulate significantly via the mycelium, whereas Pb accumulated scarely, even if the Pb contents in the substrate were high. High lead concentrations in wild mushrooms, therefore, are likely to be mainly due to emissions; whereas, with Cd and Hg, uptake from the soil must also be considered.


A diurnal rhythm of immunoreactive alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in discrete regions of the rat brain.

A significant diurnal variation in alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) concentrations was observed in discrete regions of the rat brain. During the 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle, alpha-MSH concentrations in each case were highest during the light period and lowest during the dark period. At 09.00 h, 3 h after lights were turned on, the peak alpha-MSH concentration occurred in the median eminence, the arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei and the periventricular thalamic nucleus. The paraventricular and anterior hypothalamic nuclei had highest alpha-MSH concentrations at 13.00 h. In the medial preoptic nucleus, the peak alpha-MSH concentrations appeared at 17.00 h. These changes in alpha-MSH content may reflect an alpha-MSH role in circadian variations in behavioral and neuroendocrine processes.


Effect of spinal cord transection on the reproductive system in the female rat.

Cycling rats had their spinal cord transected (SCT) at the T5 vertebral level and/or were unilaterally ovariectomized (ULO) at metestrus, and allowed to cycle either for one estrous cycle or for 19 days. Estrous cycle lengths were increased following SCT in all animals. After one cycle, SCT rats showed no effect on other reproductive parameters studies. In contrast, after 19 days decreases in body and ovarian weights, and number of follicles greater than 448 micrometers and ova shed per ovary were observed. When ULO was performed in conjunction with SCT, compensatory ovarian responses occurred. The data demonstrate that an intact adrenergic system is necessary for normal ovarian function in the intact rat but not necessary for compensatory ovarian responses to occur following ULO.


[Obstructive cardiomyopathy with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in the pediatric age].

The clinical and haemodynamic features of obstructive cardiomyopathy with hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in a 12-yr-old boy are examined. A cardiac souffle had been present for 10 yr and precordial pain, cardiopalmus and effort dyspnoea for 5-6 yr. Familial association, ischaemic and pseudonecrotic ECG changes, and signs of left ventricle hypertrophy were noted. Left catheterisation and ventriculography showed obstructive hypertrophy of the muscle, two chambers with filling at 160/10 and ejection at 120/10, and slight regurgitation into the left trium. Treatment with 0.2-0.5 mg/kg/day propranolol.


An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population.

Nutritional, racial, cultural, and environmental factors have combined to produce a resurgence of vitamin D deficiency rickets in urban Philadelphia. Between January 1974 and June 1978, 24 cases were diagnosed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Patients' ages ranged from 4 to 58 months. Presenting complaints included seizures, swollen wrists, pathologic fractures, and developmental regression. Sixteen patients were below the third percentile for length and weight. Laboratory results indicated vitamin D deficiency in nursing mothers as well as in infants. All infants had been breast-fed and all were black. Ingestion of vitamin D was limited by exclusion of meat and/or dairy products in 21, and no infants had consistently taken supplemental vitamins. Nineteen were members of Muslim or Seventh Day Adventist faiths. Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D was limited by dark skin, by dressing in long garments with hoods and veils, and by air pollution in a densely populated northern city. The return to a more "natural" diet, free of food additives, has been accompanied by the return of a classic disease of industrial society. Effective management required patience and respect for religious convictions. With treatment, there was correction of chemical and skeletal abnormalities, but few patients showed catch-up growth.


The action of physalaemin on electrolyte excretion by the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the rat.

The effect of physalaemin, an undecapeptide belonging to a family known collectively as the tachykinins, on water and electrolyte excretion of the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands of the rat has been investigated and compared to that of acetylcholine. Drugs were administered intravenously or by close-arterial infusion. Physalaemin is a powerful stimulant of fluid secretion by both glands although less potent than acetylcholine. The Na and K excretion patterns in physalaemin-evoked saliva resembled, but were by no means identical to those evoked by acetylcholine and other parasympathomimetic drugs: saliva evoked by physalaemin was considerably poorer in Na and K at all secretory rates. The HCO3 excretion curves, on the other hand, seemed to be identical to those evoked by parasympathomimetic drugs. From an analysis of the Na and K excretion patterns, it can be concluded, both for the mandibular and the sublingual glands, that physalaemin stimulated Na reabsorption and K secretion across the gland duct epitheluim, whereas acetylcholine has the opposite effect. These findings agree nicely with what has previously been demonstrated in vitro in the isolated perfused main excretory duct of the rat mandibular gland.


Thick slurry bevelling: a new technique for bevelling extremely fine microelectrodes and micropipettes.

A simple, inexpensive and rapid bevelling method is described. A settled slurry of 0.05 micrometer alumina powder in saline is used as the grinding surface. The bevelling process is continuous and reproducible over a wide range of electrode resistances.


A PCO2 surface electrode working on the principle of electrical conductivity.

A PCO2 electrode working on the principle of electrical conductivity is described. The calibration curve can be linearized according to the formula G = Go + b square root PCO2. This linearity has been tested in the PCO2 range of 0.93-9.33 kPa (7--70 Torr). For the experiments electrodes are used which have conductivity values of about 50 nS and drifts of maximally 5%/h at a PCO2 of 5.33 kPa (40 Torr). The response time (T90) is about 20 s. The temperature sensitivity is 2.4 nS/1 K between 298 K-310 K. The standard error of the measurements is sigma = 0.33 nS. With these electrodes tissue PCO2 can be measured on the surface of various organs.


Spermine-DNA complexes build up metastable structures. Small-angle X-ray scattering and circular dichroism studies.

Spermine-DNA complexes have been examined by small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering as well as by circular dichroism studies. Condensed complexes are building up below a critical ionic strength. We have found that at one and the same ionic strength condensed complexes having two different supramolecular structures (Type I and Type II) can coexist. The structure of the condensates depends on the method of condensate formation. Phase transitions between these structures can be induced by thermal treatment. We conclude from these facts that with polyamine-DNA condensates metastable structures are of importance.


[Optimization of the medium for the yeast synthesis of biotin].

In order to increase the yield of biotin produced by the culture Sporobolomyces pararoseus, the medium containing sucrose, asparagine, MgSO4 (NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, vitamin complex and trace elements was optimized. With the aid of a fractional factor experiment (2(5-1)) and a complete factor experiment (2(4)), the proportion of constituents was chosen in such a way as to double biotin yield, i.e. to increase it to 55.25 micrograms/l. An enrichment of the medium with yeast autolysate, casein hydrolysate and peptone in the presence of adenine increased biotin yield to 105.7 micrograms/l and cell productivity from 6.1 to 8.0 micrograms/l dry biomass.


Effects of rhythmic hyperstriatal stimulation on chicks' preferences for visual flicker.

Chicks' preferences for the frequency of a flashing light can be modified by electrically stimulating the medial part of the hyperstriatum ventrale with trains of shocks at that frequency. Chicks stimulated with 1.5 pulse trains s-1 preferred a light flashing at 1.5 s-1 and chicks stimulated at 4.5 trains s-1 preferred a light flashing at 4.5 s-1. Three behavioural measures taken during the preference test, namely measures of movement, latency to approach and distress calls were not significantly influenced by the frequency of brain stimulation.


Maintained aggressive behavior in gonadectomized male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens).

Adult male Betta splendens were gonadectomized and tested twice for aggressive behavior two weeks later. In a mutual viewing test environment, it was found that gonadectomized animals maintained their aggressive behavior on all six indices of aggression at a level equal to controls. Animals that showed some testis regeneration and sham operated fish were also equal to controls. The results are interpreted to mean that adult aggressive behavior in male B. splendens may not be under the control of gonadal hormones. Pituitary gonadotropins, interrenal gland, and critical period hypotheses are given as possible explanations of the maintained aggressiveness following castration.


Thiamin deficiency induced muricide behavior in rats.

An examination of the relationship between the degree of thiamin deficiency and the onset of deficiency induced muricide, revealed that this response appeared abruptly after 31 days of dietary treatment compared to pair-fed or ad lib fed controls. The response was not present after shorter periods of treatment (21 or 26 days). Moreover, once the response appeared at 31 days it was not increased significantly by additional thiamin depletion at 36 days (muricide rats of 48 and 61%, respectively). Pharmacologically induced thiamin deficiency using either pyrithiamin or oxythiamin also induced muricide (38% and 43%, respectively), albeit after a much shorter course of treatment. It appears that muricide induction is not related to thiamin deficiency induced encephalopathy and is probably a reflection of heightened irritability. Nevertheless, the induction of muricide was clearly not related to food deprivation and represents a useful pathognomonic sign that precedes the onset of neurological symptoms indicative of advanced thiamin deficiency.


Responses of spiny mouse weanlings to conspecific chemical cues.

Twenty-five-day-old A. cahirinus pups (weanlings) were tested for their responses to chemical cues produced by various classes of conspecific agemates. In Experiment 1, both male and female pups preferred bedding soiled by weanlings of either sex over clean bedding material. Subsequent experiments indicate that male but not female weanlings prefer chemical cues emanating from littermates over comparable stimuli from unfamiliar agemates. Also, chemicals produced by agemates maintained on the same diet as the animals were preferred by weanlings of either sex over cues from unfamiliar-diet weanlings. At weanlings, as for other periods of development, the individual's responsiveness to conspecific chemical cues is probably a function of age-specific environmental and social demands and the salience of various classes of conspecifics for ultimate reproductive success.


[Human fetal growth in Costa Rica, 1970-1975].

Costa Rica has experienced a marked reduction in infant mortality--both in the neonatal and post-neonatal components--in the last decade. The decline could be related to improvements in the pattern of fetal growth. The present report analyses the birth weight of newborns from a random sample of all births in the Republic of Costa Rica during 1970 and 1975. While the average birth weight in that period was 3100 grams, the prevalence of low birth weight neonates decreased from 9 to 7 per cent in five years. The provinces of Limon and San Jose exhibited the highest frequency of low birth weight. Women 20 to 29 years old had babies with better or optimal body weight. Age, marital status and occupation of the mother appeared correlated with birth weight. A relationship between changes in fetal growth and changes in maternal, perinatal and neonatal mortality is apparent. The present situation of birth weight places Costa Rica among the countries in transition with a clearer perspective to attain an even higher infant survival in the near future. In this regard, several measures oriented toward prevention of low birth weight are recommended.


The development of immunity to Parascaris equorum infection in the foal.

Following infection with 8000 Parascaris equorum eggs in two- to four-week-old foals reared under worm-free conditions a high percentage of the infective dose completed its tissue migration and returned to the small intestine. Patent infections were establisehd between 81 and 104 days after infection and high faecal egg counts were recorded. A group of six- to 12-month-old foals, which had been either reared under worm-free conditions or exposed to natural ascarid and strongyle infections on pasture, received a similar infection of 8000 P equorum eggs. Compared with the younger foals there was a marked reduction in the number of larvae reaching the small intestine. Also, patent infections were established less frequently (50 per cent of cases) and, when present, the faecal egg counts remained low.


[Immunologic studies with fully synthetic human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus].

A group of 12 diabetic patients with insulin allergy previously documented by positive skin tests have been investigated with insulin of bovine, porcine and human origin and with a synthetic human insulin (CGP 12 831). In 3 patients clearly positive skin tests were found even against CGP 12 831. In lymphocyte transformation tests performed in these 3 cases, an increase of 3H-thymidine uptake was found when Actrapid was added. No increase was observed when CGP 12 831 was added.


The effect of different doses of prednisolone in the treatment of childhood ITP.

The result of treatment of children with ITP, who received either 0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg per day of prednisolone showed that 1 mg/kg per day gave the best response, the least failure rate and the duration of treatment was not different compared to 2 mg/kg per day. It was concluded that the proper dosage of the prednisolone given to these children should be 1 mg/kg per day. However the number of the patients in the study were rather small further clinical studies and treatment with 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg per day of prednisolone in childhood ITP are warranted.


Diagnostic evaluation, classification, and treatment of men with sexual dysfunction.

During a two-year period, 165 men were evaluated for sexual dysfunction. Most evaluations were conducted on an outpatient basis and required two separate visits. Fifty-one per cent, 47 per cent, and 2 per cent of the patients were found to have functional disorders, organic disorders, and incomplete evaluations, respectively. Treatment recommendations were tailored to each patient using information gathered during the diagnostic evaluation.


Unsatisfactory psychosocial results of vasectomy resulting in modification of preoperative counseling.

Psychosocial problems after vasectomy resulted in a change in preoperative counseling. Psychologic instability, marital problems, sexual difficulty, and anxiety because of religion became contraindications to vasectomy. Psychosocial problems after vasectomy were then reduced. Patient age under twenty years was also a contraindication. Five hundred sixty patients in the twenty to twenty-nine age group (31 per cent of the total 1,784 vasectomise performed) had vasectomies, with psychosocial problems in only 1 patient due to the young age. This was believed not to warrant a change in the age groups having vasectomy.


Progesterone receptor in the rat ovary: further characterization and localization in the granulosa cell.

We have recently described a progesterone receptor in the cytosol of ovaries of hypophysectomized, estrogen-primed, immature rats. This progesterone receptor was shown to be a thermolabile, saturable protein, which is specific for progestins (R5020 and progesterone), and elutes at the void volume of a Sephadex G-200 column. In the present study, we performed a more detailed analysis of the biochemical properties of this receptor and examined its cellular localization within the ovary. Treatment of the ovary cytosol with protamine sulfate and N-ethyl maleimide abolishes the specific binding of 3H-R5020, indicating that the receptor is an acidic protein containing cysteine residues necessary for binding. Gel exclusion chromatography shows the progesterone receptor to have a mean Stokes radius of 86 A and a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 daltons. Kinetic analysis indicates that the receptor--R5020 complex dissociates very rapidly, with a t1/2 of 10 minutes. The cytosol of isolated granulosa cells bind 3H-R5020 specifically, demonstrating that the ovarian progesterone receptor is present in the granulosa cell.


[A new acute-phase protein. II. Quantitative determination in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis].

An antigen (SF1 or TSGA) originally found in the inflammable synovial fluid of man, which comes from the cytoplasm of neutrophils, possesses the properties of an acute-phase-protein. The production of a specific antiserum against this antigen and the method of its quantitative determination by means of the Mancini-technique are described. In 89 sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis the antigen was determined. First results of this investigation which speak for a dependence of the antigen concentration in the serum on activity and progression of the disease are reported.


[The meaning of the systolic progression of the mitral valve for the outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Studies by means of a valve model].

We constructed two valve models in order to investigate the cause of SAM of the mitral valve and the cause of the outflow tract obstruction in HOCM. With model 1 we were able to demonstrate that a subvalvular obstruction created a SAM of the mitral valve, there was also a pressure gradient distal to the obstruction, the valve itself did not create any obstruction. With model 2 we demonstrated that three causes were responsible for an outflow tract obstruction: 1. A narrow outflow tract even after removal of the mitral valve. 2. A position of the mitral valve close to a protruding septum and relatively short chordae tendineae. 3. A SAM of the mitral valve with apposition to the septum due to a Venturi effect. We were able to create a typical bisferiens poststenotic pressure curve in presence of a monophasic prestenotic curve. We conclude from our investigation that for the SAM of the mitral valve as well as for the outflow tract obstruction different anatomic structures may be responsible, which cause simular hemodynamic abnormalities. These abnormalities are most prominent in HOCM but not necessarily linked with this disease.


[Determination of N-nitrosamines in food products intended for long term storage].

The content of carcinogenous N-nitrosoamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosopiperidine) was determined fluorimetrically (as NBD-amines) in preserved products, food concentrates, dried fruit and mushrooms. No N-nitrosoamines were found in the concentrates and dried products. The content of N-nitrosamines did not exceed 3 g/kg. In some samples its content reached 19 microgram/kg.


Freeze-fracture study of the epidermal cells of a teleost with particular reference to intercellular junctions and permeability to tracer.

The plasmatic membranes, the intercellular junctions and the intercellular spaces of the epidermis of the fish Pimelodus maculatus were studied by freeze-fracture and by lanthanum methods. The observations has confirmed the presence of desmosomes. Gap junctions were not found and the tight junctions can be seen very rarely, arranged to form small discrete maculae. The finger-print pattern due to the microridges of the apical plasma membrane of the superficial cells was studied by direct replicas. The tracer penetrates all the intercellular epidermal spaces but failed to penetrate the dermis, suggesting the presence of a barrier at the dermo-epidermal level.


[The value of the urethral pressure profile in urinary incontinence].

For the differentiation of the incontinence the tonometry of bladder and urethra has become indispensable in diagnostics. The author deals with the advantages of the possibility of a combined examination, the technical performance of the urethra-pressure profile and with the necessity of the same outer conditions. Taking into consideration the functional length of the urethra, the maximum pressure of the urethra as well as the difference between pressure of urinary bladder and urethra in rest and under conditions of stress the criteria for the degrees of incontinence are represented and discussed on the basis of own examinations. Not the position and the absolute length are responsible for the continence, but the relation between the attainable urethra-pressure in contrast to the appearing pressure of the urinary bladder.


[Our experiences with urethro-cystometry, especially the value of the urethral profile in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence].

With the help of the findings of simultaneous urethrocystometry in 34 women with continence the course of the urethra-pressure profile is established. Here it is referred to the value of this method in the preoperative differential diagnostics of incontinence of urine in women.


[Effect of bacterial polysaccharide on the primary and secondary immunologic response following immunization with sheep erythrocytes].

The effect of typhoid bacterial polysaccharide on the primary and secondary immune response to SRBS was studied. The polysaccharide was shown to have both stimulating and depressive effect on the population of antibody-producing cells. This effect depended on the time and the number of polysaccharide injections. Thus, a single polysaccharide injection made on the day preceding immunization resulted in the maximum stimulation in the system of IgM- and IgG-producing cells, while the maximum depression of these cells could  be observed after 2 polysaccharide injections: on the day preceding immunization and on the day of immunization. In the secondary immune response considerable stimulation of the populations of antibody-producing cells was observed after polysaccharide injections made on days 2 and 3 after reimmunization.


[Effect of a typhoid lipopolysaccharide on the primary and secondary immunological response to ram erythrocytes].

The effect of typhoid bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the primary and secondary response to sheep red blood cells was studied. LPS, injected simultaneously with the antigen, stimulated the synthesis of IgM and IgG, as well as the production of rosette-forming cells. When injected on days 2 and 3 after the secondary immunization, LPS induced the maximum stimulation of IgM, IgG and rosette-forming cells, while the injection of LPS prior to immunization induced immunosuppression which particularly affected IgG and rosette-forming cells.


[Characteristics of the immunosuppressive activity of lymphoid organ cells in the process of sensitization with ram erythrocytes and exposure to antilymphocyte serum].

In the adoptive transfer of cells obtained from the thymus, lymph nodes and the spleen to intact syngeneic animals the suppression of immune response was induced by lymph node cells. If the donors were previously sensitized, the cells of the thymus and lymph nodes showed suppressive activity in the adoptive transfer test. A single injection of antilymphocytic serum to the donors of lymphoid cells, previously sensitized with sheep red blood cells, enhanced the immunosuppressing action of thymocytes and lymph node cells.


Persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after long-term treatment with bromocriptine in patients with prolactinomas.

The effect of bromocriptine withdrawal after long-term treatment on prolactin levels has been investigated in thirty-seven patients with prolactinomas. In ten patients with macroprolactinomas and post-operatively excessively high prolactin levels persisting suppression of prolactin secretion after bromocriptine withdrawal has been observed. This effect was not observed in patients with microprolactinomas or macroprolactinomas with only moderately elevated prolactin levels. The degree of persisting suppression correlated to the height of prolactin levels before treatment and to the duration of bromocriptine therapy. No correlation was found between the rise of prolactin levels after bromocriptine withdrawal and withdrawal time. It is suggested that the persisting suppression of prolactin levels is a sequence of reduction in tumour size. This anti-proliferative action of bromocriptine seems to be specific for the prolactin secreting cells in macroprolactinomas with high proliferation rate and high prolactin turn-over. These findings offer new possibilities in the management of patients with macroprolactinomas.


Interaction of synthetic progestagens with renal mineralocorticoid receptors.

Progesterone increases urinary sodium excretion at least in part by competition for renal mineralocorticoid receptors. In contrast, synthetic progestagens do not increase sodium excretion or even cause a slight sodium retention. We therefore compared the ability of progesterone and 12 progesterone like compounds to displace [3H]aldosterone from binding at cytoplasmic mineralocorticoid receptors in rat kidney. All synthetic progesteronelike steroids were less active than progesterone in competing with [3H]aldosterone for the receptor binding: progesterone 100%, 11 beta-OH progesterone 50%, 17 alpha OH-progesterone 24% and 16 alpha-methyl-progesterone 3%. Derivates of 17 alpha OH-progesterone (medrogestone 5%, dydrogestone 4%, medroxy progesterone-acetate 2% and chlormadinone-acetate 0.5%) were more potent than 19-nor-testosterone derivates: ethisterone 1%, norethisterone less than 1%, norethindrone less than 1%, norethyl-nodrel less than 1%, and ethynodiol-diacetate less than 1%. The decreased affinity of synthetic progestins for mineralocorticoid receptors explains in part the lack of natriuretic activity of these compounds.


[Possibilities and limitations of echocardiography].

Echocardiography offers a noninvasive method ideal for the patient and the observer. The exact diagnosis can be established in most of cardiac diseases. We use the technique as a screening method to select patients for invasive procedures, it allows an accurate assignment and timing of catherization.


Immunoelectrophoresis in the diagnosis of neuroectodermal and mesodermal intracranial tumours, especially those of the posterior fossa.

Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts of 200 intracranial tumours against rabbit anti-glioblastoma serum gave positive results (= precipitation) in all cases of tumours of neuroectodermal origin such as glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, neurinoma, and spongioblastoma. No immunoelectrophoretic precipitation was seen for any of the tumours of mesenchymal origin, for instance meningioma and metastases of cancer. On the basis of these findings, immunoelectrophoresis is considered to be a reliable method for differentiation between tumour tissue of neuroectodermal and non-neuroectodermal origin. Among the 41 posterior fossa tumours some unusual observations were made. Cerebellar angioblastoma (Lindau tumour) showed an atypically located precipitation line, which for the present is interpreted as an immunological reaction to vascular wall tissue. Furthermore, among the group of so-called medulloblastomas, two subgroups were distinguished on the basis of three parameters. The first of these subgroups comprises tumours whose immunoelectrophoretic pattern resembles that of gliomas, which are histologically characterized by neuroectodermal structures and which occur in younger children (5--10 years). The tumours of the second subgroup, which do not show this neuroectodermal immunoelectrophoretic pattern, have a sarcomatous character histologically, and occur in patients aged between 10 and 50 years. The view that medulloblastoma comprises a number of different types of tumour seems to be confirmed by this finding.


Generation and characterization of condensation aerosols of vanadium pentoxide and pyrene.

Generation and characterization of submicron aerosols of V2O5 and pyrene, two materials with very different physicochemical properties, were studied. Vaporization-condensation methods were used to generate the aerosols. The effects of various experimental conditions on particle size and aerosol mass concentration were investigated. Also, chemical stability of the aerosols and the source materials with respect to temperature was determined. Experimental results show that there are significant differences in the nature of pyrene and V2O5 aerosols. These methods and experimental conditions can be easily adapted for generation of heterogeneous condensation aerosols of pyrene and V2O5.


Effect of oil mists on the irritancy of sulfur dioxide. II. Motor oil.

This study examines the effect of sub-micrometer aerosols of motor oil on the irritant potency of sulfur dioxide. The increase in pulmonary flow resistance in guinea pigs was used as the bioassay of irritant response. When administered simultaneously, both unused and used motor oil protected against the irritant response to sulfur dioxide. This protective effect was lost when the oils had been previously reacted with sulfur dioxide. The additives used in the motor oil provided an equivalent protection when dissolved in a mineral oil which alone did not protect. Pre-exposure to motor oil did not provide protection. Sulfur dioxide and motor oil given together as a pre-exposure provided protection against further exposure to sulfur dioxide.


Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome--a clinical and genetic analysis of a large Brazilian kindred: II. Affected males.

We describe 13 males with Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome from one family. History and examination were supplemented by three sweat tests and dermatolglyphic analysis. Some of the patients had two uncommon findings (onychodystrophy and excessive lacrimation), and five had an "incomplete" form of the syndrome. Four signs (distal phalanges of fingers and toes radially and tibially deviated, respectively; facial hypochromic spots; large occipitofrontal circumference) seem to be described for the first time. The segregation proportion in the sibships with at least an affected male was found to be normal (1:1) in 44 series of data (43 from the literature), where a high ascertainment bias was present (155 affected and 68 normal males).


Monosomy 21: a possible stepwise evolution of the karyotype.

We describe a female infant with manifestations of complete monosomy for chromosome 21 intrauterine growth retardation, failure to thrive, craniofacial anomalies, arthrogryposis-like features, and psychomotor retardation. Chromosome analysis demonstrated mosaicism for three different cell lines in the various tissues examined; 45,XX,-21/46,XX,del(21)(q11)46,XX. The existence of these three lines suggests a possible explanation for the few cases of "complete monosomy 21" which have been reported.


Presence of a human chorionic gonadotropin--like substance in human sperm.

An hCG-like material has been extracted from human sperm. These experiments were designed to characterize this material. Sperms of 10 volunteers were separated from seminal fluid, washed in PBS three times, and resuspended in 0.5 ml of the same buffer. Samples were pooled; cells were disrupted by sonication and extracted in alkaline buffer by constant agitation at 4 degrees C. The extract was ultracentrifuged at 4 degrees C. Supernate was lyophilized and reconstituted in 2 cc of distilled water. This material presented a dose-response curve parallel to those of IS2-hCG and CR119 in beta hCG RIA. When chromatographed in a Sephadex G-150 column the extract eluted within the hCG range and immunoreacted in the specific beta hCG RIA. When absorbed onto a concanavalin A--Sepharose column, all recovered immunoreactive material eluted after exposure to alpha-D-methylglucoside, indicating that it is a glycoprotein. The extract stimulated progesterone and testosterone secretion in porcine granulosa cells and decapsulated rat testis, respectively, indicating its biologic potency.


The effect of prenatal factors on crown dimensions.

As shown in 870 white participants in the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), maternal health status during pregnancy and birth size are systematically related to mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of I1, I2, dc, dm1, dm2 and M1. Maternal diabetes, maternal hypothyroidism and large size at birth are associated with larger maxillary and mandibular teeth in white children. Conversely, deciduous and permanent crown diameters are diminished in maternal hypertension, and in low birthweight and small birth-length conditions. These findings suggest that maternal and fetal (or gestational) determinants of both deciduous and permanent tooth crown dimensions may account for as much as half of crown-size variability with major implications to population comparisons and historical odontometric differences and trends.


Development of velvet coat (Ve/Ve), another early lethal mutation in the house mouse.

A new semidominant mutation in the house mouse, velvet coat (Ve), is described. Ve homozygotes, recognizable on day 5 of gestation by their deficiency of ectodermal cells, never produce mesoderm and are resorbed by days 9-10. Primary Ve action may occur during the formation of the blastocyst or during determination and differentiation of the inner cell mass, or both. Accordingly, Ve/Ve embryos may provide a useful model for investigating primary gene action during blastocyst formation and subsequent differentiation.


Expertizing of posttraumatic sexual disturbances in males.

An analysis has been performed of 95 expertises in men, who asked for compensation of after-effects in injury in their sex life. The regions most frequently affected were sexual organs, the head, the pelvis and the lower spine. Roughly one half of the examinees reacted strongly to the injury and its consequences. The most frequently reported symptoms were erectivity disturbances. The greatest subgroup consisted of men who had a rational attitude to an objective organic finding (about 38%). The second place is occupied by men in whom it was not possible to prove any somatic changes, but whose psychic reaction to injury was distinct and pronounced (about 31%). Roughly two out of three men reported a deterioration of their working capacity after injury and/or a disturbance of their interpersonal relations. Only 5% of the examinees underwent an expert examination during the first year following the injury. It is stressed that administrative procedures for damages should be performed with maximum speed especially in cases where there were no objectively proved after-effects.


Limitations of the cyanide electrode for use in plasma and whole blood.

Although the cyanide ion-specific electrode has been used for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids, its validity has not been documented under these conditions. Therefore, we analyzed 60 paired samples of blood and plasma in a blinded fashion and compared the cyanide ion concentrations obtained from the ion-specific electrode with those obtained from a standard chemical assay. There was poor correlation between results in plasma samples (r = .52, n = 26) and no correlation in whole blood (r = .02, n = 34). Until refinements of the electrode technique are made, this method cannot be recommended for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids.


Psychomotor performance following exposure to trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetics.

Using three psychomotor tasks administered three times each at 2-week intervals, we studied the performances of 18 control subjects and 18 subjects who were routinely and daily exposed to trace concentrations of anesthetic gases in the course of their clinical practice. No significant differences attributable to exposure to trace concentrations of anesthetics were detected. It is concluded that laboratory studies may overestimate the degree of alteration of psychomotor skills associated with exposure to trace concentrations of inhalation anesthetics.


Can the extent of halothane debromination be predicted preoperatively?

In an attempt to predict the extent of halothane debromination, antipyrine metabolic clearance rate was measured preoperatively in 22 surgical patients, then correlated with percent hours of subsequent halothane exposure and postoperative serum bromide levels. There was a significant correlation (r = 0.78, p less than 0.001) between peak bromide level and anesthetic exposure but no correlation between peak bromide levels and antipyrine metabolic clearance rate. Thus, antipyrine is of no value for predicting the extent of halothane debromination. Mean peak bromide level 0.97 +/- 0.09 mM occurred on day 3 after anesthesia. This value is well below the psychoactive range. The data, therefore, also suggest that there is not a causal relationship between halothane biotransformation and the clinical syndrome of bromism.


Intravenous procaine as a supplement to general anesthesia for carbon dioxide laser resection for carbon dioxide laser resection of laryngeal papillomas in children.

Procaine suppresses the cough reflex, decreases laryngeal irritability, and has general anesthetic properties. For these reasons, 14 pediatric patients undergoing CO2 laser resection of laryngeal papillomas were studied in which an intravenous infusion of procaine (1 mg/kg/min) was added to N2O-O2 halothane/enflurane general anesthesia immediately following endotracheal intubation. These patients were compared to nine patients receiving the same anesthesia without procaine. The mean age of both groups was 11 years. There was no difference between the groups in duration of anesthesia or surgery. Emergence, however, averaged 15 minutes in study patients compared to 36 minutes in the control group (p less than 0.01). There was no difference in anesthetic concentrations required to maintain satisfactory operative conditions in the two groups. Muscle relaxants were required intraoperatively in seven control patients but in none of the study patients. The surgeon ranked the operative conditions excellent in all study patients but poor in seven of the nine control patients. Five of the latter required postoperative treatment of laryngeal complications, including reintubation in three. Only one of the study patients had postoperative stridor. No evidence of procaine toxicity was noted in the study patients with total doses ranging from 500--3600 mg. Intravenous procaine is useful in pediatric patients having endoscopic laryngeal operations.


Antagonism of pancuronium and its metabolites by neostigmine in cats.

Antagonism by neostigmine of neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium or its metabolites was studied in the cat anterior or tibialis muscle-peroneal nerve preparation using constant infusions of muscle relaxants. The ED50 of neostigmine (dose which caused a 50% antagonism) was 16, 11, 29, and 26 micrograms/kg for pancuronium, 3-hydroxypancuronium, 17-hydroxypancuronium, and 3, 17-hydroxypancuronium, respectively. Times of onset of neostigmine action were shorter when antagonizing 17-hydroxypancuronium neuromuscular blockade. Duration of neostigmine action when antagonizing 17- or 3, 17-hydroxypancuronium blockade was shorter than with pancuronium or 3-hydroxypancuronium. We conclude that more neostigmine is required to antagonize 17- or 3,17-hydroxypancuronium neuromuscular blockade than is required to antagonize pancuronium. Conversely, less neostigmine was required to antagonize 3-hydroxypancuronium blockade.


Pulmonary antibacterial defense mechanisms are depressed by halothane.

Pulmonary antibacterial activity was determined by challenging halothane-exposed and control mice to radiolabeled (32P) Staphylococcus aureus produced by an aerosol generator and by determining the relative changes in viable bacterial and radioisotope counts in ground lung immediately after exposure and 4 hours later. Mice that were anesthetized for 4 hours with 1 or 2 MAC halothane and allowed to recover for 1 hour showed higher 4-hour bacterial counts when compared to controls, while radioisotope counts were the same in both groups. These data indicate that 1 and 2 MAC halothane anesthesia is associated with depressed lung bactericidal activity but that physical clearance mechanisms are not depressed.


Pancuronium reduces halothane requirement in man.

We studied the contribution of pancuronium to anesthetic requirement in man by comparing MAC for halothane alone in 18 patients, with that after intravenous administration of pancuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, in 17 patients. In each group, movement was observed in limbs isolated from the circulation by tourniquet. In patients receiving pancuronium, halothane MAC was 0.55%, whereas the control value was 0.73%. Thus pancuronium reduces halothane MAC by 25%.


Incidence of fungal spores at the homes of allergic patients in an agricultural community. III. Associations with local crops.

A predominantly agricultural community in California was surveyed for prevalent fungal spores during a 12-month period. Alternaria, Macrosporium and Stemphylium were recovered during asparagus and strawberry harvesting times year-round. Fusarium and Botrytis were less frequently associated with the strawberry harvest and were recovered only during the first quarter of the year. Epicoccum was recovered in the north end of the Salinas valley in low numbers throughout the year and was strongly associated with the strawberry and artichoke harvest. Aureobasidium (Pullularia) recovery occurred in different locations according to season, correlating somewhat with the cabbage harvest as well as with the harvest of strawberries. Recovery of the pigmented yeats showed strong correlation with the local growing season for lettuce. Cladosporium was prevalent year-round but did not appear to be signficantly affected by changing argicultural conditions. These data have permitted the predictability of mold aeroallergens with medical applications.


Impairment of tracheal ring ciliary activity by halothane.

The effects of varying concentrations of halothane on tracheal ciliary activity were studied using a ferret tracheal organ culture technique. Using 1% and 2% halothane produced no impairment of ciliary activity, while 3% halothane caused some ciliostasis; 4% and 5% halothane produced rapid cessation of ciliary activity. Recovery was prompt and complete after exposure to 4% halothane for as long as 3 days, but after 4 days of exposure recovery was incomplete and after a week of exposure death of ciliary cells occurred.


Localisation of the NADPH delta 4-3-keto steroid-5 alpha-oxidoreductase in the rat ovary.

The 5 alpha-reductase activity was localised on the stromal comportment of the rat ovary. The 5 alpha-reductase activity in stromal tissue decreased from 27.3 +/- 2.9 ng/hr/mg protein in rats 20 days old, to 13.4 +/- 1.2 ng/hr/mg protein in rats 30 days old and to 7.1 +/- 1.0 ng/hr/mg protein in adult rats. During the oestrous cycle no significant variations in enzyme activity could be demonstrated.


[Rapid change in the dynamics of antibody-forming cells under the influence of a single injection of various anthracyclines].

The dynamics of the titers and number of the antibody forming cells was studied within 26 hours after a single injection of anthracycline to immunized animals at various phases of the immune response. The specificity of the "rapid" effect of anthracyclines suggests that the low differentiated precursors of the antibody forming cells are the main target for the rubomycin effect and the immune competent cells in the state of multiplication and differentiation under the effect of the antigen are the main target for the carminomycin effect. The study was performed with noninbred mice immunized with sheep red cells.