[Xeroradiography in the investigation of muscular diseases in pediatric age (author's transl)].

A comparison is made between xeroradiography and traditional radiography in 43 patients suffering from myopathies in pediatric age. Only eight of the patients had a neurological genesis. Xeroradiography results to be much more useful in the early diagnosis of muscular disorders and in the correct definition of the disease.


[Gray scale echotomography of the kidney: technique and anatomy (author's transl)].

The authors illustrate all the different scanning techniques for the kidney and review the normal anatomic patterns in every scanning plane. Using gray scale machines, high-frequency long focussed transducers and appropriate gain settings, it is possible to obtain well defined images, with high resolution; these allow to recognize the renal margins, the cortex, the medulla and the renal sinus structures. The large number of scanning planes, both longitudinal and transverse, allow a detailed evaluation of the normal renal anatomy, the relationships of the kidneys with the neighbouring structures (fasciae, ligaments, fat and vessels) and organs (liver, adrenals, spleen and pancreas) are well recognized. The authors systematically introduce the different echotomographic aspects of the normal kidney. Echotomography can also inform about the renal position and size.


[The silent kidney in urography: value of echographic examination].

The unilateral non visualizing urinary tract deserves further investigation in order to establish the cause of it. Among the various methods, echography offers the advantages of a good diagnostic accuracy and of a total non invasivity. Furthermore no ionizing radiation are requested. The author stresses the value of the echographic investigation on the basis of its own experience and referring to the data of the literature. Cases of idronephrosis, malignancies and vascular lesions are described.


[Principles of therapeutic trials (author's transl)].

Therapeutic trials aim at comparing the effectiveness of two therapeutic attitudes. The problems involved are considered: comparability requirements of the groups, assured by randomization, which raises ethical questions. The need of a "sufficient" number of subjects, often imposing cooperative trials, is then discussed. Finally, it is necessary to define the disease and patients, the therapeutic possibilities, and judgement criteria.


[Antigenic analysis of cheese mites with view to a study of cheese-makers' illness (author's transl)].

"Somatic" and "metabolic" antigens prepared from A. farinae and T. casei mites in Auvergne cheese were used for experimental immunisation: the hyper-immune serums obtained permitted 11 to 21 precipitant systems to be distinguished. An enzymatic activity could be identified on certain arcs. Research into antigenic communities showed the existence of 1 to 3 arcs common to the mite antigens, but none with the antigens obtained from the Penicillium cyclopium and Mucor fuscus moulds accompanying the mites. The results obtained thus facilitate an epidemiological investigation among the cheesemakers.


[Profile lung angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (author's transl)].

Selective profile lung angiography provides a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Indeed, the frequent localization of emboli in the postero-basal zones which could be partially obstructed or undetectable on the frontal lung angiography supports the use of this technique. Our results are based on 50 recent cases of pulmonary embolism, divided into three groups: - non-massive pulmonary embolism explored before the 10th day (16 patients); - non-massive pulmonary embolism explored after the 10th day (24 patients); - massive pulmonary embolism (10 patients). Selective profile angiography confirmed the diagnosis in 10 patients by revealing pathognomonic pictures. Furthermore, a highly-probable diagnosis was allowed in 11 patients having very evocative pictures. Finally, selective profile lung angiography helped to determine the localization of the thrombi, the circulation in adjacent zones, and the quantification of the obstruction in 30 patients.


IgG and IgA in saliva and blood serum in relation to smoking and respiratory symptoms.

The main purpose of the paper was to find a possible relationship between smoking and immunological disorders, which are to be the common ground for chronic respiratory diseases. Measurements of IgG and IgA in saliva and blood serum were performed in 87 persons during medical check-up before admission to work in a sulphur mine. Persons with cough and/or sputum production usually in the morning or during the day or at night were defined as positive symptoms. From the study, different immunoglobulin patterns have emerged in saliva and serum in relation to smoking. IgG content in saliva of smokers was lower and IgA higher than in non-smokers. Levels of both immunoglobulins in serum were lower among smokers. In persons with respiratory symptoms IgG content in saliva was markedly lower especially in smokers.


Surface antigens as virulence factors in infection with Bacteroides fragilis.

Organisms of the genus Bacteroides represent the major group of obligate anaerobes involved in human infections. Bacteroides usually cause either bacteremia or localized abscesses. Of the numerous species of Bacteroides, Bacteroides fragilis is the single most frequent clinical isolate. B. fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus have chemically incomplete lipopolysaccharides as compared with the lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of aerobic bacteria, and the lipopolysaccharides of Bacteroides lack the biologic potency characteristic of endotoxin. This inactivity may account for the very infrequent occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation or purpura that can accompany sepsis due to these organisms. Furthermore, strains of B. fragilis have an immunologically common capsular polysaccharide. In an animal model of intraabdominal sepsis, the encapsulated strains caused abscesses when given without other organisms, but abscess formation from unencapsulated strains of Bacteroides generally required the administration of a synergistic aerobe. The abscesses caused by encapsulated strains were shown to be directly attributable to the capsular polysaccharide, which is an important virulence factor of this organism. Patients or experimental animals infected with B. fragilis develop antibodies to the capsular polysaccharide, and these antibodies can be detected in a radioactive antigen-binding assay.


Efficacy of parenteral antibiotics in the treatment of experimentally induced intraabdominal sepsis.

An experimental model of intraabdominal sepsis closely approximating the disease in humans was used to evaluate the efficacy of clindamycin, tobramycin, cephalothin, and cefamandole, alone and in combination, in reducing both early mortality due to peritonitis and the subsequent development of abscesses. Sepsis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal placement of gelation capsules containing various amounts of human stool inoculum. Ninety percent of the untreated animals given a high inoculum died of peritonitis within 24 hr, and the survivors showed significant intraabdominal abscesses at the time of sacrifice. Animals treated with clindamycin-tobramycin, cephalothin-tobramycin, cefamandole-tobramycin, or cefamandole alone in the high-inoculum group showed a significant decrease in early mortality. Only animals treated with clindamycin-tobramycin, however, had a significantly increased cure rate (survival with no abscess present at time of sacrifice). In low-inoculum groups, several antibiotics alone or in combination significantly decreased mortality and increased cure rates. The selective use of antibiotics is critical in the treatment of severe forms of intraabdominal sepsis.


The chemotactic effect of Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide.

The atypical Bacteroides fragilis lipopolysaccharide is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The chemotactic activity is mediated by complement activated through the alternative pathway. This mediator has been isolated. It is a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 16,000 and is most likely the complement component C5a.


Colitis induced by Clostridium difficile.

Clostridium difficile has been implicated as the major cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. The current laboratory diagnostic test of choice is a tissue culture assay that demonstrates the presence of a cytopathic toxin neutralized by antitoxin to Clostridium sordellii. This toxin was found in stools from 42 of 43 patients with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis  and in stools from 12 of 78 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Specimens from patients with gastrointestinal conditions unrelated to administration of antibiotics and those from healthy controls were uniformly negative. Neutralization of toxin by antitoxin to C. sordellii appears to represent antigenic cross-reactivity, since broth cultures of C. difficile also contain a cytopathic toxin neutralized by this antitoxin. Strains of C. difficile are susceptible to vancomycin, and the initial clinical experience with oral administration of this agent shows promising results.


Participation of immunoglobulin and the alternative complement pathway in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Studies were conducted to determine the requirements for immunoglobulin and complement in opsonization of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. The ability of human sera depleted of immunoglobulin or of components of complement to promote the phagocytosis  and intracellular killing of the two strains of Bacteroides by human leukocytes was measured in vitro under anaerobic conditions. Neither hypogammaglobulinemic sera nor pooled normal human serum that was heated at 56 C for 30 min supported phagocytosis and killing of the two strains of Bacteroides. Neither sera depleted of terminal complement components by treatment with inulin or cobra venom factor nor human serum deficient in C8 supported phagocytosis of the tested strains. In addition, pooled normal human serum depleted of C3, factor B, or factor D did not support phagocytosis of either strain. Dose-dependent restoration of the opsonic activity of factor B-depleted serum was accomplished by purified human factor B but not by human C2. The results indicate that immunoglobulin and components of the alternative comed in this study.


Partial purification and characterization of a cytotoxin from Clostridium difficile.

A trypsin-sensitive, heat-labile cytotoxin was purified from the supernatant of a culture of Clostridium difficile by a procedure that included ultrafiltration, precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The procedure resulted in recovery of 20% of the cytotoxin and an estimated 1,500-fold increase in cytotoxic activity. The minimal amount of protein required to give an actinomorphic response in WI-38 cell cultures was 1.4 ng/ml. The estimated molecular weight of the cytotoxin is 240,000. A cytotoxin having similar properties was purified from the stool of a patient with antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. This procedure resulted in a recovery of 26% of the cytotoxin, a 50-fold increase in cytotoxic activity, and a cytotoxic response with a minimum of 12.1 ng of protein/ml.


Antibiotic-associated colitis:  effects of antibiotics on Clostridium difficile and the disease in hamsters.

Fifteen isolates of Clostridium difficile  from hamsters and human patients were inhibited or killed by low concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, penicillin, and ampicillin; the isolates were often reesistant to tetracycline, cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, erythromycin, and aminoglycosides. Antibiotics to which C. difficile was susceptible were able to prevent or postpone the colitis caused by clindamycin in hamsters. Colitis could be produced by treatment of hamsters with any one of these antibiotics. Production of colitis not only involved selection of resistant variants, but in some instances seemed to result from the acquisition of organisms after treatment, their persistence despite treatment, or from subinhibitory cecal concentrations of antibiotic (explainable by either pharmacologic factors or enzymatic inactivation). As in humans, no organisms other than C. difficile have been implicated conclusively as etiologic agents of colitis in hamsters. Our results suggest it may be wise to use isolation precautions for patients with colitis caused by C. difficile.


[Study of the antidepressive effects of a biological transmethylating agent (S-adenosyl-methione or SAM)].

A research has been made in monotherapy and double blind in order to study the antidepressive effects of S-adenosil-L-methionine (SAMe) on homogeneous groups of patients suffering from relapsing endogenous depression out responding to tryciclique tymoleptiques or suffering from neurotic depression. In this last case the drug in question was being studied against amytriptiline. The antidepressive effects of SAMe have been evident and statistically highly interesting, precocious, free from collateral effects and maniacal rebounds. The sample positive effects were noticed also in those patients not responding to tryclique tymoleptiques. Any biochemical mechanism following the central action of SAMe are being discussed.


[Hemicrania in children: diagnostic and therapeutic problems (author's transl)].

Four children with migraine raised some problems of differential diagnosis (cerebral circulatory disorders; structural brain diseases; or primary psychiatric disorders). Organic lesions were excluded through special investigations (EEG, CAT, Scintigraphy, Angiography etc.). Relationships between migraine and epilepsy in children were considered and the recent literature was reviewed. No agreement was reached on how to evaluate paroxysmal electroencephalograms recorded during migrainous episodes. In a child with personal and family history of migraine suffering from a sudden attack of acute headache accompanied by focal neurological deficits, migraine is the most likely diagnosis. Only if the neurological deficit fails to resolve rapidly (after a few hours), a detailed investigation is necessary (CAT etc.). A paroxysmal electroencephalogram during the attack of migraine does not imply necessarily a diagnosis of epilepsy. Children with history of migraine must be treated with specific anti-migranious drugs even if paroxysmal EEGs are recorded during the migraine attack. It must be remembered that both disorders (i.e. migraine and epilepsy) can exist in the same patient.


[Evaluation of the EEG aspects of rheumatic chorea as related to the clinico-evolutive parameters of the disease].

E.E.G. features as presented by 20 patients of rheumatic chorea (15 females and 6 males, from 11 and up to 16 year old) are examined. Pathological patterns concerned 17 patients (85%); in three cases (15%) no characteristic E.E.G. enregistrations were found. Three types of pathological E.E.G. patterns are reckoned: A type (7 patients, i.e. 35%): increased amount of Posterior Slow Waves. B type (5 patients, i.e. 25%): conspicuous alterations of the alpha rhythm, and appearance of bursts of diffused, monomorphous, slow activities. C type (5 patients, i.e. 25%): inconstant outcoming by bursts, of 2--4 cycles sec. waves on posterior regions. No correlation can be established, on the ground both of E.E.G. features and clinical findings, neither between altered E.E.G. patterns and choreic movements severity, nor between localization of the former abnormalities over the scalp, and distribution of the latter. Yet, E.E.G. alterations, when present, are not to be ruled out, as they can be the demonstration of organical impairment and can give evidence about the course and recovering. To distinguish, in rheumatic chorea between clearly pathological, by the one hand, and "functional" by the other, E.E.G. features, is assumed as difficult, as subjects are in a range of ages in which cerebral biorhythms have not reached ultimate definition.


[Headache in depressive syndromes: a clinical study (author's transl)].

The possibility of a close relationship between depression and headache has been investigated by many authors; and supported by clinical, biochemical and pharmacological findings. In the present study the features of headaches were investigated in a sample of 58 depressed inpatients, selected according to Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Head pain was found in over 50% of the depressed, with a greater incidence within the psychogenic group. On the other hand headache did not correlate with the nuclear symptoms of depression (depressed mood, guilt, retardation, inadequacy); it correlated with tension and somatic anxiety. The authors conclude that headache, as a symptom of depressive syndrome, must be considered only an accessory component of depression, but not a central feature of the syndrome.


[Neuropsychological aspects of schizophrenic mental deterioration].

The authors have administered a test of intelligence (WAIS) and a test of attention (Color Naming) to a group of patients affected by chronic schizophrenic impairment. The scores give shape to a picture of mental deterioration, especially characterized by a decrease of attentive power. This results validates the possibility of a neuropsychological approach to the etiopatogenesis of schizophrenia and supports the hypothesis that an impairment of mental synthesis power may explain both clinical and psychometric features of the disease.


[Epilepsy in the third age: seizures presenting after the age of 60 years (author's transl)].

In a group of 400 epileptic inpatients of the Neurological Clinic of Parma, 82 were over 60 years of age. Only 59 of them presented fits for the first time after the 60th year of age and in 78% of these, a definite anatomical damage could be demonstrated (neuroradiological investigations). One half of the epileptic syndromes with known etiology were thought to be related to cerebrovascular disease, but only few cases followed a stroke with persistent neurological symptoms. Intracranial space-occupying lesions were found to be the cause of epilepsy in 17% of cases. Partial epileptic seizures, secondarily generalized seizures, clinical signs of neurological damage, slow focal changes in the E.E.G. were the main features of this group of patients. In 22% of cases, miscellaneous causes were found: head injuries, exogenous intoxications due to accidental or iatrogenic ingestion, or alcoholic abuse. Relatively frequent were the seizures appearing in the course of degenerative or slow viruses induced encephalopathies. In 22% no demonstrable cause was found. Adequate follow-up may help us to discover etiological factors which at present are not obvious, but some form of idiopathic epilepsy with onset in this age range cannot be definitively ruled out. Only in 15% of cases interictal E.E.G. changes consisted in specific generalized or focal paroxysmal discharges (spikes, polyspikes, polyspike-and-wave). In about half of the cases the interictal E.E.G. failed to provide valuable informations, but an ictal E.E.G. could be obtained in 13 cases out of 59.


[Some problems of a psychiatric care unit in a general hospital. II: Compulsory health treatments (author's transl)].

The new italian law regulating psychiatric treatments (number 180/78) does away with hospitalization for mental diseases in Psychiatric Hospitals. When required, hospitalization occurs only in Psychiatric Care Units attached to General Hospitals. Compulsory Health Treatments (T.S.O from italian "Trattamenti Sanitari Obbligatori") may be enforced whenever the patient refuses to be hospitalized although he needs hospitalization for treatment and there are no alternatives to it. The Authors report on the first seven months of experience in a Psychiatric Care Unit of a General Hospital in Florence where T.S.O. had been made available. The characteristics, places of origin, profession of the 42 patients admitted for T.S.O. have been investigated. Organizational and emotional issues arising from the enforcement of the new regulations and involving the staff are examined; the main issue being the significance of not having participated in the decision for hospitalization although having the responsibility for the patient's staying in the hospital. All these seem to have made more difficult, at least at first, to achieve a thorough psychiatric treatment, whereas it is easier to resort to a mere drug treatment. Possible solutions to ease the situation are put forward.


Studies in porphyria IX: Detection of the gene defect of erythropoietic protoporphyria in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes.

We have demonstrated in this study that mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from EPP subjects accumulate substantially greater amounts of protoporphyrin IX than do normal lymphocytes when incubated with ALA. Protoporphyrin IX formation by normal lymphocytes is stimulated by CaMgEDTA, an inhibitor of ferrochelatase, and is decreased by ferrous iron which facilitates the utilization of protoporphyrin IX for heme synthesis. In contrast, protoporphyrin IX formation by EPP lymphocytes is less stimulated by CaMgEDTA than is the case with normal lymphocytes and is only slightly affected by iron. Clinically manifested EPP subjects and completely latent gene carriers of EPP can be identified using this lymphocyte culture technique. The data from this study provide clear evidence of a functional deficiency of ferrochelatase activity in human EPP lymphocytes. EPP thus represents the third of the three dominant porphyric disorders of man, including acute intermittent porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria, which can now be diagnosed using lymphocytes.


Experimental zinc deficiency in man: effect on spermatogenesis.

Dietary zinc intake was restricted (2.7-5.0 mg daily) for 24 to 40 weeks in five male volunteers. Their ages ranged from 51 to 65 years with a mean age of 57 years. Oligospermia was induced in all. In four subjects, oligospermia occurred 2 to 14 months after zinc restriction was instituted. In one subject, the onset of oligospermia was not accurately determined. The duration of oligospermia in the four subjects ranged from 6 to 14 months. Oligospermia was reversed after 2 to 32 months of zinc supplementation in physiologic amounts. The baseline sperm count (mean +/- SE) 289 +/- 85 millions/ml dropped to 33 +/- 4.5 millions/ml (P less than 0.05) following zinc restriction, and increased to 151 +/- 33 millions/ml after zinc supplementation (P less than 0.025). Oligospermia coincided with decline in Leydig cell function and was reversed in three subjects after zinc supplementation in low doses. Our study has demonstrated that dietary restriction of zinc can decrease sperm count, and that oligospermia induced by mild zinc deficiency is a reversible process. Oligospermia seems to be a sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency.


Amino acid sequence of the biosynthetic precursor to a human hormone.

The radiosequencing method used to determine the structure of precursors of hormones and other secretory proteins was reviewed. Determination of the primary structure of the hydrophobic Xp of the biosynthetic precursor to hPL was described. This is the first human hormone whose precursor structure has been determined completely by this method. Comparison of the sequence we determined with the sequence of rat pre-growth hormone deduced from the structure of its coding DNA revealed striking homology of the Xp regions. These findings support coevolutionary development of the DNA for both the Xp segment and mature protein regions of these related hormones.


[Microclimate parameter study in a building for the cage battery raising of small pigs].

An experiment was carried out in a reconstructed building for cell-battery rearing of young pigs, heated by two petroleum calorifers. Six to eight pigs were placed in a cell in 4 row-cell batteries at two storeys. Ventilation was realized by sucking ventilators, situated along the ridge of the building. Temperature and relative air humidity were measured at 7, 14 and 21 o'clock. The gas composition and the air movement rate were periodically investigated. It was established that at temperatures in the region below 0 degrees C regime for that category of pigs cannot be maintained with the accepted heating constructions. The gas composition standards established and the rate of air movement are within the range of hygienic standards. At the level of the second cell and crosswise to the building slighter temperature differences were observed and the temperature was higher. The conclusion is made that the chosen ventilation scheme and equipment for heating do not ensure optimal and uniform temperature-moisture regime in the premises.


[Correlation between the degree of reaction to the rapid mastitis test and the changes in the chemical makeup and properties of bulk cow's milk].

Samples of trade cow milk from the milk combine in Stara Zagora were investigated using the quick mastitis tests "Sofia" and "Bernburg". It was established that 38% of the samples studied react positively (+). The samples reacting in a varying degree to the test were investigated for content of total protein, caseine, whey protein, lactose, chlorides, calcium and number of somatic cells. An electrophoretic separation of the caseine fractions was performed on acrylamide gel. The refraction number of milk serum was determined. No composition and property changes were observed in milk samples reacting positively to the test and having a cell content lower than 1 000 000/cm3. Changes of the protein components in favour of whey proteins were evident in milk samples having a positive reaction to the test as well as cell content higher than 1 000 000/cm3. The electrophoretic picture of caseine from milk samples reacting positively to the test and having higher than 1 000 000/cm3 cell content includes all caseine fractions typical for cow milk, but a reduction in the Ls and beta caseine fractions and an increase of kappa- and gamma fractions is observed.


[Changes in the sialic acid content in the blood serum of calves with bronchopneumonia following treatment].

The effect of a combination of calcium gluconate, magnesium sulfuricum, natrium salycilate, analgin, vit. C, vit. B1 and norsulfasol diluted in physiological solution of natrium chloride and 5% glucose was investigated. The combination was applied intravenously or per os on two groups of calves suffering from bronchopneumonia. It was established that in calves treated with the combination sialic acid is reduced as compared to calves treated only with antibiotics. Therefore it is recommended to apply in the therapy of bronchopneumonia along with antibiotics also antiinflammatory means and medicative whole milk nourishment.


[Viral carrier state and viral excretion in classical swine fever].

Studies on swine pest virus carrying and elimination on swine vaccinated by lapinizated vaccine strain "K" from rabbits were performed. Vaccinated swine were injected with the pathogenic virus on the 60th day post vaccination and to them were added not immunized swine with the aim to discover virus elimination. The experimental swine were decapitated on the 3, 5, 6 and 7th day post infection. Alternating passages were made by emulsion of the inner organs of these swine on not immunized swine as well as pathohistological investigation of the parenchymal organs and the brain. Presence of the virus and of pathohistological changes were not detected 7 days post injection of the virulent virus. Contact having swine which served as a indicator for virus elimination were observed for 21 days, but remained healthy. These swine, when infected with the virulent virus, suffered from pest.


[Alkaline phosphatase activity and properties in the organs of cattle and sheep].

Alkaline-phosphatase activity and the physico-chemical properties of the liver, lung, spleen, kidney, intestine, bone and placenta of 25 clinically healthy cattle and 30 clinically healthy sheep were investigated. High alkaline phosphatase activity was detected in kidneys and intestines. The alcaline phosphatase of cattle and sheep liver, spleen, kidney, lung, bone and placenta was thermo-labile and sensitive to l-arginine, l-homoarginine and imidazole, but was not sensitive to l-phenylalanine. Bone phosphatase of cattle and sheep was sensitive to urea. Intestinal phosphatase of cattle proved thermostable, sensitive to l-phenylalanine and not sensitive to l-arginine, l-homoarginine, imidasol and urea. Agarose gel electrophoresis of alkaline phosphatase indicated the presence of one fraction only and liver alkaline phosphatase proved to be the fastest. Sheep liver alkaline phosphatase had two fractions while sheep intestinal and placental alkaline phosphatase had three fractions and some of them were faster than liver alkaline phosphatase.


[Serum protein studies of the rainbow trout (S. irideus G.)].

The effect of the physiological state, age, sex, stage of sexual product, maturity and environmental conditions on the composition and dynamics of blood serum protein was followed in 625 brook trouts of varying age. The fish were bred in Karst water with temperature 9 degrees C. It was established that the quantity of blood serum total protein varies within the range of 2.03-3.80 g% and its level is highest in spring in the spring female producers (3.80 g%). In about 50% of the samples of varying age groups a prealbumen fraction, a dominating albumen fraction, three alpha-globulin, two beta-globulin, and one gamma-globulin fractions were established. Globulin quantity rose with age from 55.19 to 79.62% and the alpha/beta ratio showed values higher than 1 in age groups. Albumen quantity decreased with age by about 1/3, while the A/G coefficient was not higher that 1 and ranged from 0.29 to 0.94.


[Comparative immunological studies and the determination of the epizootiological effectiveness of Soviet vaccine LTF-130 in trichophytosis].

The immunological response of calves vaccinated against herpes is explained and the epizootic effectiveness of the Soviet vaccine ltf 130 applied in Bulgaria is assessed. The antigenic relation of the vaccine's strain with the agent causing herpes in Bulgaria was revealed by parallel investigation on serum RCB of calves suffering from herpes and of calves vaccinated with ltf 130. The immunological response was assessed by proving the existence of complement binding antibodies. It was found that vaccinated calves react by producing complement binding antibodies up to the 45th day post immunization. During the 1976-1978 year period 62 121 calves and heifers were treated for medicative purposes and 653 666 calves and heifers--for prophylactic purposes. From all vaccine treated animals 95.4-98.8% recovered. No cases of herpes were observed in animals vaccinated prophylactically.


[Diagnostic value of the hemagglutination inhibition reaction in Newcastle disease of hens].

Investigations were carried out using RPHA on 5299 blood serums, originating from 235 hen flocks vaccinated in four ways: Flox and orally with the vaccine strain La Sotta, intramusculary with Komarov's vaccine strain and by aerosol using the strains La Sotta and Komarov. Two hundred and eleven blood serums originating from 12 flocks, in which fowl pest was detected, were also investigated. Postinfection titer dynamics was followed in three flocks containing 20000 birds. It was established that aerosol vaccination results in highest mean geometrical titers--log2 6.3 on the average; intramuscular vaccination--in log2 5.9, oral vaccination--in log2 5.3, and Flox vaccination--in log2 4.7 on the average. The maximal value of the vaccine titers did not surpass log210, while post infection titers were of higher order and reached up to log214, which is of diagnostic value. Postinfection titers of higher than log210 value were preserved up to 5 months from the beginning of the disease, a fact of retrospective diagnostic value.


[Role of mildew and mildewed honey in summer-fall mortality in bee hives].

The high summer and autumn lethality of unknown etiology observed in bee families from the Vidin district in 1978 was studied. It was established that amid suffering bee families lethality ranges from 50 to 100%. Results of the microbiological investigations carried out proved negative--no pathogen bee microorganisms were isolated. Negative results were obtained from the parasitological investigations also. Analysis of honey produced by suffering families indicated that the samples are highly positive for mildew affected honey and negative for other poisons. Histological investigations of the mid intestine of live bees from the affected families showed changes characteristic for mildew toxicosis. Laboratory biotests carried out by feeding healthy bees with honey taken from suffering or dead bee families confirm the diagnosis. The experimental bees revealed the typical clinical picture and characteristic symptoms of mildew toxicosis and high lethality.


Anti-infective properties of vitamin A.

1. Six months after feeding a vitamin A free diet the liver content of mice was markedly reduced but not yet completely exhausted. These vitamin A deprived mice were either immunized with sheep erythrocytes or infected with Listeria monocytogenes. In comparison to normal control mice no significant difference ws observed. This indicates that neither the immune system nor the mononuclear-phagocytic system was involved. 2. Mice treated with a high dose of vitamin A showed increased antibody production against sheep erythrocytes and also increased resistance against infection with L. monocytogenes. These experimental findings indicate a stimulatory effect on the immune system and the mononuclear phagocytic system. As a conclusion it is deduced that the term "anti-infective vitamin" does not hold absolutely true for vitamin A, although certain anti-infective properties cannot be denied.


The amino acid composition and protein quality of high-protein gluten bread.

Dietetic bread is mainly produced for diabetics. Gluten accounts 80% of the protein of whole wheat flour. Forty per cent wheat gluten are incorporated in the dough to increase the protein content and decrease the starch in the final product. Gluten-rich foods are still of low cost as compared to others such as skim milk, soya and fish flour.


The amino acid composition and protein quality of biscuits.

The protein quality of biscuits (Mary's Bisuit), a product largely consumed by infant and children in this country proved to be of very inferior quality, with very low lysine content, which is obviously completely destroyed during the baking process. Rats fed biscuits as protein source lost weight during the experimentation period and their food consumption was too low. Rats fed this diet showed also very slight increase in body water (1.9 g), in comparison to a value of 16.0 g in rats fed casein at the same dietary protein level.


[Differences in energy expenditure for selected activities under controlled and uncontrolled conditions].

Experiments with the Max-Planck respirometer were made to determine the energy expenditure. 4 kinds of comparable tests were made under standard conditions and ad libitum individual: walking on solid, level ground with light clothing, in high lace boots (walking-speed 5 km/h), walking with 10 kg resp. 20 kg load on level, solid ground (running speed 10 km). The energy expenditure under standard conditions is much higher than in the working-elements ad libitum speed and distance. Many persons overestimate their personal energy expenditure which is a reason for a positive energy balance succeeded by overweight.


Effect of dietary fats and triiodothyronine administration on the lipid components of serum and tissues in the rat.

Twelve groups of rats were included in this study. Six groups (3 males and 3 females) received high fat diets containing 20% of either peanut oil, maize oil or lard. The other six groups received the same diets plus triiodothyronine. Triiodothyronine T3 added to diets containing peanut oil caused slight increase in total serum lipids in female rats, while in male rats serum total lipids were increased about 20-fold. T3 administration caused almost no change in aortic total and all lipid fractions in male rats kept on diets containing any of the fats used. Female rats kept on lard plus T3 showed a rise in cholesterol free and esterified and phospholipid contents of aorta lipids.


Evaluation of the protein quality of wheat grains (Grizza 155) and eight related products by the dose-response bioassay.

The amino acid analysis revealed that wheat grains, white and dark flour, baladi bread prepared from white or dark flour, bread prepared from formulae enriched with gluten and biscuits are poor in lysine with chemical scores ranging between 20 and 49. The assessment of the protein quality of wheat and related products was done by slope ratio bioassay. Results based on slopes relative to those of reference casein + methionine ranked bread prepared from dark flour and cooked wheat (belila) as the highest in their protein quality, followed by their parent; wheat (RNV = 44). Dietetic bread with gluten had RNV = 20-24; owing to its high protein content (38%), its utilizable protein approached that of good proteins (8%). Very high significant correlation existed between the two measures of response; gain in weight and net increase in body water as response of nitrogen intake.


[Organ zinc content in an experimental animal disease model: dystrophy-dependent changes in the liver and skeletal muscles and effects of a mineral substitute during the recovery phase].

The zinc content of the liver and the thigh muscle of the rat were measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry under different conditions: standard diet, carbohydrate diet, an experimental dystrophy model and its recovery period. The influence of a parental mineral substitution on the whole body and the organ weight was studied. Carbohydrate diet caused a lower rise of the whole body weight, a decrease of the zinc content of the liver and an increase of the zinc content of the thigh muscle. In dystrophy model, the liver weight decreased to one fifth of the controls. The zinc concentration of the liver increased markedly, the zinc content of the whole liver is equal to that of control animals. The thigh muscle showed an increase of the zinc content, too. The parenteral mineral application had no effect upon the whole body weight and the organ weights. Little influences on the zinc content of the skeletal muscle were seen. The zinc content of parenchymatous organs varies markedly, and it is influenced by diets and disease. In the dystrophy model, zinc is concentrated in atrophic organs in order to protect the organism against zinc deficiency.


[Serum level determination in patients with acute myocardial infarction under diphenylhydantoin therapy].

For the therapy of disturbances of the cardiac rhythm with phenytoin 3 different dosage regimes are examined, in which cases an oral application of phenytoin proves as not suitable. Only by a stepped infusion with following oral treatment a rapid saturation and therapeutically effective serum levels are achieved which are decisive for the effectiveness of the therapeutic measures.


[Socioeconomic importance of obesity].

It is reported on the annual deficiency of work, the stay in the hospital and the sanatorium as well as on the expenditure for these criteria which were established on 346 males with normal weight and 1,041 males with overweight and females at the age of 18--59 years within the research project nutrition and effect. With growing overweight in women as well as in men the days of deficiency of work, the duration of the stay in the hospital and the cost for this increase. In these cases the dependence on age concerns persons with normal weight and obese persons. It is referred to the prevention and early treatment of obesity.


[Hypogonadism in the male].

The hypogonadism of man and its causes are described in short form. A scheme of the gradual diagnostics explains the possibilities of the diagnostic approach. At the same time is dealt with the therapeutic measures and their indications.


[Hypogonadism and intersexuality--genetic causes and cytogenetic diagnosis].

Hereditary types of hypogonadism and intersexuality are based on a chromosomal aberration, on a monogenetic defect of androgen synthesis, or on a androgen receptor. Cytogenetic diagnostic methods are suitable mainly for diagnosis of gonosomally caused syndromes. Monogenic defects have to be proved on the basis of the known karyotype by endocronologie techniques.


[Gynecomastia].

Gynaecomasty is no disease sui generis, but a symptom which may underlie different causes. Steroidal substances, above all oestrogens play a dominating role in these cases. Diagnostic and therapeutic measures must comply with the known causal factors. The gynaecomasty during puberty exhibits a high spontaneous retrogression rate. Only seldom an operative correction becomes necessary.


[Androgen secreting adrenal cortex tumors].

Endokrine active tumours of the adrenal cortex are rare diseases in man. Benign as well as malignant tumours of the adrenal cortex can alone excrete cortisol, aldosterone, androgens or oestrogens. More frequent are, however, tumours with a mixed incretion. Publications about tumours forming sexual hormones are above all descriptions of individual cases. After a short explanation of the most important clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects on androgen-producing tumours of the adrenal cortex four own cases are discussed.


[Parathormone, calcitonin, 25-hydroxycalciferol and bone histology in patients with chronic renal insufficiency].

In 18 patients with chronic renal failure the parathormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT) and 25-OH-D blood levels were estimated before and after an intravenous calcium load. In ten patients the above mentioned biochemical parametres were confronted with histological findings obtained in bone biopsy material. Significantly elevated levels of PTH and CT were found while those of 25-OH-D were normal. Serum PTH decreased after a calcium load. In contrast to healthy persons no increase of serum CT was stated. Significant positive correlations were found between PTH and CT levels in blood serum as well as between the mineralized bone volume and 25-OH-D levels in serum. In addition a significant negative correlation was stated between the osteoid volume and 25-OH-D levels in blood serum. From the results obtained it is concluded, that from estimations of PTH, CT and 25-OH-D in blood serum histological alterations in bone biopsy material from chronic uremic patients can not be predicted. Beside secondary hyperparathyreoidism, relative deficiency of CT and active vitamin D metabolites other factors are also involved in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy.


[Differential diagnostic criteria in cervico-brachial psychalgia].

In 100 patients with only for a short time existing pains in the region of neck, shoulder and arm and inconspicuous laboratory and X-ray findings by means of the galvanic test of the muscular function and Janda's test of the muscular function a vastly intact nerve-muscle-apparatus was proved. In the ENR-test after Brengelmann and Brengelmann clear introversion values, significantly high neurodizism values and slightly increased rigidity values were shown. Also the VELA-values were significantly higher than in the normal comparative group. In an additional inquiry predisposing biographical references for the existence of actual conflicts were found. As to the inclusion of further biographical data, 68% of intense affect reactions, 16% of functionally fixed neurotic reactions, 9% of primary and 7% of secondary neurotic maldevelopments are concerned. After a 4-week- hard-and-fast date (15 mg/a day) the complaints improved without a clear retrogression of the neurotic constellations. At the same time a change of the initially slightly increased conducting values of the skin and of the vegetative complaints appeared. A cervico-brachial psychalgia is present, when an organic muscle disease was excluded, when in the ENR-test high values to neuroticism, to introversion and rigidity are found and when a temporary connection to actual conflicts are the result.


[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of primary lymph node plasmacytomas].

A case of 75 year-old man is reported, who died of a tuberculous leptomeningomyeloencephalitis complicating a generalized primary lymph node plasmacytoma. The malignant lymphoma has been diagnosed in a lymph node biopsy from the right supraclavicular region seven years before the death and was treated with cytostatics over a period of four and a half months. Autopsy revealed the neoplastic involvement of supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes, tumour infiltration of the sternum and diffuse neoplastic plasmacytosis of the bone marrow. The lymph node plasmacytoma has to be differentiated from reactive lymph node plasmacytosis, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with excessive plasmacytosis, lymphoplasmacytic immunocytoma, metastasis of an extramedullary plasmacytoma or of a multiple myeloma, and from a lymph node involved by plasma-cell leukemia.


[Peripheral blood flow in patients with necrobiosis lipoidica (diabeticorum)].

For the judgment of the peripheral blood supply 16 insulin-dependent diabetics with necrobiosis lipoidica at the lower extremities were compared with 15 insulin-dependent diabetics without necrobiosis lipoidica. The vascular changes in form of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension, the results of the radiologically provable vascular changes, oscillograms and impedance plethysmograms as well as the results of the muscle and skin clearance and angioscintigraphy were evaluated. The at last mentioned methods give an insight into the microangiopathy. The apparantly contradicting findings of the muscle clearance (smaller blood supply) and of the skin clearance (increased blood flow) find their explanation by the angioscintigraphically proved different regional parameters of blood flow in the necrobiotic regions. The angiopathic findings are characterized by the enrichment of activity in the marginal seam as a sign of hyperemia and decreased accumulation in the centre as an expression of necrobiosis. The changes of the connective tissue and their causes of development are discussed. Angiopathic and traumatic influences conditioned by metabolism, apart from local peculiarities are taken into consideration.


[An unusual myopathy: the so-called congenital fiber-type disproportion].

It is reported on a 19-year-old female patient with a congenital myopathic syndrome with deformities of the skeleton which could be recognized myopathologically as a so-called congenital fibre type disproportion. It is referred to the importance of the modern method of histochemistry.


[Abnormal myocardial blood flow distribution with a normal coronarogram in angina pectoris and after myocardial infarction].

It is reported on the selective coronary perfusion scintigraphy in 47 patients with angina pectoris and condition after myocardial infarction, which was performed simultaneously with the coronary angiography. For the paper were interesting the cases with normal coronarogram, but pathological perfusion scintigram. 3 of 25 patients with condition of infarction showed coronarographically inconspicuous vessels. In all cases the perfusion scintigram shows disturbances of regional perfusion, which corresponded with the electrocardiographic localisation of the infarction. In 3 of 22 patients with angina pectoris with normal coronarogram in the scintigram regional changes of the terminal vascular system were established. In 2 cases simultaneously a disturbance of rhythm and stimulus conduction was present, which showed a conspicuous correlation to the perfusion lesions in the septum. In the small intramural vessels haemodynamically effective changes take place which are below the coronarogram. Therefore, the only coronarography is not enough to confirm or to refuse a genuine angina pectoris or an infarction. The selecitve coronary perfusion scintigraphy gives the possibility to prove disturbances of the distribution of regional blood supply without a greater additional load of the patient as to coronary angiography. However, it cannot give evidence on the genesis of disturbances in the terminal vascular system in the normal coronarogram


[Wilson's disease in the German Democratic Republic. I. Genetics and epidemiology].

The experiences of the central institution for Wilson's disease are reported. On the basis of 126 patients who come from 90 clans with 92 families the authors adopt a definite attitude to the problem of genetics, epidemiology and genetic family consultation. The unexceptional validity of the autosomal-recessive hereditary transmission may be confirmed. An incidence of 2.9/100,000 is assumed, from which a gene frequency of 0.53% and a frequency of heterozygotes of 1.05% can be estimated. The questions of the genetic background of polyphenia are discussed.


[Cerebral complications after percutaneous carotid angiography (pathomorphological findings)].

We report on three deceased with pathomorphological findings at the CNS after direct (percutaneous) carotid angiography (d.c.a.). These alterations appeared as complications among 89 decreased with d.c.a. in the time interval from July 1966 to the end of 1978. The diagnostic investigation in the three cases was performed in order to exclude a brain tumour or a vascular disease. In all cases contemporary existed extensive changes at the vessels of the neck due to the angiographic investigation. The autopsy showed signs of a vascular disease in the CNS. For the performance of the carotid angiography an exact indication is necessary. To prevent such serious complications in future, we only can recommend the application of diagnostical methods without any risk.


[Serum gastrin in patients with acute kidney failure].

In 18 patients with acute renal failure and 11 patients with chronic renal insufficiency serum gastrin levels were estimated before and after a test meal. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 52 healthy subjects. It was stated that patients with acute as well as chronic renal failure display a "physiological" increase of serum gastrin after stimulation by a test meal. In contrast to healthy subjects the post-test meal gastrin curves in patients with chronic and acute renal insufficiency during the anuric/oliguric phase started from significantly higher fasting values. From the results obtained it seems that diminished renal clearance of gastrin by the insufficient kidneys is only partially responsible for the elevated fasting values found in anuric/oliguric patients with acute renal failure or patients with chronic renal insufficiency.


[Simple diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy by means of the tourniquet test].

The pathological results of the tourniquet test after Rumpel-Leede by the establishment of a decreased capillary resistance refers to the presence of a microangiopathy in diabetics and by its rapid and simple performance is suitable for the preliminary diagnostics, in order to judge the conditions of microcirculation. The longer the diabetes exists the oftener a pathological result is found in the tourniquet test. The form of therapy as parameter for the severity of the disease shows a direct relation to the accumulation of pathological findings of capillary resistance. In diabetic hypertensive patients regularly a pathologically decreased capillary resistance is to be found.


[The frieze of the "Mystery villa" in Pompeii. Contribution to the development of female psychology].

The large frieze of the "Villa of the Mysteries" at Pompeji is interpreted on the base of the psychology of C. G. Jung, especially of his student Erich Neumann. According to his psychological theories the frieze is depicting the development of the female principle to individuation, arranged with extraordinary artistic inspiration. Through the myth of Ariadne-Theseus-Dionysus the change of the woman, disappointed from the personal man and hero is shown. Through the experience of the transpersonal male principle in herself she is entering in a new level of conscience, the patriarchism, and so coming to the highest development, to the "Selbst". The experience of the male principle is made through Dionysus, a symbol of change in the theory of the "Archetypen" found by C. G. Jung.


[Configural frequency analysis. X. Therapy outcome assessment using prediction configural frequency analysis].

Starting from falsely equal and falsely unequal rates of successive psychotherapies, the prediction configural frequency analysis is introduced for evaluating psychotherapeutic effects by stratifying patients. As stratificator variables, intelligence quotients and sex of patients are used paradigmatically to predict strata-specific therapeutic effects and to compare different therapies conclusively even if patients cannot be assigned randomly to therapies. Prediction types of success are defined by those stratification patterns which favour therapeutic success.


[Field research in the social sciences].

The different types of field research in social sciences are arranged according to two theoretically independent dimensions: the experimental design (experimental, quasi-experimental, pre-experimental) and the "field" of research, which consists of a treatment (independent variable) and a behavior (dependent variable) part. Each part can be natural: natural treatment means that naturally occuring treatments means that no instructions (implicite or explicite) are given to the subjects. Both parts can be used in natural or artificial settings, and both of them can occur with or without the subject knowing the fact that a research is done or which are the hypotheses. Therefore, as an example, a study can consist of an artificial treatment in natural setting without the subjects knowing it, while the measured behavior is instructed (e. g. responding a questionnaire) in an artificial setting and the subjects well know that their behavior is measured, but they ignore the objective of the study. Some problems are discussed. Final conclusion is that both laboratory and field studies should be done, one completing the other, and both have their advantages and difficulties.


[The truth of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis].

The concept of truth in Freud's Metapsychology is a modern idea: a subject-related and pragmatic modification of the traditional concept of correspondence. But more important is the proof of a new implicit understanding of truth which becomes clearer in reation to the archaic conception of truth (alétheia) in the Oedipus tragedy. Freud finds in this drama not only the Oedipus complex, but also the tragic process of disclosure represented in the tyrant's struggle to uncover the reality (being) behind appearances which exhibits a certain similarity to the progress of psychoanalytic therapy.


[Transcultural aspects of the border between compulsion and ritual].

Compulsionary and ritual mechanisms show a variety of manifestations specifically in transcultural aspects. Strong feelings to suffer in compulsionary diseases and identical behavior patterns more or less within "normal" personality reactions can be observed. Limitations of free possibilities to behave can be described within creation and freedom of thought in man. Also this can be found in stereotyped patterns within sociodynamic ritus. Learning-psychological data are of great influence in human behavior as well as depth-psychological and sociodynamic features. Compulsionary and transcultural manifestations were to be discussed.


[Depression and learned helplessness in humans].

The learned helplessness hypothesis as a model of human depression is rather unknown in the journals of german language. This article wants to remove that ignorance and make known that experimentalclinical model of depressive behavior. We want further to stimulate empirical and experimental research. In recent advances attributional and cognitive reflections and determinants got important. We introduce these new developments. Depressed persons attribute failures and negative experiences in an internal, global, and stabile way. A problematic cognitive circle develops and depression gets more intensive and chronically. Therapeutical and preventive implications are also discussed.


[Morphometric studies on lymphatic vessels of the axillary region].

Axillary lymph vessels of 94 autopsy cases (42 female, 52 male) have been investigated histologically in serial slices. Total diameter of the lymph vessels, vascular wall diameter, diameter of the medial connective tissue, finally that one of the artificial tissue spaces were measured in almost 8000 single measurements. The mean values of counts for the different vascular wall components were assessed statistically with the aid of a computer. By reason of the enormous individual variation of the number and the size in lymph vessel system a direct comparison of the measurement data from the different wall components was impossible. Therefore, the ratio of connective tissue to smooth muscle within the vascular media was regarded as a significant parameter for the development of a lymphangiosclerosis. The connective tissue/smooth muscle gradient increased from decade to decade with a slighter progression in groups with higher age A significant increase of lymphangi osclerosis was noted in cases with right heart insufficiency in correlation to the degree of heart insuffiency. Severe lymphangiosclerotic alterations were developed after radical mastectomy and radiotherapy of the axilla, after radiotherapy of other malignant tumors, and in cases with heart failures or vascular dysplasia. Morphometric investigations were not possible in cases with floride lymphangitis and in one case of general vascular amyloidosis.


Cytotoxic effect of the thoracic-duct-lymph incubated on lymphocytes.

It was found that lymphocytes cultured in the medium containing chyle were remarkably suppressed in responding to phytohemagglutinin as compared with the control culture without the fluid. This suppressive effect on the cell type seemed likely to be induced by cytotoxic substance produced from the fluid incubated. Various lipids were separated from the incubated-chyle by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographies and then their cytotoxic activity to the lymphocytes was examined. These experimental results suggested that unsaturated free fatty acids, made possibly from chylomicron by lipoprotein lipase, had a capability to cause lymphocytolysis. The patho-physiological and immunological significance of the cytotoxic products was discussed.


[Etiology and pathogenesis of primary hydrocele in children].

The serous-wall of the typical, non-communicating, idiopathic hydrocele of the child presents with a lympho-static oedema, whose protein-containing fluid is pressed transmesothelially into the lumen. The cause must be seen in the lymph-drainage of the tunica vaginalis testis which follows the obliteration. The above described etiological-pathogenical concept gives the more or less empirical therapeutic-methods a rational basis.


[Physical therapy in cases of post-mastectomy progressive chronic lymphedema. A contribution to continuing education].

The possibilities of treatment and considerations with regard to time and location of correctly organized treatment of post-mastectomy lymphatic edemas are reviewed. Dangers and misunderstandings are pointed out.


[Necrosis in cases of slipped upper femoral epiphysis and its consequences (author's transl)].

The author demonstrates the development and treatment of 6 cases of necrosis of the slipped upper femoral epiphysis. In cases of gradual dislocation, the blood supply of the epiphysis remains normal at all stages. Necrosis does not occur spontaneously. In cases of sudden or so-called "traumatic" separation, the supply of blood to the epiphysis is often disturbed, and necrosis may occur spontaneously. Slight disturbance of the blood supply to the epiphysis may be only temporary and complete recovery may take place. Severe damage, however, leads to necrosis. Operative measures to treat the necrosis may lead to an improvement, but complete restoration of necrosis is not possible--as the examples in the article show. Osteoarthritis will follow at an early age in these cases. Thus, to avoid necrosis in cases of sudden dislocation of the epiphysis therapy must be carried out very gently. Closed or operative reduction should not be performed immediately after the slippage. The deformity should be corrected at a later stage.


[Experiences with the condition of resection of the hip joint following removal of the alloarthroplastic implantate (author's transl)].

30 patients whose total endoprosthesis of the hip joint had been removed without any replacement, thus creating a so-called state of secondary resection, were followed up 6 months to 6 years after the operation. It was found that in almost two-thirds of the cases a subjective feeling of improved mobility was reported. The objective findings consisted in restrictions of the total rotation, abduction and adduction of 1/3 rd of the normal extent of mobility. An average value of 74.7 degrees was recorded for flexion. 28 patients stated that their walking performance was satisfactory to very good when using a walking-stick as support. More than three-quarters of the patients questioned stated their pain had been positively influenced by the creation of the state of secondary resection. Another objective finding was a difference between the length of the legs amounting to 4.2 cm on the average. We could prove the existence of a relationship between the difference in leg length and the roentgenologically visualised supporting of the resection area of the coxal end of the femur at the lateral pelvis. Since all the patients with the exception of two could resume their customary daily routine activities, the state of secondary resection after unsuccessful total endoprosthesis of the hip joint must be considered a reasonably acceptable alternative.


[Congenital femoral defect (author's transl)].

The various forms of congenital femoral defect are discussed according to the classification by Blauth, basing on own observations made by the authors. Choice of therapy is mainly determined by the morphological findings, preference being given to long-time conservative therapy for the controlled promotion of growth. The article comments on the indication and performance of supplementary operative intervention.


[Experiences with the surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip joint (author's transl)].

In comparison with the total hip joint replacement the surface replacement arthroplasty of the hip according to Mr. H. Wagner seems to have some advantages. Personal experiences based on 152 operations and follow-up examinations at least half a year after the incision confirm this impression.


[Double-contrast arthrography in chondropathia patellae--clinical and experimental study on pathogenesis and diagnosis (author's transl)].

This study is based on the evaluation of 250 arthrographies of the patellofemoral joint ("défilé" arthrographs in Ficat's terminology) which were performed because of clinical suspicion of chondropathia patellae and which could be controlled intraoperatively in 30 cases, as well as on examinations employing an etching paste as used in metallurgy and performed on 20 knee-joints of corpses. 46% of the arthrographies showed a ridge-shaped cartilaginous thickening which was not pre-modelled in the osseous structure and which separated the medial facette into a paramedian and a marginal segment and correlated with chondromalacia to a greater degree than patellar dysplasias or secondary osseous changes. This variant, which could not be detected by plain roentgenography, must be considered as a pre-arthrotic deformity on account of the high point-shaped pressure load on the ridge. The findings were fully confirmed by macroscopic examination of the postmortem material.


[Gonarthrosis following persisting knee joint instability (author's transl)].

It is frequently assumed that persisting instability of the knee joint leads to gonarthrosis. We have reviewed recent and primary radiograms of 32 patients with old knee trauma resulting in prolonged capsular and ligamentous instability in order to study the eventual development of secondary gonarthrosis. Our results were as follows: All primarily intact joints developed gonarthrosis after an average of 46 months of permanent instability. Primarily existing gonarthrosis increased with exception of 3 cases. The tendency to develop an arthrosis seems to be proportional to the duration of instability; the type of instability apparently has no influence on the development of an instability gonarthrosis. Operative procedures having been performed prior to final stabilysing surgery obviously do not cause the development of secondary gonarthrosis. The persisting instability of the knee joint after combined discontinuation of capsule and ligaments therefore may be regarded as a prearthrotic factor.


[The etiopathogenesis of hammer toe flatfoot (author's transl)].

In consideration of the present literature and the analysis of their own 15 cases the authors present their theory of etiopathogenesis. A primary or secondary pes planus is the primary deformity. The muscle is the cause of the definitio deformity: the hammer toe flatfoot.


[Membrana interossea antebrachii--a common ligament of the radius-ulna joint. I: Macroscopic structure].

In 64 cadaveric forearm-specimens of different donorage the membrana interossea antebrachii was investigated macroscopically. The extension of the membrana interossea at the forearm was measured as well as its thickness. The direction of its fibers was also determinated in its different sections and prevalent fibrous structures reinforcing the membrana interossea were investigated. The results characterize the membrana interossea in its middle and proximal section as a taut, strong ligament, which stabilizes the forearm and coordinates pronation and supination in both radioulnar joints.


[Membrana interossea antebrachii--a common ligament of the radius-ulna joint. II: Submacroscopic and microscopic structure].

The membrana interossea natebrachii was investigated submacroscopically and microscopically in human cadaveric specimens. Stereomicroscopical and histological investigations under polarized and non-polarized light were performed. Due to the textological structure and due to its osseous insertion the membrana interossea antebrachii represents in its middle and proximal part all morphological features of an interosseous ligament with uniform direction of its fibers. In this middle and proximal part the membrana interossea has to be regarded as a strong ligament coordinating both radioulnar joints which act by the cardan shaft of the forearm as a functional unit.


[Aetiopathogenesis of scoliosis, hip dysplasia and torticollis in infancy (author's transl)].

The special risk of the newborn to acquire, skeletal deformities is based on the increased plasticity, intensity of growth and extrapyramidal activity of reflexes which influence each other. These 3 factors may lead to structural growth- and weight bearing deformities in the presence of shrinking contractures and a unilateral oblique habitual position of the trunk. Considering the "Seventh Syndrome" the dual pathogenesis of scoliosis in infancy is discussed from our present point of view (including scoliosis due to oblique body position - moulded baby syndrome - and its deterioration as against true idiopathic infantile or advanced juvenile scoliosis respectively. Similarly is discussed the relation of hip dysplasia due to oblique habitual trunk position in regard to hip dysplasia in connection with CDH as well as the habitual oblique position of the head as against true muscular torticollis.


[The influence of irradiation into the wear behaviour of polyethylene (author's transl)].

Irradiated specimens of UHMW-PE have been tested by a "Pin-on-disc"-method against a metal pin. Increasing irradiation doses are leading to obviously increasing wear-rates. Irradiation in presence of nitrogen gives no advantage in comparison to normal air as an crosslinking agents, concerning tribological properties.


[Treatment of beginning juvenile detachment of the femoral head, taking growth of the femoral neck into account (author's transl)].

Prevention of further detachment is the primary aim in the immediate treatment of beginning juvenile detachment of the femoral head. Screwing of the epiphysis of the head, first introduced by M. E. Mueller (1965), has proved successful. Besides providing immediate mechanical stability, this method, however, results in premature ossification of the joint of the femoral neck. Epiphysiodesis has a particularly unfavourable effect in early childhood, because it inhibits proper growth of the leg and development of the mechanism of the hip joint on account of the shortened femoral neck. Spiking of the epiphysis with Krischner screw wires guarantees safe fixation of the epiphyseal head on the one hand, and sufficient freedom of femoral neck growth on the other. Surgical treatment requires knowledge of the changed hip joint anatomy of the child. Preoperative planning via drawing to determine the length and position of the implantate on the basis of standardised x-ray films, will help to prevent operative failures.


[Predetermination of arthrosis, pain and limitation of movement in congenital hip dysplasia (author's transl)].

The purpose of this investigation was to find out, whether the onset of pain, arthrosis and decrease in mobility in different degrees of joint deformation is predictable for the indication of corrective surgery. When the correlation between of the onset of pain and arthrosis on one side and different measurements of joint deformation was tested, it turned out, that there is a significant correlation. If different age groups are built, however, we observe, that this correlation is given mainly in the youngest age group, where the most extreme dysplasias are found. In slight and moderately severe dysplasias the onset of pain can be found in all age groups. Arthrosis is following pain several years later. For this reason corrective surgery in slight and moderately severe dysplasias cna be postponed until the onset of pain. Borderline values, above or below of which the onset of pain is to be expected until the age of about 35 years, are given in tab. 5.1. In these cases early surgery seems indicated.


[The importance of the combination of the special x-ray with the arthrography in congenital displacement of the hip (author's transl)].

Arthrography is an important method of diagnosis of congenital displacement of the hip. It reveals the interposition of the soft tissue and the correctness of the position of the femur after a reduction of the hip joint. Arthrography only in a anterior posterior position cannot always demonstrate the real relationship between the femur and the pelvis. An x-ray of the arthrography in 45 degrees oblique position (Foramen obturatorium position) can reveal the situation.


[Silent cases of dysplasia of the hip (author's transl)].

Evaluation of a large group of patients was conducted in the German Democratic Republic in two areas with a high incidence of dislocations. X-ray films of 15111 newborn were used in the study. The rate of clinically silent cases varied between 1.3%, 11.2% and 39.9%. This equals an average of 16.5%. The article stresses the need for well-aimed preventive treatment.


[Fractures of the femoral neck in children (author's transl)].

Osteosynthesis is the preferred method of treatment in fractures of the neck of the femur in children. Operative technique requires attention to be paid to a few special features due to the problems caused by the neighbourhood of the joint of the femoral neck. Nine cases of fractures of the neck of the femur in children were treated by the authors during 1971 to 1978. Diagnosis of such lesions, which are no longer a rare occurrence, requires accurate x-ray films on two levels, because infractions are easily overlooked. The dreaded complications of necrosis of the femoral head can best be counteracted by immediate anatomical repositioning and exercise-stable osteosynthesis, as well as by temporary relief. The authors discuss the therapeutic procedure in detail, basing on the experience with their own patients, and the results are communicated.


[Rowing with an endoprosthesis of the hip (author's transl)].

After inserting an endoprosthesis of the hip sports activities are mandatory to restore and maintain joint function. Rowing is compared with other disciplines as a most suitable sport. It entails all the advantages which are beneficial to patients with a hip endoprosthesis and should be generally adopted as an appropriate rehabilitation measure.


[A modified sledge prosthesis for placing on the cortical bone surface (author's transl)].

A new sledge prosthesis is described here. The height of the femoral component as well as of the tibial plateau are diminished in comparison to other models. It seems more safe to place this type of prosthesis on the cortical bone surface than into the spongiosa parts where loosening is more probable. The stems of both components have been designed accordingly. The technique of operation and the indication are described in detail.


[Comments on the problem of differential diagnosis of tumours of the nerve sheaths in angiography (author's transl)].

The article describes the special features governing the assessment of angiographic findings in tumours of the nerve sheaths. Considerations of differential diagnosis, especially between neurinoma and neurofibroma, are discussed. Likewise, the problems of differential diagnosis of such tumours against neoplasms of the tissue of the soft parts, are also discussed. Angiography permits only a limited determination of the degree of malignancy of the neurinoma and neurofibroma. It is always mandatory to correlate these findings with the histological findings. However, angiography does seem to be justified as an additional examination technique, since it supplies fundamental pointers for surgery.


[Resection arthroplasty of the clavicle in Friedrich's disease (author's transl)].

Friedrich's disease is an avascular necrosis of the sternal end of the clavicle which runs a typical course with different stages. Surgical treatment is advised with resection-arthroplasty of the lower pole of the sternal clavicle end. Functional results are satisfactory.


[Os tibiale mediale (author's transl)].

The article describes a small anomalous bone in the region of the medial acetabulum of the head of the tibia. The author suggests to call this bone os tibiale mediale (otm.).


[The technic of microvascular surgery and the use of it in orthopedics and traumatology (author's transl)].

With two chosen examples we point out the applications of the microvascular surgery in orthopedics and traumatology. The technique of anastomosing the vessels from a diameter of 0.5-1.5 mm was explained, and the main principles for the success were pointed out.


[Medialisation or lateralisation in intertrochanteric osteotomies (author's transl)].

The problem of displacement of the lower fragment in intertrochanteric osteotomies is discussed. The necessity derives from alterations of the so called "mechanical axis of the limb". Ceometrical drawing and measuring of special X-ray pictures are necessary for getting exact dates for the displacement in the "frontal plain". The dependence from various biomechanical facts is shown.


[On the surgical treatment of paraplegia (author's transl)].

We report on a modified dorso-ventral operation method for the treatment of unstable vertebral lesions in parapletic patients. We see the indication for ca. 10% of the paraplegics with unstable vertebral fractures and incomplete neurological pareses with a real of expected worsening of the neurological status. A real stabilisation can only be reached by combined dorsal and ventral fusioning, which only rectify the operative risks. The geometrical arguments for this method are presented.


[Rare injuries of the Achilles tendon (author's transl)].

The problems of Achilles tendon rupture become more important, because the number of sport injuries is increasing. The typical rupture (transverse rupture) is well known. However in literature the medial rupture between muscle and tendon of the musc. gastrocnemius and the longitudinal rupture of the Achilles tendon are rarely mentionaled. This article describes the special symptoms of these injuries and their therapy.


[Treatment of the combined musculus trapezius/serratus anterior paresis with scapulothoracal arthrodesis according to Spira (author's transl)].

The combined paresis of the musculus trapezius and musculus serratus anterior results in a positional change and major loss of active mobility of the shoulder girdle. This greatly disturbs the mechanics of movement of the upper arm. The individual signs include a lowering of the shoulder blade in ventro-caudal direction in accordance with the weight of the arm, as a result of the absence of muscular restraint. In this position, the scapula exercises so to say an adducting action on the upper arm, so that this will usually not exceed an abduction of about 40 degrees, in relation to the perpendicular line of C7, althoug it may be freely mobile in the glenohumeral joint. Increase of elevation of the upper arm and of the force exercised by the musculature acting on the glenohumeral joint can be achieved via a correction of the position of the shoulder girdle associated with simultaneous stabilization of the shoulder blade at the posterior thoracic wall. Using an actual case as basis, scapulothoracic arthrodesis in the modification according to Spira is described as a method to correct the position of the shoulder blade and to stabilize the scapula. Other possibilities of stabilization in the form of musculature transpositions and paresis operations are discussed. The article also comments on the indication of scapula fixation.


[Neurovascular compression syndroms of the shoulder girdle (author's transl)].

Shoulder girdle compression syndroms appear intermittently and according to body carriage. Very seldom they are caused by neck ribs, mostly by a costoclavicular narrowness. Important for the symptoms is the nerval plexus compression, for diagnostic reasons the blood vessel compression. Essential are provocating tests, subclavia phonogramms and in doubtful cases, angiography. Oszillo- and sonography often fail, EMG and nerval conductive measurement are only of differential diagnostik importance. In all together 120 healthy persons compression was shown phonographically, phlebographically and manometrically in 58--88%. Only the symptomatic and distinct compression are abnormal. Physiotherapy should be applied, only operative decompression is a causal treatment. The transaxilar resection of the first rib with scalenotomy and eventually also resection of a neck rib is by fat better than any other method. This is a report of 112 operated patients.


[Metatarsal basis fracture V (author's transl)].

The article demonstrates the specific nature of the fracture of the metatarsal basis V in respect of accident mechanism, diagnosis and treatment. It is also shown that treatment with elastic adhesive dressings yields the best results.


[Osteochondritis dissecans of the patella (author's transl)].

Five cases of osteochondritis dissecans patellae were seen and followed during years 1971--1978. Special interest was pointed to the site of the lesion, at which age the disease appeared, and to the physical activity of the patients. In one case only patellar subluxation could be confirmed. In two cases radioisotope (Tc99) szintigraphy was done with positive finding. The radiological finding was typical in all cases. The treatment was conservative in all cases but one. Loose body formed once in the series. Operative treatment should be directed only to the cases with persistent symptoms and/or loose bodies.


[Clinical results of total endoprosthesis of the knee--follow-up of 51 cases (author's transl)].

After a short historic introduction, the article describes the total endoprotheses of the knee used in our hospital. This is followed by a description of the case material. The follow-ups of the 51 total endoprotheses of the knee applied between April 1971 and October 1975, covered the following criteria: Pain, extent of mobility, extension deficit, stability and walking performance. The article subsequently reviews the complications occurring with the hinged and hingeless total endoprostheses of the knee. Pain, extent of mobility and stability are evaluated via a system of points, thus enabling an evaluation of the functional results of the individual prostheses. During the following discussion, our results are compared with those of three other follow-ups. Comparisons are not always possible, because the evaluation standards may differ. However, we believe that we can say that our results do not differ significantly from those of the studies against which they were compared. In both cases, the complications are mainly the same. With particular reference to a comparision of the results obtained with the Freeman-Swanson prostheses, the results obtained by Freeman during both periods of time were superior to ours. Our experiences with the hingeless Freeman-Swanson prosthesis are rather better than those obtained with the hinged prostheses according to Shiers ans Guépar, especially with regard to the frequency of loosening and infection. However, it must be borne in mind that the follow-up control times are shorter for the Freeman-Swanson prostheses. We believe that implantation of a hinged prosthesis in joints with severe malpositioning of the axis, severe deformities, and instability, continues to be indicated.


[Experience with temporary epiphyseodesis after Blount (author's transl)].

The article reports on the results of follow-up esaminations of 57 children in whom temporary epiphysiodesis according to Blount had been performed on account of differences in leg length and because of angular deformities. Numerous complications were revealed during the evaluation of the results, which had to be subdivided into pure clasp complications such as fracture of the clasps, and secondary consequences. Formation of a genu recurvatum was particularly frequent, as well as the development of genu valgum and varum, ligamental  insufficiencies, and ugly scars. Although in some cases the preoperatively existing average length was difference 31 mm only, the desired equalisation could not be completely achieved. The article discusses the authors' own errors which contributed to the failures, and lists the results of other authors who had observed similar complications. On the whole, basing on the authors' own experience and on the reports available from other hospitals, it is concluded that temporary epiphysiodesis after Blount should be performed in few exceptional cases only, observing all precautionary measures, if equalisation of differences in leg length is the actual aim of the procedure. However, it is also concluded that the method is suitable for treating relatively pronounced axis deviations provided the children are subjected to regular and reliable post-operative followups.


[Fixation of the osteotomised greater trochanter by total hip prosthesis in 181 cases. Advantages of the fixation with intramedullary Kirschner wire and the figure-of-eight wire loop (author's transl)].

It is mostly possible to implant a total hip prosthesis without an osteotomy of the greater trochanter. It is however necessary to do it in some cases such as an ankylosed hip, a reimplantation and a severe form of the coxarthrosis. 181 patients have been followed up. The fixation by intramedullary Kirschner wire and figure-of-eight wire loop has been of success. It is a simple method. No fracture of the greater trochanter has been observed.


[Valgus osteotomy in treatment of osteoarthrosis of hip (author's transl)].

The article reports on Bombelli's theory on the genesis of arthrosis of the hip. Clinical experience has shown that valgus and extension osteotomy is indicated in dysplasia arthrosis, in cystic changes and formation of osteophytes. Although the good clinical results cannot be accepted as a proof of the biomechanical deliberations, they do extend the range of indications pointing to surgery of the diseased hip joint performed for the purpose of preserving the femoral head.


[Experience with acetabuloplasty according to Pemberton (author's transl)].

Following a brief description of the conventionally most well-known acetabuloplastic procedures for correcting hip dysplasia, the article gives details on acetabuloplasty as described in 1965 by Pemberton. Only few reports on experience collected with this method of operation have been published. The authors' own earlier evaluations and medium-term treatment results after 53 effected operations show that this procedure will mostly bring about a definite improvement of the acetabulum by reducing the acetabular inclination angle (AC angle) and correspondingly increasing the angle between the centre and the craniolateral corner of the acetabulum (CE angle). During the observation periods reported by the authors, an average reducing of the AC angle by 12 degrees was achieved, whereas the CE angle was increased during the same periods by an average of 17.5 degrees. Basic requirements for this operation are good centering of the head of the femur, which must be created, it necessary, via an open positioning of the hip joint or by intertrochanteral osteotomy; in addition, the Y-shaped piece at the botton of the acetabulum must be open, as will be seen from the roentgenogram.


[Late results of subcapital linear osteotomy in epiphysiolysis capitis femoris juvenilis (author's transl)].

107 patients with separation of the head of the femoral epiphysis were treated surgically at the Marburg Orthopaedic University Hospital during the 1955--1975 period. Followup examinations were performed in 69 patients. 34 of these had been subjected to subcapital linear osteotomy.  On the average the operation had been performed 7.64 years ago. Early results were good. In most cases it was possible to correct the malposition caused by the slipping. Necroses of the femoral head were not seen more frequently than with most other methods. Necrosis of the femoral head occurred four times after 35 linear osteotomies in 34 patients. Definite roentgenological signs of arthrosis were seen about 2--3 years after the opration. These changes increased with increasing interval between operation and examination. Subcapital linear osteotomy cannot prevent the development of early arthrosis in cases where separation of the head of the femoral epiphysis exceeds 30 degrees. Despite this limitation, the patients examined during the followup study revealed a clinically favourable picture with good functioning and very considerable freedom from symptoms; it must be borne in mind in this connection that all patients were still under 35 years of age.


[Osteochondrosis dissecans as sign of a familial enchondral dysostosis (author's transl)].

This article draws attention to the presence of enchondral dysostosis causing signs of monoarticular or multiarticular osteochondrosis dissecans, basing on observations and examinations conducted in three families whose members were under specialist orthopaedic treatment because of these signs.


[The uncus exostoses syndrome and its treatment by means of the decompression operation of the vertebral artery (author's transl)].

In degenerative changes of the mobile segments of the cervical vertebral column, deformations of the uncovertebral gaps (joints), resembling exostoses, with a lateral or dorsolateral spread, are frequently seen. This involves irritation of neighbouring structures, such as the arteria and vena vertebralis including the nervus vertebralis or the corresponding nerve roots. This produces a disease pattern with a cervico-encephalic and cervico-brachial mixed pattern of symptoms. Angiography of the a. vertebralis proves the localisation and extent of the disturbance. The decompression of the a. vertebralis according to the method described by A. Jung offers good chances of curing the disease. The author's own operative results are presented and discussed.


[Biomechanical investigations on the aetiology of arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint (author's transl)].

Forty-eight carpometacarpal joints of the thumb (dissecting room material) were investigated roentgenologically and macroscopically.  The localization of arthrotic lesions of the  articular surfaces of the first metacarpal bone and the greater multangular bone support the view that arthrosis of the first carpometacarpal joint is due primarly to mechanical factors. The opposition movement of the thumb is combined with a pronating rotation of the first metacarpal bone. This rotation leads to an incongruity of the joint and  in consequence to an extreme diminuition of the pressure transmitting area. Photoelastic experiments demonstrate that the point-like contact areas are subjected to an extremly high stress. The functional analysis of the tangential fiber layer in the articular cartilage shows that the first carpometacarpal joint is adapted only to movements typical for a saddle-shaped joint.


[A cooled blade for use in upper tibial osteotomy (author's transl)].

A cooled blade for an oscillating saw has been developed. Using this blade heat necrosis can be completely avoided.


Solar retinitis.

Twenty-four cases of Solar Retinitis have been seen after the solar eclipse on April 18, 1977. The points of special interest which were the high incidence, bilateral involvement and comparatively less degree of visual disability have been discussed.


Haematological norms in Zambians with special reference to chemotherapy.

Haematological norms for Zambian men have been determined, 100 students being studied prospectively in the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, care was taken to identify and quantify observer error. It was found that routine laboratory results for platelet counts were consistently low, the magnitude of the error being - 30%. From 1972 - 1977 a measurable alteration has occurred in the variables. It was concluded that the norms for healthy Zambian men were, in round figures as follows: haemoglobin 15.0g% total white cell count 6,000/cmm; neutrophils 50%, lymphocytes 44%, absolute granulocyte count 3,000/cmm; platelet count 160,000/cmm. The reason for the neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia is obscure. For accurate work such as is required in tumour chemotherapy, special counts must be made, neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia being borne in mind.


Caesarean section: a four year review with special emphasis on transverse.

During the four year period 1973 to 1976, there were 3,182 cases of delivery by Caesarean Section (CS) in the University Teaching Hospital, (UTH) Lusaka. This constituted 4.68% of the total number of deliveries. The main indications for CS were fetal distress and cephalopelvic disproportion. 130 cases of transverse lie, in labour, were delivered by CS. The lower uterine transverse incision was the operation performed in most cases. 192 cases of ruptured uteri were treated also in the period under study.


Some traditional Tonga eye remedies.

Tonga eye syndromes, aetiological concepts, and eye drops are presented. The attitude of a group of Secondary School Students to common traditional eye drops are presented together with ocular findings in a group of users and alleged non-users. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups. Not all traditional eye drops are dangerous, and a positive education approach is suggested to improve ocular health.


[Soil-hygienic points of view with respect to intensive plant production in socialistic agriculture (author's transl)].

With intensified plant production, also soil-hygienic points of view must be taken into account. Measures like fertilization, irrigation, and amelioration must be carried through in such a way that any damage to human health is excluded. As factors of risk have to be regarded pathogenous micro-organisms and parasites from sewage, sludge, and liquid manure, nitrate, potassium, pesticide residues, and heavy metals from agrochemicals and manure, as well as antibiotics from therapeutic and prophylactic treatments. The necessity of precise legal regulations emphasized.


Studies on azotobacters prevailing in Egyptian soils.

Soil samples from different locations in Egypt, representing various types of soils, different degrees of fertility and under various standing crops, were used for isolating Azotobacter strains. Sixty Azotobacter isolates were obtained, and A. chroococcum was found to be the most predominant species (56 isolates), while A. vinclandii was sporadically found (4 isolates). Other species of the genus Azotobacter were not detected in the examined soil samples. Isolates were studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. Thirteen isolates, differing in morphological features, were selected for studying their pleomorphic character.


Studies on the aerobic non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, other than Azotobacter, in Egyptian soils.

Twenty isolates of micro-organisms capable of growing on nitrogen-deficient medium and found as contaminants in Azotobacter cultures were isolated from Egyptian soils and studied for their morphological, cultural, and physiological properties. These micro-organisms s are members of Rhizobiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Achromobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Bacillaceae, and Streptomycetaceae as well as some yeasts. In nitrogen-free medium the micro-organism fixed only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen, hardly exceeding 3 ppm and because of their low sugar consumption rates, efficiences of N2-fixation sometimes reaching 18 mg nitrogen fixed/g carbon oxidized were recorded. Addition of 15 ppm combined nitrogen to the medium increased the amounts of nitrogen fixed to 3--9 ppm.


Temperature adaptability of nitrifying bacteria in soils of Egypt.

Five soils, representing different locations in Egypt that vary in their climatic conditions, were studied for their nitrifying capacity under different temperature levels. The optimum temperature was 30 degrees C, followed by 20 degrees C. At both temperatures no differences among soils in their nitrifying capacity were observed, and nitrification approached completion after 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. NH4-N osication proceeded at lower rates of 10 degrees and 40 degrees C, but variations among soils in their capacity were observed. At 50 degrees C nitrification took place at fairly high rates in one soil, representing an area characterized by its extreme aridity and high temperature.


Lactic acid production from molasses by mixed population of lactobacilli.

The production of lactic acid from molasses by mixed populations of (1) Lactobacillus bulgaricus AU (isolated from curd) and L. casei (supplied by NCL, Poona-8, India) and (2) L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii (supplied by NCL, Poona-8, India), and L. casei was studied. It has been found that association of L. bulgaricus with L. casei slightly enhances the yield of lactic acid, while the mixed population of L. bulgaricus, L. delbrueckii, and L. casei is as effective as L. bulgaricus alone.


Crown gall: economic importance and control.

Many plants of economic importance are possible hosts for Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the causal organism of the crown gall tumor disease. Damage has been reported on stone fruit (Australia), vineyard (Hungary, Bulgaria), lettuce (Brasil) ... In Western-Europe, crown gall seems to be of less economic importance for plants growing in the open air. However, plants cultivated in greenhouses have a greater chance to be tumorized, because of the more favourable circumstances for tumor induction. Modern treatments are based on the inactivation or killing of the tumorigenic organism at the time of the wounding of the host plants.


Influence of virus infection on the leaf protein yield.

Influence of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and common bean mosaic virus (CBMV) infection on the yield of extractable leaf protein of cowpea cvs. Pusa Phaguni, Pusa Barsati, and Yard Long was studied. An increase as well as decrease in the yield of leaf protein concentrate (LPC), due to virus infection, has been observed. CPMV infection increased LPC yield in all the cowpea cvs., but CBMV decreased it in cys. Pusa Phaguni and Yard Long. Variation in percentage of extractable nitrogen and protein in LPC was also notices. However, total N and protein in leaf and LPC were increased due to virus infection, but total sugar and starch decreased.


[Electron microscopical evidence of Spiroplasma citri in nucleus of infected testplants (author's transl)].

This is the first report for the evidence of mycoplasmas in an organelle of a plant cell. Spiroplasma citri was detected by electron microscopy in the nucleus of a phloem parenchyma cell of Chrysanthemum carinatum Schousboe plants, inoculated experimentally by Euscelis plebejus Fall.


Amino acid changes in abiogenic mixtures containing p-nitroaniline and p-phenylene diamine.

Mixtures containing diammonium hydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, and minerals in presence of p-nitroaniline resulted in formation of glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Proline and valine were observed in a few tubes. When p-phenylene diamine was present in the mixture, glycine was absent, while isoleucine and leucine were observed in the tubes. Predominance of proline was observed in all the studies executed.