[Comparison of disinfectant activity of 3 different embalming fluids on cadavera for anatomical study (author's transl)].

The antimicrobial effect of 3 different embalming fluids (Phenol/Formaline, JORES 1913 TUTSCH 1975) was evaluated from the beginning of the conservation process through storage in a new system (TUTSCH et al. 1971) and the subsequent dissection course. Endogenous bacteria are significantly reduced 24 hours after injection. Later on during the storage period of at least 6 months no germs are detected in swabs from orifices whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis and aerobic sporeforming bacteria were found on the surfaces of the bodies in some cases. The formula of the disinfectant (Phenol/Formaline or Merfen according to NEUMANN 1974) in the storage system appears to be of no significance. During dissection as a rule Staphylococcus epidermidis and a few aerobic sporeformers were found on the surface of specimens, at one time Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultivated too. Swabs from the peritoneal cavity and from contents of the intestine were sterile. Investigations by broth dilution method were carried out in order to evaluate the degree of bacteriostatic activity of the various fluids in use. This method is now routinely used for control of the disinfectants in the storage system.


Retrospective DNA analyses in cervical  dysplasia as related to neoplastic progression or regression.

Intracellular DNA distribution was measured in cells from two groups of patients with moderate cervical dysplasia. One group consisted of patients who subsequently developed carcinoma in situ; the other consisted of patients whose lesions regressed to normality. Papanicolaou-stained slides were examined cytologically, and dysplastic cells were located. The slides were then destained and restained by means of the Feulgen DNA staining method, after which they were analyzed in a microspectrophotometer. The DNA distribution pattern of both groups was different from that of normal cells and exhibited the same characteristics observed earlier in premalignant cervical cellular atypias. There was no significant difference between the two groups. The results indicate that quantitative DNA determinations in cytomorphologically equivalent dysplastic cervical cells do not offer additional means of predicting the outcome of the lesions.


Field test and experimental use of CYBEST model 2 for practical gynecologic mass screening.

CYBEST is an automated cytologic screening system for uterine cancer utilizing a pattern-recognition image-analysis system. The prototype was developed in 1972 following fundamental studies of feature extraction, feature evaluation using ambiguity differential functions and segmentation of cell and nuclear images. Model 2 was developed in 1974 with an improved mechanism and function. The parameters employed are nuclear size, nuclear optical density, N/C ratio and nuclear shape. The data of field tests using 220 samples containing three cases of dysplasia, 110 cases of carcinoma and 107 nonmalignant cases were as follows: two false-negative cases (1.8%), 13 false positives (12.1%) and one reject (0.9%). This system was experimentally tested for practical mass population screening with 1,829 cases including 17 atypical cases (four epidermoid carcinomas). The data were as follows: no false-negative cases and 581 false-positive cases (32.1%). Of the latter, 311 cases (17.2%) were pathologic samples, such as severe cervicitis, senile colpitis, Trichomonas infestation, etc., and the remaining 270 cases (14.9%) were within physiologic limits, corresponding to true false-positive samples.


Estimation of proportion of the patients with a very low number of tumor cells from carcinoma in situ in the cervical smear.

The proportion of patients with cervical carcinoma in situ exhibiting a very low number of tumor cells in cytologic samples from the female reproductive tract was assessed with a model based on a multivariate beta distribution. The results of the study indicate that it is highly unlikely that a case of carcinoma in situ will be missed when 50,000 cells are screened in a given sample. However, the study also shows the importance of sampling methodology in the design of screening systems for cervical cancer and the crucial role that the coefficient of variation between patients assumes.


Components and results of a new preparation technique for automated analysis of cervical samples.

Components and evaluations of a new preparative procedure for automated high-resolution analysis of cervical samples are presented. This procedure is based on sedimentation velocity separation of samples with subsequent fractionation of the separation column and centrifugal deposition of suspended cells on coated glass slides. A system for specimen collection and mailing of suspended samples is described. A new type of glass slide designed for automated analysis is presented, and centrifugal buckets for cell deposition on a 6-sq-cm area are described. Experimental results with different kinds of coating substances for glass slides as well as different isopyknic media are discussed, and data for differential cell counts are graphically demonstrated. Looking at the diagnostic accuracy and economic feasibility of this system, the authors realize that preparations have to be evaluated quantitatively and that constraints of sample size and processing time have to be taken into consideration for further developments.


Mammary reduction combined with reverse abdominoplasty.

We present the surgical technique of reverse abdominoplasty combined with mammary reduction in a single stage.  The technical details are described, with special reference to patient selection and postoperative care.  Comments about the midsternal scar line are also included.


Centripetal rotation-advancement for cleft lip nasal deformities.

A technique for reconstruction of the bilateral cleft lip nose is described.  The literature for bilateral cleft lip nasal repair and the use of autogenous cartilage grafts is reviewed.


The anatomical basis for common cosmetic anterior neck deformities.

The anatomical basis for some common anterior neck deformities, the key to which is the presence or absence of decussation of the platysma muscles at the midline, is described.  A plea is made to be specific in describing these deformities, and to approach corrective surgery anatomically.


Surgical correction of the fatty fallen neck.

A report is presented on surgical correction of the fatty fallen neck, with mention of possible complications.  Surgical treatment of the relaxed platysma in these cases is also described, and a surgical technique suggested for correcting prolapse of the submandibular gland and its supporting structures.


Medial thigh lift.

Medial thigh ptosis, characterized by rhytidosis and seen commonly from aging and great weight loss, is seldom improved by lateral or posterior thigh lift.  A simple procedure has been developed to correct this laxity of the upper, inner thighs.  This consists of symmetrical resection of a crescent-shaped segment of skin and subcutaneous tissue having the distribution of an L1 embryological dermatome, just inferior to the inguinal crease.  Despite temporary sensory loss and spreading of scars in some patients, the procedure has been gratifying to both patient and surgeon.  Patients must be carefully selected, as the procedure does not correct either trochanteric lipodystrophy or ptosis, or lipodystrophy medial to and just superior to the knee.


The intercostal flap: an anatomical and hemodynamic approach.

The intercostal island flap is a new omnipotential flap that is extremely valuable for torso reconstruction, provided one understands the intricacies of intercostal anatomy.  Human cadaver dissections were done to determine the precise course and branching pattern of the lower (T7-T11) intercostal neurovascular bundles.  On the basis of these dissections, the intercostal structures can be divided into four anatomical segments: vertebral, costal groove, intermuscular, and rectus.  The anatomical segments can be safely combined in many ways to create versatile skin flaps.  Three different clinical applications with requisite modifications in surgical technique are described in detail to exemplify important anatomical observations.  The potential value of the intercostal island flap in reconstructive surgery is discussed.


Section of the frontalis-procerus-corrugator aponeurosis in the correction of frontal and glabellar wrinkles.

The author presents a study of 280 cases of frontal face lift out of 2,934 cases of rhytidectomy, and his personal technique for correction of frontal and glabellar wrinkles.  The anatomical and physiological aspects of the facial musculature, especially the procerus and corrugator muscles, are described.  Emphasis is placed on the technique of vertical and horizontal cuts in the aponeurosis of the frontal region.


Skin abuts skin at the alar margins of the nose.

The microscopic anatomy of the alar margins of the nose shows that skin abuts skin without intervening subcutaneous tissues.  It is the only place in humans where this occurs.


The immediate postoperative care of a child with cleft lip: time-proved suggestions.

An excellent cleft lip repair demands and depends upon good postoperative care.  The strain caused by crying can be minimized by eliminating restraints and by early hospital dismissal.  Protein and vitamin C are important in healing.  A nongreasy pressure dressing capable of absorbing serum is applied for the first night only, then the suture line is sponged with cold water after each feeding.  Following suture removal, effective bridging is achieved by applying perforated Zonas adhesive directly to the wound.  The care outlined has been used successfully for 93 cleft lip patients over 24 years.  Both sides of bilateral clefts were closed at one operation.  Two patients among 18 with bilateral clefts had one side break down; 1 patient had a partial breakdown on both sides.  This same postoperative routine has been used successfully when operating under less than ideal circumstances in primitive areas.  Good postoperative care consists of attention to many little details, none of which are important by themselves but which, when added together, give perfection.


The in situ rib split graft.

The in situ rib split graft was devised in response to experimental data demonstrating superior survival of autograft bone bearing periosteum.  A more compelling reason for adopting the technique as a standard means for obtaining limited amounts of rib graft is the marked decrease in pain and pulmonary morbidity postoperatively.  This is achieved by leaving the inner half of the rib in continuity and resecting only the outer half as the graft.


Multiple Y-V plasty.

Webs and contracture, whether congenital or the result of trauma or surgical excision, have been resurfaced with local tissue utilizing the principle of multiple Y-V advancement flaps.  Initially the procedure was used in releasing broad scar contracture following a burn wound of the torso, and for congenital soft tissue shortening of the dorsum of the foot, both with gratifying results.  The procedure was later used to obtain adjacent soft tissue for resurfacing defects of the nasal tip or ala, resulting from trauma and following the excision of a tumor. (For example, it enabled us to compensate for a rotation flap defect.)  It is also useful for additional release of scar contractures of the digits and extremities after transposition of Z-plasty flaps, which can be further advanced using the Y-V advancement principle.


Correction of a persistent lower eyelid deformity caused by a displaced orbital floor implant.

A long-standing lower eyelid deformity associated with a displaced alloplastic orbital floor implant was corrected by an orbicularis oculi muscle flap from the upper eyelid, a nasal chondromucosal graft, and a pericranial sling.  Removal of the displaced acrylic implant and replacement with an autogenous bone graft also corrected the patient's diplopia.


A classification of injuries of the nasal skeleton.

A classification of fractures of the nasal skeleton is presented, based on both the pattern of impact and the subsequent damage sustained. The fractures are broadly classed into those resulting from lateral force and those from frontal impact. The latter are further subdivided into three levels of planes of injury; knowledge of the applied anatomy of these injuries is shown to be essential. The clinical findings and the management of each group are discussed.


Volume reduction mammaplasty.

I present an operation for breast reduction in which a prosthesis-shaped mass of breast tissue is removed through a transverse inframammary incision. No skin is removed. With time the breast tissue and skin shrink. No skin markings are required. There is very little interference with blood or nerve supply to the skin, areola, and nipple. The breast appears normal postoperatively.


A review of the mortality in the burns units at the Victoria General Hospital and the Izaak Walton Killam Hospital, January, 1967, to April, 1977.

We reviewed the mortality experience in Halifax burn units over the ten-year period January, 1967, to April, 1977. Major complications leading to death were examined and related to initial injury, length of survival, and preexisting disease. When possible, antemortem diagnoses were compared with postmortem pathological findings. Renal failure, sepsis, and pulmonary complications were the most frequent causes of death in burn patients. The patients who died from renal failure tended to expire soon after being burned, and tended to have been inadequately hydrated during the long journey to Halifax. Patients with sepsis did not die within the first 48 hours of being burned. Early excision of the burn wound with homograft replacement might have prevented some of these deaths. Pulmonary complications early in the postburn course appeared related to closed-space and possibly to inhalation injury. However, pneumonia tended to predominate later.


Improving results in orbital hypertelorism correction.

Between 1971 and 1977, 40 patients with orbital hypertelorism were operated on by the craniofacial team in Toronto. Results have improved as a result of this experience. Tomography in two planes has revealed four types of medial orbital wall deformity. Cephalographs proved inadequate to understand this three-dimensional problem. Mobilization of the orbits and their correct realignment, with removal of the precise amount of interorbital bone, are only preliminary steps in producing good results. Different techniques for reattachment of the medial canthal ligament, correct orientation of the lateral canthus, changes in methods of nasal excision, and the elimination of other facial or eyelid scars are helping to produce more normal looking patients. Simultaneous major intraoral procedures have been the greatest source of complications. Limitation of this surgery to one team has given sufficient experience to enable a diminution in morbidity and a halving in blood loss and time taken for the operation.


Calf augmentation--a preliminary report.

An operative procedure has been devised to increase the size of the calf of the leg. This method may be valuable in patients who have thin, spindly legs or disparity of leg size due to previous poliomyelitis infection. The first series of patients on whom the procedure has been carried out, and the complications encountered, are discussed. I wish to emphasize that this is a new procedure and that the best implant has not yet been found.


Symmetrical lipodystrophy with hypothyroidism.

We present the history and treatment of a woman who had benign symmetrical lipomatosis and hypothyroidism. We suggest full thyroid investigation of future patients. We also suggest shortening the name of the disorder to symmetrical lipodystrophy, since the syndrome seems to be related to fat deposit growth rather than lipoma, and no malignant variant has been reported.


Sudden blindness following reduction of a malar fracture.

A case of reduction of a displaced zygomatic fracture with postoperative proptosis, a dilated, nonreactive pupil, and blindness is presented. Early diagnosis with extended lateral canthotomy and removal of the lateral bony wall of the orbit for a depth of 18 mm produced immediate decompression with relief of the proptosis and possible blindness from pressure on the optic nerve. Vision was maintained, and a satisfactory cosmetic result was achieved.


Conservative treatment of keratoacanthoma.

In recent years there has been a trend toward more aggressive management of keratoacanthoma: surgical extirpation has been recommended as giving a superior result and resolving diagnostic problems. A selection of cases is presented suggesting that (1) surgical repair in the florid phase can be little short of mutilating, (2) the scars produced by the natural resolution of keratoacanthoma are usually insignificant, and (3) in those in which the residual scar must be "tidied up," the final result is more acceptable than that achieved through earlier interference. Emphasis is placed on close, personal follow-up, to preclude mistaken diagnosis.


Reconstruction of congenital amastia with complication.

Subcutaneous insertion of a gel-filled Silastic prosthesis to reconstruct a congenitally absent right breast was complicated by deterioration in skin circulation that necessitated removal of the implant approximately three hours postoperatively. No complications ensued when the same procedure was carried out three months later. Attention is drawn to the risk of interfering with skin circulation in patients with the rare anomaly of congenital absence of breast and nipple. The literature on this subject is reviewed. The author suggests that subpectoral implant may be a safer alternative in such cases.


The management of elective hernia repair.

The history of Shouldice Hospital and the technique of herniorrhaphy used there are described briefly. The main thesis is that the morbidity and mortality from adult elective hernia repair in the Province of Ontario are needlessly high; both could be drastically reduced if local infliltration anesthesia became the accepted routine, combined with immediate ambulation and a genuine program of ensuing physical activity. Economic considerations apart, the advantages of outpatient herniorrhaphy are questionable.


Free dermal fat flaps to the face.

Patients with extensive facial asymmetry continue to be a challenge in reconstructive surgery. Surgical techniques using microvascular anastomoses and free flap transfers can now be applied in the management of patients with such conditions as Romberg disease, postirradiation hypoplasia of the face, and Goldenhar syndrome, and in patients with bronchial arch developmental defects. Four patients are presented in this paper to demonstrate the use of free dermal fat in reconstruction of facial asymmetry. One patient with a moderate facial defect was treated with a free dermal fat graft, and the other 3, who had more extensive defects, were treated with deepithelialized free dermal fat flaps using direct microvascular anastomoses between the donor and recipient vessels. The groin was the donor area in each case. Results appear to indicate that free dermal fat flaps are useful in reconstructive procedures for patients with extensive facial defects.


Eminectomy for chronic recurring subluxation of the temporomandibular joint.

Numerous treatment modalities have been employed for chronic recurrent subluxation of the temporomandibular joint. Most conservative and surgical approaches have had mediocre results. In 1951 Hilmar Myrhaug reported on a new surgical technique wherein the articular eminence is removed. This procedure, it appears, has not been widely accepted. Our experience with 15 patients treated by this means has been excellent. The series is presented to recommend it as a useful surgical technique for this often perplexing problem.


Immediate flap reconstruction after excision of basal cell carcinoma of the face.

The authors review 175 basal cell carcinomas of the face, treated primarily by surgery. The overall cure rate was 97%. Among these cases, 53 were treated by excision and immediate local flap reconstruction. Analysis of results in the latter group encourages the use of this method for virgin, untreated tumors provided basic rules of surgical oncology are followed. Furthermore, it has a definite advantage cosmetically over more conservative methods. If radiotherapy has been the initial treatment, however, immediate reconstruction after excision of a recurrent tumor should be contemplated reluctance.


An intraarticular approach to correction of the bifid thumb.

Surgery of the bifid thumb may leave significant residual deformity. A technique is presented in which the nondominant component is amputated, while its collateral ligament and an attached epiphyseal segment are preserved in continuity. These are relocated accurately on the dominant part. Intraarticular reshaping of the proximal bone is also performed. We report 2 cases in which this method was used, with three- and six-year follow-up. Adequate skeletal correction and stability have been achieved, no disturbance of growth has been noted, and function is satisfactory.


Creation of a male chest in female transsexuals.

This paper describes the indications for operation, the choice of operation, and the results in 9 patients evaluated by a gender identity clinic and referred for breast removal and construction of a male chest. These patients have lived for an average of ten years in their cross-gender identity and were found to be stable, nondemanding, cooperative, and responsible in their life as males. A different operation is recommended for each of three types of breasts. None of the patients was suitable for a simple gynecomastia-type operation. Patients with excess skin should have a procedure that produces an inframammary crease scar not connected to the nipple. Patients with less skin require a procedure that results in a C-shaped scar curing downward and laterally from the nipple.


Is the Strombeck breast reduction viable?

In 1960, J. C. Strombeck described a new technique for reduction of the hypertrophied breast. This single-stage, bipedicle, nipple-bearing, transverse dermal breast flap procedure was well received and widely practiced. There were, however, deficiencies in the original method that led others to modify and subsequently utilize adaptations of the technique. I hope to engender continued interest in the Strombeck procedure by highlighting problematic areas of its execution, and by offering my own solutions to them. I hope also to pay tribute to Strombeck for his ingenuity.


Concomitant treatment of developmental jaw deformities with rhinoplasty.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of a complete assessment of facial profile and dentition in selected patients who seek rhinoplasty or correction of developmental jaw anomalies. To offer these individuals the optimum result, it is mandatory to have close liaison with an orthodontic colleague. At times it may be necessary for the surgeon to urge orthodontic care even though this was not contemplated by the patient. The orthodontist will prepare occlusion and study models of the teeth. X-ray examination includes a Panorex projection and cephalometric radiography. The surgeon should be familiar with the rudiments of skeletal analysis, as it facilitates joint discussion of the proposed treatment. Soft tissue profile, photographs, and clinical examination complete the assessment. A wafer splint is an important adjunct for accurate placement of the occlusion at the time of surgery. Three patients are presented to illustrate the advantage of combined treatment planning. The end result in each has been enhanced. In maxillary protrusion, simultaneous osteotomy and rhinoplasty have halved the surgical procedures required.


Anterior interosseous syndrome.

Four cases of anterior interosseous syndrome are presented. Two patients failed to respond to nonsurgical treatment and were surgically explored. Constricting bands found at surgery were divided, and function returned completely within a few weeks. The other 2 patients were treated nonsurgically, with slow improvement in symptoms.


Avascular necrosis of bone following revascularization of the thumb.

A 35-year-old man underwent revascularization of a thumb transected through the base of the proximal phalanx after sharp division of all structures except a bridge of dorsal skin 1 cm wide. The digit survived. Avascular necrosis of the bone of the distal segment of the proximal phalanx was evident at 4 weeks and maximal at 9. Avascular necrosis did not occur in the distal phalanx. Roentgenographic changes indicated revascularization initially at the distal end of the phalanx, progressing proximally. Revascularization was first evident subperiosteally and progressed centrally; it was complete at 31 weeks. Fracture healing was delayed-evident at 17 weeks and complete at 27 weeks after injury. Avascular necrosis of bone may be the cause of delayed union or nonunion of bone cited in recent long-term reviews of successfully replanted digits. Measures should be taken to monitor, minimize, and compensate for this complication.


The contribution of electrodiagnosis to plastic surgery.

The numb or painful hand or foot may result from a peripheral nerve entrapment. Detailed examination including electromyography frequently reveals to the plastic surgeon the exact site of pathology and the indicated treatment.


A quantitative examination of the use of fluorescein in predicting viability of skin flaps.

The use of fluorescein as a predictor of skin viability in the rat flap model of avascular skin necrosis is well known in the field of plastic surgery. Inherent in this model are several faults that must be corrected if it is to become a valid standard. Fluorescence readings are one of the main variables in flap models. By carefully shaving rat backs with a double-edged razor, taking fluorescence readings in a uniformly darkened space, carefully tattooing the exact extent of both the bright and the mottled areas of fluorescence on the flap, and placing a plastic barrier between the flap and the body to prevent any part of the flap from acting as a graft, we were able to quantitatively predict which portions of a flap would survive and which would die after fourteen days. The bright fluorescent area (mean = 11.99 cm2, SEM +/- 0.53 cm2) is equal to the amount of tissue that will survive (mean = 11.91 cm2, SEM +/- 0.50 cm2; NS), while the sum of the nonfluorescent area and the mottled fluorescent area (mean = 27.69(2), SEM +/- 0.52 cm2) is equal to the amount of tissue that will die (mean = 27.99 cm2, SEM +/- 0.52 cm2; NS).


Reduction mammaplasty: a technique to achieve the conical breast.

Conceptualization of the problem in reduction of the large breast is defined. A technique for reduction mammaplasty is presented based on: (1) the Wise-type pattern, (2) wide undermining of skin flaps with definitive sculpting of the breast parenchyma, and (3) utilization of hypotensive anesthesia. A series of 63 patients is presented in which this technique was utilized.


Modified Limberg flap for lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects.

We have recently developed a technique for closing round or wide oval lumbosacral meningomyelocele defects by modifying the Limberg flap. Four cases of repair of lumbosacral meningomyelocele were treated, with good skin closure in 3. The indications for and advantages of our method are discussed.


A maneuver to improve the nasal airway.

The functional sequelae of rhinoplastic surgery are emphasized and the functional and anatomical causes of postoperative nasal obstruction are discussed. A maneuver to improve the airway and decrease the incidence of postoperative nasal obstruction is presented.


Influence of cleft palate closure by osteotomy technique on growth of the dentomaxillary complex in human beings.

Properly done, osteotomy cleft palate closure in human beings reproduces a normal dentomaxillary complex in patients with an incomplete cleft palate and in those with a narrow unilateral complete lip and palate cleft. In wider complete clefts, the dentomaxillary complex is influenced by the constrictive action of the lip muscle during closure rather than by the osteotomy procedure. Plaster casts of osteotomy surgical cases late postoperatively demonstrate the normal growth pattern achieved. Variations in cleft palate osteotomy have been worked out for every type of cleft palate.


Cervical apron flap reconstruction: a technique for second-stage revision.

A technique for second-stage revision of a cervical apron flap is described. Food particle retention and pocketing in hair-bearing recesses can be minimized by accurately trimming and contouring the flap to fit smoothly into the oral defect.


Use of dermal flaps about the breasts during major reconstruction.

During major breast surgery, we have achieved superior results by securing a dermal flap to the chest wall. This technique has been used successfully for the past three years with improvement in breast contour, prevention of ptosis, and less pronounced scarring than is produced by techniques of the past.


A new technique of dermabrasion.

Dermabrasion is an accepted method for improving the appearance of facial scars. It allows the epidermis to regenerate as a smooth surface after the defective dermis and epidermis have been removed. Several methods and instruments are currently being employed for dermabrasion. Sandpaper wrapped around a motor-driven cylinder is effective in broad, flat areas but is difficult to use around the eyes and nose. A wire-mesh brush of multiple short, curved, stainless steel wires driven by a motor is useful; but the skin is easily abraded too deeply, it is hazardous to use the device near the eyes, and gauze sponges are easily enmeshed in the rapidly whirling brush. Consequently, we have modified the use of this wire-mesh brush. It is as effective and more safely used by hand, without the motor.


A simple method for rapid assessment of malar depression.

The presence of malar depression following facial trauma is often difficult to assess clinically due to soft tissue swelling. A simple maneuver for assessing malar depression is described.


Giant keratoacanthomas.

A patient with multiple keratoacanthomas association with a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is presented. Incomplete excision of a keratoacanthoma deprives the pathologist of his main criteria in differentiating this lesion from a squamous cell carcinoma. Wide excision  appears to be the treatment of choice. Multiple keratoacanthomas can be associated with squamous cell carcinomas, which initially look identical. Persistence with conservative treatment in a growing lesion can fail to deal with an invasive squamous cell carcinoma which will require disfiguring or mutilating operations to cure. Squamous cell carcinoma does develop in keratoacanthomas, but metastases are rare.


Malignant transformation of a Warthin tumor: case report, review of the literature, and discussion of pathology.

Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor) is generally considered to be a benign tumor. However, a few well-documented cases of malignant transformation have been reported. In each case, the patient had received radiotherapy to the neck region where the tumor later developed. This paper reports a case of malignant transformation of a papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (PCL) in a patient who had not received radiotherapy. Light and electron microscopy documented this transformation and clearly identified the malignant portion of the tumor as having its origin in a benign PCL. The literature is reviewed and a discussion of pathology presented.


Medial canthal ligament reconstruction.

A method of medial canthal ligament reconstruction is presented. The method requires an intact medial orbital wall and orbital periosteum. The technique has been useful following radical surgical ablation of a medial canthal area neoplasm. The principle is simple and effective and would seem applicable in the treatment of telecanthus from a variety of causes.


More on the care and feeding of the Padgett dermatome.

Three suggestions to facilitate use and care of the Padgett dermatome are presented.


Reduction mammaplasty utilizing an inferior pedicle nipple-areolar flap.

A technique utilizing the inferiorly based dermal pedicle nipple-areolar flap is described. The advantages of this technique are:(1) predictable breast shape based on preoperative markings; (2) direct visibility of all areas for ease of resection and hemostasis; (3) retention of normal nipple duct connections; (4) no impairment of subjective sensation; and (5) adequate blood supply. This technique has particular application in younger women, in whom nipple sensation is quite important. The interruption of the intercostal nerve branches is usually limited because of the thickness and width of the inferior pedicles. Utilizing our modifications of the technique originally described, this versatile flap can now be used routinely in reduction mammaplasties requiring the removal of either small amounts (200 gm) or quite large amounts (2,500 gm) of tissue with consistently satisfactory aesthetic results and excellent patient satisfaction.


Posttraumatic median neuroma: a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome.

Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with laceration of the median nerve in the distal forearm sometimes occurs. The presenting symptoms related to the initial trauma and the obvious sequelae of the nerve injury itself may focus attention on the neuroma, but the neurological disability may be due in great part to carpal tunnel compression of the nerve distal to the neuroma. Operative decompression usually results in prompt recovery. The possibility of post-traumatic carpal tunnel syndrome must be considered by those evaluating and caring for the primary nerve injury.


Human pigment factors relative to chemical face peeling.

Two major and 18 minor complications in a series of 408 private patients undergoing partial or full-face phenol chemical peeling in a five-year period prompted a fundamental evaluation of several factors relevant to the procedure. Pigmentary change was the most common problem. Human skin pigment and factors that affect it such as hormone intake, cold exposure, ultraviolet light, medication, contact agents, and trauma are unanswered questions relative to at least pigmentary problems. Depigmentary factors were studied in an attempt to evaluate treatment of postoperative pigmentary changes.


Secondary unilateral cleft lip repair: combining rotation-advancement principles with a cross-lip muscle-vermilion flap.

Any lip without a complete philtral complex looks unnatural. This important anatomical entity can be recovered in many lips primarily closed with straight-line or Mirault-Blair-Brown-McDowell procedure. In these patients, combining a rotation-advancement upper lip revision with tubercle reconstruction using a cross-lip vermilion-orbicularis oris muscle flap results in a rotation-advancement scar ideally located in the skin of the upper lip and no scar in the skin of the lower lip. The tubercle is reconstructed as a unit from lower lip vermilion and muscle. The scar in the lower lip is restricted to the vermillion and therefore becomes extremely subtle and difficult to detect. The many scars resulting from a standard Abbe flap are avoided. Even patients with lip deformities considered too mild for a standard Abbe flap no longer need be denied lip revision when the cupid's bow is deficient.


Treatment of obstructing inferior turbinates with intranasal corticosteroids.

The most common cause of nasal obstruction is chronic enlargement of the inferior turbinate bones. The variety of medical and surgical treatments available for this condition bears testimony to their frequent ineffectiveness and the frustration of the physician or surgeon caring for these patients. Removal or destruction of the inferior turbinates has received strong criticism from rhinologists, although at present there is renewed interest in turbinectomy combined with rhinoplasty. A technique employing intranasal injections of long-acting corticosteroids has been used successfully for over twenty years in treating obstructing inferior turbinates secondary to allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. The indications, technique, and complications of this method are reviewed; the technique is presented as an alternative to destruction or resection of the inferior turbinates.


Experience with the Ribeiro reduction mammaplasty technique.

The advantages and disadvantages of the Ribeiro reduction mammaplasty are cited. It is a very good technique when used with the described modifications in properly selected patients.


Hemangioma of the temporalis muscle: a case report and review of the literature.

Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of infancy and childhood. Most involve skin and subcutaneous tissues and are readily visible. Intramuscular hemangiomas are very uncommon, and rarely appear in the musculature of the head and neck. A 59-year-old woman who had had a lipoma excised from her left temporal region many years earlier underwent excision of a hemangioma of the left temporalis muscle. Intramuscular hemangiomas do not spontaneously involute and should be removed as soon as they are diagnosed, in order to obviate later destruction of the involved muscle and adjacent tissues. Preoperative embolization of the hemangioma may reduce intraoperative hemorrhaging.


Coverage of a shoulder wound with a deltoid muscle flap.

An unusual and severe injury to the soft tissues of the shoulder with exposure of the humeral head and glenohumeral joint is presented. The principles of muscle transposition were applied to rotation of the deltoid muscle in achievement of wound closure. Healing was rapid and satisfactory, and a useful upper extremity was salvaged.


Simple method for marking the limit of resection of excess skin in facelifts.

A simple, readily available tool and technique are presented for estimating the amount of skin to be resected during facelifts.


Gross and microscopic anatomical studies of palate structure and osteotomy site.

A normal 1-year-old infant palate and a newborn cleft palate were studied grossly, radiographically, and microscopically for histological structure in hard palate osteotomy sites. A correlated study of biopsies from an osteotomy site seven days postoperatively and another at twelve months following osteotomy was also made. The findings showed that successful osteotomy in infant cleft palate surgery translocates autogenous fibrous bone and osteogenic cells into a cleft-bridging position. Woven fibrous bone rapidly forms across the cleft, and then matures by lamellar bone replacement and haversian system remodeling. Both normal and cleft palates have a rich anastomosis of microscopic blood supply that is vitally important in the remodeling process. These factors may help to explain successful long-term results in early cleft palate osteotomy surgery.


The arc of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap.

An anatomical description of the latissimus dorsi muscle, together with that of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, is presented, with examples of its versatility for reconstruction.


The brassiere shop: a front line of assistance to the mastectomy patient.

This report presents information received from a sampling of breast prosthesis fitters which is of importance to surgeons working with mastectomy patients. The characteristics of various types of external prostheses are described. Shop fitters relate their attitudes about patients, describe patients' reactions to cancer and surgery and the problems encountered in proper fitting, and discuss their limitations as counselors. Fitters' negative attitudes toward reconstruction mammaplasty are also presented. The authors discuss these attitudes and raise questions about appropriate interaction between surgeons and prosthesis fitters.


Augmentation mammaplasty associated with a severe systemic illness.

A case report of a systemic, near-fatal illness possibly related to augmentation mammaplasty with silicone gel prostheses is presented. Twenty-four hours after the augmentation procedure, the patient, a 32-year-old woman, developed a high fever followed by diffuse arthritis, renal failure, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Shortly after removal of the prostheses, the patient's condition improved dramatically. Samples from blood, urine, sputum, and breast pockets collected at the time of prosthesis removal demonstrated silicone polymers. Evidence is presented that indicates the illness was not of infectious origin.


Simultaneous correction of pectus excavatum and breast hypoplasia.

A technique is described for simultaneous insertion through a single inframammary incision of a custom-made prosthesis for pectus excavatum and a unilateral subpectoral breast prosthesis. This was performed under ketamine, diazepam, and local infiltration anesthesia in an office operating room suite. The technique can also be used for pectus excavatum alone or with bilateral augmentation mammaplasties.


Recent advances in cataract surgery.

Cataract surgery has undergone profound changes in the past ten to twenty years. Not only are these changes evident in the technique and methods of extraction, but it has become critical for the well-versed ophthalmic surgeon to be concerned with the optical correction of aphakia. New instruments, highly refined microscopes, and better diagnostic techniques have all contributed to significant improvement in the result of the procedure. Sophisticated surgical instruments are now available for highly trained surgeons. Intraocular lens implantation (pseudophakia) has introduced one of the greatest controversies in ophthalmic surgery. The advantages and disadvantages of this process are set forth.


Medium for the presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacteriaceae.

A medium was devised for the rapid presumptive identification of Aeromonas hydrophila. It also offered good differentiation of Klebsiella, Proteus, and other enteric species. Mannitol fermentation, inositol fermentation, ornithine decarboxylation and deamination, indole production, motility, and H2S production from sodium thiosulfate and cysteine could be recorded in a single tube of the medium.


Ochratoxin A in pig blood: method of analysis and use as a tool for feed studies.

A procedure is presented for screening the quality of feed in respect to ochratoxin A contamination based upon the analysis of ochratoxin A in pig blood. Representative samples from large feed lots may be obtained by using pigs as in vivo sample collectors which enrich the toxin and forms homogeneous samples in the blood. The spectrofluorometric procedure for ochratoxin A analysis (K. Hult and S. Gatenbeck, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 59:128-129, 1976) has been adapted to pig blood and has been simplified to involve only three extraction steps. A volume of 2.5 ml of blood or plasma is needed, and the detection limit is 2 ng of ochratoxin A per ml. The disappearance of ochratoxin A from pig blood as a function of time has been studied. A feeding experiment with ochratoxin A has been performed, and the time course of the concentration of ochratoxin A in blood has been followed during the experiment.


Coexistence of different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by Pseudomonas sp.

Pseudomonas desmolytica S449B1 and Pseudomonas convexa S107B1 grown on n-propylbenzene oxidized n-propylbenzene to beta-phenylpropionic acid and benzoic acid by initial oxidation of the n-propyl side chain and the following beta-oxidation, respectively. The same strains also oxidized n-propylbenzene to 3-n-propylcatechol by initial oxidation of positions 2 and 3 of the aromatic nucleus. A ring fission product, 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, was also isolated from the culture broth. Together with the results of oxygen uptake experiments, the data obtained suggested not only the existence of a reductive step to form 2-hydroxy-6-oxononanoic acid, but also the coexistence of two different pathways in the metabolism of n-propylbenzene by the strains used.


N-demethylation of nicotine and reduction of nicotine-1'-N-oxide by Microsporum gypseum.

Several microorganisms were examined for their abilities to convert S-nicotine into nornicotine. Five microorganisms including Microsporum gypseum (ATCC 11395) produced nornicotine and three unknown metabolites. M. gypseum efficiently reduced nicotine-1'-N-oxide to nicotine, but no nornicotine was obtained when the N-oxide was used as substrate.


Distribution and metabolism of ingested NO3- and NO2- in germfree and conventional-flora rats.

Germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats were fed sodium nitrate or sodium nitrite in their drinking water (1,000 microgram/ml), and various organs, tissues, and sections of the intestinal tract were assayed for nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) by a spectrophotometric method. When fed NO3-, germfree rats had chemically detectable levels of NO3- (only) in the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon. Conventional-flora rats fed NO3- had both NO3- and NO2- in the stomach, but only NO3- in the small intestine and colon. When fed NO2-, germfree rats had both NO3- and NO2- in the entire gastrointestinal tract. Conventional-flora rats fed NO2- had both ions in the stomach and small intestine, but only NO3- in the large intestine. Conventional-flora rats fed NO3- or NO2- had lower amounts of these ions in the gastrointestinal tract than comparably fed germfree rats. Control (non-NO3- or NO2--fed) germfree and conventional-flora rats had trace amounts of NO3- (only) in their stomachs and bladders. These results, in conjunction with various in vitro studies with intestinal contents, suggest that NO3- or NO2- reduction is a function of the normal bacterial flora, whereas NO2- oxidation is attributable to the mammalian host. In addition, the distribution of these ions after their ingestion appears more widespread in the body than previously thought.


Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labeled nitrate and nitrite in germfree and conventional-flora rats.

The in vivo distribution of physiological concentrations of NO3- and NO2- labeled with 13N was studied in germfree and conventional-flora Sprague-Dawley rats after gastric intubation (gavage), intravenous (cardiac or tail vein), or intraluminal (intestinal) injection. Some in vitro studies were performed to determine the influence of the bacterial flora on ion distribution. After gavage with 13NO3-, essentially all of the label passed into the upper small intestine, where most was absorbed; however, up to 24% of the 13N could reach the ileum within 1 h. Gavage with 13NO2- resulted in some gastric absorption of the label, but most seemed to exit the stomach via passage into the duodenum. The exit of 13NO2- from the stomach was slower, and less 13N appeared to be absorbed from the small intestine than with 13NO3-. Movement of label through the gastrointestinal tract could be enhanced by inducing diarrhea. Absorbed 13N was either excreted in the urine, reentered the gastrointestinal tract at various points, or was temporarily stored in the eviscerated carcass. The bacterial flora, either by incorporation or chemical alteration, appeared to have some influence on the distribution of 13N from 13NO3- or 13NO2-.


Science of hemolytic activity of some radiation-resistant micrococci in food.

Micrococci resistant to 1 Mrad of gamma radiation were isolated from irradiated chicken. Three isolates were hemolytic on blood agar plates and were selected for further study. Two other radiation-resistant micrococci, Micrococcus radiodurans and Micrococcus radiophilus, were included in the study because there is only a very limited amount of information regarding hemolytic activity of these organisms and their potential role of public health importance. Tests to determine hemolytic patterns, hemolytic activity of extracellular substances, leukocytic activity, presence of enzymes commonly associated with pathogenicity (coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase), and pathogenicity for laboratory animals all suggested that the organisms would not be of public health significance.


Evaluation of a class III biological safety cabinet for enclosure of an ultracentrifuge.

An evaluation of a special safety cabinet housing a high-speed centrifuge was made. The cabinet enclosed both the top access port and the drive and pumping machinery of the centrifuge. A titanium rotor was loaded with tubes containing a bacterial culture, weakened, and driven until rotor rupture occurred. There were several bent and broken components in the centrifuge, and bacteria leaked from the vacuum chamber. Although the forces were sufficient to displace the cabinet, none of the test bacteria were found outside the cabinet.


Intestinal microbial flora of the of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L.

A morphological study employing scanning and transmission electron microscopy was made by the alimentary tract of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. A. complex microbiota of diverse morphology, which could not be readily dislodged, was observed and found to be restricted to the hindgut, particularly the colon. Numerous filamentous forms were noted, and some are described, including the morphologically distinct Methanospirillum. Flora was noted attached to the cuticular lining and cuticular filaments of the colon, and several spiral forms were observed in the luminal contents from the colon.


Enumeration and selective isolation of rumen spirochetes.

Enumeration by means of light microscopy showed that from 0.4 x 10(8) to 2.0 x 10(8) spirochetes were present per ml of bovine rumen fluid. Viable cell counts yielded slightly lower values, ranging from 0.1 x 10(8) to 1.2 x 10(8) spirochetes per ml of rumen fluid. The antibiotic rifampin, which served as a selective agent for rumen spirochetes, was added to agar media used in the estimation of viable spirochete numbers in rumen fluid. Morphologically diverse spirochetes were isolated from rumen fluid by means of a procedure involving the use of rifampin as a selective agent in agar media. The strains isolated represented seven morphological types of spirochetes differing in cell size, cell coiling pattern, and number of periplasmic fibrils per cell. Electron microscopy showed that the number of periplasmic fibrils present in the different morphological types of rumen spirochetes ranged from 2 to more than 20 per cell. The results of this study indicate that the bovine rumen is a highly favorable environment for a number of morphologically diverse spirochetes.


[Immunoglobulin-like serum proteins from the ratfish (Callorhynchus callorhynchus) (author's transl)].

Ratfish serum proteins have been fractionated by ammonium sulfate, followed by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B. This experimental procedure yields very pure product, as assayed by inmunoelectrophoresis and rechromatography en Sepharose 6B. Basic polypeptide structural analysis performed by polycrylamide sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis (PAGE-SDS) shows two polypeptides, having 7.49 X 10(4) daltons and 2.44 X 10(4) daltons, respectively. The hexose content is less than in the similar high molecular weight immunoglobulin heavy chain from the human previously described. This fact could explain the apparent low molecular weight of such polypeptide on PAGE-SDS. The molecular weight determination of the native molecule by protein gel filtration on Sepharose 6B, gives a value of about 9.6 X 10(5) daltons, which is similar in that found for others Chondrichthyes high molecular weight immunoglobulins described before by others.


Comparative cytology of hydrochloric acid secreting cells.

A comparative study of the oxyntic cells of the stomach of Vertebrates is presented. A system of membranous tubules which is apparently inter-convertible with the luminal plasma membrane is described as an important structural feature in all classes. In all Vertebrates with the sole exception of Mammals, this system shares a common cell with the structures involved in the secretion of zymogen. In Mammals it becomes segregated into a specialized cell type, the parietal cell, characterized in addition by the presence of a long tortuous intracellular canaliculus, which serves as its secretory pole. The hypothesis is presented and discussed that the parietal cell is capable of achieving a higher efficiency in hydrochloric acid secretion by the existence of the intracellular canaliculus which makes the immediate surroundings of the secretory pole independent of the contents of the gastic lumen. In Birds (whose gastric glands do not possess parietal cells) a corresponding effect can be achieved only by complex structures such as the compound gastric glands. An explanation is hereby offered for the unique features of the Avian stomach.


Glucose utilization in vertebrates as a molecular probe for the study of evolution.

Hexokinase isozymic profiles from the liver of 68 vertebrate species are presented. The comparison of the diverse patterns observed, as well as the kinetic and physicochemical properties of the isozymes, reveals that the hexokinases from mammals are very similar to those from turtles and amphibians. The hexokinases from birds, lizards and snakes on the other hand are similar within themselves and different from the enzymes from mammals and amphibians. Liver pyruvate kinases show about the same behavior. The hexokinase system from vertebrate muscle however is very uniform in all the species studied consisting mainly of hexokinase B.


Effects of theo-esberiven on the development of collateral circulation in dog hearts.

Effects of Theo-Esberiven, a coronary vasodilator, on the development of collateral circulation were investigated in dogs with their left anterior descending artery chronically occluded. The drug was administered i.v. at 0.1 ml/kg once a day for 1 to 4 weeks after the occlusion. Left circumflex coronary flow in dogs treated with the drug was increased over the value in control ones when measured one week after the occlusion. At the same time, the ratio of retrograde pressure to perfusion pressure, which correlates negatively with the collateral vascular resistance, significantly exceeded the value in control (P less than 0.05). On the basis of observations with blood vessel casts of hearts, distinct anastomoses between the circumflex and anterior descending arteries had already been observed in all preparations from dogs treated for 2 weeks in contrast to the findings seen in control ones. There were less histological changes in myocardial tissue obtained from dogs treated for one week than those in control ones. From these results, Theo-Esberiven appears possibly to accerelate the collateral development at the earlier stages after the coronary occlusion.


Gastric antiulcer and antisecretory effects of carbenoxolone, aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone in rats.

The beneficial antiulcer actions of carbenoxolone may possibly be due to an aldosterone-like component on the gastric mucosa. This suggests that aldosterone and possibly other corticoids may have antiulcer actions. The potential gastric antisecretory and antiulcer actions of aldosterone (ALDO) and desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) were studied in the rat in comparison to the reference standard carbenoxolone. Stress ulcers were induced in fasted rats by the the forced exertion technique. Gastric secretion was evaluated in the five-hour pyloric ligated Shay rat model. The renal mineralocorticoid actions of these drugs were also studied in the adrenalectomized rat. Intragastric administration of carbenoxolone and DOCA, but not ALDO, significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation in rats. Carbenoxolone given subcutaneously (s.c.) did not inhibit ulcer formation. ALDO exhibited antiulcer actions only when multiple s.c. injections were made. The antiulcer actions of DOCA and ALDO are not mediated via an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion. At all doses tested DOCA and ALDO showed significant renal effect, while carbenoxolone exhibited this effect only at the highest tested dose. These results suggest that the beneficial antiulcerogenic action of carbenoxolone is due to a direct effect on gastric mucosa and is not related to an aldosterone-like component.


Pharmacokinetics of primidone and its active metabolites in the dog.

In dogs, the metabolism of primidone and the pharmacokinetics of the drug itself as well as its metabolites phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonic acid diamide (PEMA) was followed after single oral doses of 30 mg/kg (0.14 mmole/kg). Primidone was rapidly absorbed, so that maximal serum concentrations were reached after 2 hr, the concentration fell then with a half-life averaging 5 hr in Beagles and 10 hr in Mongrels. PEMA appeared in plasma with a ka of 0.003--0.005 min-1, reached maximal concentrations after about 6.5 hr in Beagles and 12 hr in Mongrels. The elimination half-life averaged 7.5 hr in Beagles and 14 hr in Mongrels. After single oral doses, phenobarbital could only be detected in low concentrations in some Beagles. Phenobarbital had an elimination half-life of 32 +/- 4.8 hr in Beagles and of 70 +/- 16 hr in Mongrels. During continued treatment with daily doses of 30--50 mg/kg primidone, steady-state concentrations of about 15 micrograms/ml (65 nmole/ml) were reached after 6--8 days, the PEMA concentrations showed rather pronounced fluctuations around average values of 8--10 micrograms/ml (39--49 nmole/ml), whereas the concentrations of primidone mainly remained below 5 micrograms/ml (23 nmole/ml). In mice, the anticonvulsant potency of the 3 drugs was determined: Elevations of the electroconvulsant threshold by 40 V were produced by 0.01 mmole/kg of phenobarbital, 0.017 mmole/kg of primidone or 0.37 mmole/kg of PEMA. Taking the anticonvulsant potency of the 3 drugs into consideration, phenobarbital is responsible for more than 85% of the total anticonvulsant activity during continued medication of primidone. The penetration of primidone and its metabolites into the cerebro-spinal fluid was followed: phenobarbital reached steady state levels already after 1--1.5 hr, primidone and PEMA not before 2.5 hr. The concentrations in CSF roughly corresponded to the free drug in plasma. On account of the similarities in metabolism and pharmacokinetics of primidone in dog and man, the former species seems to be a suitable model in epilepsy research. Differences between both species are most pronounced in the Beagle.


Pharmacological analysis of the effects of metoclopramide on the transmurally stimulated guinea-pig ileum.

The effects of metoclopramide (Mcp), a benzamide derivative, have been quantitatively analyzed on the responses of the isolated guinea-pig ileum to transmural stimulation. Mcp (0.03 microgram ml-1 upwards) increased these responses but this effect which was calcium-dependent was not concentration-dependent (up to 30 micrograms ml-1). Mcp antagonized the inhibitor effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, procaïne, adenosine triphosphate, bufexamac and hydrocortisone on the ileal responses, but not those of tetrodotoxin and verapamil.


Cortisone mediated decrease in fetal metabolism of glucose.

14C-Glucose was administered to pregnant mice with and without a teratogenic dose of cortisone. Cortisone decreased the transfer of glucose and its metabolites to the fetus and chorioallantoic placenta while increasing the disposition of these substances in maternal liver and muscle. This shift suggests that cortisone exerts its teratogenic action by depriving the fetus of an adequate supply of carbohydrate during its rapid growth and differentiation.


Effect of phenobarbital pretreatment on digitoxin toxicity and biotransformation in guinea-pigs.

Pretreatment with phenobarbital enhanced digitoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs. In both male and female animals the LD50 was reduced by one half as compared to control animals. Plasma and bile concentrations were determined at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after intraperitoneal administration of 3H digitoxin. Plasma from pretreated guinea-pigs always presented higher concentrations of non-metabolized digitoxin and lower amounts of water soluble metabolites than control animals. If these compounds are less active than the parent drug, the increased toxicity of digitoxin after pretreatment with the enzymatic inducer may be explained by inhibition of detoxication.


Bioavailability of 14C-sulpiride in dogs.

The plasma and urinary concentrations of unchanged 14C-sulpiride were measured in the dog following i.v. and oral administration. Bioavailability of the oral hydrochloride solution was 85% and that of the free base suspension was 75%. Sulpiride equilibrated rapidly with tissue fluid and had an apparent volume of distribution of 3.3--3.8 1/kg. The plasma half-life was 2.5--3 hours. The short plasma half-life and its negligible concentrations in the brain are consistent with the low lipophilicity of supliride. When 100 mg sulpiride was given orally either as hydrochloride or free base, the maximum plasma level was reached within one hour and concentrations were 2.3 and 1.8 micrograms/ml, respectively. The similarity of urinary excretion data from i.v. and oral preparations suggest minimal "first-pass" effect.


Effect of in vivo deslanoside on the uptake of serotonin into platelets.

The purpose of our study was to determine whether deslanoside administered in vivo results in inhibition of the active transport of [3H]-serotonin into blood platelets. Experiments were performed in cats and arterial blood samples were taken prior to initiating deslanoside infusion and at the point when it appeared from the ECG that ventricular fibrillation was imminent. Toxic arrhythmogenic doses of deslanoside were found to produce a significant reduction in the uptake of [3H]-serotonin into platelets. This increase in free serotonin in plasma caused by inhibition of uptake may play a role in the cardiotoxicity of deslanoside.


Studies on the modes of action of dicyclohexylamine and related amines with a potentiating effect on noradrenaline responses in the rat vas deferens.

Previous studies have shown that dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) and related amines with saturated and unsaturated cyclic side-chains produce a potentiation of noradrenaline responses in rat vas deferens. The present study shows that the potentiation is mediated via a cocaine-like effect, by acting as neuronal uptake inhibitors on sympathetic nerve terminals of the rat vas deferens. Furthermore, it has been established that the contractions of the vas, which are induced by high concentrations of DCHA and its analogues, are due to an indirect sympathomimetic activity of these compounds.


The mechanism of action of a novel cerebral protective drug against anoxia I. The effect on cerebral energy demand.

The effect of a novel cerebral protective drug, Y-9179, on cerebral metabolic rate was investigated in mice in comparison with that of phenobarbital. Injection of 150 mg/kg of phenobarbital to adult mice resulted in the decrease in the rates of use of phosphocreatine, ATP, glucose and glycogen in brain, and the cerebral metabolic rate was estimated to be 12.8 mumoles/g/min in terms of the use-rate of high energy phosphate equivalents (approximately P). This value corresponded to 43% of that of the control animals. In the adult animals treated with 1 mg/kg of Y-9179, the rates of use of the energy reserves were decreased, and the cerebral metabolic rate was determined to be 19.6 mumoles/g/min. A similar result was obtained in the experiments with 9-day old mice; the cerebral metabolic rate was decreased from 4.82 to 2.65 mumoles/g/min by the treatment with Y-9179. Furthermore, the Y-9179-treated mice had less lactate accumulation and higher energy reserves than the control animals. Barbiturate and Y-9179 proved to have common properties, namely, the cerebral protection against anoxia and the lowering action of cerebral metabolic rate. These findings suggest that the mechanism by which Y-9179 protects against cerebral anoxia is mediated by the lowering of cerebral energy demand.


Effects of picrotoxin, naloxone, and vagotomy on chlordiazepoxide-induced respiratory depression.

Intravenous administration of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) caused respiratory depression in both rats and cats. The maximally tolerated dose of CDP was found to be 165 +/- 15 mg/kg, i.v., in rats. Pretreatment with picrotoxin (1.5 mg/kg) or naloxone (20 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly increased the maximally tolerated dose of CDP to 330 +/- 40 mg/kg, i.v., and 270 +/- 35 mg/kg, i.v., respectively. The protective effects of both naloxone and picrotoxin were absent in bilaterally vagotomized rats. Naloxone pretreatment (25 mg/kg, i.v.) was also found to block the respiratory depressant effects of CDP in anesthetized cats, but had no effect on the cardiovascular actions of CDP. It is possible that the respiratory effects of CDP are due to its actions on GABA receptors, and that peripheral GABA receptors may mediate the protective actions of picrotoxin and naloxone.


The comparative disposition of nomifensine (Merital) in the pregnant and non-pregnant rat.

The disposition of radioactivity from 14C-nomifensine has been compared in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats by examining plasma profiles, the qualitative tissue distribution (whole body autoradiography) and the quantitative tissue distribution of radioactivity. The clearance of radioactivity of 14C-nomifensine from the plasma of pregnant and non-pregnant rats was similar and was complex with secondary peaks and plateaux after both oral and intravenous dosing. Maximum plasma levels (mean +/- S.D., 0.20 +/- 0.05 and 0.22 +/- 0.02 microgram equivalents nomifensine/ml plasma for pregnant and non-pregnant rats respectively) occurred at 30 to 45 min after oral dosing. The biological half-life of radioactivity in plasma was between 4 and 5 hr for both routes of administration, although there was an additional rapid initial phase (t 1/2 approx. 20 min) after intravenous dosing. Whole body autoradiography also showed a very similar tissue distribution pattern of radioactivity between pregnant and non-pregnant rats with extensive distribution from blood into tissue. Only traces of radioactivity from 14C-nomifensine were seen to cross the placenta into the foetuses of 15-day pregnant rats and these rapidly cleared with time. Slightly higher amounts were seen to cross the foetuses of 18-day pregnant rats and radioactivity was seen in the foetal brain, heart, liver and lung. Quantitative tissue distribution studies confirmed these qualitative findings. The biological half-life of radioactivity in both adult and foetal tissues was approximately 5 hr, except for adult livers where a longer half-life of radioactivity of approximately 10 hr was found.


Ethanol, anaesthetics and other lipophilic drugs preferentially inhibit 5-hydroxytryptamine- and acetylcholine-induced noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerves.

The noradrenaline release from the terminal sympathetic nerve fibres was investgated in isolated rabbit hearts perfused with Tyrode solution. Noradrenaline in the perfusate was determined spectrofluorimetrically.--The noradrenaline output evoked by activation of the presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors with 5-hydroxytryptamine was decreased by ethanol, diethyl ether, halothane, thiopental and droperidol. There was a good correlation between the negative logarithms of the IC50 values of these compounds and the longarithms of their membrane/buffer partition coefficients (r = 0.993).--Similar to our our previous results with aliphatic alcohols and inhalation anaesthetics, we found that the noradrenaline output induced by activation of the nicotine receptors with acetylcholine was also decreased by barbiturates, propanidid, ketamine, phenytoin and chlorpromazine in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory potency of these compounds on acetylcholine-induced output was also proportional to their hydrophobic property.--Considerably higher concentrations of phenobarbital and ketamine than those which decreased the receptor-mediated noradrenaline output were necessary to inhibit the output evoked by 80 mM K+.--It is concluded that the inhibition of receptor-mediated noradrenaline release by low concentrations of the compounds appears to be due to hydrophobic interaction with membrane constituents of the terminal sympathetic fibres, presumably proteins belonging to the receptor-ionic channel complexes.


Effect of amiloride on isolated guinea-pig atrium.

The effect of high concentrations (62.5-500 microgram/ml) of amiloride, a potassium sparing diuretic, was investigated in the isolated guinea-pig atrium. Amiloride decreased the frequency of contractions of the spontaneously beating right atrium in a time-dependent fashion. The inotropic effect of amiloride was frequency-dependent. It increased the peak developed tension of the electrically paced left atrium with 1 Hz stimulation. This was dose and time-dependent. Stimulation at 0.35 and 0.1 Hz resulted in no effect and a negative inotropic effect respectively. The effects of amiloride were not prevented by atropine, propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, metiamide, tetrodotoxin or by pretreatment of animals with reserpine. The positive inotropic effect (at 1 Hz) was inhibited by calcium antagonists verapamil or chlorpromazine. The negative inotropic effect (at 0.1 Hz) was prevented by doubling calcium concentration of the medium. Amiloride had no significant effect on sodium, potassium and calcium content of the tissue. It is concluded that high concentrations of amiloride decreases the frequency and changes the peak developed tension of the guinea-pig atrium possibly by decreasing sodium entry and altering the availability of calcium to the contractile elements.


Site of anti-nociceptive action of a new benzomorphan derivative ID-1229.

The site of anti-nociceptive action of a new benzomorphan derivative ID-1229, 2-[3-(p-fluorobenzoyl)-1-propyl]-5 alpha, 9 alpha-dimethyl-2'-hydroxyl-6, 7-benzomorphan was investigated using electrophysiological methods. In rabbits, ID-1229 (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) caused slowing in the EEG, and depressed the evoked potentials recorded from the sensory cortex and the Nucleus ventralis posterolateralis of the thalamus elicited by sciatic stimulation. A small dose (1 mg/kg) of ID-1229 decreased the bradykinin-induced unitary discharges of lamina V neuron of the spinal dorsal horn in intact rabbits but not in spinal rabbits. These results suggest that ID-1229 inhibits the sensory transmission of bradykinin-induced pain at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, through its facilitatory action on the descending inhibitory system from the supra-spinal structure.


A test for analgesics as an indicator of locomotor activity in writhing mice.

Marked depression of locomotor activity was observed in writhing mice given acetic acid i.p. This depression of the activity was evidenced by a squatting posture in reaction to pain. The hypoactivity was reversed dose-dependently by nonnarcotic analgesics such as acetyl-salicylic acid, aminopyrine and mefenamic acid in smaller dosages than those obtained by the conventional writhing syndrome test, and was also reversed dose-dependently by narcotic analgesics such as morphine, pethidine and codeine. Consequently, this hypoactivity test proved to be useful for analgesics screening.


The nutritional significance of root and tuber crop development as staples in the Caribbean community.

The competition between cereals and root crops as CARICOM staples is described. The move to substitute locally grown food for imported wheat is shown to favor root crop development in the region. Against this background, traditional nutrition-prompted objections to wheat substitution by root crops are examined. Evidence is cited to show the essential adequacy of protein in root crops, except plantain and cassava and for all humans except perhaps some infants. The low protein in cassava and plantain, it is proposed, can be easily overcome in the process of local root crop development. Finally, it is argued that there exists the potential to obtain cheap calories from root crops. This and the generation of economic activity among small farmers, concomitant with root crop development, are seen as possible indicators of good nutrition for the region in the future.


Application of a simple method to the characterization and differentiation of protein foods.

A screening method for the characterization and differentiation of proteinaceous samples and amino acid mixtures was applied to protein foods (4 protein-rich mixtures, one product sold as dietary supplement, and 3 raw materials of frequent use in the preparation of these products). Graphic profiles which describe the relative amounts of amino acid groups in the samples were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis. According to a previously established criterion of identity or difference, the correlation coefficients showed that at least 90% of the comparisons dealt with different samples. The method is proposed as a valuable tool for the quality control of protein-rich foods and their raw materials.


Studies of the growth and cell dynamics of the intestinal epithelium in corn and sorghum-fed rats.

A study was undertaken to compare the effects of corn and sorghum-based diets on the growth curve of young adult rats and on cell renewal in the intestinal epithelium of the jejunum and colon of the animals. Three groups of 10 rats each were studied: the first was submitted to a corn diet (Corn Group); the second to a sorghum diet (Sorghum Group), and the third to a casein diet (Control Group). The diets supplied about 7 g% protein. The experimental period lasted 13 weeks. Effects were measured in terms of weight curves, mitotic and calyciform cell indexes in the jejunum and colon. A special statistical analysis was applied allowing comparisons between the groups, and considering the sample size and the individual variations in the growth curves. The animals in the sorghum group revealed a lower growth rate, and those in the corn group showed more marked cell dynamics changes in the jejunal epithelium. Findings in the corn and sorghum-fed animals were different and cannot be explained solely in terms of niacin deficiency.


[Metabolic products of microorganisms 183, Imacidin, a new peptid antibiotic from Streptomyces olivaceus (author's transl)].

Streptomyces olivaceus, strain Tü 1379 produces beside the red dyestuff prodigiosin several closely related hitherto unknown cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics, mainly imacidine B and C and imacidinic acids. The antibiotics affect murein biosynthesis. Only actinomycetes are inhibited.


Manganese deficiency leads to elevated amino acid pools in citric acid accumulating Aspergillus niger.

Free amino acid pools have been investigated in a citric acid accumulating strain of Aspergillus niger during batch growth under manganese sufficient and deficient conditions by means of an improved chromatographic method. Studies on the mycelial content of several nitrogenous compounds under manganese sufficient and deficient conditions showed that manganese deficiency resulted in lower amino acid pool sizes during trophophase and considerable accumulation during idiophase, and in a reduction of the protein and nucleic acid contents. Addition of cycloheximide to mycelia grown with sufficient manganese also caused an elevation of free amino acid pool sizes, thus indicating that impairment of protein synthesis by manganese deficiency is responsible for the observed rise in amino acid concentration. Furthermore it was observed that the manganese deficient mycelia excreted high amounts of all amino acids suggesting that manganese deficiency may also affect membrane permeability.


[In-vitro effect of X-irradation on respiration and glycolysis of Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells of the mouse--an experimental comparison with the mouse tumour-tetanus assay (author's transl)].

Depending on the dose of X-rays, in-vitro irradiation of Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells of the mouse affected both respiration and glycolysis. 15,000 R irradiation suppressed the aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism rather strongly followed by a reduction of the "take" and growth of the subcutaneously injected tumour cells, as opposed to the growth behaviour of non-irradiated cells. In analogy, tetanus mortality rates were reduced in the mouse tumour-tetanus assay with 15,000 R irradiated cells. On the other hand, irradiation with 2,000 R of Ehrlich carcinoma cells resulted in unchanged rates of respiration and glycolysis, in spite of the strongly limited growth capacity of the tumour cells. The tumour-tetanus assay of the mouse showed good correlation with subcutaneous tumour growth; no such correlation was found in the tetanus assay and the manometric values of respiration and glycolysis with 2,000 R irradiated tumour cells.--After subcutaneous injection of mixed cell suspensions consisting of 1 x 10(5) viable and 1 x 10(6) 15,000 R irradiated Ehrlich-ascitic carcinoma cells as well as of 3 x 10(2) tetanus spores per single dose, we observed similar rates of tumour growth, or tetanus mortality, respectively, if 1 x 10(5) viable tumour cells alone were administered together with 3 x 10(2) tetanus spores, without addition of irradiated tumour cells.


[First experiences with the leukocyte migration inhibition test performed on patient hysterectomized on account of myoma (author's transl)].

The leukocyte migration inhibition test was performed on 56 patients hysterectomized on account of myoma. Despite low antigenicity of autologous myoma tissue significant differences in inhibitions of migration were observed depending on the extent of surgical radicality in the adnexal region. Non-inhibition of leukozyte migration in patients whose myomatous uterus alone was exstirpated is explained by the oestrogens produced in the remaining ovaries.


[Relationship between obesity and prognosis in operated breast cancer (author's transl)].

Correlations between obesity and prognosis of operated cancer of the breast have not been investigated until now. In 491 patients operated upon by radical mastectomy (1968 to 1972) it can be demonstrated that in patients in whom the weight of the resected breast is above 1100 g the survival rates are more unfavourable than in other cases. As to tumor size and invasion of lymphnodes the distribution in the group with "heavy breasts" is more unfavourable than in the other groups. The causes of the differences in survival may be attributed to worsened conditions for detection of cancer in cases with large breasts as well as to alterations of hormone production and metabolism in connection with nutritional factors.


[Morphological and immuno-cytological classification of secretory immunoglobulin producing malignant lymphomas (author's transl)].

After an introduction about the frequency of "secretory" immunoglobulin producing malignant lymphomas and the histological equivalent of intracytoplasmatic immunoglobulin the results of a co-operative retrospective study on 102 cases of immunocytoma and 28 cases of immunoblastoma are discussed. According to the different types of physiological plasma cell reaction lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytoma might be functionally interpreted as "parafollicular" immunocytoma, whereas lymphoplasmacytic and polymorphous immunocytoma might be functionally considered as a "transfollicular" one. These subtypes of the immunocytoma show differences in morphology, immunocytology, primary localization and occurrence of leukemia.


[Prognostic clinical and morphological classification of multiple myeloma (author's transl)].

Clinical staging has been widely accepted as essential for optimal treatment of many types of cancer. Various groups of workers have investigated factors which influence prognosis in multiple myeloma. Important factors which have been indentified include the performance status, the presence or absence of renal insufficiency, the quantity of the monoclonal protein fraction in the serum, the extent of bone lesions, the serum concentration of albumin and calcium, and the hemoglobin level. Since our findings agreed with the staging, previously proposed by Salmon, this procedure was used to stage myeloma cases in a retrospective study. Survival was statistically significant shorter in stage III than in stage I and in subtype B shorter than in subtype A. In addition to the clinical findings we propose a system for the cytological and histological staging of multiple myeloma which is based on differences in maturity of myeloma cells and have tested its validity in predicting survival in a retrospective follow-up study. 202 cases of multiple myeloma have been analysed by cytological and histological methods. On the basis of the findings the following types were distinguished: 1. plasmocytic myeloma (127 cases), 2. plasmoblastic-plasmocytic myeloma (35 cases), and 3. plasmoblastic myeloma (32 cases). In 8 cases predominance of giant cells were seen. In types 2 and 3 involvement of extraskeletal sites (lymph node, liver, spleen) was significantly higher than in type 1, just as survival was significantly higher (39,7 months) in this type than in type 3 (9,8 months). There seemed to be no correlation between morphological type and class specificity of monoclonal immunoglobulins. Use of the clinical and morphological staging system should provide better initial assessment and follow-up of individual patients, and should lead to improved study design and analysis in large clinical trials of diagnosis and therapy for multiple myeloma.


[The therapeutic and prognostic meaning of the histological subtype of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas (author's transl)].

The clinical staging has much lesser importance in non-Hodgkin-lymphomas than in Hodgkin-lymphomas. Much more important for prognosis and treatment is there the histopathological subtype. For this reason there are many international activities directed to new ways of the histological classification of non-Hodgkin-lymphomas. Without any doubt Rappaport's proposal is the clinically most used non-Hodgkin-classification but more and more also the proposal of Lennert  becomes accepted by clinicians. The immunological approach seemed to be the most promising way to qualify the Non-Hodgkin-lymphoma classification and finally to individualize the management of this type of neoplasia.


[Primary malignant lymphomas of the central nervous system (author's transl)].

9 primary malignant lymphomas of the CNS were found at autopsies. The youngest patient was 4 months and the oldest 69 years of age. The lymphomas were classified in accordance with the Kiel classification. Most of them were immunoblastomas and immunocytomas. The neoplastic transformation seems to start in the adventitia of the blood vessels. From there the tumour cells invade the brain tissue and the meninges. A multifocal origin of primary lymphomas of the CNS has been seen in some cases. An isolated development of primary lymphomas of the spinal cord is not present in our material. The pathogenesis of the primary  malignant lymphomas of the CNS is discussed.


Effect of vitamin C on the mitotic activity and follicular growth of the thyroid gland of juvenile pigeon.

The present investigation aims to ascertain the role of vitamin C upon thyroidal activity in immature pigeons. Thyroid follicular function was assessed by karyodynamic and histometric studies. Administration of vitamin C increased mitotic figures as well as epithelial thickeness in the follicles in both sexes of the birds. It is suggested that vitamin C has a mitosis inducing action upon the thyroid gland in juvenile pigeons.


Morphological studies on the mouth cavity of urodeles. IV. The teeth of the upper jaw and the palate in Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque) (Proteidae: Amphibia).

Adults of the neotenic (paedomorph) Necturus maculosus possess in the upper jaw and the palate rather uniform, conical, monocuspid teeth arranged in a single line ("Zahnzeile"; monostichous  pattern) and showing a broad dividing zone, which separates the pedicel and the distal crown. This zone consists of globular and fibrous material obviously mineralized. Both premaxillaries are provided with teeth by one continuous dental lamina, whereas the vomer and palatopterygoid are accompanied by two dental laminae on each side of the palate. The results are compared to the conditions observed in other larval, neotenic, and metamorphosed Urodela.


[The diagnosis of organic brain damage with common psychodiagnostic tests (author's transl)].

WIP, Hopper-VOT, Benton-Test d2-Test, and the KVT were used to examine 124 brain-damaged people with sufficiently secured localized wounds on the brain (48 frontal, 30 temperoral, 29 parietal and 17 occipital lobe damaged patients). The results showed considerable differences depending on the localisation of the injury. The differences between the frontal lobe damaged and the parieto-occipital damaged patients were significant. A normal score in one or more tests does not exclude a frontal lobe damage.


[Aspects of immunologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Results with tumor-associated membrane antigens and the electrophoretic mobility test (author's transl)].

In cell-mediated immune processes the products of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes are detectable as charge-changing lymphokines by means of the cell electrophoretic mobility method (EM test). the improvement of the method concerns the measuring procedures (indicator particle and automation) and the application of specific antigens. The employment of special membrane antigens (3 M KCl extracts) from tissue of normal brain and brain tumors is decisive for further differentiating results. The application of tumor-associated membrane antigens (TAA) from various kinds of brain tumors shows some diagnostically important reaction patterns. Using a common tumor antigen, the TAA-X3 mixture, a (1) characteristic result of general significance for neoplasms can be obtained; in applying the different TAA of brain tumors the findings in EM test point out an (2) organospecific reactivity and/or a (3) histogenetic reaction pattern. The distinct neuroepithelial and mesodermal brain tumors produce predominantly an organospecific reaction and only partly a histogenetical profile. For this type of reactivity to the TAA in brain tumors, a series of factors depending on neuroimmunological specialities are important.


Autonomic responses to meaningful and non-meaningful auditory stimuli in coma.

In a group of poisoned patients, the lowest MCS (Munich Coma Scale) vigilance grade at which patients responded when called by their names was determined. In 12 patients at this vigilance grade, the extent to which the meaning of the names contributed to their reactions was investigated. Their first name and a control stimulus (name backwards) were repeatedly presented via headphones. Stimulus intensity was 90 dB(A). During stimulus presentation, changes in heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and electrodermal activity were recorded. A comparison between responses under both stimulus conditions revealed that the first reactions of poisoned patients to their names are primarily elicited by the physical properties of the stimulus.


[The endocrine psychosyndrome in the long term. III. A catamnestic reexamination of patients suffering from hypothalamo-hypopituitary dwarfism (author's transl)].

Fifteen patients (4 females and 11 males) with hypothalamo-hypopituitary dwarfism underwent extensive psychiatric investigation in 1962-1965. A follow-up study of the personality development and social conditions was made in 1977. The age of the patients ranged from 31 to 56 years (the average being 40). As before, the main finding was an infantile personality with a defective psychosexual maturity. Only a few patients had reached a somehat adult, independent personality in spite of hormonal deficiencies. Several patients had continued to grow and attained a stature slightly below average. However, this subsequent growth scarcely influenced personality development. Depressive moods are now more frequent than before and among the more differentiated patients, the neurotic symptoms are mainly phobic fears. Almost all of the patients have discontinued treatment with hormonal substitutes (androgenes, cortison, thyrotropic hormone) inspite of persistent deficiency symptoms, because the outcome did not match their high expectations. The symptoms of the endocrine psychosyndrome seem of minor importance compared with the psychic infantilism and the reactions to the experience of dwarfism and missing puberty. One female has suffered several psychotic episodes which were understood as being partially of endocrine origin.


Psychogenic needs in depression.

Thirty-eight depressed in- and outpatients at the Department of Psychiatry, Umeå University, were asked to complete a CMPS form concerning their psychogenic needs. The depression depth of these patients was then rated by a doctor who utilized selected items from the CPRS scale. The 38 patients were matched according to age and sex with 38 former depressed patients who had been investigated after recovery from a depressive syndrome to establish whether there is any correlation between psychogenic needs and severity of a depressive disorder and to determine whether these psychogenic needs depend on depression or are a more stable part of an individual's personality.


[A procedure for analyzing metric asymmetric proximity matrices (author's transl)].

A method is discussed and illustrated which yields a geometric representation of asymmetric proximity matrices. Assuming the observations are metric the data matrix is uniquely decomposed into a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix-valued component. The former entails a spatial configuration vis some MDS technique; the formation contained in the latter can then be integrated into this space in various ways.


[An analysis of moral judgments in impression formation (author's transl)].

This experiment was designed to test the assumption of additive information integration in moral judgment. 35 subjects gave punishment ratings for descriptions that varied in kind of offence, information about previous conviction and personality characteristics. The data, analysed by Anova, show regular deviations from additivity.


[Bayesianism or Biasianism? (author's transl)].

Testing hypotheses from a Bayesian viewpoint cannot be regarded as obligatory to all, because conditions for neutrality and objectivity are injured in common. But realizing neutrality and objectivity necessary leads to drop the Bayesian formalism and to create the likelihood as a measure of support. In so far for someone who wished neutral and objective hypotheses testing Bayesian testing is useless.


[Game behavior depending on "kind of information" and "degree of risk" in an alternating-sequential 2 x 2 game (author's transl)].

By an alternating-sequential 2 x 2-game behavior is analysed in dependence of eye contact, feedback about the score of the partner and the degree of risk. The dependent variables are 'need of information' and 'readiness for cooperation' score. The data of 48 university students are analysed by means of Analysis of Variance. They yield evidence for the hypotheses that 'need for information' and 'readiness for cooperation' is determined by all experimental variables, especially by 'eye contact'. The results are discussed in relation to models of thinking and problem solving.


Relativistic effects in visual perception of real and apparent motion.

Timing in the visual field is regarded as an additive conjoint measurement structure, psychophysical extension of stimulus path as an extensive measurement structure. These two sets of postulates lead to the derivation of an essential maximum for velocity perception. Apparent phi motion perception under strictly stationary stimulus conditions is described as relative motion of the first stimulus' psychophysical mapping with respect to a moving perceptual subsystem. The essential maximum of velocity modifies the relative motion postulate: relativistic dilatation of seen length of path is predicted. Testable properties of the model, comparison with experimental data from "real" motion and apparent phi motion perception are discussed.


Structure of bromelain-released influenza virus haemagglutinin as revealed by electrophoresis, sedimentation and electron microscopy.

Sigma bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4) was used to isolate the haemagglutinin (HA) from the MRC-11 (H3N2) and A/U.S.S.R./90/77 (H1N1) influenza A virus strains. Sedimentation analysis of bromelain-solubilized preparations revealed 9.5S and 5.5S protein components, the former being identified as the bromelain-released haemagglutinin (BHA). No residual neuraminidase (NA) activity was detected in the BHA isolated from the MRC-11 strain whereas up to 80 per cent of the enzymatically active NA was found to be preserved in the electrophoretically pure BHA isolated from the A/U.S.S.R./90/77 strain. Increased electrophoretic mobilities were exhibited by both the light and heavy chains of the BHA subunit. The difference observed in the molecular weights of the polypeptide fragments removed by bromelain from the light chains is interpreted in terms of the different depth of penetration of antigenically distinct HAs through the influenza virus lipid membrane. Splitting off of approximately 15 and 26 per cent of the sugars from the carbohydrate portions of the light and heavy chains respectively, was demonstrated. This suggested involvement of glycosidase impurities present in the bromelain preparation employed. The rod-shaped BHA molecules proved to be 110 +/- 5 Angstrom long and 40 +/- 5 Angstrom wide as measured by electron microscopy. It is proposed that the 45,000-molecular-weight polypeptide observed constantly in egg-grown influenza viruses is host actin.


Characterization of virus-like particles produced by an influenza A virus.

The influenza strain 413 1,1 segregated as a stable recombinant during passage of the isolate 19/N which was obtained after double infection of chick embryo fibroblasts by virus N and the fowl plague virus (FPV) mutant ts 19. Its gene constellation was determined by molecular hybridization. Upon infection of chick embryo cells by this recombinant strain, two particle populations of high (H) and low (L) buoyant densities were produced. By biological and biochemical parameters, the H-population (delta = 1.22 g/cm3) cannot be distinguished from standard infectious influenza virus. In contrast, the noninfectious L-particles (delta = 1.14 g/cm3) lack all virus-specific glycoproteins (HA, NA) as well as the matrix protein M and are visualized by electron microscopy as spikeless particles. Significant changes in the quantitative composition of the phospholipid bilayer are evident as compared to the H-particles. In addition to the previously characterized eight genes both populations contain a variety of smaller RNA fragments which hybridize with complementary RNA and presumably represent degradation products of full-length genes.


Production of temperature-sensitive and pathogenic virus from Aedes albopictus cells (Singh) persistently infected with Chikungunya virus.

When A. albopictus, clone C6/36, cells were infected with chikungunya (CHIK) virus, high virus yield accompanied by a cytopathic effect in the acute stage of infection was followed by a relatively low yield of virus over a long period of time. Virus produced from persistently infected cultures became gradually of smaller plaque size and more temperature-sensitive; however, such virus still retained pathogenicity for suckling mice even after one year of infection. When the persistently infected cells were subcultured, a dissociation was observed between the time course of cell growth and that of virus production, suggesting some intracellular mechanisms that turn off virus production. The greater part of the interference against CHIK virus by the culture medium of the persistently infected cells appeared to be mediated by the infective virus in the medium. The infective virus was easily removed from the persistently infected cells either by subculture or by cloning in the presence of anti-CHIK serum, yielding cured cultures or virus-negative clones.


Novel tubular and crystalline structures in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. Brief report.

Hitherto undescribed tubular and crystalline structures were detected by negative contrast electron microscopy in purified preparations of Newcastle disease virus. It is suggested that these are viral in origin and are composed of aggregates of viral glycoprotein.


The role of cell-mediated immunity in typhoid.

The cell-mediated immunity in typhoid was assessed by the leukocyte migration inhibition test and delayed hypersensitivity skin test in 60 clinical typhoid patients. The property of leukocyte migration inhibition appeared first and was positive in 28 of 60 (46.7%) patients on admission and 45 of 60 (75%) at the time of discharge. This difference was definitely more in blood culture positive patients. The delayed hypersensitivity appeared later and was positive in 18 of 60 (30%) on admission and 31 of 60 (51.7%) at the time of discharge. Patients with positive cellular-immune response against typhoid antigen did not develop relapse. On the whole cell-mediated immunity seems to play an important role in typoid. The control groups--the medical and surgical patients, doctors, clinical students and preclinical students--showed positive cellular immune response of 43.3 81.3, 40.7 and 25% respectively. The significance of these results is discussed.


Vectors of dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever with advances in their control.

The most important vector of dengue in the Western Pacific Region is Ae. aegypti. On some occasions, Ae. albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis and several other species of the Ae. scutellaris complex have been suspected vectors in localities where Ae. aegypti was not found. Long-term vector control by the use of insecticides has been expensive and difficult to achieve. However, spray equipment and ULV insecticides have been obtained in many places for emergency use during outbreaks, and Abate larviciding also has been used in high-risk localities to help prevent outbreaks. Obtaining greater community participation supported by intensified health education and other acceptable measures is considered an important approach for achieving improved long-term control. Developing an acceptable and effective cover for domestic water storage containers is also recognized as a potentially important tool for suppressing vector populations.