[Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis with different calcium concentrations in the dialysate (author's transl)].

A study was carried out in 25 patients on chronic intermittent haemodialysis on the effect of increasing the dialysate calcium concentration from 1.5 to 1.75 mMol/l on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. In 16 patients the increase in the dialysate calcium resulted in a sufficiently large increase in the plasma Ca level to suppress the parathyroid glands. The calcium influx during dialysis in these patients was sufficient to abolish the effects of diminished calcium absorption from the intestine due to loss of endocrine renal function. The remaining 9 patients showed no suppression of parathyroid gland activity and could be separated into two different groups, one requiring calcium supplementation and the other group manifesting signs of autonomic hyperparathyroidism. The five patients showing a higher calcium requirement were started on active vitamin D metabolites. In the remaining 4 patients parathyroidectomy will probably be inevitable if progression of the clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism occurs. Close control of plasma phosphorus levels is mandatory to avoid an increase in the calcium phosphate product or the danger of hypophosphataemic osteomalacia.


[Recurring urothelial tumours of the urinary tract (author's transl)].

Problems of diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of recurring urothelial tumours of the urinary tract are discussed on the basis of six cases. An urothelial tumour can be considered as a local manifestation of general disorder of the mucosa of urinary tract and therefore every patient with such a tumour has to undergo regular X-ray and endoscopic checks of the whole urinary tract, even if the tumour has been radically operated. Among 38 urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract there were 6 recurring tumours (15.7%) at different sites and of varying malignancy. Descending and ascending tendencies of spread were observed.


Clinical studies with gastric inhibitory polypeptide.

Intravenous infusion of porcine GIP in man induces insulin release when a degree of hyperglycemia is present. This glucose-dependent insulinotropic response occurs when a dose of GIP is administered to obtain circulating levels of approximately 1 ng/ml, a physiologic level that can be achieved by the ingestion of glucose or corn oil or a mixed meal. Serum GIP was measured by radioimmunoassay, and the single antiserum used in all the described studies measures 2 immunoreactive forms of GIP. In patients with chronic pancreatitis receiving an oral glucose load or mixed liquid test meal, GIP levels have been shown to be exaggerated. Similar elevated responses have been observed in obese patients and in maturity onset diabetes. A reduced GIP response has been seen in patients with celiac disease. A physiologic role for GIP in the enteroinsular axis has been established. However, involvement of the hormone in pathophysiologic situations is equivocal.


The intestinal phase hormone.

The existence of a stimulatory intestinal phase of gastric acid secretion has been suspected, but largely ignored, for many years. Recently, however, it has become clear that the intestinal phase plays an important role in acid production during digestion. The intestinal phase is of additional interest in relation to the profound gastric acid hypersecretion associated with portacaval shunt (PCS). Substantial evidence indicates that PCS-related gastric hypersecretion is due to unmasking of the intestinal phase by hepatic bypass of a humoral stimulant in portal blood that is normally degraded to a considerable extent by the liver. Studies in our laboratory during the past 12 years have provided strong physiologic evidence for humoral mediation of both the intestinal phase of gastric secretion and of PCS-related hypersecretion by a hormone that arises in the small intestine, particularly in the jejunum. Furthermore, our studies have demonstrated that this intestinal phase hormone (IPH) exists in humans as well as in dogs, rats, and pigs. Additionally, recent work by a number of investigators, as well as by our group, has provided convincing evidence that IPH is different from any of the known gastric stimulatory hormones. With these physiologic observations as a background, we have used a classical method for extracting acidic peptides to prepare a hog intestinal mucosa extract (HIME) that has all of the known physiologic properties of an IPH. Specifically, HIME contains a potent stimulant of gastric acid secretion that acts according to a linear dose-response relationship; that is not gastrin in any of its immunoassayable forms; that significantly augments the maximal acid secretory responses to pentagastrin, gastrin, CCK, and histamine; and that is substantially degraded by the liver, in contrast to gastrin and CCK. Efforts at isolating the gastric stimulatory substance in HIME suggest that it is a peptide of low molecular weight. Work directed at isolating IPH in pure form and identifying it is in progress.


Pancreatic apudomas.

Pancreatic apudomas are not common but are frequently curable. Thus, it is important for every clinician to be fully aware of the varied clinical syndromes that suggest their presence. The availability of specific radioimmunoassays has made confirmation of the diagnosis relatively simple. Advances in the techniques for staining the different cell types have led to the recognition that many of these tumors are mixed, and that the general term "pancreatic apudoma" is appropriate. Pancreatic endocrine tumors, as examples to "nature's experiments," have yielded considerable insight into the possible physiologic effects of the various peptides they produce. It is to be hoped that further study of tumors such as the somatostatinoma and PPoma may yield further information about these enigmatic compounds.


Cimetidine treatment of acute and chronic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Thirteen patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) were treated with cimetidine. This population could be divided into chronic forms, mostly presenting as a common duodenal ulcer, and acute forms resulting in critical problems requiring intensive medical care. Among the 7 patients with chronic ZES, cimetidine treatment was unsuccessful in 2; satisfactory clinical control was obtained in 3 others, but gastrinoma excision was the final treatment; cimetidine treatment has been prolonged for more than 15 months in the last 2 patients. If, in this condition, acute pharmacologic secretory inhibition were constantly obtained, therapeutic efficiency criteria are not sensitive enough to establish certainty in the patient's long-term follow-up. Total gastrectomy is still a valuable alternative if excision of the gastrinoma is not possible. Of the 6 patients with acute ZES, 4 were treated by pirenzepin (0.5 mg/kg intramuscularly 3 times a day) adjunctive to cimetidine infusion (2.4 mg/day), which resulted in increased antisecretory activity. However, total gastrectomy was the final outcome in every patient, with 1 immediate postoperative death. In conclusion, cimetidine in ZES treatment, although capable of inducing ulcer healing, diarrhea disappearance, and dramatic secretory inhibition, is still challenged by surgery, which allows either complete cure of the gastrinoma or definitive suppression of the secretory virulence.


Endocrinology of duodenal ulcer.

Several gastrointestinal peptides with proven or suggested endocrine or paracrine functions influence gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and mucosal blood flow. Increased or decreased release of such factors could participate in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer disease by inducing increased gastric acid concentration in the duodenal bulb. To date, increased stimulation of parietal cells by gastrin has been demonstrated only in patients with gastrinoma, G-cell hyperplasia, gastric outlet obstruction, hyperparathyroidism, excluded antrum, and short bowel syndrome, but not in the usual duodenal ulcer disease. Also, a defective inhibition of parietal cell function by endocrine or paracrine factors, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, seems not to exist in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. However, as long as the physiology of gastrointestinal peptides in gastric secretion and motility is not understood, a possible role of these factors in the pathogenesis of simple duodenal ulcer disease cannot be excluded.


Diagnosis and surgical treatment of "H-type" tracheoesophageal fistulas.

Four cases of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula are reported. The patients all had chronic aspiration from the esophagus. Although serious symptoms were present in all, definitive diagnoses were not made until the patients had reached 1, 6, 12, and 50 years of age, because ordinary radiologic methods failed to establish the diagnosis. The angulation of the fistula usually prevents contrast medium in the esophagus from entering the trachea, especially with the subject upright. On the other hand, air easily passes from the trachea to the esophagus, eventually producing megaesophagus which may be confused with the picture of achalasia. An ill-advised Heller esophagomyotomy was done on 1 patient. All 4 patients eventually had successful closure of the fistulas. Three operations were by the transthoracic route, and 1 high fistula in an infant was closed through a cervical approach.


The metabolism of nitrophenolic and 5-arylazorhodanine anthelmintics by Ascaris suum, Moniezia expansa and by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes.

1. The anthelmintics disophenol (2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol), nitroxynil (3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzonitrile) and nitrodan (3-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenylazo)rhodanine) were reduced in vitro to the corresponding amines by intact Ascaris suum, Moniezia expansa, by enzymes prepared from these helminths, and by mouse- and sheep-liver homogenates. Helminth reductases required NADH2 and glutathione as cofactors and were inhibited about 50% by 2.0 x 10(-7) M allopurinol. Azo bonds of nitrodan and its analogues were not reduced by the helminths but were reduced by mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes. 2. Mouse- and sheep-liver enzymes, in addition to effecting nitro reduction, metabolized nitroxynil by hydrolysis to 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzamide and 3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzoic acid. No hydroxylation products were found. Nitrodan was oxidized by the mammalian microsomal oxidation enzyme system to the thiazolidinedione derivative, but not by helminth enzymes.


The oxidation of azaheterocycles with mammalian liver aldehyde oxidase.

1. Isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline and phthalazine were incubated with preparations of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. 2. The oxidation products, 1-hydroxyisoquinoline, 4-hydroxycinnoline, 2-hydroxy- and 2,3-dihydroxy-quinoxaline, 4-hydroxy- and 2,4-dihydroxy-quinazoline, and 1-hydroxyphthalazine were identified by comparison of their spectral and chromatographic characteristics with those of authentic compounds. 3. Michaelis-Menten constants are reported for the action of the parent heterocycles with aldehyde oxidase. The compounds reported in this study are among the most efficient substrates yet described for rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. 4. The compounds in 1 above were incubated with bovine milk xanthine oxidase: only quinazoline and phthalazine yielded significant amounts of metabolites. Km values were calculated for these compounds. 5. Incubation of the heterocycles with rat liver preparations gave qualitatively the same results as those obtained using rabbit liver, but smaller amounts of the oxidation products were detected from rat liver incubations.


The bilary excretion of flavanones in the rat.

1. The major biliary metabolites of flavanones in the rat have been identified by chromatographic and spectral methods. 2. Evidence is presented that flavanones and flavanone glycosides, following oral or parenteral administration, undergo glucuronylation and are selectively excreted via the bile. 3. Flavanone glycosides but not unconjugated aglycones may be excreted to a significant extent in bile. 4. The percentage of parenterally administered flavanones excreted in bile varies inversely with the amount administered.


[Thermodynamics of microbial processes].

The unique description of the dependences of the specific consumption coefficients on the process state known from the literature is an important prerequisite to the further increase of the intensity and efficiency of the process for the industrial protein synthesis. Suitable measuring quantities for it are entropy production, an important quantity of thermodynamics of irreversible processes, and differential heat flow which can be measured by microcalorimetry. The description of the dependences of consumption coefficients by thermodynamics of irreversible processes allows an ingenious statement of calorimetric measurements of the fermentation process to confirm and to make precise the knowledge deduced from thermodynamics. Thermodynamical considerations and calorimetric measurements are used to describe the dependences of consumption coefficients on substrate concentration, nature of limitation, and periodical perturbations of the process.


[Biosynthesis of the cell wall polysaccharides, mannan and glucan, by Candida spec. H as indication of different pathways of glucose breakdown].

The catabolic and anabolic D-glucose transformation of the yeast Candida spec. H has been studied. By using 1-14C-D-glucose and 6-14C-D-glucose, measuring the 14CO2 liberation and the label of glucose and mannose isolated from glucan and mannan, the following results have been obtained.1. Beginning with 100 micromoles glucose . ml-1 in the batch growth medium, at first on an average 64% of the glucose having been catabolized to CO2 are directly decarboxylated to pentose phosphate by pentose phosphate pathway (PPW). Later on at an exogen concentration of 70 micromoles.ml-1 73% of glucose on an average having been catabolised to CO2 undergoes transformation via glycolyse and tricarbonacid cycle (G-TCC). 2. Only after getting this glucose concentration the maximal hexose incorporation rate into glucan and mannan can be obtained. 3. 20--40% of the hexose channeled into the polysaccharid-biosynthesis have been prepared by resynthesis from pentose phosphate via PPW. 4. The results are discussed in connection with the observed crabtree effect.


Properties of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris phage Ta1 and its extracted DNA.

The virulent phage Ta1 was obtained in good yields from infected cultures of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 1227. The purified phage was found to sediment with a single band, the sedimentation constant being (519 +/- 14)S, and to exhibit a typical nucleoprotein behaviour in UV-spectrophotometric and CD experiments. The Ta1 phage consists of a hexagonal head about 0.056 micrometers in diameter and a very short tail. It is morphologically similar to the temperate Salmonella phage P22. The nucleic acid extracted from the phage was found to be a double-stranded linear DNA with a G+C content of 42 mole-% as deduced both from its melting temperature and buoyant density in CsCl. Analytical sedimentation revealed a high degree of molecular homogeneity of Ta1 Dna. the sedimentation constant of this DNA amounts to (35.9 +/- 0.3)S, corresponding to a DNA molecular weight of about 29 millions daltons. The biological activity of Ta1 DNA was indicated by its ability to infect the mycelium of the components T. vulgaris strain 1227 and to give rise to mature phages.


Inhibition by glycine of the catabolic reduction of proline in Clostridium sticklandii: evidence on the regulation of amino acid reduction.

The growth of Clostridium sticklandii on the substrate pair L-alanine-L-proline (reductant-oxidant each 40 mM) in a medium containing 2 g/l yeast extract was completely inhibited by equimolar amounts of glycine, although glycine itself should be used as oxidant by the cells. The effect of glycine was the same, whether L-alanine, L-arginine, or L-serine wwere used as reductants. Performance of the growth experiments in media of high osmolarity excluded the possibility that the inhibition effected by glycine was caused by the synthesis of defective cell wall peptidoglycan. In cell-free extracts an inhibition of L-proline reduction by glycine was observed that did not belong to anyone of the known types of kinetic inhibition. It depended upon the presence of a functioning glycine-reducing enzyme system, besides glycine itself, and was lost after the purification of D-proline reductase. It was concluded from these results that a protein, besides glycine, participated in the inhibition of L-proline reduction. The regulatory implications of the inhibition for the energy metabolism of C. sticklandii are discussed.


[Calculations of airway parameters from expiratory concentration volume values based on the model of stationary bronchoalveolar gas exchange (author's transl)].

Approximating the cumulative cross section of the terminal airway structure by a single parabolic exponential term with the unknown parameters initial cross section a, exponential steepness b and external dead space VDE, calculations of the stationary concentration front F along airway length L, raising during constant flow inspiration, were done, solving the gas transport equation for stationary conditions numerically and integrating the distribution of dF/dL. The conversion to the expiratory F-V profile was done neglecting pulmonary inhomogeneity and expiratory front deformation. Calculations were applied on a scale of different a and b enclosing normal and some pathological lung models. Applying different inspiratory flows, there is a linear correlation between the reciprocal steepness dV/dF of expiratory F-V diagrams and the flow diffusion ratio V/D*, where D* is the effective diffusivity of gases. Compared to normal, the model of nonobstructive emphysema shows higher values of dV/dF and the general obstruction lower ones; all three have the same increase of dV/dF along V/D*. The peripheral obstruction type has the highest slope of regression along V/D* and the obstructive emphysema the lowest one. Mathematical approximations of the regression between dV/dF of the expiratory F-V diagram at certain intervals of F and V/D* were used to present a procedure calculating airway parameters a, b, VDE and the effective diffusivity D* from a sequence of F-V diagrams applying different inspiratory flows.


[Significance of bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with acetylcholine) and ventilatory inhomogeneity for the early detection and differentiation of chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD) (author's transl)].

Bronchial hyperreactivity (tested with 0.01% acetylcholine ultrasonic aerosol) and ventilatory inhomogeneity (tested with V2/V1-parameter of the flow-volume diagram) using the pneumotest apparatus were studied. Patients with high bronchial reactivity are frequently showing not only ventilatory disorders of distribution but sometimes also an additional increase due to the bronchial provocation. Bronchial reactivity testing combined with the flow-volume diagram allows to estimate the predominant site of the bronchospastic response either centrally or also in the more peripheral parts of the bronchial system. By testing bronchial reactivity persons without any symptoms and with no evident spirometric alterations can be separated in dependence on the relative increase of total airway flow resistance as well on smoking habits. That does not succeed with the appliance of the inhomogeneity parameters V2/V1. The results obtained in this study are of value for preventive measures, for early detection of risk factors in premorbid stages, for assessment of prognosis in chronic nonspecific lung disease, for an adequate therapy and also for the rehabilitation of patients in jobs with inhalation of noxious dusts.


[Culture of aerobic gram-negative bacteria on Endo agar and McConkey agar (author's transl)].

Culture of aerobic gram-negative bacteria by means of Endo Agar and McConkey Agar showed some better results in case of McConkey Agar.


[Indices of tuberculosis and nonspecific respiratory diseases a contribution to the surveillance of these diseases (author's transl)].

The epidemiology of tuberculosis and nonspecific respiratory diseases in GDR is reviewed. For tuberculosis an exact survey on its development in the course of the last 30 years is possible by reason of compulsory registration. The program of tuberculosis control has been pushed on consequently from the very beginning; all indices of tuberculosis epidemiology (annual infection rate, incidence and prevalence of morbidity, mortality) have favourably developed. Till 1982 tuberculosis is expected to be eliminated as a special problem of public health in GDR. The assessment and statistic evaluation of the nonspecific respiratory diseases is much more difficult. There is no compulsory registration or notification; acute respiratory diseases are very common; the chronic pulmonary diseases clinically and prognostically important are insufficiently defined and, therefore, patients can be delimited only badly from the by far greater number of persons with chronic cough and sputum defined on the base of epidemiological aspects. The informative significance of secondary statistics (temporary disabelement, dismissals from hospital, invalidity- social parameters) is analyzed regarding their value for an evaluation of these diseases. Acute respiratory diseases have serious consequences on the sickness absence rate due to the percentage of case and duration of absenteeism (20--35% of all cases) of the considerable portion of hospital dismissals. In periods of epidemics disablement is still by far higher.


[Changes of biochemical processes of the lungs caused by air pollutants (author's transl)].

The investigations of the last 10 years have shown that beside the respiratory function the biochemical processes of the lungs are of basic importance. The normal biochemical processes are the prerequisite to a normal respiratory function. Today the problems of air pollutants are topical. Therefore a review of the new literature about the influence of air pollutants on biochemical processes of the lungs is given. The following substances are included: gaseous air pollutants (ozone, NO2, SO2, phosgene) and aerosols as well as dust (cadmium, paraquat, carcinogens, tobacco smoke). Furthermore the biochemical changes of the lungs by high and low oxygen concentrations are described. Our knowledge concerning the simultaneous influence of several pollutants, the possibilities for an early biochemical detection of damages caused by air pollutants, and their therapeutical influence are still limited.


[Investigations for the use of micromodification of lymphocyte transformation test in patients with lung disease (author's transl)].

In a preliminary study a micromodification of lymphocyte transformation test was examined for use in patients with specific and nonspecific lung diseases. Investigation was carried out about the influence of different conditions in the cell culture system. A micromodification was defined and introduced in the clinic simultaneously to the conventional macromodification of lymphocyte transformation test. This micro lymphocyte transformation test is of use for determination of cell mediated immunity. However, in the described form it is doubtful for the detection of present specific sensibilization.


[Smoking education as a part of health education (author's transl)].

Health behaviour increasingly becomes important in fighting serious diseases. A point is that non-smoking must be carried as the normal behaviour. Therefore it is necessary to overcome the conditions underlying the tradition of smoking by totality of social education. Nonsmoking arguments should start from immediate requirements of target group. Some examples in this field are given.


[BCG-vaccination in the GDR--retrospective and prospective view (author's transl)].

A retrospective evaluation of BCG-vaccination from 1951--1977 shows the good effect on the number of TB-diseases especially among children. In former years with an annually infection-risk of 6--10% we found a big difference between TB-diseases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated persons. With the decreasing infections-risk (1977 0,05%) the absolute number and difference of diseases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated have become smaller and smaller. Nevertheless the decision was made to continue the BCG-vaccination of new-borns and pupils of 16 years in order to avoid also the last few cases of TB in children. The used BCG-vaccine produced in Jena/DDR has proved its immunogenic effect and caused very few complications. Till 1977 among nearly 10 millions of vaccinations only 68, mostly slight complications were registered.


[Perspective of tuberculosis control--role of preventive chemotherapy (author's transl)].

After a short review of measures for control and eradication of infectious diseases in general and especially of tuberculosis, the indications of chemoprophylaxis and preventive chemotherapy of tuberculosis are discussed. Using results of a double-blind controlled trial on preventive chemotherapy in a high risk group (persons with fibrotic lung lesions), cost, benefit and side effects of preventive chemotherapy are analysed. Preventive chemotherapy in high risk persons is an effective measure in advanced stage of tuberculosis control. Recommendations to reduce side effects are given.


[The function of pathology at service of clinical special disciplines in past and presence (author's transl)].

The intent of this presentation shall be a contemplation about the character and the position of the pathology in the past and its determination in the presence after changing of many tasks. The allsurrounding pathology as a general system and doctrin of diseases continues in the pathology in spite of the separation of pathophysiology and pathobiochemistry in teaching and researching methods. The necessary development of an organ-pathology supported by the clinical specialisation again demands a conform functional and structural style of thinking in pathic processes. Way and realization possibilities of this demand in the daily practice especially for lung pathology are discussed and proposed. The pathology is a service of other clinical specialities and has to promote advances of knowledge.


[Tendences of development of clinical pathology in pneumonology during the past 30 years in GDR (author's transl)].

During the past 50 years pneumonology changed its character from tuberculous sanatoriums to high specialized clinics for specific and non specific lung diseases. The increased bioptic and surgical activity together with a broad spectrum of different diseases needs a specialized morphologic diagnostic. The development and position of clinical pathology in the field of pneumonology in the GDR during the past 30 years is described. Tasks and importance of this relative new special part of morphology are explained and similar tendences of development in socialist countries are pointed out.


[Contributions of thoracic surgery in the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis since its founding and under the presence conditions in the treatment of specific and nonspecific lung diseases (author's transl)].

Thoracic surgery is done in the Research Institute for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis for about 25 years. 2463 lung resections on account of tuberculosis, 934 lung resections on account of intrathoracic tumors, among them 795 suffering from bronchial carcinoma, 422 operations because of nonspecific pulmonary diseases (bronchiectasis, lung abscess a.s.o.) and nearly the same number of operations because of spontaneous pneumothorax were performed in this time. Cystic lung disease, bullous emphysema, pulmonary mycosis and diseases of diaphragm and oesophagus were rarer indications for surgery. Since 1970 an increasing number of thoracic injuries by accidents were treated (70 patients). At the beginning collapse therapy (1953/54) was still in use (305 operations). In all the number of great thoracic operations 1978 was 5417. Besides, experimental investigations dealing with lung transplantation were done in dogs. These results are published in several papers. The technical experience gained by this research work could be utilized for clinical practice.


[Present state and further development of bronchology in the GDR (author's transl)].

Bronchoscopy and bronchography are further important diagnostic methods in lung diseases. Their development to a high level was influenced by the construction of Friedel's bronchoscope. In the future it will be necessary to extend these methods to general hospitals under special pressuppositions.


[Reference values for lung function. A summary of reference values used in the GDR (analysis September 1978) (author's transl)].

The reference values of several original papers were summarized for the assessment of ventilation, flow-volume, blood gases, bodyplethysmography, single breath test, bronchial reactivity. The standards were showed for adults and children.


[Possibilities and limitations of gastrointestinal radiography].

The picture intensifier television radioscopy, picture intensifier initial level photography, double contrast method and pharmacoradiography together with endoscopy further the optimation of the diagnostics of the diseases of oesophagus, stomach and intestine. The value of the X-ray diagnostics for the recognition of the biliary diseases and of the incleared jaundice is high. In diseases of liver and pancreas the X-ray diagnostics may further the finding of decision. Ways for a better interdisciplinary cooperation are demonstrated.


[Progress in functional gastric surgery for stomach ulcers].

Different pathogenetic mechanisms lead to the formation of ulcers in stomach and duodenum. They must be taken into consideration, when selecting operative procedures. In the patient with duodenal ulcer we have with the selective proximal vagotomy a procedure at hand that in effective reduction of the secretion of the stomach and in preservation of the form and function of the stomach fulfills all criteria of a functional gastric surgery. At present in patients with gastric ulcers dominate still methods of resection with the aim of the removal of the ulcer and thus healing. The practicability and effectiveness of non-resecting methods is shown also in this case. But it should be controlled in larger clinical studies.


[Early diagnosis of stomach neoplasms].

The primary prevention of the carcinoma of the stomach promises little success in near future. Therefore the effort is directed to early recognition and healing (secondary prevention). The optimum method for this is the combination of X-ray-examination, gastroscopy and aimed biopsy. But also by early diagnosis and therapy in the invasive carcinoma the chances of survival are to be improved. At present only 5-6% of the patients with gastric carcinoma survive longer than 5 years. The author adopts a definite attitude to the groups with risk of carcinoma. The search for further factors of persons endangered by carcinoma (habit of nutrition, kind of constitution and preparation of food, other exogenous factors) must be continued intensively in order to get selected groups which may be controlled consequently.


[Possibilities and limitations of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP)].

Important experiences are reported from an analysis of 500 examinations. The ERCP gives eminent possibilities for the improvement of the pre- and postoperative diagnostics of the bile ducts, particularly in unclear cholestasis and in conditions after operations of the bile ducts. The ERCP is little suited for the early diagnosis of the carcinoma of the pancreas and for the ascertainment of the diagnosis in easy and moderate forms of chronic pancreatitis. Of particular value is the possibility to clear the causes of recidivations of pancreatitis as well as of complications of the severe chronic pancreatitis with regard to operative consequences.


[Critical notes on diet therapy in gastrointestinal diseases].

The reasons for a transformation of the dietary therapy in gastroenterologic diseases are in the reduction of forms of mild diet related to organs (mild diet for stomach, intestine, liver and gall-bladder), which are based on connections between complaints and organic diseases no more up to date. In their place enters the gastroenterologic basis diet which, according to the course of the diseases (subacute, chronic) is represented in two steps as strong and dilated basic diet. The displacement of the emphasis of multifarious formed of.


[Clinico-diagnostic criteria for the evaluation of social aspects in acquired heart valve diseases].

In spite of the retrogression of the acute rheumatic fever the acquired valvular defects still play an essential role for the morbidity and mortality above all for the younger and middle decenniums of life. In the preliminary diagnostics it is the task of the family doctor to diagnose the valvular defect, to differentiate it from non-organic findings and to estimate its degree of severity. The diagnosis of a carditis renders special difficulties, particularly in its chronic recurrent form. Certain situations of life do not demand only an actual analysis of the findings, but also an individual prognostic estimation. For the choice of profession, the ability for military service and driving a car general references and regularities must be taken into consideration. The indication to operation of the valvular defect is generally given in degree of severity and with restriction also in stage IV. A mitral stenosis is operated already in stage II, when stronger complaints and haemodynamic changes are present. Patients with degree of severity III and IV should avoid a pregnancy, in stage I and II under common control by the internist and obstetrician the pregnant patient may not have any scruples to carry to full term.


[Undesirable drug interactions. Notes on general principles].

Increasing knowledge about undersirable drug interactions make necessary new differential-therapeutic considerations. It is attempted to meet the problem in its general importance and - without any over-refinements which have nothing to do with practice - to draw conclusions for pharmacotherapy.


[Efficacy of systemic rehabilitation in patients with myocardial infarct--a 4 years' study].

Form and results of the rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction during and after clinical treatment are described in a 4-year-study. According to the form a system rehabilitation is concerned. It comprises a continuous course of early mobilisation during clinical treatment, immediately following group exercise treatment after clinical treatment, then a sanatory cure and a continuing life-long group training. The results are an ergometrically objectified increase of physical function which is larger than in an untrained patient and a decrease of the factor of risk, on the basis of which a high degree of occupational and social rehabilitation is gained.


[Improvement of drug therapy for essential hypertension].

Only 20-30% out of all the patients suffering from hypertension have sufficient treatment. In spite of full treatment a small part of the patients (about 5%) shows an insatisfactory result. Subjective factors are more important: on the part of physicians doubtfulness about choice of medicaments and imperfect consistency to long-term treatment, on the part of patients inadequate co-operation. The use of 9 selected antihypertensive medicaments is suggested in a decided order under rational aspects (mode of action, side effects, expense for controls, cost). In 1975-1978 development of consumption of antihypertensives and diuretics in the district of Leipzig corresponded to this conception. The respective medicaments placed at disposal in the district of Leipzig were sufficient to treatment of 30% out of all persons suffering from hypertension in 1975 and of 40% in 1978.


[Ulcer anamnesis and gastroduodenoscopic findings--a contribution to the symptomatology of gastroduodenal ulcers].

513 patients who were gastroduodenoscopically examined on account of suspicion of ulcer were aimedly inquired for 18 typical ulcer complaints. Compared with patients with normal gastroduodenoscopic findings patients peptic ulcers of erosions of the gastric mucous membrane had significantly more frequently symptoms of the gastrointestinal haemorrhage, patients with ulcus ventriculi had, moreover, inappetence and vomiting, patients with duodenal ulcer a late pain in the centre of the epigastrium and in the right epigastrium. But these symptoms did not allow a significant differentiation between the patients with ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer. Patients without pathological gastroduodenoscopic findings had significantly more frequently an incompatibility of food and connected with this sensation of fullness. A typical symptomatology of ulcer may, indeed, be present in the individual case, but according to the results of the study it is no sufficient proof for the actual existence of a peptic ulcer and is thus of little differential-diagnostic value.


[Possibilities of ultrasonic diagnosis of thyroid and gastrointestinal diseases].

Issuing from the physical principles of the ultrasound technique and the explanation of the different investigation methods, the possibilities of the ultrasonic diagnosis are demonstrated on own results in 1,166 cases of struma nodosa and 154 palpatorically and radiologically, respectively, localised enlargements of the organs or demands of space in the abdominal region. The establishment of 46 cysts in 357 scintigraphically warm nodes of the thyroid gland allows the conclusion that a relatively high percentage of the warm nodes contains solid cold regions. In several cases the ultrasonic diagnosis makes a clear diagnosis, in other cases it is an important supplementation to the other diagnostic possibilities. The A-picture-apparatuses produced in the GDR are suitable for the differential diagnosis of palpatorically or radiologically localised enlargements of the organs or space demands. In diffuse diseases of the organs and for the search of disturbances in extended regions B-picture-apparatuses with improved resolving power are necessary.


[The correlation of blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride concentration with the administration of hormonal contraceptives in women from 2 Erfurt large-scale plants].

Within the framework of medical check-ups of heart and circulatory system 1,296 women at the age from 15 to 49 years were examined in two Erfurt large plants. Women with hormonal contraception in the age groups 30-34, 35-39 and 45-49 showed statistically significantly higher mean values of the systolic blood pressure than women without oral contraception. In the same way the difference of the cholesterol mean value of 15.3 mg/100 ml and 11 mg/100 ml depending on the intake of ovulation inhibitors could be statistically ascertained in women at the age of 20-24 and 30-34 years. Women with hormonal contraception have statistically significantly higher triglyceride mean value in the age group 15-24 and 35-44 years than the women without oral contraception.


[Index of isometric contraction--a comparison with invasive methods of cardiac function testing in patients with ischemic heart diseases and post-myocardial infarct status].

In 81 patients with an ischaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction the evidence of the presphygmic index PI (non-invasive index) was tested concerning a beginning myocardial functional disturbance and a latent heart insufficiency, respectively, with the help of an invasive cardiopulmonary functional diagnostics which was performed under dosed bicycle ergometer load in the steady state. The presphygmic index PI correlates in significantly positive way with the end-diastolic pressure of the heart and the quotient from minute volume of the heart and the end-diastolic pressure of the pulmonary arteries (VM/PAEDP). The presphygmic index is on the basis of this correlation of the left-ventricular function suitable to establish disturbances of the myocardial functions and to give the possibility of a separation of the patients in cardially sufficient and cardially insufficient ones. Here the evidence of the presphygmic index might be larger concerning the recognition of a latent heart insufficiency than concerning the recognition of beginning myocardial functional disturbances. The presphygmic index apparantly possesses a high degree of sensibility then, when the myocardial functional disturbances coincide with a beginning reduction of the pumping action of the heart.


[The blood-flow in hands with Dupuytren's contracture and Raynaud disease: functional and morphological studies (author's transl)].

Concerning the question whether a correlation between the vasospasm and morphological changes in the neuro-myo-arterial glomerular (Hoyer-Grosser-Organ) exists also in Dupuytren disease, a series of 18 patients with Dupuytren and 5 patients with Raynaud disease were studied by finger venous occlusion plethysmography and finger tip biopsies. No typical histological changes were found in Dupuytren's Contracture, particularly none in the 13 cases (70%) which had a latent vasospasm and none in the 5 cases (30%) which had a normal plethysmogram, whereas in all the patients with Raynaud disease the typical morphological changes of wall, lumen and morphometric counts of the "Suquet-Hoyer" canals were found in correspondance to the abnormal plethysmogram. According to these results the vasospasm of Dupytren and Raynaud disease seems to be pathogenetically different.


[Contribution to anastomotic coronary circulation illustrated by a Bland-White-Garland-syndome in an adult (author's transl)].

The postmortal selective right coronary arteriogram shows an extensively anastomotic circulation in a case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from pulmonary trunk in an adult (Bland-White-Garland-syndrome). The morphometrical results of the coronary arteries demonstrate a reverse circulation in the left coronary artery.


[The direct detection of sinus nodal potentials in man by means of the signal-averaging technique (author's transl)].

In 13 patients in the age range of 34 to 70 years (mean: 53 +/- 10 years), during diagnostic His-bundle investigations, registrations from the sinus nodal area were analyzed with a signal-averaging computer. In 12 patients we were able to get reproducible per-P-potentials with a sino-atrial conduction interval between 56 and 227 ms. The normal sequence of the excitation process from the atrium to the AV node together with the bundle of His and to the ventricles in all patients, and the reproducibility of the signal-averaged pre-P-potentials, which were well outlined from the atrial potential with a reasonable conduction interval, suggest that these signal-averaged pre-P-potentials reflect the sinus nodal activity rather than an ectopic focus. In 5 of 11 comparable cases there was a good correlation between the signal-averaged sino-atrial conduction intervals and those calculated with the extrastimulus technique. In 2 patients this correlation was moderate. The signal-averaging process may be impaired by coarse random noise, frequent atrial or ventricular extrasystoles, and by fluctuations of the baseline of the sinus nodal lead. The fact that the registrations are performed during normal undisturbed sinus rhythm offers a considerable advantage over the extrastimulus technique.


Studies on the alimentary canal of amphipods: histochemistry of cephalic mucous glands in Talorchestia martensii (Weber) (Crustacea: Amphipoda).

With a view to analyse the chemical nature and the probable functional significance of the cephalic mucous glands the mucosubstances secreted and elaborated by these glands were investigated. All recent and standard histochemical techniques were employed. These reactions revealed that the three groups of glands namely the oesophageal, lateral and maxillipede groups are charged with the task of secreting both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Of these three, maxillipede groups are elaborating most of the neutral mucopolysaccharides and the other two groups are mainly involved in elaborating acid mucosubstances and to a little extent neutral mucosubstances. The acidic nature of the mucosubstances is partly due to hyaluronic acid and partly due to sialic acid. This was confirmed by hyaluronidase and neuraminidase treatment (digestion tests). The glands are also involved in secreting glycoproteins which was evidenced by their positivity to alcian blue/naphthol yellow and Congo red reactions. Entanglement of food and provision of fluid vehicle for lubrication as well as to achieve the desired consistency for digestion may be given as chief functions.


Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. III. Ultrastructure of reinnervated Herbst corpuscles.

The ultrastructure of reinnervated Herbst corpuscles shows that the regenerating nerve branches appear in the inner zone of the receptors at the end of the first month after nerve crush. The nerve branches are accompanied by the Schwann receptor cells. Two periods of regeneration can be established. During the first period the changes reflect mainly the quantitative relations between the regenerating nerve branches and the Schwann receptor cells, whereas during the second period the intracytoplasmic and intraaxoplasmic renewal of the organelles take place. The final regeneration of the receptors finishes at the end of the fifth month after nerve crush and one month later after nerve transection. Also, after transection the number of reinnervated receptors is less encountered.


Degeneration and regeneration of some mechanoreceptors. An ultrastructural study. IV. Ultrastructure of reinnervated Pacinian corpuscles.

The first signs of reinnervation of the Pacinian corpuscles have been established at the middle of the second month after nerve crush. The regenerative process pass through two periods. During the first period the progressive increase of the Schwann receptor cells has been observed parallel to the reduction of the regenerating nerve branches. During the second period the reorganization and renewal of the regenerated organelles takes place. Some organelles as dense core vesicles, coated vesicles and microtubules of the receptor nerve fibre show noticeable dynamics. The regeneration has been established only in the preexisting after denervation capsulated remnants of the receptors. After nerve transection the regeneration is prolonged one month later and the less of quantity reinnervated receptors have been observed.


Chronology of meiosis and spermiogenesis in a fresh-water teleost fish, Colisa fasciata (Bloch and Schneider).

The duration of individual stages of meiosis and spermiogenesis in Colisa fasciata (Bloch and Schneider) was calculated autoradiographically by following the kinetics of H3-TdR labelled spermatocytes in vivo. The leptotene lasts for less than 0.5 day, zygotene even for shorter period and pachytene for 1.86 +/- 0.13 days. The transition from diplotene to anaphase II requires about a day. The spermiogenesis is completed within 6.43 days. The labelled spermatozoa were detected at 9.68 d post injection, which is the approximate total duration of meiosis and spermiogenesis.


Gap junctions between microvilli of an oocyte and follicle cells in the teleost (Plecoglossus altivelis).

In the teleost, Plecoglossus altivelis, intercellular junctions between microvilli of an oocyte and follicle cells were studied by electron microscopy. Microvilli, which were radiated from an oocyte and arrived at the surface of follicle cells, established contact with follicle cells. These contact areas appeared to be a seven-layered membrane with an overall thickness of about 18 microns by standard fixation. In freeze-fracture replicas, many small aggregates of intramembraneous particles were revealed on the cleavage faces of cytoplasmic membranes of follicle cells. These morphological evidences suggest that in the teleost gap junctions exist between the oocyte and follicle cells, especially on the surface of follicle cells.


Ultrastructure of the involuting thymus in mice.

The study was intended to research the changes in the fine structure of thymus in old mice. The research were made in 3 strains of mice (Swiss, Porton and C 57 BL). In the stroma of the senile thymus takes place--full disappearance of mesenchymal reticular cells, as well as the considerable reduction of thymocytes, which were digested by macrophages. In the involuted thymus a large number of plasma cells and lymphoblasts were present. The author suggest the hypothesis that involution has an immunologic character.


Fine structural localization of alkaline phosphatase in rat ovum during cleavage.

On a submicroscopic level alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated by cytochemical methods in all stages of segmenting rat ova under survey, i.e. in the unfertilized and fertilized ovum, in the two-, four- and eight-cell stages and in the blastocyst. The reaction product was present in some cytoplasmic organelles as well as on cell membranes. A considerable number of cytoplasmic organelles with alkaline phosphatase activity was found in all stages from the one-cell up to the eight-cell stage. The reaction product was deposited in the tubules and vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in the nuclear envelope and in the Golgi complex as well. Some multivesicular bodies, autophagic vacuoles and majority of residual bodies out of the secondary lysosomes showed enzymatic activity. In the multicellular stages no significant differences were observed between the individual blastomeres in the incidence and distribution of the alkaline phosphatase activity. On the blastocyst-stage was found a low incidence of enzymatically active cytoplasmic organelles. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated in some minute vesicles below the cell membrane and in some secondary lysosomes. No essential differences were found between the cells of the embryoblast and the cells of the trophoblast in the incidence of enzymatically active structures. In the one-cell stage the activity of alkaline phosphatase was present on the cell membrane only sporadically, in the two- and four-cell stages enzymatic activity was found in this localization in a third of all specimen. In the eight-cell stage alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated on the cell membranes of all blastomeres. In the blastocyst the reaction product was deposited regularly on the membranes of the trophoblastic cells turned towards the zone pellucida, frequently on membranes of mutual tactile cells of the trophoblast and the embryoblast and only sporadically on cell membranes limiting the blastocyst cavity.


Cytochemical differentiation of tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units in the ocular muscles of a fresh-water carp, Catla catla (Ham.).

1. Functional morphology of the ocular muscles with special reference to their topography, innervation and action have been studied in a fresh-water carp Catla catla. An attempt has also been made to differentiate tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units in the various ocular muscles by their SDH activities and their lipid contents. 2. Catla catla has large eyes (2 cm in diameter) in a fish measuring 30 cms. There are four recti (inferior, superior, anterior and posterior) and two obliquii (superior and inferior) muscles for the synchronized rotation of the eye ball within the orbit. Anterior and posterior myodomes are well developed. The former accommodates two obliquii muscles, while the latter gives space for the posterior and anterior recti. 3. In this fish, all the ocular muscles are composite in nature being made up of tonic (slow) and phasic (fast) muscle units. The former is made up of red fibers whereas the latter have only white fibers. In the tonic muscle units lipid is more concentrated. 4. The superior and the inferior obliquii muscles rotate the eye ball on its antero-posterior axis. The upward and downward movements of the eye balls are achieved by the superior and the inferior recti. The anterior and posterior recti move the eye ball in the antero-lateral and postero-lateral directions. 5. The superior obliquii contains about 41% of the tonic and 59% of phasic muscle units. The inferior oblique is made up of 25% of tonic and 75% of the phasic muscle units. 6. The Anterior rectus contains greater percentage of tonic muscle fibers (48%) than the superior rectus (40%), the Interior rectus (34%) and the posterior rectus (35%).


Qualitative observations on fine structural changes with age in the ventricular myocardial cells of a teleost, Pleuronectes platessa L.

Ultrastructural studies on the ventricular myocardial cells of a sample of 10...16 year old plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) reveal an increase in the amount of glycogen particles, the presence of primary and secondary lysosomes and small intracellular vacuoles. Mitochondria were predominantly swollen and many were observed in different stages of degeneration and degradation by lysosomes within autophagic vacuoles. Myofilaments were not as distinctly defined as in the control group of 3...5 year old fish in which also the above features were not apparent. Such features are therefore interpreted as being age-associated.


[Morphometric studies of neonatal rat cerebral cortex explant cultures].

The following parameters were investigated quantitatively in cerebrocortex explants of rat brain after cultivation periods of 2, 4, 7, 10 and 15 days in vitro by light microscopical methods. 1. The relationship between the sizes of explants and growth area was found to be statistically significant by correlation and regression analysis of the area index calculated from growth area and explant area following cultivation periods of two and four days in vitro. A significant increase in the cultivation area was also states (exception: 7th--10th). 2. The presence and changing percentage in the number of different cell populations within the growth area showed good correlations to previous results obtained from cerebellum explants in vitro. Problems of adaptive changes of the astrocytes to the in-vitro-conditions are discussed.


[A cell-culture assay for the detection of mycotoxins. I. Investigations with pure toxins (author's transl)].

For the detection of mycotoxins by a biological assay cells were seeded in Microtiter-plates together with toxin. After 24 h and 6 days of culture cells were examined visually for cytocidal effects, growth inhibition, and morphological aberrations. Three human and 2 porcine cell-lines were compared as to their reaction with 16 mycotoxins and 9 organic chemicals. The results indicate that the toxin-activating systems differ with type and origin of cells. This suggests the use of several selected cell-lines in parallel for testing of microbially derived food additives for possible contamination by mycotoxins.


[Determinations of boron in milk and milkproducts by ICP-analysis (author's transl)].

The paper should be shown the possibilities of ICP-analysis for the direct determination of boron and some other elements in milk, milk powder and woman milk. Results are shown for some typical cases. Certified milk without any chemical preparations was supplied directly into the nebulizer of the ICP-spectrometer.


Development of an enzymatic method to differentiate fresh and sea-frozen and thawed fish fillets. I. Comparison of the applicability of some enzymes of fish muscle.

The activities of mitochrondrial and lysosomal enzymes in press juices of fresh and frozen and thawed fillets were compared. It was demonstrated that several lysosomal enzymes are suitable for the detection of thawed fillets, because their activities in press juice increased considerably in consequence of freezing and thawing fish fillets.


[Determination of trenbolone and testosterone residues in meat by high pressure liquid chromatography (author's transl)].

A new method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trenbolone and testosterone residues in meat, liver, and kidney is described. The analytical procedure consists of the following steps: homogenisation of the meat sample with tetrahydrofurane; liquid-liquid partition first between acetonitrile and hexane, then between sodium hydroxide and petroleum ether/benzene; purification of a silica gel column. The purified sample is analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography using silica gel packings. Detection and quantitative determination are performed with a fluorescence and/or a spectrophotometric detector. Fluorescence measurements are carried out applying a self-made silica gel packed flow-cell. The detection limit in meat extracts is 50 ppb for testosterone and 5 ppb for trenbolone.


[Reduction of radiation-induced vitamin E- and B1- losses by irradiation of foodstuffs at low temperature and by exclusion of atmospheric oxygen].

The protective effect of low temperatures during irradiation on vitamin B1 and E levels in foods is not abolished by subsequent storage or heating. Egg powder irradiated at 1 Mrad in the presence of air and stored for 4 months at ambient temperature lost 68% of its thiamin content when irradiated at 20 degrees C, 33% when irradiated at -30 degrees C. Sunflower oil irradiated at 3 Mrad in the presence of air and subsequently heated for 1 hour at 180 degrees C lost 98% of its alpha-tocopherol content when irradiated at 20 degrees C, 65% when irradiated at -30 degrees C. Exclusion of atmospheric oxygen by packaging under nitrogen reduced the loss of alpha-tocopherol in irradiated (0.1 Mrad) rolled oats after 8 months of storage from 56 to 5% and the loss of thiamin from 86 to 26%. Vacuum packaging was equally effective during the first 3 months and somewhat less effective during the following 5 months. Packaging under carbon dioxide showed no advantage over packaging in air. Sensory evaluation of rolled oats, raw or cooked, 1 and 3 months after irradiation with 0.1 Mrad indicated no significant quality difference between unirradiated and irradiated samples packaged under nitrogen.


Rapid determination of quinine in soft drinks by reversed phase ion pair chromatography.

Quinine can easily be determined in soft drinks by means of reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography. Sample preparation is not necessary. Quinine is detected by fluorescence and UV spectrophotometry by continuous monitoring of the column effluent. A rectilinear response is obtained in the concentration range of 20--100 mg/l. The complete assay procedure takes about 8 min.


Analysis of food dyes E 110, E 111, and E 124 in fish samples by ion pair partition HPLC.

The isomeric food dyes E 110 and E 111 can be separated by ion pair partition HPLC on reversed-phase columns. The isomer E 111 - no longer permitted in Germany - can thus be determined in dye and food samples. The determination of E 110, E 111, and E 124 in fish samples (canned saithe) is described.


[Experiences with the enzymatic determination of sugar and sugar substitutes in dietetic cake for diabetics (author's transl)].

Sorbitol and fructose were determined enzymatically in home-made and commercially produced cake for diabetics. In some commercial products, a loss of fructose depending upon the baking period was found. This loss of fructose is to be attributed to the Maillard reaction. The findings were confirmed by comparative studies will a reference cake.


[New technical possibilities for simultaneous cystometry].

With the introduction of integrated semiconductor pressure admitters into the urodynamic examination methodology an optimization of the manometry of the bladder and the urethra was carried out, since the changer of the measuring value in this case is directly situated in the lumen of the bladder. Thus it is achieved that the possibilities of errors which are connected with the conventional measuring method with the catheter system filled with fluid or gas, such as movements, concussions, hydrostatic influence of the coupling medium by different altitude level of the catheter and the connection tube, respectively, but also constipations in haematuria or excretions of the mucus may be excluded. The presented tip manometre IBW 74 due to its measures and radiopaque properties is also suited for the measurement of the pressure on the upper urinary tracts including the pyelon. Hereby the pressure signals gained are further elaborated through a special insertion for the biomonitor system and thus may be recorded on every multiple recorder.


[The experimental urethral replacement using tunica vaginalis and periorchium in the dog].

The good results on dogs, particularly in the patch substitute group, show that the Tunica vaginalis-periorchium-substitution of defects of the urethra fulfils all the expectations wanted. From this we conclude the right to recommend the broader use of this method in man.


[Effect of phenoxybenzamine on the renal and general circulation in the hypovolemic hypotonic dog].

For the estimation of the haemodynamic and metabolic effect of 1 mg/kg phenoxybenzamine in a kidney donor with craniocerebral trauma model experiments were performed on dogs with hypovolaemic hypotension. The results show that phenoxybenzamine leads to vasodilatation in a constant aortic pressure of 80 mm Hg in the systemic circulation as well as in the renal circulation with different speed of reaction. Thus the arterial and venous O2 and CO2 partial pressure normalizes and the diuresis increases. On the other hand, the hypotension-conditioned metabolic acidosis and the symptoms of an acute renal failure may not be influenced.


[Behavior of the renal perfusion resistance during automatic organ preservation].

It is reported on experimental investigations in the preservation of mini pig kidneys. At first the behaviour during the initial hypothermic gravitation perfusion is examined. From the relation of perfusate outflow to the perfusate inflow the perfusion quotient PQ is calculated. It is a measure for the volume storage developing during the perfusion (tissue oedema?) and significantly correlates with the warm dead time. The behaviour of the renal current resistance during the following machine permanent perfusion was examined with the help of KABI-albumin-solution and Collins-solution with 5% dextran M 40, and Collins-solution with 5% dextran M 75. Here was shown that the increase of the current resistance correlates with the preservation time depending on the PQ of the initial perfusion. The result is a typical behaviour for the individual solutions. We are of the opinion that the judgement of the behaviour of the kidneys during the machine perfusion must be seen in connection with the initial perfusion.


[Trends in neuropathology (author's transl)].

Neuropathology has been originated in clinical necessity and trended progressively towards independence in the last 30 years all over the world. In the future, substance and methods in neuropathology demand a good correlation to clinical and theoretical branches of medicine and a solid integration in the manner to work and to think in modern morphology.


[On the conception of a reference center "malignant lymphomas" (author's transl)].

Conceptions and experiences in connection with the foundation of a reference center "Malignant Lymphomas" of the Society of Pathology of the German Democratic Republic are described. The different degrees in reliability of pathomorphological diagnosis in the field of malignant lymphomas as well as the methods of co-operation with the reference center are reported.


[Studies on the submicroscopic structure of botryoid (rhabdomyo)-sarcomas of the nasopharynx (author's transl)].

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas and their botryoid variant are typical soft tissue sarcomas of infancy and childhood. Generally, the tumor cells are thought to be comparable with embryonal rhabdomyoblasts. Nevertheless, many authors do not require the cross-striation of the tumor cell cytoplasm as cytological marker for the diagnosis "rhabdomyosarcoma". In our study we examined the cytology of tissue samples of 4 botryoid sarcomas of nasopharynx with the electron microscope. A varying cytological picture was found. Besides undifferentiated tumor cells constituting the main part of the growths cellular elements with resemblance to fibroblasts, smooth and striated muscle cells, histiocytic cells and lipoblasts were observed. Furthermore, a vasoformative potency of the tumor tissue was occasionally seen. The conclusion is drawn from our results that, replacing the term embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, such tumors should better be designated as embryonal sarcomas. We think it probable that the present concept of embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas must be revised.


[Morphology and classification of brain tumors induced by methylnitrosourea in rabbits (author's transl)].

There are different opinions concerning histology and classification of the MNU induced rabbit brain tumors first described by Jänisch and Schreiber. Therefore, a reexamination using silver impregnation of paraffin sections gained from the blocs was made. 40 out of 53 tumors were classified according to their prevalent cell types as glioblastomas, astroblastomas and malignant astrocytomas. Their structure is complicated by an admixture of various amounts of oligodendroglia, microglia and glioepithelium (mixed gliomas) and in most of them a raise of malignancy up to the appearance of glioblastoma multiforme in their central parts. The rest group contains 3 oligodendrogliomas, 4 sarcomas, 1 gioepithelioma and 5 times areas of loose tumor cell infiltrations. These results do not confirm the opinion of Zülch that the majority of MNU rabbit brain tumours are polymorphous oligodendrogliomas but are in accordance with their classification as polymorphous glioblastomas by Jänisch and Schreiber.


[Comparative biochemical study of brain phospholipids in insects].

Studies have been made on the content of total phospholipids (PL) and their separate families in the brain of larvae and imago of the insect species Blaberus giganteus, Periplaneta americana, Tenebrio molitor and Barathra brassicae. It was shown that during larval-pupal-imaginal transformation in T. molitor and B. brassicae the content of total PL increases by 17 and 14% respectively, whereas in B. giganteus and P. americana PL concentration undergoes only insignificant changes. With respect to total PL content the species investigated form the following sequence: B. brassicae greater than T. molitor greater than P. americana greater than B. giganteus. In larval and imago forms of these insects phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sphingomyelin and polyglycerophosphatide were found in the brain. Besides, in the brain of B. giganteus and P. americana lysophosphatidylethanolamine and in the brain of T. molitor -- phosphatidic acid are present. Qualitative PL composition in larval and imago forms is identical, while quantitative ratio of separate fractions differs insignificantly. In all the species investigated, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine are the most abundant phospholipids.


[Distribution of catecholamine-containing nerve cells in the walls of the major vessels of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis].

Using histochemical fluorescence technique, two types of adrenergic nervous cells, i.e. small with intense fluorescence and large with weak fluorescence, have been detected in tissues and walls of the main blood vessels in the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. The first type of cells is distributed along the whole vascular net concentrating mainly in branching nodes. The second type of cells was found only in the adventitial layer of the dorsal aorta and intestinal artery. Adrenergic nervous cells are also present in the walls of the main veins. Possibility of presence of catecholamines of different nature in the bodies of the nerve cells is discussed.


[Succinate dehydrogenase localization in the mitochondria of the renal tubules of cold- and warm-blooded vertebrates].

Using electron microscopic histochemical technique, studies have been made on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase in the kidneys of the cod Gadus morrhua and dog. It was shown that chelate granules indicating localization of the enzyme in the mitochondria of nephronal cells, concentrate mainly in two zones -- between the membranes and inside the cristae. This distribution of the enzyme implies the presence of two pools of succinic dehydrogenase in the mitochondria which are utilized at different stages of oxidative phosphorylation. Succinic dehydrogenase content of the cristae is lower in cod than in dog.


[Localization of the receptors that initiate and maintain flight in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana].

Using local air streams, screening and surgical removal of the cerci and antennae, studies have been made on the receptors which provide for initiation and maintenance of the flight in the cockroach. It was shown that in suspended insect which lacks any contacts of legs with the base, the flight may be initiated by direct air currents either on the cerci, or antennae. Receptors which maintain the flight are located on the antennae and wings, the prolonged flight being provided mainly by antennae receptors.


[Postnatal formation of the mechanisms of carbohydrate hydrolysis and transport in the rat small intestine].

Using accumulating preparations of the mucose, studies have been made on the rate of accumulation of the glucose from 11 mM solutions of glucose, maltose and starch in proximal, intermediate and distal parts of the small intestine of 2--13-week rats. It was demonstrated that in 2-week animals, rather intensive transmembrane transport of "free" glucose takes place in the proximal and medial parts of the small intestine, the transport of glucose in the form of maltose or starch being absent. At later stages of postnatal life, especially to the onset of definitive nutrition, together with the induction of alpha-glucosidase systems, gamma-amylase and maltase transporting mechanisms are formed which provide for the adaptation of the organism to qualitatively new feeding conditions.


[Analysis of the action of a neuropeptide that induces delta-sleep in cats and white rats].

Suboccipital administration of the oligopeptide in a dose 15 or 20 micrograms/kg evokes within 15--20 min the electrographic (delta-sleep) and behavioural sleep in cats and albino rats. Oligopeptide administration significantly increases threshold reactions of EEG to sonic stimulation. Significant delay (for 50--90 min) of the development of paradoxical sleep was observed which is considered as a manifestation of inhibition of further development of sleep mechanisms due to the effect of neuropeptide. The data obtained indicate that natural sleep is not identical to that induced by the neuropeptide.


[Characteristics of the conditioned motor reactions of unrestrained elasmobranches and teleosts].

In elasmobranch (Scyllium canicula, Galleus canis) and teleost (Migull capitocum) fishes it is possible to form motor food-searching conditioned reflexes to discrimination of light and darkness. Some differences were revealed in ecological and conditioned motor behavioural activities in higher and lower sharks. Elasmobranch and teleost fishes exhibit significant differences in ecological, feeding and conditioned reflex behaviour. Nervous activity in elasmobranchs is characterized by lower and primitive organization as compared to that in teleosts.


[Epidemic of influenza A (H1Ni), 1977--1978].

The work deals with the peculiarities of the spread of influenza A/USSR77 (H1N1) in the USSR and in the world. The authors point out that the most outstanding feature of the epidemic in the USSR was low morbidity rate among adults, persons aged up to 25 years being most affected. This suggests the existence of prolonged (up to 20 years) post-influenza immunity. The results of the mathematical pronostication of this epidemic for the territory of the USSR were analyzed and and found to be quite satisfactory for the majority of cities.


[Ways of increasing the effectiveness of specialization in epidemiology].

The ways of increasing the efficiency of specialization in epidemiology on the 6th course are elucidated with an emphasis on a number of difficulties, both organizational and methodical, existing at present in this form of instruction. To achieve greater efficiency in the special training of graduates at sanitary and hygienic departments, it is necessary to improve the material base of the main institutions where the graduates are trained, to increase the share of theoretical knowledge (a tentative plan of lectures and practical work is proposed), and to improve the procedure of sending the graduates to work in their chosen field.


[Erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and hemoglobin electrophoretic characteristics in rodent adaptation to high mountains].

Adaptation of the erythropoetic system to hypoxia was shown to be different in different populations of montaine rodents of the Central Caucasus. One type of adaptation includes the increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content of erythrocytes, the hemoglobin structure remaining apparently unchanged. This pattern was found in two groups of animals -- in one population of the ground squirrel Citellus suslicus whose ancestors were introduced to the mountains some 25 years ago, and in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus which is a usual inhabitant of highland, although it does not form there any isolated populations. The other type of adaptation was found in the ground squirrel Citellus pygmaeus musicus, which is native to high altitude. The content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the erythrocytes in this animal is the same as in the sea-level subspecies C. p. planicola, whereas the electrophoretic picture of hemoglobin in these two subspecies was found to be different.


[Characteristics of the seasonal distribution of typhoid fever cases in different areas of the USSR].

The results of the monthly registration of typhoid cases in all union republics and in the USSR as a whole for the period of 1970--1976 were analyzed. The mathematical parameters of the monthyly distribution of morbidity rate under the influence of long-term factors for each union republic were determined. In analyzing actual morbidity rates for definite years these data may help determine to what extent such rates are influenced by incidental factors. Mathematical analysis allowed to divide the territory of the USSR into 5 groups of areas with different patterns of the seasonal distribution of typhoid cases: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Moldavian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Soviet Baltic republics, the Transcaucasian republics, the republics of Central Asia and the Kazakh SSR. April was found to be the optimum time for the immunoprophylaxis of typhoid fever throughout the whole territory of the USSR in the presence of epidemiological indications.


[Similarity of the DNA mucleotide sequences of vibrios].

The systematic position of some Vibrio species was ascertained by the method of molecular DNA -- DNA hybridization. The DNA of the brine vibrios V. costicola and V. fischeri were shown to have about 10% of sequences homologous with DNA of a typical cholera vibrio (V. cholerae eltor No. 334). Similarity between the genomes of other representatives of the Vibrionaceae family, as well as in DNA hybridization of V. costicola and V. fischeri, was found to be approximately on the same level. All species included into the genus, Vibrio on account of their phenotypic characteristics may be considered to have essential differences in the structures of their genomes.


[So-called antireceptor sera].

Experiments in delayed type hypersensitivity transfer were carried out with the aim of studying the ability of rabbit antisera against peritoneal exudate cells of rats sensitized with bovine gamma globulin or rabbit kidney tissue antigen to block peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs. In the serological test the antisera prepared against the cells of sensitized rats and tentatively named "receptor antisera", reacted not only with the cells of these rats, respectively, but also with guinea pig cells. In hypersensitivity transfer experiments in guinea pigs receptor antisera showed a blocking effect on the transferred cells, making them incapable of transferring hypersensitivity, i. e. rabbit antisera against rat peritoneal exudate cells reacted with guinea pig cells. This interaction was specific: the blocking effect was manifested only when guinea pigs whose cells were used in the transfer were sensitized with the same antigen as the rats against whose cells the receptor antisera had been prepared. The control antisera, taken for the treatment of the transferred cells in the same doses as the receptor antisera, had no blocking effect on the cells.


[Combined use of serological tests for the purpose of the diagnosis and study of Q-rickettsiosis].

The combined use of the complement fixation test, the indirect immunofluorescent test and the ring precipitation test with C. burnetii antigen greatly enhances the effectiveness or serological study, as it allows not only to find out the spread of infection among population more completely, but also to differentiate, to a certain extent, "fresh" infectious process from immunological trace reaction. The arguments are presented in favor of introducing the antigen of C. burnetii, phase I, into practice, especially in surveying the sera of farm animals.


[Antagonistic activity as 1 of the properties of hospital strains of Staphylococcus aureus].

The frequency of antagonistic activity in S. aureus strains depended on the source from which the strains had been isolated. Antagonistic strains were most frequently detected in the departments of traumatology and orthopedy, as well as in the departments of routine and urgent surgery.


[Neurosecretory system of the hypothalamus in acute and chronic heart failure].

The hypothalamohypophyseal neurosecretory system (HHNS) was examined in the deceased from myocardial infarctions and chronic cardiac insufficiency. All 80 cases of infarctions showed in increased functional activity of the HHNS, irrespective of the time from the beginning of the disease. If the infarction was complicated by decompensation, the HHNS was characterized by hypervasopressure accompanied by occurrence of small vacuolized cells in the supraoptical nuclei with a low secretion content and high activity of biosynthetical enzymes, and a drop of secretion in the neurohypophysis. In chronic cardiac insufficiency (50 cases) there were 2 variants of changes in the HHNS, which correlated with the level of sympathetic nervous system activity (which was vitally determined from the diurnal catecholamine excretion). With high sympathetic activity, the changes in the HHNS were identical to those in myocardial infarctions, complicated by decompensation. The low activity was associated with HHNS depletion, which correlated with patients' nonsusceptibility to pathogenetic therapy.


[Features of the course of psoriasis in patients with organic diseases of the nervous system].

Of 190 patients suffering from psoriasis in 65 (34.2%) hypothalamic syndrome, sequelae of neuroinfections and craniocerebral injuries, acute and chronic insufficiency of cerebral circulation were noted. These diseases preceded the development of psoriasis in 22.6% of the patients, the fact, that gives one grounds to regard them with a greater probability as a pathogenetic factor of psoriasis. In the patients suffering from psoriasis and the above diseases of the nervous system an inclinication to exudative and pustulous manifestations, arthropathy, and erythroderma, as well as frequent resistance to the therapy and torpid course of the disease were observed. An exacerbation of psoriasis aggravated some neurological disorders, and a deterioration of the neurological state coincided in time in some patients with exacerbation of psoriasis. The interaction between the dermal and the neurological disturbances appeared to be a reason for supplementing the complex of measures for psoriasis treatment with means improving the metabolic processes in the brain, psychotropic and vasocative drugs, and diadynamic currents that produce normalizing effects on the vegetative functions and cerebral hemodynamics.


[Syndrome of congenital muscular hypotonia in children ("flabby child" syndrome)].

Clinico-electroneuromyographic examinations of 108 children with the "flabby child" syndrome of various genesis were carried out. A classification of diseases accompanied with muscular hypotonicity in early childhood is suggested. The electroneuromyographic examinations revealed an increase of the speed of impulse transmission along the peripheral nerves, this transmission being the most pronounced in the first two years of the life, and levelled down by the age of 3 to 7 years.


[Reaction of the brain to local irradiation with protons].

In experiments on dogs neurological syndromes and pathomorphological changes in  the brain irradiated with a focussed beam of protons with an energy of 1,000 MEV in a static regime and with rotation in doses of 8,000; 30,000, and 32,000 rad were studied. The peculariaty of the method of morphological examination consisted in preparing transverse sections of the whole brain. With the higher doses penetrating cylinidrical or focal oval (depending on the irradiation conditions) necroses with distinct borders and a slight perifocal reaction were observed. Outside the focussing zone the tissue remained intact. The results obtained are intended for substrantiating stereotaxic operations on the brain.


[Early patient mobilization after apoplectic stroke].

Principles of individualized functional mechanotherapy in the early post-hemorrhagic period are briefly presented. This therapy makes it possible to prevent or to alleviate complications specific for cerebral hemorrhage (rigidity of the muscles in the humoral region, development of contractures of the joints and pathological models of movements, unfavourable influence of the psychic syndrome developing after organic affections of the brain). While giving the therapy it is recommended to take into consideration the pathophysiological conditions present by the beginning of the development of the motor activity. Principal rules for the individualized functional mechanotherapy are formulated.


[Interhemispheric asymmetry of visual evoked potentials in psychopathies].

The paper deals with a study of intrahemispheric visual evoked potentials (EP) in normals (10 individuals) and in psychopathic personalities (40 cases). EP were registered in the occipital and central areas of the right and left hemisphere to indiffirent and significant flashes. In normals an intrahemispheric asymmetry of visual EP was detected: the wave amplitude (P3) with a peak latency 160--170 ms in the left occipatal area was larger than the amplitude of the same wave in the right occipital area. An adjoinment of signal significancy to stimulations in normals increased to a large degree the intrahemispheric asymmetry of EP in the left hemisphere. In psychopathy even indifferent and signal-significant stimulations of EP, registered in the occipital area are bilaterally symmetrical.


[Adaptive regulation of cerebral biopotentials (alpha-rhythm) in neurotic patients].

With the aid of a feedback towards an increase in the EEG intensity, adaptive regulation of brain biopotentials (alpha-rhythm) was conducted in 22 patients with different forms of neurosis. It was established that in patients with an initial low level of alpha-rhythm its regulation was more significant, while in patients with an initially middle level of alpha-rhythms in the EEG, its regulation was less expressed. The clinical effect of regulation in all cases was positive. The study also demonstrated a crosscorrelation of connections in the process of regulation between such functions as alpha-rhythm-EMG, alpha-rhythm-SGR, etc. It is suggested that, regulation of alpha-rhythms can be accepted as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of patients with neuroses.


[Pathomorphosis of classical forms of psychopathies].

The paper deals with questions concerning the modification of classical forms of psychopathy. The forms of psychopathy are not invariable, rigid. They can change during the life span of one psychopathic personality and be expressed in an interchange of obligatory (main) and facultative (supplementary) personality traits, as well as in different variations of the facultative traits of a psychopathic personality. Besides, the forms of psychopathy may gradually change during separate periods (if comparing the structure of separate forms), which indicate the dependence of the structure and dynamics of psychopathy from the changing environment, home conditions, urbanization, cultural level, etc. This should be held in mind in selecting methods of treatment in psychopathy, in recommendations of rehabilitative measures and in forensic-psychiatric exminations.


[Pupillary reactions in neurotic disorders].

For the differentiation of neurotic disorders, the indices of pupilary reactions and hippus were studied. The study was performed with the aid of a pupillograph. A comparison of the pupillographic data in patients with borderline neurotic disorders of the 3 main groups (asthenic, obsessive-phobic and hysterical), demonstrated statistically significant differences in the control group and within the group with different forms of neurotic disorders. The quantitive and informative characteristics of the pupilary reactions and some regular tendencies in the characteristic of the hippus may help in the solution of one of the main problems of borderline psychiatry, an improved diagnosis.


[Medico-psychological and neurohumoral characteristics of patients with cardiovascular neuroses].

Medicopsychological and biochemical studies permitted to reveal changes in the psychoemotional and neurohumoral indices during formation and progression of cardiovascular neurosis to a protracted disease. Personality changes, interpersonal relations, the working capacity in some cases proceeds parallel to changes in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In other cases these changes preceed deviations in the protein metabolism and blood coagulation properties in a protracted development of the disease. The data obtained point to a complication of psychsomatic disturbances in the course of cardiovascular neurosis development.


[Anorexia nervosa in men].

Nervous anorexia seen in males (25 cases), having a certain similarity in the clinical picture with female anorexia, has nevertheless, some special traits. Cases of anorexia in males are characterized by a higher predominance of hereditary loading, by an earlier onset (10--14 in comparison to 15--20 of female anorexia), a rather early appearance of refined deficitary symptomatology, and frequently enough a rapid psychopathization. However, these patients preserve formal abilities for a rather long period. The disease, as a rule, is an expression of a schizophrenic process unlike female anorexia, where this form of pathology may be inherent not only to schizophrenia but also to neuroses, psychopathy or be an independent psychosomatic disorder.


[Clinico-psychopathologic features of non-process forms of deviant behavior in adolescence].

Clinico-psychopathological traits of non-process forms of deviant behaviour in adolescents were studied in the framework of pathological personality formation. Two variants in the development of the disease were distinguished: favourable and unfavourable. Some differential diagnostic criteria are outlined which permit to delineate this form of borderline pathology from a debut of schizophrenia in adolescency. The study includes a consideration of the disturbed system of relationships of the personality in the adolescents examined.


[Separation of psychopathy-like states of residual organic origin from psychogenic pathocharacterologic personality development (clinico-electroencephalographic study)].

The paper deals with a clinical and EEG characteristic of 2 groups of patients: 1) with psychopathlike conditions, due to early organic brain lesions (trauma during delivery, postnatal brain infections, etc), and 2) psychogenic pathological personality development in the presence of mild residual-organic brain insufficiency. Residual organic insufficiency in the first group is the main etiopathogenitical factor of disordered behaviour in children and adolescents. In the second group a psychogenically induced situation is one of the important factors of disturbed behaviour.


[Paranoid states in the dynamics of psychopathies].

A total of 46 psychopathic personalities from 30 to 55 years of age were studied. Of them 40 subjects were examined by follow-up checkings. Under psychotraumatizing situations these patients demonstrated acute paranoiac syndromes the content of which was characterized by monotopical delusional ideas. The formation of such acute paranoiac reactions was determined by abnormal personality structures and by individual pathogenic psychotraumatizing situations. The paper contains a description of the psycho-pathological traits of acute paranoiac states in psychopaths and their impact on the general development of psychopathy.


[Surgical tactics in injuries and compression of the superior sagittal sinus].

It is shown from the analysis of 38 cases with injury to and compression of the sagittal sinus that these traumas are often attended by contusion of the brain in the sagittal-parasagittal area and are characterized by hemiparesis with predominance of motor disorders in the distal parts of the limbs, often with ischuria. They are managed surgically. Emergency surgery is indicated in hemorrhage and when there is a clinical picture of progressive compression of the brain. In the other cases trephination of the skull should be postponed until shock is completely relieved and wound infection cured and should be performed by a skilled neurosurgeon and anesthetist when a sufficient amount of stored blood is available. Compression of the sagittal sinus for a period of up to 6 weeks did not cause any clinically marked disorders of cerebral circulation.


[Changes in local cerebral circulation during the slow development and regression of intracranial hypertension (experimental study)].

Local cerebral blood flow and local vascular reactivity in various brain areas close to and at a distance from the focus of compression were studied in experiments on rabbits with slowly increasing intracranial hypertension and after removal of the focus limiting the intracranial space. General regularities of changes in local blood flow and vascular reactivity corresponding to the stages of the development of intracranial hypertension and in the first 10 days after removal of the focus of intracranial compression was revealed.


[Effect of spinal cord and spinal injuries on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils].

Study of neutrophil phagocytic activity in injuries to the spinal cord and spine and in damage to the spine without involvement of the spinal cord showed that injuries to the spinal cord have no specific effect on this activity. True, the phagocytic reaction is inhibited in the first 2-3 weeks after the trauma both in patients with injury to the spinal cord and spine and in those with injury only to the spine. In later periods after the trauma, however, with the neurological status remaining the same, the values of the phagocytic reaction do not differ from those in healthy persons. The level at which the spinal cord is injured hardly affects the activity of phagocytosis. The examination was conducted in 117 patients with spinal fractures 94 of whom had also sustained injury to the spinal cord.


Cell-mediated immunity to influenza virus antigen and mitogen in guinea pigs: measurement with a semimicro protein synthesis assay.

A rapid and precise method for the assay of cell-mediated immune response basing on protein synthesis stimulation of mitogen-activated guinea pig lymphocytes is modified in a way that enables the study of virus-immunological problems. When used as a micromethod it has the following advantages over conventional methods: short-term cell culture, need of low quantities of cells and rapid preparation of great numbers of samples for radioactivity measurements. In this study we report the results of comparative experiments on measuring lymphocyte stimulation after addition of PHA and stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes following contact with homologous influenza virus antigen in vitro. The most important reaction parameters are as follows: 5-6 . 10(5) spleen lymphocytes/microculture in microtiter plates, use of Eagles's MEM cell culture medium without leucine, supplemented with HEPES buffer and 10% autologous guinea pig serum; optimum lymphocyte stimulation by addition of 0.5 microliter PHA or 0.1-1.0 microgram virus protein/ml; immuno-stimulation by PHA can be measured in vitro already after 6 h and by influenzavirus antigen already after 24 h.


[Cervical spondylosis and vertebrobasilar circulatory disorders].

The symptoms of cervical spondylosis may be removed or reduced in intensity by drug therapy or physiotherapeutic measures. Compression of the roots of the cerebrospinal nerves or the development of symptoms of myelopathy must be managed by surgery. The article discusses the pathophysiology of uncovertebral arthrosis or disorder of vertebrobasiliar circulation caused by spondylarthrosis of the falciform processes and the indications for operation. Analysis of the results of operation for decompression of the spinal arteries, performed on 4 patients, supplies grounds for the conclusion that the spinal artery is compressed not only by the spondylolytic masses but also by a cicatricial connective-tissue ring which forms about it and causes a direct stenosing effect. This factor acquires importance in the formation of morphological changes in the late stage of ttion of the cicatricial ring embracing the vessel. The results of the operative intervention are satisfactory.


[Use of the water-soluble x-ray contrast substance Dimer-X in lumbosacral myelography].

The use of the water-soluble radiocontrast substance Dimer-X in lumbosacral myelography in 22 patients with a stable pain syndrome in the lumbosacral region showed that this method makes it possible to disclose the cause of the disease exactly and to reveal or rule out any neurosurgical pathology of this region. This examination is tolerated well by the patients, does not produce serious complications, and may be conducted in any neurosurgical institution.


[Prediction of the development of neurotraumatology up to the year 2000].

Avariant of long-term prognosis of the development of neurotraumatology is suggested on the basis of the analysis of questionnaires filled in by leading Soviet specialists in the field of neurosurgery, neurology, and traumatology as well as data in the literature and patent documentation. The concrete purposes and the approximate terms of their attainment according to the principal aspects of the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients with craniocerebral trauma and injuries to the spine and spinal cord are presented.


Structural transitions of chromatin induced by netropsin.

Structural changes of chromatin induced by interaction of netropsin (Nt) with DNA has been examined by analysis of CD and electromicroscopic measurements. The results demonstrate the existence of a transition from the condensed globular state of chromatin into nucleosomal fibres generated by extremely low Nt concentration up to 1 mole Nt per 200 nucleotides. A second transition occurs at high Nt ratio per DNA phosphate (v' = 0.3). involving disorganization of nucleosomal particles. The interference of the Nt binding with chromatin proteins maintaining the sub- and superstructure will be discussed.


[Synthesis and properties of insolubilized enzyme. XI. Trypsin-carrier-complexes on the basis of macroporous glasses by interposing the hydrophilic polymer dextran].

A procedure for preparing derivatives of dialdehyde dextran-glass-carriers and their use for immobilization of trypsin is described. The dextran to the support as well as the trypsin to dextran were covalently immobilized via dialdehyde groups. The relative activity of immobilized trypsin in these enzyme-carrier-complexes amounted 17.3% and 20,4 (determined with alpha-N-Benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilid) and 8,2% and 11.6% (determined with casein).


[Enzyme profile of exudate leukocytes from diabetic rabbits].

In leukocytes of exudate from diabetic rabbits, the activities of hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are increased, and a tendency of adenylate kinase activity to decline is observable. The activities of UDP-pyrophosphatase, UDP-glycogentransferase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glutahione reductase in the exudate erythrocytes in diabetes are not essentially altered. The decrease of the key enzymes of glycolysis and pentose phosphate cycle, providing the leukocytes with energy and metabolites, reduces the functional activity of leukocytes from exudate in diabetes.


Fucose incorporation into rat hippocampus structures after acquisition of a brightness discrimination. A histoautoradiographic analysis.

Using a brigthness discrimination model in rats, the labeling of discrete hippocampus formation structures was studied after intraventricular application of [3H]-fucose. This substance was injected 5 min before training as well as 5 min, 3, 7 and 23 h after training, the pulse period lasting 120 min in all cases. A significantly training-related enhanced labeling of CA1, CA3 and CA4 cell bodies and fibres revealed that a biphasic time course occurring when radioactive fucose was applied 5 min before training and 7 h after training, whereas the increased labeling of area dentata structures was evidenced only after application of radioactive fucose 5 min before and after training. In all structures under investigation the training-related increase in labeling was more pronounced in the fibre layers than in the pyramidal and granular cell bodies.