Incorporating the gas analyzer response time in gas exchange computations.

A simple method for including the gas analyzer response time in the breath-by-breath computation of gas exchange rates is described. The method uses a difference equation form of a model for the gas analyzer in the computation of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production and avoids a numerical differentiation required to correct the gas fraction wave forms. The effect of not accounting for analyzer response time is shown to be a 20% underestimation in gas exchange rate. The present method accurately measures gas exchange rate, is relatively insensitive to measurement errors in the analyzer time constant, and does not significantly increase the computation time.


Topical anesthesia of tracheal receptors.

Two types of sensory receptors were individually identified in dogs on the exposed mucosa of the extrathoracic trachea: slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR) and rapidly adapting receptors (RAR). Increasing concentrations of lidocaine (L), bupivacaine (B), and tetracaine (T) solutions were topically applied on the mucosa over the sensory fields of the receptors, while their neural activity in response to an appropriate stimulus was recorded. Action potentials from SARS were blocked by the anesthetic at a much higher concentration and with larger exposure times than potentials evoked from RARs (mean values: L = 51.1 mM for 7.4 min and 1.48 mM for 1.03 min, respectively; B = 9.4 mM for 9.4 min and 0.13 mM for 0.23 min; and T = 4.9 mM for 9.8 min and 0.06 mM for 2 min). The minimal blocking concentration of the topical anesthetics varied widely (L = 20 times, B = 5, and T = 5) among SARs and less (L = 3.2, B = 2, and T = 4) among RARs. These results could be explained by a different location in the mucosa of the two types of receptors and suggest the feasibility of a differential blockade by topical anesthetics.


Antigen-induced bronchospasm in conscious sheep.

In 10 conscious ewes with cutaneous sensitivity to Ascaris suum, measurements of pulmonary resistance (RL), static lung compliance (Cst), functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial blood gas composition along with arterial plasma histamine concentration (H) were obtained before and after inhalation challenge with A. suum extract. Five animals showed no changes in respiratory mechanics after A. suum challenge; in these H did not change. The remaining five animals responded to A. suum challenge with bronchospasm reflected by the following maximum changes in mean values that were significant 15 and 30 min after beginning of challenge, respectively: RL  248% , FRC 126%, specific pulmonary conductance 33%, and arterial PO2 63% of base line. These parameters returned towards base line by 120 min. No changes occurred in Cst, arterial PCO2, and pH. Five minutes after beginning of A. suum challenge, mean H was increased to 423% of base line with a return to base line 10 min later. In the same 5 animals, no changes were observed in pulmonary function or H after inhalation of ragweed extract (control). These results suggest that antigen-induced bronchospasm in sensitized conscious sheep represents an anaphylactic airway response and shares distinct physiological features with human bronchial asthma including pulmonary hyperinflation.


Maturation of hypoxic ventilatory response of the newborn lamb.

The ventilatory response to acute hypoxia was studied in unanesthetized newborn lambs before and after carotid body denervation. Animals studied immediately following operative delivery were compared with a second group who were studied in the 2nd wk of postnatal life. Response time was defined as the interval between the decrease in oxygen saturation in the aortic arch and an increase in tidal volume or ventilatory rate. Animals in the older group demonstrated a significantly shorter response time than those studied immediately following delivery (1.8 s vs. 5.7 s). A ventilatory response was also elicited in carotid body-denervated animals in both study groups. Mean response time following denervation was 29.5 s for the younger and 12.5 s for the older animals. The data suggest that the development of a rapid, carotid body-mediated hypoxic ventilatory response occurs gradually during the first days of postnatal life, and that the central hypoxic response of the fetus (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 42:630-635, 1977) persists into postnatal life.


Inflection points of lung pressure-volume curves using a three-balloon-catheter system.

We measured the pressure-volume curves (PV curves) of the lung simultaneously at three levels in the esophagus below the tracheal bifurcation using the three-short-balloon-catheter system in 11 normal seated men and compared the inflection points (IP's) of three PV curves with the closing volume (CV) on the single-breath nitrogen washout curve. The mean pressure gradient from the top of the uppermost balloon to the top of the lowermost balloon (10 cm apart) was 0.58 +/- 0.06 cmH2O/cm at 60% total lung capacity (TLC). The IP was dependent on depth within the esophagus; i.e., the lung volume at IP (VIP) of the uppermost balloon was the smallest and the transpulmonary pressure (Ptp) at IP (PIP) of that balloon was the largest of the three IP's. VIP's were significantly larger than CV's and the mean absolute difference between the VIP of the uppermost balloon and the closing capacity (CC) was 0.9 liter. These results suggest that IP may not exactly reflect airway closure.


Deposition of particles in model airways.

The deposition of monodisperse aerosols in models of single lung airway bifurcations was studied. The particles, generated by spinning disk, were in the size range of 4.2--8.8 microns (density 1.3 X 10(3) kg . m-3). The model bifurcations were symmetrical, of physiological size, and based on established morphological data. The effects on percentage deposition (P) of flow rate (expressed as Reynolds' number. Re), particle diameter (d), tube diameter (D), and bifurcation angle (2 theta) were studied and a generalized expression for deposition based on these variables was obtained, viz., P = 11.04 X 10(5) Re (d/D)2.5sin3 theta. The applicability of this equation is discussed.


Difference between end-tidal and arterial PCO2 in exercise.

The relation between end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PETCO2) measured by infrared analysis and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) during exercise was systematically examined in five healthy adults at two power outputs (25 and 50% VO2max) and at three frequencies of breathing (15, 30, and 45 breaths/min). PETCO2-PaCO2 varied between -2.5 and +9.1 Torr, was inversely related to the frequency of breathing (r = 0.475), and directly related to tidal volume (VT; r = 0.791) and CO2 output (r = 0.627). An equation was obtained by multiple regression analysis, to predict PaCO2 from PETCO2: PaCO2 = 5.5 +0.90 PETCO2 -0.0021 VT (r = 0.915). The equation was applied to measurements of PETCO2 obtained in two previous studies in 10 subjects in which PaCO2 had been measured, and was found to predict PaCO2 to within 1.04 Torr (+/- SD) for PaCO2 between 25 and 58 Torr (n = 56; r = 0.962). The effect of the response characteristics of the CO2 analyzer on the measurement of PETCO2 was also systematically examined by comparison with a fast-responding respiratory mass spectrometer.


Reflex bronchoconstriction induced by capsaicin in the dog.

To determine whether receptors stimulated by the injection of capsaicin into the pulmonary circulation cause reflex changes in airway size, six dogs were anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated (2 cm H2O PEEP). Intrapulmonary airways were outlined with tantalum dust, and diameters were determined by taking serial roentgenograms at end expiration. Capsaicin (20 micrograms/kg) injected into the right ventricle significantly decreased airway diameter (20%), heart rate, aortic pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. In contrast, capsaicin injected into the left ventricle did not alter airway diameter or aortic pressure, although heart rate and pulmonary artery pressure decreased but to a lesser extent than after right ventricular injection. After vagotomy, capsaicin had no effect on airway diameter or heart rate but aortic pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased slightly. Results suggest that pulmonary receptors sensitive to capsaicin and accessible via the pulmonary circulation produce reflex bronchoconstriction. One possible function of this vagal reflex is to assist fluid movement from microvasculature to peribronchial space by reducing peribronchial pressure.


Regional blood flow during simulated diving in the conscious Weddell seal.

Changes in regional blood flow during simulated normobaric diving were studied in the conscious Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) by injecting 25-microns radioactive microspheres into the left ventricle. Injections were performed before and 8--12 min after submersion of the head in iced seawater. Diving was associated with a fall in cardiac output from a mean control value of 39.8 +/- 10.2 to 5.6 +/- 3.4 l/min (mean +/- SD) and in heart rate from 52 +/- 15 to 15 +/- 4 beats/min. Blood flow to the splanchnic and peripheral vascular bed was reduced by more than 90%, cerebral blood flow was unchanged, right and left ventricular blood flow decreased by 85%, and adrenal blood flow decreased by 39%. The pulmonary fraction of the injected microsphere dose increased from 7.9 to 29.9% during diving. This may signify a large increase of peripheral arteriovenous shunting during the dive and/or increased bronchial artery blood flow. It is concluded that blood flow during diving is directed to organs and tissues according to their metabolic requirements.


Early change in skeletal muscle protein synthesis after limb immobilization of rats.

The atrophy of skeletal muscle accruing from disuse, or limb immobilization, is caused by a decreased rate of protein synthesis and an increased rate of protein degradation. Currently, little information is available regarding the initial time of the decline in the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to determine, as precisely as possible, the time at which the protein synthesis rate first begins to decline in skeletal muscle, utilizing immobilized limbs of rats for a model. A constant-infusion technique employing [14C]tyrosine was used to estimate protein synthesis rates. During the first 6 h of immobilization, a significant decline of 37% in the fractional rate of protein synthesis from the control level of 5.7%/day was observed. These results suggest that very early changes are occurring in molecular events that regulate protein synthesis in disused or immobilized skeletal muscle.


Effect of training and heat acclimation on exercise responses of sedentary females.

In an attempt to explain why females experience greater strain than males during exercise in the heat, we studied the responses of nine females to moderate exercise (40% VO2 max) on a cycle ergometer in a cool (16--20 degrees C, 30% rh) and a hot (45 degrees C, 30% rh) environment. Venous blood was sampled during rest, at the 40th min of exercise, and 25 min after exercise. Test runs were then performed during a 4-wk training program (phase 2) and during heat acclimation (phase 3). Except for K+, changes in plasma constituents during exercise were not altered by training or acclimation. A greater mean decrease in plasma volume occurred during exercise in a hot (11.9%) than in a cool (3.9%) environment. Plasma osmolality and protein concentration increased due to the loss of plasma water. The most striking response to training was a significant expansion of resting plasma volume (9.7%) and total protein content (11.6%). During acclimation, sweat rates increased and mean skin temperatures significantly decreased. Hemodilution reported in heat-acclimated men was not seen. The factor primarily responsible for improved cardiovascular fitness in these women during acclimation may have been the maintenance of a larger central blood volume.


Alveolar volume-surface area relation in air- and saline-filled lungs fixed by vascular perfusion.

The influence of volume changes and interfacial forces on the geometry of peripheral air spaces was studied in excised rabbit lungs inflated with either air or saline and fixed by vascular perfusion at four points of the deflation limb of the pressure-volume curve corresponding to 100, 80, 60, and 40% of the total lung capacity (TLC). In air-filled lungs pleating and folding of alveolar septa were observed, especially in alveolar corners. However, the alveolar surfaces were smooth, except at low lung volumes where some surface crumpling occurred. In saline-filled lungs pleats were absent; the alveolar surface was irregular at all inflation levels due to undulating walls and bulging capillaries. Morphometry indicated that at all alveolar volumes (VA) the surface areas (SA) were larger in saline- than air-filled lungs. No simple mathematical function was found to characterize the relation between SA and VA over the entire volume range studied. Within the range of normal breaths (80 to 40% TLC) the best fit for n in the function SA = k.VnA was 0.58 for saline-filled lungs (r = 0.93) and 0.33 for air-filled lungs (r = 0.68), suggesting different and complex deflation patterns.


Castration for treatment of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog.

Neoplasms of the perianal gland are common in the dog, particularly the male. Adenomas of the gland develop about 4.5 times more often than do carcinomas of the gland. The adenoma is hormone dependent; thus, castration without excision of the tumor has been successful in promoting regression without recurrence. Microscopic examination of the testes from dogs with perianal gland neoplasms has revealed 1 in 10 with tubular atrophy and 1 in 3 with testicular neoplasia. Interstitial cell tumors have been seen more often than other cell types of testis tumors.


Treatment of metastatic granulosa cell tumor in a dog.

A 10-year-old female dog with endocrine abnormalities and abdominal distention was found to have a functional ovarian tumor. Exploratory laparotomy and histologic examination of excised specimens led to a diagnosis of granulosa cell tumor with widespread metastasis. The prognosis appeared grave because tumor tissue remained on the liver and parietal peritoneum. An immunotherapeutic regimen was instituted and was continued for 4 months. The dog appeared to be free of disease on periodic examinations and continued to do well 2 years after diagnosis and surgery.


Myopathy associated with  hyperadrenocorticism in the dog.

Naturally occurring or iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism was associated with myopathy in six dogs. One dog had muscle weakness and muscle atrophy but normal electromyographic findings. Five dogs had muscle stiffness, proximal appendicular muscle enlargement, and myotonic discharges on electromyography. Histologic, electron microscopic, and histochemical findings in the musculature of dogs that were examined were characteristic of noninflammatory degenerative myopathy. Clinical signs of the myopathy improved to varying degrees in five dogs that were treated for the hyperadrenocorticism.


Neurologic complications of IgA multiple myeloma associated with cryoglobulinemia in a dog.

A diagnosis of vertebral multiple myeloma, based on radiographic evidence of osteolytic lesions and the finding of monoclonal paraprotein and large numbers of plasma cells in bone marrow biopsies, was made in a mature Doberman Pinscher. The abnormal serum paraprotein was a cryoglobulin of the immunoglobulin A class. Neurologic signs associated with the tumor included pain, progressive pelvic limb paresis, and paraplegia that developed during a 6-week period.


Factor IX deficiency in an Alaskan Malamute.

Factor IX deficiency, consistent with hemophilia B, was detected in a 6-month old male Alaskan Malamute with a 2-week history of persistent oozing from an oral wound. Laboratory studies disclosed an intrinsic coagulation defect. Hemophilia A was initially suspected. Further evaluation demonstrated normal factor VIII activity and factor VIII-related antigen, but factor IX activity was only 1.3% of normal.


Polioencephalomalacia in goats.

Of six goats with polioencephalomalacia, three responded to thiamin therapy, whereas three died 2 to 7 days after onset of signs. The goats were 2 months to 2 1/2 years old. They were affected during the winter or early spring, and concentrate feeding was a prominent part of the history. Transketolase activity values were obtained from two affected goats and from nine controls. The affected goats had lower transketolase activity than any of the controls.


Estimation of economic loss associated with anaplasmosis in California beef cattle.

On the basis of questionnaire surveys and personal interviews with veterinarians, ranchers, and livestock farm advisors, the seriousness of anaplasmosis in California was determined. In 1976, the economic loss due to anaplasmosis in the study sample of beef cattle was $2,203,150. When inferences were made from the sample population to include the whole population of beef cattle, this loss was estimated to be $5,244,319. These values were in contrast to a farm advisors' estimate of $11 million loss due to anaplasmosis, which was included in a total estimated loss of $300 million due to all livestock diseases of economic importance in California. It appeared that anaplasmosis, although having a substantial economic impact in California, is not as economically devastating as it was once thought to be. It was concluded that private programs currently in use (vaccination and treatment) are sufficient to control anaplasmosis.


A review of third phalanx fractures in the horse: sixty-five cases.

Sixty-five cases of third phalanx (P3) fracture were retrieved from 20,638 case records at Michigan State University's Veterinary Clinical Center between Feb 1, 1964 and July 1, 1977. The fractures were classified by anatomic location, using a numbering system. Data from case records indicated the most common P3 fracture involved the articular surface of the coffin joint (53 of 65 cases; 81.5%). The greatest occurrence of P3 fracture was in Standardbreds (31 of 65 cases). Thirty-three of the 65 fractures were in geldings of all breeds; 57 of the cases were distributed among racing horses of four breeds; and the mean ages at time of fracture for these groups were 4.9 to 5.3 years. The most common cause of P3 fracture was racing injury. Of 57 P3 fractures of the forelimb, 51 (89.5%) involved the lateral aspect of the left limb or medial aspect of the right limb--the part of each foot supporting most of the horse's weight in turns, while racing counterclockwise. Methods and response of treatment were evaluated by questionnaires obtained from 31 of the 65 owners. This questionnaire solicited information from owners and trainers as to: (1) cause, (2) treatment, (3) outcome, and (4) the use of the horse. Results were tabulated for: (1) questionnaire information obtained, (2) a classification system for P3 fractures, based on the anatomic location of the fracture, and (3) distribution of fractures between limbs and position (medial vs lateral) within limbs.


Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in dogs.

Methemoglobinemia developed in three dogs after the owners' use of benzocaine-containing products for topical treatment of the dogs' pruritic skin conditions. The products were intended for use in man. In two of the dogs, clinical signs of shock were observed within a few hours after the application of a skin lotion containing 5% benzocaine. Methemoglobin was assayed in one case and found to be 51% of total hemoglobin. Both dogs recovered after whole blood transfusions were given. The third dog, which had been treated for several weeks with small amounts of an anesthetic aerosol containing 20% benzocaine, was anorectic and lethargic when examined. Methemoglobin content was 30%, and Heinz bodies were observed in 20% of the erythrocytes. The methemoglobin content and proportion of Heinz bodies decreased rapidly after use of the spray was discontinued. The two benzocaine-containing products incriminated in development of the methemoglobinemia did not induce measurable increases in methemoglobin content in clinically normal dogs, when applied to unbroken skin. Small increases in methemoglobin content were measured, however, when these products were given orally to clinically normal dogs. It was concluded that the skin lesions in the three clinically affected dogs enhanced absorption of the drug, resulting in methemoglobin formation.


Cataracts in Chesapeake Bay Retrievers.

Cataracts developed in 13 of 27 related Chesapeake Bay Retrievers. The posterior pole, "Y" sutures, and equatorial cortices of the lens were predominantly affected. In one affected dog, the cataracts had progressed to hypermaturity, permitting restoration of vision. The trait was believed to be dominant, with incomplete penetrance.


Radiographic findings in induced bacterial pyelonephritis in dogs.

Unilateral bacterial pyelonephritis was induced in nine dogs. The upper urinary tracts of these and six control dogs were evaluated by excretory urography prior to and 9 to 10 days following experimental manipulations. Two of the dogs with unilateral pyelonephritis and one control dog were evaluated at intervals throughout a 58-day period. At necropsy, all nine inoculated kidneys were infected, one experimental dog had bilateral pyelonephritis, and one control dog had unilateral pyelonephritis. Most of the infected kidneys had abnormal radiographic changes 9 to 10 days after induction of infection. There was no statistically significant radiographic change in size of infected kidneys at 9 to 10 days. Seven of the 11 infected kidneys and 7 of the 9 inoculated kidneys had renal pelvic and ureteral dilatation. Of the nine dogs with unilateral pyelonephritis, six had decreased opacity of contrast medium in the collecting system and of the vascular nephrogram on the infected side. The size of infected kidneys decreased progressively during the 58-day period. In one of the two dogs evaluated throughout the period, the collecting system of the infected kidney remained dilated; in the other, it returned toward normal size.


Surgical repair of fractured capital femoral epiphysis in three foals.

Fracture of the capital femoral epiphysis occurred in three foals. One fracture was repaired by means of pinning under radiographic control and the two other fractures were repaired by means of trochanteric osteotomy.


Repair of incisional hernias in the horse.

Incisional abdominal hernias in three horses were repaired, using synthetic mesh with a fascial flap overlay. The repair of large ventral abdominal hernias of horses can be accomplished by using synthetic mesh that is sutured across the defect. This material can be placed subperitoneally, retroperitoneal but subfascial, retrofascial and subfascial, or retroperitoneal but subfascial with a fascial overlay. Advantages of using this material are that it can be used for repair of large hernias, it is easy to apply, it is strong and flexible, and it is less likely to be rejected, when compared with other synthetic materials.


Intoxication of dogs with the mycotoxin penitrem A.

Mycotoxicosis caused by ingestion of moldy cream cheese was suspected in two dogs with severe muscle tremors and generalized seizures. Penicillium crustosum and its toxin, penitrem A, were isolated from the moldy cream cheese.


Congenital elbow luxation in the dog.

Four cases of bilateral and two cases of unilateral congenital elbow luxation in the dog were reviewed. In all cases, lameness was severe, osseous abnormalities were marked, and the dislocations primarily involved the humeroulnar articulation. Treatment consisted of closed reduction and external support in one dog and surgical reduction and stabilization in four dogs. One dog died before surgery could  be performed. Treatment resulted in return of function to the affected limbs, even though osseous abnormalities and varying degrees of malarticulation persisted. Posttreatment observations, for as long as 4 years, demonstrated the persistence of near normal function of the limbs and minimal elbow deformity.


Effect of atropine on tear formation in anesthetized dogs.

Tear production (as determined by the Schirmer I tear test) in five dogs given atropine (0.02 mg/kg) subcutaneously and in five dogs given 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously was compared before and during halothane anesthesia. Fifteen minutes after the atropine injections, mean tear production was 15.0 +/- 2.9 mm/minute, as compared with 23.8 +/- 2.9 mm/minute before treatment rate. There was no change in tearing 15 minutes after injection of the saline solution. Tear production declined in both groups during anesthesia. Ten minutes after anesthetic induction, mean tear formation was 20% of pretreatment value in the atropinized dogs and 54% of the pretreatment value in the dogs given saline solution. At the end of 1 hour of anesthesia, tearing was essentially zero in both groups.


Ocular manifestations of the Chédiak-Higashi syndrome in four species of animals.

Ocular examinations were performed on cattle, cats, mink, and mice affected with Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Bovine eyes were examined grossly and with an indirect ophthalmoscope, and Schirmer tear tests were performed. Feline eyes were examined grossly as well as with an indirect opthalmoscope and a slit lamp biomicroscope, and Schirmer tear tests were done on them. Postrotatory nystagmus was induced and measured in clinically normal Siamese cats, in clinically normal Persian and domestic short-haired cats, and in cats with CHS. Mink and mouse eyes were examined grossly with focal illumination. The animals with CHS had photophobia, pale irises, and fundic hypopigmentation associated with red fundic light reflections. Cats with CHS also had cataracts. Spontaneous nystagmus was observed in four of nine cats with CHS, and the duration of induced nystagmus was longer in the cats with CHS and in Siamese cats than in clinically normal cats that were not Siamese. Tear secretion appeared to be normal in all species of animals with CHS. The ocular manifestations of CHS in these animals were compared with those reported in man and were found to be similar.


The origin of the neural macrophage: a quantitative ultrastructural study of cell population changes during Wallerian degeneration.

The changes that follow a localised crush injury to the rat sural nerve have been used to study endoneurial populations during Wallerian degeneration. The removal of products of degeneration, and in particular myelin debris, is accomplished by globule-laden cells which appear in the endoneurium during the first few days of repair. The origin of these cells has been investigated using a quantitative ultrastructural technique. Serial planimetric measurements of all populations, identifiable in terms of criteria that did not pre-judge their true nature, were made at intervals over a period of 15 days. Cell counts obtained immediately below the site of injury and 1 and 3 cm distally were compared, and graphs of endoneurial population changes constructed from these measurements. Additional descriptive evidence was invoked to assist in establishing the actual identity of the extratubal vacuolated cells which had been classified and measured empirically. Comparing the changes in the number of these cells with that of the intratubal vascuolated cell population, and taking account of the presence of immature macrophages in both proximal and distal situations, lead to the conclusion that the extratubal vacuolated cells are mostly derived from the bloodstream, the rest being of local intratubal origin. There was no evidence to support the notion that Schwann cells transform into macrophages.


The lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat, with a note on its dorsal extension into the cerebellum.

The lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat has been studied in Nissl preparations: It is similar, in shape and position, to its counterpart in cats and monkeys. A dorsal extension of the nucleus into the cerebellum has been described for the first time. Two types of neurons, large multipolar and small, have been demonstrated histologically, and their significance correlated with available neurophysiological information.


The ultrastructure of the sweat glands of the ox, sheep and goat during sweating and recovery.

The ultrastructure of the sweat glands of cattle, sheep and goats was studied before, during, and after, exposure of the animals to controlled warm environments. In cattle, sweating induced little ultrastructural change in the gland, although fluid-filled spaces appeared between the myo- and secretory epithelial layers. The mechanism appears to be one of fluid transport and exocytosis of secretory vesicles, which in this species seem to be derived from the Golgi apparatus and/or mitochondria. The glands of the sheep and goat also displayed signs of vesicle exocytosis and of fluid transport during sweating. The sweating 'fatigue' in these species was apparently due to failure of the secretory cells, some of which ruptured and were extruded into the lumen. The evidence during subsequent recovery indicates that neighbouring cells spread to make contact, encase remnants of atretic cells between them and the underlying myoepithelium, and engulf them. Sweat in these species appears to be formed (a) by secretion and (b) from cells which can no longer meet the demands of stimulation. The role in sweating of cell replacement, and of undifferentiated cells found between the myo- and secretory epithelia, is discussed.


Evidence for autonomic paraneurons in sympathetic ganglia of a shrew (Tupaia glis).

The morphological relationships between blood vessels and the small monoamine-storing cells have been studied in the superior sympathetic ganglia of Tupaia. Substantial clusters of these cells were found to be associated anatomically with vascular loops or glomeruli. Blood from these glomeruli enters the capillary bed that supplies principal ganglionic neurons. Thus the vascular path for catecholamine transportation is rather clearly defined in Tupaia, providing new morphological evidence for the existence of a portal system for conveying catecholamine from clusters of paraneurons to principal ganglionic neurons. On the basis of vesicle criteria, two populations of small, granule-containing cell were distinguished, and both were encountered in the same cluster. On the basis of fluorescence microscopy, the relatively small number (14.3%) of solitary SIF cells may be true interneurons because, although there has been no electron microscopic identification of efferent synapses, their processes are much longer than those of the paraneurons.


Calcaneocuboid joint and stability of the longitudinal arch of the foot at high and low gear push off.

The calcaneocuboid joint was studied in ligamentous specimens of ten human feet, and in skeletons of two gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), three orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and 25 human feet. The movement of the transverse tarsal joint was further studied in a living foot on a walk-way with a glass plate inserted, and with an underlying mirror. In man the joint is shaped as an asymmetrical sector of one end of an hour-glass shaped surface of revolution with its main axis oriented longitudinally in the foot. The calcaneocuboid joint becomes close packed by a pronation of the forefoot in relation to the hind foot because of a congruency between the joint surfaces obtained in this position and because the calcaneus overhangs the cuboid dorsally and stops the movement. At low gear push off the foot is inverted and the calcaneocuboid joint loose packed. The stresses are absorbed across the fibular, postaxial border of the foot. At high high gear push off there is a functional pronation of the forefoot with a stabilization of the transverse tarsal joint and a more effective tightening of the plantar aponeurosis. The foot becomes a rigid lever for propulsion. In contrast to the human condition, the anthropoid calcaneus has an anteromedial extension associated with symmetry of the calcaneocuboid joint. The calcaneus does not overhang the cuboid and there appears to be no close packed position. Correspondingly, the anthropoid foot has a mid-tarsal break at each push off in addition to the metatarsophalangeal break.


The origin of microglial cells.

The rat brain has been studied between 6 hours after birth and 100 days, using histochemical techniques for acid phosphatase and peroxidase, and silver impregnation for microglial cells. The results indicate that microglia come initially from acid phosphatase-positive cells of the meninges. These invade the nervous parenchyma and transform into ramified microglia. At 3 days of age similar cells are present on the outer surface of the large blood vessels, from which site they migrate into the nervous parenchyma. In 100 days old rats the acid phosphatase-positive cells are practically all pericytes. None of the microglial cells or their precursors give a positive reaction for peroxidase.


Metrial gland cells in deciduomata of pseudopregnancy.

Light and electron microscope studies were carried out on the metrial gland cells of deciduomata of pseudopregnancy in the rat. At the light microscope level these cells were characterised by a comparatively pale staining cytoplasm with numerous glycoprotein granules. Some also had extensive cytoplasmic deposits of glycogen. In electron micrographs the metrial gland cell cytoplasm as a whole was much less electron-dense than that of fibroblasts and decidual cells, but it contained densely stained pleomorphic granules. There were stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, oval or round profiles of fibroblasts and decidual cells, but it contained densely stained pleomorphic granules. There were stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, oval or round profiles of mitochondria, and an extensive Golgi network. The metrial gland cells were roughly spherical in appearance, with irregular surface projections. In all these features, and in the sequence of their appearance, first in the decidua basalis, and later in the mesometrial triangle, the granulated metrial gland cells of deciduomata resembled the metrial gland cells of pregnancy. In addition to granulated metrial gland cells, decidual cells and fibroblasts, a number of other cell types were identified. These cells could be placed in a series, with each member of the series minimally different in morphological appearances from its neighbours. It is proposed that the series represents the differentiation of granulated metrial gland cells, in situ, from lymphocyte-like cells. The differentiation from a lymphocyte precursor appears to follow a sequence in deciduomata formation similar to that previously described in pregnancy.


A semithin light microscopic, transmission electron microscopic and scanning electron microscopic study of macrophages in the lateral ventricle of mice from embryonic to adult life.

A developmental study of intraventricular macrophages was carried out from 11 days post-conception up to 90 days post-natum, using semithin sections, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In semithin sections and in the TEM three main morphological types (and some transitional forms) were identified and are described as circular, irregular and flattened, respectively. In the SEM three corresponding types were identified, a relatively smooth spherical type, a highly ruffled type and a fairly smooth flattened type. A fourth, multi-blebbed type, was occasionally seen in late prenatal and early postnatal mice. It seemed most likely that these cells were mitotic. The likely sequence of development is that the spherical or circular type is the most primitive, although capable of phagocytosis; and that this differentiates into the ruffled or irregular variety, which in turn differentiates into the flattened type, which is by far the most common type found after birth.


Morphometric observations on the kidney of the camel, Camelus dromedarius.

Morphometric analysis of the kidney of the camel was carried out on gross slices and histological sections using standard morphometric methods. The renal cortex occupied about 50% by volume of the kidney, and the ratio of the thickness of the medulla to that of the cortex was about 4:1. The relative thickness of the medulla was about 7.89. This parameter is an indicator of the lengths of the loops of Henle and vasa recta, and, according to the countercurrent theory, is consequently an indicator of the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. In each kidney the volume and surface area of the cortical tubules and the number of glomeruli were determined and compared with these parameters in some other mammals. In addition the architectures of the renal pelvis and medulla and their significance in relation to the excretion of hypertonic urine were discussed. It was concluded that the kidney of the camel possesses the anatomical requisites for the production of hypertonic urine.


Changes in the surface fine structure of rat third ventricular ependyma following chronic acetazolamide treatment.

Participation of non-choroidal elements, particularly of ventricular ependyma, in CSF production is well recognized. The present investigation is an attempt to elucidate possible surface changes in the ventricular lining following chronic acetazolamide administration in the rat. A progressive time-dependent change was observed in the ependyma of the third ventricle. In the dorsal ciliated zone the appearance of dilatations and surface evaginations on cilial shafts were the predominent features. The ventral non-cilated area was characterized by eruption of blebs and microvilli with apical swellings. The significance of these surface fine structural changes are discussed in the light of available studies. It appears that the ependyma is stimulated into increased activity. However, the precise nature of such a response--whether secretory or absorptive--must remain conjectural until correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopic data become available.


The distribution of nuclei in imprints of feline osteoclasts.

Fresh imprints of metaphyseal bone from the femurs of four kittens aged 18 weeks were stained by histochemical methods for succinate, malate, beta-hydroxy butyrate, and glutamate dehydrogenases. In these preparations the unstained nuclei contrasted sharply with the background stained cytoplasm, making possible accurate nucleus counts in intact osteoclasts. The nuclei in 1683 osteoclasts were counted and the data revealed an asymmetric distribution of cells having different numbers of nuclei. The method may be of value in determining the precise significance of osteoclast size in relation to function.


Afferent and efferent myelinated fibres in branches of the avian vagus.

The numbers of afferent and efferent myelinated fibres in the branches of the vagus nerve in the domestic fowl were studied. The vago-glossopharyngeal anastomosis contained large fibres (up to 14 micrometer), the majority of which were efferent. The right recurrent nerve contained more fibres than the left one; in the right recurrent nerve about one third of the myelinated fibres were afferent. Almost all the myelinated fibres in the right cranial cardiac nerve were afferent. About half of those in the pulmono-oesophageal nerve and in the thoracic vagus were afferent.


Quantitative studies of the regeneration of rat myelinated nerve fibres: variations in the number and size of regenerating fibres after repeated localized freezings.

The number and size of myelinated nerve fibres were determined in the nerve to the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscles of rats whose left sciatic nerve was repeatedly frozen (one to five times at three weekly intervals). The contralateral nerve was used as a control. Results varied according to the number of freezings performed and, for a given number of freezings, according to the period of regeneration. When measurements were completed 1 month after the last of several localized freezings, the number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibres increased regularly up to the third freezing, reaching to about 220% of the control value, but no higher values were recorded after four or five freezings. The nerve fibre distribution was unimodal in all the nerves studied. The mean diameter of all myelinated fibres decreased with the number of freezings from 50% of the control value after the first to 36% after the fifth. When measurements were made 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after the third and final freezing, the number of regenerating myelinated nerve fibres decreased by about 30% between the first and third month and then stabilized at 190% of the control value. Nerve fibre distribution became bimodal from the third month onwards, and the mean diameter of all myelinated fibres increased regularly. However, by the eighteenth month, the size of regenerated myelinated nerve fibres had only reached 70% of the normal contralateral value.


Basic stereological relationships for quantitative microscopical anatomy--a simple systematic approach.

There exists in the literature a core of formulations regarded as 'the basic stereological principles' for quantifying cell and tissue morphology. They may be used to obtain information relating component volume, surface area, length and number to a specified containing volume (the so-called component densities in a volume: VV, SV, MV and NV). However, principles may also be formulated for relating these component dimensions to a containing surface (SS, MS and NS), containing length (MM and NM) and a containing number (NN). Methods for estimating these previously neglected stereological relations are presented. Possible biological applications of the principles are also discussed.


Herbicidins F and G, two new nucleoside antibiotics.

A mutant of Streptomyces saganonensis No. 4075, obtained with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, produced herbicidins F and G without herbicidins A and B. Isolation of the antibiotics was performed by adsorption on resinous adsorbent followed by elution with aqueous MeOH. Herbicidin F was obtained as colorless needles after extraction of the eluate using methylene dichloride. Purification of herbicidin G was completed with silica-gel chromatography to give a crystalline powder. physico-chemical characterization revealed that herbicidins F and G were new nucleoside antibiotics having an adenine moiety in their structures. There was no inhibition activity at 100 micrograms/ml of herbicidins F and G against all of bacteria and yeast tested. Herbicidin F, as well as herbicidin G, are inhibitory activity against some of fungi such as Tricophyton rubrum (MIC; 6.25 micrograms/ml), T. asteroides (6.25 micrograms/ml), T. mentagrophytes (6.25 approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml), Botrytis cinerea (12.5 micrograms/ml), Blastomyces brasiliensis (12.5 approximately 25 micrograms/ml).


Fortimicins C, D and KE, new aminoglycoside antibiotics.

From the fermentation broth of Micromonospora olivoasterospora CS-26 that produced fortimicins A and B three new aminoglycoside antibiotics, fortimicins C, D and KE, were isolated. Fortimicins C and D exhibited potent, broad spectrum antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and negative bacteria, while fortimicin KE was only weakly active.


Conglobatin, a novel macrolide dilactone from Streptomyces conglobatus ATCC 31005.

Fermentation of deposited cultures of Streptomyces conglobatus, known to produce the polyether antibiotic, ionomycin has resulted in the isolation and characterization of a second metabolite, conglobatin (C28H38N2O6). X-Ray analysis revealed a dimeric macrolide dilactone structure for conglobatin, similar to the structures of the mold metabolites vermiculin and pyrenophorin, from which the absolute configuration of conglobatin has been inferred. The dimer consists of two molecules of 7-hydroxy-8-oxazoyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-2-octenoic acid joined by two ester linkages.


Deltamycins, new macrolide antibiotics. III. Chemical structures.

The structures of deltamycins A1,A2,A3 and A4 belonging to the basic macrolide family of antibiotics were determined mainly from their spectral properties. Deltamycin A4 was identified as carbomycin A having an isovaleryl group on the mycarose moiety of the molecule. Deltamycin A1,A2 and A3 possess similarities to the structure of deltamycin A4, but they have acetyl, propionyl and n-butyryl group, respectively, in the place of isovaleryl group of deltamycin A4. These structures were confirmed by chemical synthesis from deltamycin X (4''-O-deacyldeltamycin) and the corresponding acyl chlorides.


4-N-Aminoacylfortimicins E.

The conversion of fortimicin E, a minor metabolite from the Micromonospora olivoasterospora fermentation which also produces fortimicin A and fortimicin B, to four 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E was accomplished. The new 4-N-aminoacylfortimicins E showed only weak antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms.


New cephalosporins and 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporins. Chemistry and biological activities.

The synthesis and the in vitro activity of a number of cephalosporins and 7 alpha-methoxy cephalosporins having 7-acyl substituents derived from 1-methyl-4 (or 5)-nitro-1H-imidazolyl-thioacetic acids are described. The microbiological profile is influenced by the position of both the nitro group and the side-chain sulfur atom on the 1-methyl imidazole, and by the nature of the 3-substituent.


Rosamicin, a macrolide with in vitro activity against Ureaplasma urealyticum.

A new macrolide antibiotic, rosamicin, was shown to have much greater activity in vitro against ureaplasmas isolated from humans than erythromycin or the tetracyclines tested. A marked ureaplasmacidal effect was also shown.


Metabolic products of microorganisms. 184. On the mode of action of cladosporin.

Cladosporin, a fungal isocoumarin derivative, strongly inhibits the uptake and thereby the incorporation of uracil and leucine into cells of Bacillus brevis and the incorporation of uridine but not leucine into cells of the ascitic form of Ehrlich carcinoma (ECA) of mice. Normal uptake was not restored by removal of the antibiotic. In cells of Escherichia coli A 19-15 (met-) the inhibition of methionine uptake is associated with the cessation of growth. In a methionine-prototrophic revertant from this organism, the uptake of methionine is still inhibited; growth, however, is hardly affected by cladosporin. In vitro no effect on the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from E. coli and on the RNA polymerase II from wheat germ could be detected. The poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis was also not inhibited by cladosporin. It is concluded that cladosporin inhibits uptake processes which, for the case of essential nutrients, leads to loss of viability.


FI schedules and persistence at gambling in the U.K. betting office.

This study reports on the direct observations of customers in two U.K. betting offices gambling on horse and dog races. These observations revealed that bets were more frequently placed in the last minutes just prior to the start (the OFF), and that this was caused by high-frequency gamblers (customers who had eight or more bets in a session) consistently placing their bets in the last two minutes prior to the OFF. Low-frequency gamblers (three or fewer bets/session) avoided this time period placing their bets earlier, or after the OFF, i.e., on a later race. It was argued that the betting behavior of the "gamblers" could not be explained either in terms of "skillful betting" or solely in terms of variable ratio schedules but was more adequately accounted for in terms of an interval schedule. It was further suggested that time-based schedules might be of heuristic value in generally understanding persistence at gambling while losing.


Operant control of pathological tongue thrust in spastic cerebral palsy.

Pathological tongue thrust (reverse swallowing) has been associated with neuromuscular disorders and linked to dental malocclusion, articulation problems, difficulty in eating, and excessive drooling. In this study, observable tongue thrust in a 10-year-old retarded male was modified during mealtime using a procedure consisting of differential reinforcement (presentation of food contingent upon tongue in) and punishment (gently pushing the tongue back into the mouth with a spoon). Results of a reversal design showed substantial decreases in tongue thrust and food expulsion, and a large increase in observed chewing. These data compared favorably with data obtained for other retarded persons not judged to be tongue thrusters; in addition, the objective results of the treatment program were substantiated via pre-post evaluations done by occupational and physical therapists. These findings suggest that operant techniques may be an effective means of treating tongue thrust and its associated problems, and that further development and evaluation of behavioral interventions may provide a desirable alternative to more intrusive surgical or mechanical procedures.


Behavioral treatment of caffeinism: reducing excessive coffee drinking.

Excessive coffee drinking can have deleterious effects because of the large amounts of caffeine that are ingested. Caffeine is thought to be addicting, and prolonged and excessive use can lead to caffeinism, a condition that has serious behavioral and physiological side effects. The present study developed and evaluated a treatment program to reduce excessive daily coffee drinking to moderate and presumably safer levels. Three habitual coffee drinkers received individualized changing criterion programs that systematically and gradually reduced their daily caffeine intake. The coffee drinkers were required to self-monitor and plot their daily intake of caffeine. They received monetary prizes for not exceeding the treatment phase criteria and forfeited a portion of their pretreatment deposit when they did. Their coffee drinking decreased from almost nine cups per day (over 1100 mg of caffeine) during baseline to less than three cups per day (less than 343 mg) at the end of treatment or a reduction of 69%. The treatment effect was maintained during a 10-month follow-up, averaging a 67% reduction from baseline. The program appears to be a reasonable method of reducing and then maintaining daily caffeine intake at less harmful levels.


The effects of feedback on blood pressure discrimination.

Discrimination of blood pressure in the natural environment as a function of feedback was assessed. Seventeen normotensives screened for blood pressure lability were randomly assigned to two groups. These subjects were then asked to estimate their systolic and diastolic blood pressure values two times per day over a 4-week period. Feedback for accuracy of blood pressure discriminations was implemented across the two groups in a multiple baseline fashion, using a feedback withdrawal condition in Group I to assess maintenance effects over time. Results showed improvement in discrimination accuracy for subjects in both groups when feedback was used, and no decrement in performance over a 2-week period after feedback was removed for subjects in Group I. Discrimination of systolic pressures improved at a slightly faster rate than discrimination of diastolic pressures.


The effects of sequential pictorial cues, self-recording, and praise on the job task sequencing of retarded adults.

The present study investigated the effects of a self-recording procedure using sequentially organized picture cues on independent task changes of four mentally retarded adults. Independent task changes were identified as the beginning of new tasks without directives or instruction. In addition to investigating treatment effects, the long-term maintenance of the task-change behavior was measured. During self-recording and picture-cue training, the subjects completed an increased proportion of independent task changes, and this behavior was maintained for more than 10 wk following removal of the training procedures. Self-recording using picture cues was shown to be an effective procedure for teaching mentally retarded adults to function more independently in a job setting.


Use of a self-recording and supervision program to change institutional staff behavior.

The use of a self-recording and supervision program to increase interactions between direct care staff and profoundly retarded persons in a state residential facility was investigated. Following baseline, staff were provided with instructions regarding what to self-record, criteria for how many interactions to record, and a prepared card on which to make the recordings. Throughout the study, the staff supervisor monitored intermittently staff-client interactions. Observations indicated that when the staff recorded their interactions with clients in a loosely structured dayroom setting, the rate of interactions increased noticeably for each staff person. Behavioral ecology measures indicated that other staff responsibilities, such as maintaining the cleanliness of residents and the physical area, were not affected detrimentally when social interactions increased and actually showed small improvements. Additionally, small decreases in resident self-stimulatory and disruptive/aggressive behaviors occurred when the rate of social interactions from staff persons increased. Follow-up measures indicated that the rate of staff self-recording was variable, but when staff did self-record, the increased rate of staff-client interactions maintained.


Satiation therapy: a procedure for reducing deviant sexual arousal.

Two single-case experiments demonstrated the efficacy of satiation therapy with adult males who had long-standing deviant sexual interests. The procedure involves the pairing of prolonged masturbation (1 hour) with the verbalization by the patient of his deviant sexual fantasies and in both cases the designs permitted the attribution of control over aberrant responding to the satiation therapy. The results are discussed in terms of the possible active ingredients of the procedure.


Overjustification effects in token economies.

This study tested the relevance to clinical token economies of the overjustification hypothesis that tangible reward interferes with intrinsic interest in target behaviors and causes such behaviors to be less probable following a period of reinforcement than preceding such a period. The study was carried out in an ongoing token economy for chronic psychiatric patients. Alternated over an 8-week period were weeks of token and no-token reward for one of the program's target behaviors, toothbrushing. Two different amounts of token reward were employed in order to examine whether reward magnitude might influence the presence or extent of overjustification effects. Little evidence was found for the presence of overjustification effects in token economies. However, maintenance of toothbrushing was greater in no-token weeks following weeks of low amounts of token reward than in no-token weeks following weeks of higher amounts of reward. The importance of such complex functional relationships is discussed.


Time delay: a technique to increase language use and facilitate generalization in retarded children.

Institutional breakfast-serving procedures were manipulated to assess what effect changes in that aspect of the environment would have on requests for food. During baseline, six severely retarded children were required to pick up their food trays and return to their seats. The first manipulation, delaying the giving of the food tray for 15 seconds, served as a cue to evoke meal requests by three of the six children. Two of the remaining three required a model of an appropriate meal request (i.e., "Tray, please.") at the end of the 15-second delay before they began requesting their meals. To evoke meal requests from the sixth child, an intensive training procedure, consisting of massed trials of delay and modeling, was required. Three different probes were administered to assess generalization across the people serving the meals, across mealtimes, and across both people and mealtimes.  Typically, generalized responding in these new situations could be prompted by use of the 15-second delay procedure. Functional aspects of the delay procedure and its potential usefulness for evoking speech and facilitating generalization are discussed.


Instructions, feedback, and reinforcement in reducing activity levels in the classroom.

The biomotometer, an electronic device which simultaneously measures motor activity and provides auditory feedback, was used in combination with material reinforcers in an experiment to reduce children's activity level in a classroom setting. Subjects were nine boys and two girls, aged 9--13, from a day hospital program for emotionally disturbed children. After five baseline trials, each child had five contingent reinforcement trials in which he/she received feedback "beeps" from the biomotometer and was given toy or candy rewards after each trial in which activity fell at least 20% below mean baseline level. Then five noncontingent reinforcement trials were run in which children received rewards for wearing the apparatus without the feedback attachment. Results indicated that the intervention "package," including instructions, feedback, and contingent reinforcement, was successful in all five trials for 8 of 11 children. Activity levels increased during the final noncontingent phase.


Self-control training in the classroom: a review and critique.

Self-control training in classroom settings is becoming widespread. Establishing effective self- rather than externally controlled behavior modification programs in schools would enable children to control their own academic and social behavior, while enabling teachers to devote more time to teaching. The following components of self-control are reviewed in the present article: self-recording, self-evaluation, self-determination of contingencies, and self-instruction. Self-control strategies designed for the maintenance of appropriate classroom behavior, and issues associated with self-control training, such as the reliability of self-observation, response maintenance, generalization, and the role of external control, are examined. Finally, suggestions for maximizing the potential effectiveness of self-control training in the classroom (e.g., teaching self-observational procedures, teaching students to provide themselves with instructions and praise), as well as future areas for experimental investigation (e.g., social changes that may be associated with self-control procedures), are presented.


Proteins of small subunits of rat liver ribosomes that interact with poly(U). II. Cross-links between poly(U) and ribosomal proteins in 40 S subunits induced by UV irradiation.

(1) When rat liver 40 S ribosomal proteins in 6 M urea were were mixed with poly(U) at an appropriate ratio, a precipitate was formed which was also insoluble in the sample solution for two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analyses by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that S7 and S10 proteins (according to our numbering system) had disappeared selectively from the fraction soluble in 6 M urea. These two proteins were present in the fraction insoluble in 6 M urea, and became soluble in the sample solution after treating it with RNase. The results suggest that S7 and S10 proteins have strong affinities for poly(U). When rat liver 40 S subunits were incubated with poly(U), similar results were obtained. (2) After incubation of 40 S subunits with [3H]poly(U) and then with unlabeled poly(U), UV irradiation cross-linked poly(U) to the protein moiety of the 40 S subunit. When the protein fraction insoluble in the sample solution for two-dimensional electrophoresis was prepared from 40 S subunits cross-linked to poly(U) and then subjected to two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis after RNase treatment, S7 and S10 proteins were detected on the gel. In addition to the S7 protein spot, a triangular area spreading from the spot to the origin contained radioactivity. The results suggest that poly(U) is cross-linked to S7 protein and oligo(U) fragments bound to S7 protein affect its electrophoretic mobility. (3) Ribosomal proteins were prepared from 40 S subunits cross-linked to carrier-free [3H]poly(U) and analyzed by three-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Terao, K. & Ogata, K. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 402, 214--229) after RNase treatment. It was found that S7, S6, and S15 proteins are cross-linked to poly(U). From the results of the present and preceding experiments it is concluded that S7 is the poly(U)-binding protein. The possibility that other proteins in 40 S ribosomal subunits interact with poly(U) is discussed.


High-speed gel filtration of polypeptides in sodium dodecyl sulfate.

The separation of polypeptides treated with SDS was studied using G3000SW packing prepared from silica for high-speed gel filtration. The peaks of ovalbumin, chymotrypsinogen A, cytochrome c, aprotinin, and insulin B chain were completely separated in the presence of 0.1% SDS and 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). A plot of the logarithm of molecular weight of polypeptides versus Kd was linear over a molecular weight range of 3,000 to 50,000 at the above concentrations of SDS and sodium phosphate. The slopes of the plots of log molecular weight versus Kd depend to a significant extent on the concentration of the sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0).


Occurrence of hematoside with two moles of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in a certain breed of Persian cat.

The glycolipids of erythrocytes from individual cats were examined. The main glycolipid of cat erythrocytes was generally NeuGc-NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GD3), but among 41 cats of 5 breeds and 2 mongrels examined, 2 Persian cats were found to have NeuAc-NeuAc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuAc-GD3). This is the first report of the occurrence of NeuAc-GD3 in cat erythrocyte membranes.


A study of heat of formation of acetyl-alpha-chymotrypsin intermediate by stopped flow calorimetry.

The catalytic hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate by alpha-chymotrypsin was studied by stopped-flow calorimetry and spectrophotometry at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C. The initial burst and subsequent steady state of the reaction were observed by rapid calorimetry and spectrophotometry. Based on the three-step mechanism established for the enzymatic reaction, E + S in equilibrium ES leads to acetyl-E + P1 (p-nitrophenol) leads to E + P1 + acetic acid, the enthalpy change of formation of the acetyl enzyme from ES complex was estimated to be -29 kJ . mol-1.


Studies on the glycosphingolipids of the starfish, Asterina pectinifera. III. Isolation and structural studies of two novel gangliosides containing internal sialic acid residues.

Two gangliosides, provisionally named Gangliosides 1 and 2 in previous studies, were isolated from starfish, Asterina pectinifera by silicic acid, DEAE-Sephadex, and Iatrobeads column chromatography procedures, and preparative thin-layer chromatography, and their structures were established. On the basis of the results of partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and oxidation with chromium trioxide, Gangliosides 1 and 2 were proposed to be Ara p beta(1 leads to 6)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)8-O-MeNeuGc(2 leads to 3)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)Glc p beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide and Ara p beta(1 leads to 6)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)NeuGc(2 leads to 3)Gal p beta(1 leads to 4)Glc p beta(1 leads to 1)-ceramide, respectively. The ceramide moieties of both gangliosides had similar phytosphingosine and 2-hydroxy fatty acid compositions, and both gangliosides were structurally related to the previously described Ganglioside 3.


Thermodynamic analysis of the nonspecific interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with swollen Bio-Gel beads.

In frontal gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at the concentrations below its critical micelle concentration (cmc) showed anomalously high partition coefficients (Kav obs) indicative of strong interactions with the swollen gel phase; further, Kav obs was found to increase with concentration and temperature. This preferential partition of SDS in the Bio-Gel phase was analyzed in terms of the transfer free energy of SDS from the mobile phase (0.1 M NaCl) to the swollen Bio-Gel phase. The results showed that the overall transfer process is primarily governed by hydrophobic free energy arising from the anomalous nature of hydrated water in the gel matrix; that is, in highly hydrated water "iceberg" formation is evidently limited and the hydrophobic free energy is accordingly lowered, resulting in the preferential partition of SDS in the swollen Bio-Gel phase. The increase in the negativity of transfer free energy with concentration, though relatively small, indicated a definite tendency for the formation of SDS clusters in the gel phase. Finally, a model illustrating the states of SDS molecules in the gel matrix is presented, which may also be pertinent to SDS-protein and SDS-amylose complexes.


Consecutive analysis of sphingoglycolipids on the basis of sugar and ceramide moieties by high performance liquid chromatography.

A quantitative consecutive method was developed for analysis of sphingoglycolipids in biological materials by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Crude lipid extracts were separated into neutral and acidic fractions on a DEAE-Sephadex column. Glycolipid fractions were obtained by acetylation and Florisil column chromatography, and the acetylated glycolipids were N-p-nitrobenzoylated by treatment with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride in pyridine at 60 degrees C for 6 h. Excess reagent and by-products were removed by solvent partition and gel filtration. The glycolipid derivatives were analyzed by their absorption at 254 nm on Zorbax SIL, a silica gel column, with a gradient of 0.5--7% isopropanol in hexane-chloroform (2 : 1, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detector response was linear with up to 60 nmol of injected glycolipids. The practical lower limit of detection was about 50 pmol. The derivatives were separated on the basis of their sugar chains. Effluents corresponding to each peak were collected and analyzed further on the basis of their lipid portion on mu-Bondapak C18, a reversed phase column. This combined procedure was applied to the analysis of erythrocyte glycolipids. Samples containing as little as 20 micrograms of glycolipids could be analyzed by this method.


Divalent cation binding properties of slow skeletal muscle troponin in comparison with those of cardiac and fast skeletal muscle troponins.

1. New methods of preparing troponins from slow skeletal and cardiac muscle of the chicken have been developed. The electrophoretic mobilities of slow skeletal muscle troponin subunits were different from those of the corresponding fast skeletal muscle subunits. 2. A new method for determining the amount of divalent cations bound to troponin was developed. The principle of the method is to immobilize troponin by conjugating it with Sepharose 4B resin, thus making it readily sedimentable. 3. The numbers of Sr and Ca ions bound to slow muscle troponin at concentrations sufficient to produce maximum contraction were 1.73 and 1.36 mol per mol, respectively, being nearly equal to those of cardiac troponin but half of those of fast muscle troponin. 4. The concentrations of Sr and Ca ions giving half-maximal ion binding to slow muscle troponin (K50%) were 5.5 X 10(-6) M and 4.6 X 10(-7) M, respectively. 5. K50% for Sr of cardiac troponin was significantly higher than that of slow muscle troponin. Although K50% for Sr of cardiac troponin was the same as that of fast muscle troponin, cardiac troponin bound more Sr ions than fast muscle troponin at lower Sr ion concentrations. The mechanism underlying the high sensitivity of cardiac muscle contraction to Sr ions is discussed in comparison with that of slow muscle.


A simple method for measuring phosphatidylcholine as its hydrophobic complex with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate.

A sensitive colorimetric method for quantitative determination of phosphatidylcholine is described. The procedure is very simple, not involving lipid extraction or acid digestion, and can be used for direct estimation of phosphatidylcholine in blood plasma. The method depends on the formation of a stable hydrophobic complex of phosphatidylcholine with tetrathiocyanatocobaltate. Similar complexes are formed by other species of diacylglycerophosphoryl esters, but the absorbance coefficients of these complexes are only 10 to 20% of that of the phosphatidylcholine complex. Phospholipids without unsaturated fatty acids, such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, do not form hydrophobic complexes. Lysophosphatidylcholine and sphingolipids also do not form similar complexes.


Trituration and creep.

Creep values of amalgam have been thought to be typical and nearly equal to their order of magnitude, depending on composition and particle shape. Recently it has been shown that trituration time may cause changes in creep magnitudes. The type of mixer and its frequency have contributed additional variabilities. These variations could not be related consistently to changes in creep values. Increases in condensation pressure did contribute to more predictable and constant values found with different mixing times.


Removal of gamma-II phase in amalgam.

To examine the quantitative change in the gamma 2 phase, specimens of three conventional, four dispersed-phase and two ternary amalgams were prepared. A higher energy amalgamator caused more gamma 2 phase to be formed in conventional amalgam and less in the dispersed-phase material. With storage at 37 degrees C this gamma 2 phase decreased quantitatively in dispersed-phase amalgams over one week but not in conventional amalgams. The selective etch system of gamma 2 did not disclose this phase in the ternary amalgams.


A method for the measurement of dimensional change of dental amalgam.

A dimensional change occurs during the setting of a dental amalgam. A measurement circuit, which makes it possible to register these changes, is introduced. To this purpose strain gages were used. The registration instrument is tested by comparing different dental amalgam products.


Blood-surface interactions: Fourier transform infrared studies of protein surface adsorption from flowing blood plasma and serum.

The adsorption of blood proteins onto various surfaces in contact with flowing blood plasma or serum has been investigated using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with attenuated total reflection (ATR). Comparison of adsorption from a static versus a flowing blood plasma system indicated that a greater amount of protein was adsorbed when the static system was employed, but desorption was observed with the static system and not in the flowing system. When plasma and serum were compared in terms of amount and type of protein adsorbed, little difference was noted in either kinetics of adsorption or stability of the adosrbed layers. Variations in the ratios of infrared adsorption bands (from either plasma or serum) indicate that changes occur during the adsorption process in the protein layers. A comparison of poly(vinyl chloride) to germanium as the protein adsorbing surface in the static system showed differences in terms of the composition of the adsorbed layers.


A resonance frequency technique to determine elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite.

A resonance frequency technique was applied to determine the elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite. A Free-Free Vibration Transducer was designed to determine elastic modulus in a longitudinal direction. A Fixed-Free Vibration Transducer was also designed to study elastic modulus of materials were specimens longer than 3 cm in length were not available. Six lots of hydroxyapatite were prepared utilizing the same process. The elastic modulus of hydroxyapatite varied between 3.94 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) and 6.30 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) in a longitudinal direction. For the same six lots, it varied between 1.95 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) and 3.20 x 10(10) (dyn/cm2) in a cross direction. The elastic modulus values of cortical bone from dog tibias, fibulas, and femurs were also determined.


Contact pressure dependence of wear rates of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene.

Wear rates of orthopaedic polyethylene in 37 degrees C water are not very contact stress dependent below 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) but above that level they accelerate substantially. The pressure dependence overall follows an exponential function. Creep in the contact pressure range of 3--17 MPa and above is a much larger factor than wear in indentation effects. For accurate measurement of wear rates by depth measurements it is necessary to permit creep to proceed under static load until it ceases before beginning the wear test.


Evaluation of sunlight stability of polyurethane elastomers for maxillofacial use. II.

The effect of selected UV stabilizers on the stability of mechanical properties of a polyurethane material, Calthane ND2300, was evaluated. The addition of UV stabilizers prolonged the service life of the systems studied but did not achieve completely satisfactory results. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decreased after extended exposure to UV. The rate of decrease, however, was much less for the specimens with UV stabilizers. The polyurethane system that contains a mixture of a UV stabilizer and an antioxidant is considered to be the best of the groups tested, in terms of the percentage of retention of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. It was also found that elongation at break was increased when the duration of UV aging was increased. This phenomenon occurred in all the systems, with or without UV stabilizers, and can be understood in terms of the concepts of the fragmentation of macromolecules that resulted from UV aging. The physical appearance in conjunction with mechanical property tests are needed to ensure the successful performance of any UV stabilizer.


Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine. An analysis of three hundred hospitalized patients and review of the literature.

Of 300 patients who were hospitalized for acute cervical injuries, 216 lived, fifty-one died within four months of injury, and thirty-three were lost to follow-up. The important findings in a retrospective review were that laminectomy resulted in a high mortality rate and loss of motor function and that steroids did not improve neural recovery in quadriplegics and their use was associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Closed or open reduction followed by posterior fusion for subluxations or dislocations, and anterior decompression and fusion for vertebral compression fractures, offered the best chance for recovery of neural function and restoration of stability. Massive epidural hemorrhage was found only in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.


Reconstructive surgery in the adult for failed scoliosis fusion.

Fifty-nine adult patients were examined who had undergone previous spine surgery for scoliosis but in whom pain (78 per cent), loss of correction (68 per cent), or dyspnea (36 per cent) subsequently developed. Twenty-six patients had idiopathic scoliosis, twenty-five had paralytic scoliosis secondary to poliomyelitis, and eight had scoliosis secondary to miscellaneous etiologies. A one-stage reconstructive procedure was performed in sixteen patients and a two-stage procedure, in forty-three patients. The two-stage procedure consisted of exposure of the spine and multiple osteotomies, followed by two weeks of halofemoral traction to obtain correction. The spine fusion was then extended, using Harrington instrumentation to maintain correction. At an average follow-up of 3.3 years there was reduction of pain in 67 per cent of the patients and a solid fusion in all but two. The complication rate was high (71 per cent), the most important complications being pseudarthrosis, wound infection, urinary tract infections, loss of lumbar lordosis, and pressure sores. The mortality rate was 3.4 per cent. No patient became paraplegic at the initial surgical procedure and early recognition and treatment of pseudarthrosis will reduce the number of patients requiring this salvage operation.


Total hip replacement following failed femoral hemiarthroplasty.

Total hip-replacement arthroplasty performed for failed femoral hemiarthroplasty achieved results that were as good as those of the same operation done for other conditions. In forty-one patients who underwent such a procedure and who were followed for an average of three years, there was marked improvement in pain rating and range of motion. However, there were more cases of progressive loosening of the prosthesis than occur ordinarily, and three revisions had to be done. Fixation of the femoral component with cement was complicated by the presence of the fibrous membrane and bone deficiency preoperatively.


Ender nailing in fractures of the diaphysis of the femur.

Sixteen fractures of the diaphysis of the femur were nailed according to the Ender technique. Fifteen of these were of types for which Küntscher nailing was contraindicated. In five of the injuries a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft was present, associated with a fracture of the proximal end of the femur. Most of the nailings were done closed. The time of surgery was short and the blood loss, small. All of the fractures healed and no major postoperative problems were noted.


Knee ligament injuries in children.

Nine children who were less than fourteen years old and had open physes and ligament injuries of the knee were studied. Despite an initial thorough physical and roentgenographic evaluation, the full extent of the lesion was determined only at operation in seven of the nine patients. The intercondylar eminence of the tibia was avulsed in five patients, four of whom had associated collateral ligament injuries and a positive anterior drawer sign. Despite surgical repair, all nine patients demonstrated some degree of postoperative ligament instability. This was increased in those patients in whom menisectomy had been performed concomitantly with ligament repair. Although none of the children were symptomatic at the time of writing, development of degenerative arthritis in the future must be considered. Ligament injury must be considered in the differential diagnosis of the child suffering from knee trauma. The association of avulsion of the tibial spine and collateral ligament injury is emphasized.


Bone-mineral content, surface hardness, and mechanical fixation in the human radius. A correlative study.

The bone-mineral content of seventeen intact forearms from eleven cadavera was determined by the non-invasive photon-absorptiometric scanning technique (Norland-Cameron Bone-Mineral Analyzer). Each radius was then removed and three surgical screws were implanted. The forces required to push out the screws retrograde were used to represent the security of mechanical fixation and were correlated with bone-surface hardness and bone-mineral content. A high degree of correlation (r = 0.89 or more) was found between bone-mineral content and the force required for extraction. A much lower correlation existed between surface hardness and extraction force (r = 0.30). We concluded that surface hardness does not correlate well with the screw-holding capacity of bone but that bone-mineral content, as determined by a non-invasive means, does so within a 10 per cent error. This study demonstrates a high degree of positive correlation between bone density and the security of screw fixation in the human radius. Measuring bone density using a highly accurate, non-invasive, safe technique has clinical relevance in preoperative assessment of osteopathic patients who are being considered for internal fixation of the radius with plates and screws.


Microvasculature of the cruciate ligaments and its response to injury. An experimental study in dogs.

The normal vascular anatomy of the cruciate ligaments was investigated in eight dogs by microangiography, histology, and tissue-clearing (Spalteholz) techniques. The vessels were found to originate predominantly from the soft tissues (infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane) of the joint. The vascular response to partial surgical transection of the anteromedial mid-portion of the anterior cruciate ligament was evaluated in twelve dogs. This response, which was vigorous and extensive, appeared to arise from the soft tissues. Resection of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial membrane at the time of injury tended to decrease this response. Spontaneous healing of the defect had not occurred in either group by eight weeks. The predominant soft-tissue, as opposed to osseous, origin of the blood supply to the cruciate ligaments may be an important consideration in the repair of these structures. The preservation and utilization of the infrapatellar fat pad and synovial envelope may optimize the vascular response and healing of the ligament.


Traumatic winging of the scapula.

Fourteen patients with traumatic winging of the scapula were reviewed, all of whom had had injuries producing sudden depression of the shoulder girdle from either a direct blow to the top of the shoulder or downward traction on the arm. The diagnosis was commonly missed for a considerable interval. Seven patients recovered spontaneously within six months of injury. Three of the other seven patients were treated by reattachment of the insertion of the sternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle via a fascia lata graft to the lower pole of the scapula. In one of these patients a reoperation was needed, but all three ultimately recovered satisfactory function of the shoulder. Anatomical studies suggested that the injury results from compression of the long thoracic nerve against the second rib and not from entrapment of the nerve by the scalenus medius muscle.


The Roger Anderson device in the treatment of fractures of the distal end of the radius.

One of the more common as well as difficult fractures to manage is the extension compression fracture of the distal end of the radius. In the physiologically younger patient we believe that every effort should be made to preserve the integrity of the radiocarpal joint and maintain motion of the hand. We have used the technique described by Anderson and O'Neil to treat comminuted, displaced fractures of the distal end of the radius in twenty-five patients from April 1972 through April 1978. Twenty-one of these patients were available for follow-up examination at an average of nineteen months (range, six to forty months) following injury. There were sixteen satisfactory and five unsatisfactory functional results, and three complications. This form of external fixation should be avoided in the older, obese, and osteoporotic patient as well as in the unreliable and uncooperative patient. If these guidelines are followed, we believe that the Roger Anderson device provides satisfactory immobilization and functional results in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius in the physiologically younger patient, who may be expected to place heavy demands on the wrist.


Quantitation of fat in liver by xenon uptake.

Xenon uptake in fatty livers of seven patients has been quantitatively measured, and correlated with the amount of fat in the hepatic cells. Quantitation of the Xenon uptake correctly predicted the amount of fat seen histologically in six of the seven patients studied. In the seventh patient, analysis of the wash-in and wash-out curves showed that equilibrium conditions had not been reached. It is concluded that the establishment of equilibrium conditions is a prerequisite to the use of this test in a quantitative fashion.


Native children's lung.

A high proportion of Cree and other North American Indian children have a chronic cough and many have bronchial wall thickening on radiographs, reminiscent of white children with asthma, mild cystic fibrosis, or immune deficiency. When compared to postmortem studies, radiographs underestimate the degree of bronchial wall thickening present. As compared to white children, Indian children in the first two years of life are more susceptible to recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia, are much more likely to develop pneumonia with rubeola and pertussis, and are more likely to develop chronic lung disease after adenovirus infections. Staphylococcal complications with pneumatocele formation are more common. A greater number acquire pneumonia while in hospital with other medical or surgical problems. Indian children with pneumonia recover more slowly, and some continue to deteriorate even after admission to hospital.


Ewing's sarcoma in adults.

Twenty-two adult patients, aged 18 and over, with Ewing's sarcoma of bone, were evaluated clinically and radiographically.  They had clinical findings similar to younger patients with Ewing's sarcoma, except that they presented with fewer systemic symptoms. The radiographic characteristics included a preponderance of flat bone involvement (54%) over long bone involvement (36%). A soft-tissue mass was detected in only 55% of the cases. CT scans, when used, proved to be helpful in delineating a soft-tissue mass associated with the bony lesion, and in follow-up after therapy.


Angiographic diagnosis of aorto-inferior vena caval fistula.

Two cases of spontaneous aorto-caval fistula are reported. In the first, following laparotomy for an erroneous diagnosis of acute appendicitis, retrograde aortography was conclusive. In the second case, an attempted renal angiogram for acute renal failure and hematuria failed but a flush aortic injection showed the fistula.


Radiologic staging of granulomatous enteritis.

A staging of granulomatous enteritis (Crohn's disease) based only on roentgen findings is proposed. This would provide a common base to the analysis of different groups of patients and to the evaluation of management results. Twenty of the most relevant signs have been selected and divided into four stages, each referring to an increasing involvement of the bowel. Every case of disease should be classified in the stage to which its more advanced sign belongs.


Percutaneous localization of breast lesions: experience with the Frank Breast Biopsy Guide.

The advantages of a wire localization guide for nonpalpable breast lesions have been demonstrated in 16 patients. The hooked end will not move after placement when the external end is anchored by a strong clamp. The malleable wire permits post-insertion compression mammograms to be performed. With the wire left in situ, orientation of the biopsy specimen with post-localization mammograms can guide the surgeon if further resection is necessary.


Cryptic cause of renal malrotation.

An intravenous urogram in a child with left adrenal neuroblastoma and bone metastases deomonstrated malrotation of the left kidney but no visible mass. A bone scan showed uptake of 99mTc by the tumor which suggested the diagnosis, confirmed by an abdominal echogram.


Lymphomatous masses simulating cysts by ultrasonography.

Ultrasonography has proven to be extremely useful in the evaluation of lymphomatous masses within the abdomen and pelvis. However, these masses can at times appear extremely anechoic, exhibiting many features of fluid-filled or cystic masses.


Radiolographic exhibits in gross anatomy.

The discipline radiology is well suited to teach anatomy to first-year medial students. A series of exhibits of radiographic anatomy in the dissection laboratory, in conjuction with small group teaching sessions, serves this purpose well. Such displays are readily constructed from materials available in most radiology departments and are easily reproduced.


Giant lymph node hyperplasia of the posterior mediastinum.

Giant lymph node hyperplasia is a rare cause of a mediastinal mass. When it occurs in the posterior mediastinum, it has no characteristic features. It simulates a neurogenic tumor, from which it may be indistinguishable, even angiographically.


Cerebral aterial ectasia on computed tomography.

With computed tomography, dilated tortuous carotid and/or basilar arteries appear as tubular, fusiform or ring-shaped densities on the non-enhanced scan, or they may only be apparent after iodine injection. They can be differentiated by their shape and anatomic location. They may be multiple and are mostly seen in patients with a long history of atherosclerosis and hypertension.


Giant ureteral calculi.

Giant ureteral calculi are defined as weighing at least 50 g or measuring more than 5 cm in greatest diameter. Two patients with this rare entity are described.


Improving results in combined aortic and mitral valve replacement using cold potassium cardioplegia.

Our entire experience (33 patients) of combined aortic and mitral valve replacement was reviewed. In 20 patients, coronary perfusion with moderate hypothermia (28-32 degrees C) was used with 7 operative deaths (35% mortality). Catecholamines were used in 14 patients (70%). Potassium cardioplegia was used in 13 patients with no mortality (P less than 0.02) and use of catecholamines in only 4 (P less than 0.05). These data suggest that potassium cardioplegia is the method of preference for myocardial preservation for combined aortic and mitral valve replacement.


Management of tricuspid valve insufficiency. Replacement with Hancock bioprosthesis or suture annuloplasty.

Forty-seven patients who underwent tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) or tricuspid annuloplasty (TA) combined with aortic (AVR) or mitral valve replacement (MVR) at Henry Ford Hospital, from 1971 to 1977 are reviewed. Thirty-three patients underwent TVR with a Hancock valve combined with MVR or AVR; hospital mortality was 30% (10 to 33) and was higher at the beginning of the series when smaller valves were used. No valve dysfunction has been seen with mean follow-up time of 36.7 months, ranging from 4 to 60 months. Good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. Fourteen patients underwent TA; hospital mortality was 21% (3 of 14) with one late mortality (9%); good functional improvement was accomplished in all patients. However, one patient presented 11 months following surgery with tricuspid insufficiency after a period of improvement. For patients with severely deformed valves a large size Hancock valve is recommended. For insufficiency alone tricuspid annuloplasty is recommended.


Surgical management of carotid artery aneurysm with ball valve thrombus.

Operative repair of extracranial carotid artery aneurysms has been infrequently reported. A unique case is presented in which an aneurysm of the cervical internal carotid artery contained a ball valve thrombus. The patient experienced transient ischemic attacks whenever a position was assumed which permitted occlusion of the internal carotid artery by the free floating thrombus. The aneurysm and thrombus were successfully resected and primary anastomosis of the internal carotid artery carried out to the common carotid artery. The patient has remained free of cerebrovascular ischemic symptoms for 18 months following operative repair. The previously reported surgical experience with extracranial carotid artery aneurysms is reviewed.


Partial repair followed by total correction in congenital heart anomalies.

A two stage corrective operative approach is required for a variety of complex heart anomalies. Different anomalies require different approaches in the various age groups. The technique, results, and complications of elective primary partial repair followed by full correction are described.


Associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery. (Report of a successful operated case).

A successful operated case of associated aneurysms of celiac axis, infrarenal aorta and right common iliac artery is reported. The hepatic artery was reanastomosed with the splanchnic artery after aneurysmectomy; the other two aneurysms were treated with resection and aorto-iliac by-pass. The unfrequent association of this type of arterial lesions is stressed. A brief world's literature review is also reported.


Combined severe vascular and skeletal trauma. Management and results.

The viability and final functional ability of a limb following a vascular trauma will depend upon many factors, among these are the associated injuries. Thirty three patients suffering from combined vascular and skeletal injuries are presented. The presence of associated fractures weighed heavily upon the prognosis in these patients. Thus, twelve patients, or 36.3%, underwent limb amputation. Two patients died. In war wounds, the high velocity missile had caused severe and extensive destruction of tissues and the presence of the skeletal injury reflected well the degree of severity of the injury sustained by many of these wounded. The site of the fracture had a definite influence on the prognosis. For instance, all patients with a popliteal vessel injury lost their limb. The post operative complications noted in this series were essentially infectious complications. Internal fixation of the fracture, when used, was followed by a 45% rate of infection against a 27% rate when external fixation had been used. A higher rate of amputation was however observed in patients who had external fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation of the fracture (45.3%) rather than in those with internal fixation (30%). This is explained by the severity of the injury sustained in the former group. Nineteen patients were discharged with a viable limb, a success rate of 57.5%. The functional result was excellent in thirteen patients only (39.3%). Six patients remained with residual functional disability due to the associated injuries.


Postcoarctectomy mesenteric arteritis presenting as neonatal appendicitis.

A case of mesenteric arteritis complicating the post-operative coarctectomy in a 5 day old infant is described. This case was of interest due to diagnostic difficulties and the fatal outcome. In order to avoid the disastrous consequences of this syndrome, the following symptoms including fever, intestinal bleeding, ileus, nausea, vomiting, leucocytosis, hypertension or abdominal pain should alert the physicians and treatment should start without delay.


An unusual late complication of superior mesenteric embolectomy.

Few complications of superior mesenteric artery embolectomy have now been reported. We present the case history of a patient who developed duodenal obstruction due to a haematoma forming in the root of the mesentery following successful superior mesenteric embolectomy. The aetiology is discussed and a method of avoiding this complication suggested.


Thoracic outlet-syndrome with vascular complications.

1. In thoracic outlet-syndrome arterial lesions--such as poststenotic aneurysm with or without peripheral arterial emboli--are mostly caused by permanent compression of the vessel. In 48% of cases arterial emboli show to be the first clinical manifestation of a subclavian artery lesion. 2. Venous lesions usually classified as "spontaneous axillar vein thrombosis" are probably initiated by intimal lesions of the axillary vein caused by compressionof this vessel in the costoclavicular space. 3. Unilateral ischemia of fingers or hand--especially in young patients--should be considered first of all as a peripheral manifestation of a cervical rib-syndrome. Surgical correction should include besides rib resection, lumen control of the poststenotic dilated artery, disobliteration of occluded main arteries and thoracic sympathectomy in cases with several distal arterial embolic occlusions. 4. Venous thrombectomy for acute thrombosis of the axillary and subclavian vein should be combined with the resection of the first rib in order to prevent any further compression to the vein in the costoclavicular space. The use of a temporary a.v.-fistula may be used as an additional mens for keeping the disobliterated vein patent. 5. In the thoracic outlet-syndrome neurological signs and complaints caused by intermittent or permanent mechanical nerve irritation represent the most frequent clinical findings (i.e. 90%). On the other hand in two thirds of patients with arterial or venous complications neurological signs are missed and therefore do no help for diagnosis.


Patch angioplasty of the superior vena caval obstruction (case reports with long follow-up results).

Four cases of the superior vena caval obstruction caused by mediastinal tumor and fibrous mediastinitis are presented. Palliation was achieved by resection of tumor or scar tissue and placing a Teflon or autogenous vein patch to the resected defect of the superior vena cava. One of the patients died of metastasis at 8 months postoperatively, but patency of the patch graft was confirmed. The other three are alive and well at 14, 14 and 11 years, respectively. Continued patency has been confirmed by venographies in two of them.


Obstruction of the iliac vein by mucoid cyst: successful result of surgical excision.

The third case, if the literature's survey has been exhaustive, of mucoid cyst of the venous wall is reported. Venous obstruction with palpable tumour in the iliac fossa is not always of poor prognosis.


Hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta.

A case of a 10 year old girl with hypoplasia of the inter-reno-mesenteric region of the abdominal aorta, which was accompanied by other pathological entities, is reported. The classification, etiology, clinical manifestations and diagnosis is discussed in detail. Successful treatment was accomplished with aorto-aortic bypass grafting and additional saphenous vein bypass from the aorta to the right renal artery. The conclusion of this study is that the hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta is a rare disease which may affect beyond the confines of the aorta and may involve the origins of vital arteries. Surgery offers the only chance of a favourable outcome.


Morphological aspects of the human intimal surface at scanning electron microscope. A preliminary approach in surgical material (iliac arteries).

Human iliac arteries, obtained at surgery, were examined at SEM. The ultrastructural aspects has evidenced pathological pictures, quite unexpected. The material observed resulted very adapt for scanning electron microscope.