Elimination of naturally occurring crosslinks in vaccinia virus DNA after viral penetration into cells.

Vaccinia virus DNA, extracted from purified virus or from the cytoplasmic fraction of virus-infected cells very shortly after infection, was analyzed by sedimentation in alkaline and neutral sucrose gradients. The sedimentation properties of vaccinia DNA under denaturing conditions changed, immediately after penetration into the cell, from the characteristic circular viral DNA (crosslinked double-stranded linear DNA) to nicked circular DNA or to single-stranded molecules. This transition occurred at the time of uncoating of the virus and with a slight change in the DNA size, as judged by sedimentation in neutral sucrose. These results indicate that the crosslinks, that held the complementary strands of the genome together, are removed after penetration. When vaccinia DNA was incubated with the supernatant fraction of virus-infected cells, a similar change in the sedimentation properties of the DNA under denaturing conditions was observed. It is concluded that the endonuclease present in the supernatant of infected cells eliminated the crosslinks in the DNA, and that this enzymatic hydrolysis may be the mechanism by which crosslinks are removed prior to DNA replication.


Voltage-dependent facilitation of Ca2+ entry in voltage-clamped, aequorin-injected molluscan neurons.

Voltage-clamp experiments were performed on giant neurons of the nudibranch Anisodoris nobilis injected with the Ca-sensitive photoprotein, aequorin. Depolarization beyond -10 to +5 m V produced an aequorin signal, the amplitude of which depended on the extracellular Ca2+ concentration, the amplitude of the depolarization, and its duration. In paired pulse experiments, the amplitude of the aequorin signal produced in response to the second of two identical depolarizing pulses was larger than that produced during the first, resulting from an increased entry of Ca2+ during the second pulse. The increment in Ca conductance inferred from the augmented signal during the second pulse was independent of Ca2+ influx during the first pulse but, instead, was related to the amplitude and duration of the first pulse.


Specific projection of displaced retinal ganglion cells upon the accessory optic system in the pigeon (Columbia livia).

In the pigeon, the nucleus of the basal optic root, a component of the accessory optic system, projects directly upon the vestibulo-cerebellum. This nucleus receives a prominent projection composed of large-diameter retinal axons, known as the basal optic root. The cells of origin of this tract were identified using horseradish peroxidase (donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) as a retrograde marker. Injections of horseradish peroxidase confined primarily to the basal optic root nucleus labeled displaced ganglion cells of the contralateral retina. Cell sizes were 18-30 micronm and the dendrites of these cells were confined to the first stratum of the inner plexiform layer. Approximately 3700 displaced ganglion cells were labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into basal optic root. In contrast, no displaced ganglion cells were labeled after injections of horseradish peroxidase into the optic tectum, which labeled only cells in the ganglion cell layer proper. These findings indicate that displaced ganglion cells constitute a unique population of retinal neurons that give rise to a bisynaptic pathway directed to the cerebellum via the nucleus of the basal optic root. These displaced ganglion cells may play a major role inoculomotor reflexes.


Site of water vapor absorption in the desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata.

The desert cockroach, Arenivaga investigata, can gain weight by absorption of water-vapor from unsaturated atmospheres above 82.5% relative humidity. Blocking the anus or the dorsal surface with wax does not prevent water vapor uptake, but interference with movements of the mouthparts or blocking the mouth with wax-prevents such uptake. Weight gains are associated with the protrusion from the mouth of two bladder-like extensions of the hypopharynx. During absorption these structures are warmer than the surrounding mouthparts, their surface temperature increasing with relative humidity. This suggests that the surfaces of the bladder-like structures function at least as sites for condensation of water vapor, but the precise location of its transfer into the hemolymph has not yet been identified.


Interaction of myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms that control heart rate.

Interaction of neurogenic and myogenic factors that control heart rate was studied. Sympathetic nerve actions and stretch of the sinoatrial node both have an accelerator effect which appears to be competitive, and additive rather than facilitatory. In contrast with this, the accelerator effects of sinoatrial node stretch were proportionately greater when stretch was applied during a slowing produced by vagus nerve stimulation. The hyperpolarizing effect of vagus nerve stimulation or acetylcholine apparently potentiates the accelerator effects consquent to the depolarizing actions of stretch. The myogenic reaction can be considered as playing a role in maintaining cardiac output and preventing excessive slowing or diastolic distension and a deficient circulation.


Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on behavioural habituation in the rat.

The processes involved in habituation and the various ways drugs might affect habituation are discussed. Exploration was measured in a holehoard and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT, 4 mg/kg) profoundly reduced the level of exploration, precluding any conclusions about the rate of habituation with this dose. However, both 2 and 4 mg/kg doses prevented the 24-hr retention of habituation of exploration. DMT (2 and 4 mg/kg) did not reduce the initial distraction to a tone stimulus, but the rate of habituation and its 24-hr retention was impaired.


Turnover of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine to 3H-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and the 3H-5-methoxyindoles in nondeprived and 24 hr food deprived rats.

Serotonin turnover in the lateral in hypothalamus (LH) was determined in nondeprived and 24 hr food deprived rats. The LH was infused with 0.5 muCi of 3H-5-hydroxytrptamine 1 hr prior to push-pull perfusion. The percentage of nCi/muCi of radioactivity was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. There was significantly more 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 5-methoxytryptamine formed in the 24 hr food deprived rats. These results indicate a faster 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover rate in the LH of 24 hr food deprived rats than in nondeprived rats.


[Esthesioneurocytoma of the upper jaw].

The authors present a new case of aesthesioneurocytoma with an atypical localisation. They review the clinical, radiological and histological features of these tumours. They stress the importance of mixed surgical/radiotherapy treatment and suggest the desirability of routine estimation before and after treatment of U. M. A. and U. V. A. Dopamine in the urine.


[Procedure for immobilization of comminuted fractures of the zygomatic arch].

The authors suggest a method for the reduction and immobilisation comminutive fractures in varus of the zygomatic arch. This procedure consists of the introduction of a Franchebois balloon filled with physiological saline into the external space of the manducatory sysarcoses, thereby maintaining the calibe of the zygomato-temporo-malar canal. The procedure falls within the context of the functional treatment of fractures of the facial skeleton.


[Our experience with spinothalamic chordotomy in severe painful syndromes of the lower extremities].

Treatment of severe pains in spite of the progress in our knowledge has not yet achieved a fully satisfactory solution. This is due to the complexity of the nervous structures related to conduction and central integration of painful stimulations. The A.A., after giving a survey of the different types of surgical operations that can be done for pain therapy, underline the spino-thalamic therapy also mentioning some technical solution of particular relevance. They then give the results acquired with spino-thalamic cordotomy in 59 subjects operated on because of severe pains of the lower limbs not caused by tumoral origins. Subjects have been divided according to their ethiology. Our statistical data show that spino-thalamic cordotomy still remains the operation which give the best results provided that data evaluation is made within six months after surgery.


[Teleradiographic angle from the front of the face].

An antero-posterior teleradiographic view of the face, with the prinicipal ray parallel with the biting plane of the molars, makes it possible to complete the morphological study undertaken with lateral teleradiography and that taken with a vertical incidence. It is well known that certain complex dysmorphoses can be analysed only with three views taken in orthogonal planes. However it is obvious that whilst one now has available valuable methods of examination for precise morphological study, not all of the useful radiological signs are known. New research is required in order to exploit as efficiently as possible these examinations and thus enrich knowledge of radiological appearances. Finally, it is also desirable that these precise films should be useful not only in facio-dental orthopaedics but also in other branches of our specialty.


[Therapeutic coordination in a case of maxillofacial dysmorphosis with enamel decay].

The collaboration of various specialists is an understandable procedure for rational management of patients presenting complex dento-maxillo-facial abnormalities. The establishement of precise diagnosis and the chronologic execution of the hole therapeutic programm will be co-ordinate by one person which is responsible of the treatment towards the patient. Providing with these principles, the author exposes the case of a patient who presents an uncommun micrognatia associated with dental dystrophies. Anatomic diagnosis, etio-pathogenesis, the treatment of the lesions and the prognosis, are all as many problems which are better approached by medico-surgical team, researching to acheive the best results.


[Facial osteotomies without fixation].

The authors first review the problems associated with inter-maxillary blockage and of classical methods of immobilisation used in all types of facial osteotomy. Their experience of osteosynthesis in traumatology has led them to use whenever possible osteosynthesis alone with screw fixed microplates. The other methods are used only as secondary assistance in the case of necessity. Osteosynthesis without blockage prevents recurrence and does not compromise the result as far as satisfactory dental articulation is concerned.


[Corticotomy. A rapid method for correction of incisor malpositions].

Since the studies of Bell and Cadenat about dento-alveolar revascularization after alveolar osteotomies, orthodontic surgery knows new developments. The surgical correction of isolated incisal malpositions by interalveolar corticotomies with immediate repositionning of dento-osseous segments, represents actually a rapid therapeutic method in comparison with orthodontic treatment or combined surgico-orthodontic procedure. The authors present a study upon 31 corticotomies performed these last two years. They clear the usual indications, note the importance of the pre-operative planning, expose their technique, finally they give an idea about the value of this procedure.


[Anatomy and physiology of the muscles and median frenum of the upper lip. Initial results of selective electromyography].

Usually when reference is made to the Orbicularis oris muscle of the upper lip only the horizontal bands of muscle are mentioned. This muscle also comprises oblique fibres (Orbicularis externus) that are of very great importance in lip movements. The balance of the lip derives from the activity of the two types of muscle fibers. The lip can thus perform, at the same time, a movement of compression of the underlying structures and projection movements whereby these structures are freed. These different modes of action are well demonstrated by selective electromyography. There is also, in the middle of the upper lip, a medial cellulo-fibrous septum forming a prolongation of the septum and penetrating into the median interincisive suture and ending at the frenulum of the upper lip. This medial septum seems to play a very important physiological role in the growth of the premaxilla.


Chronic myelocytic leukaemia presenting in blastic transformation. Two cases primarily diagnosed as acute myelocytic leukaemia.

The interval from diagnosis of chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) to onset of blastic transformation (BT) can vary from days to several years. This blastic phase of CML is indistinguishable from acute myelocytic leukaemia (AML), both clinically and morphologically. The Ph1 chromosome has occasionally been demonstrated in acute leukaemia and it has been suggested that these cases may represent CML presenting in BT. 2 such patients are reported, in 1 of whom the characteristics after treatment further confirmed the diagnosis of CML. Differentiation between CML presenting in BT and AML has both prognostic and therapeutic value. For this reason it is recommended that cytogenetic screening for the Ph1 chromosome should be included in the initial examination of patients with acute leukaemia.


Blastic transformation of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Clinical manifestations, prognostic factors and results of therapy.

21 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML) have been followed closely during and after development of blastic transformation (BT). Severe fatigue in previously asymptomatic patients was the most frequently observed prodrome of transformation. Most significant clinical findings were anaemia, rapidly increasing WBC and increasing size of the spleen in patients with previously well-controlled CML. 11 out of 24 patients responded to chemotherapy and had a median survival of 3 months, 6 obtained a complete remission (CR). Median survival time for all patients was 2 months from BT. Quality of life after BT was in most cases inferior. Thus, only 5 patients spent more than 1 month outside hospital. Cytomorphological classification of blasts in marrow as granular or agranular showed no correlation to the results of chemotherapy or to survival.


Chronic monocytic leukaemia--a prolonged survival.

This is a report of a patient with chronic monocytic leukaemia with a survival of more than ten years. He was not prone to bacterial infections and his cellular and humoral immunological systems were found to be intact. Ultrastructural study confirmed the monocytic cell type in the bone marrow and peripheral smear.


[Meningosis-prophylaxis in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (author's transl)].

In ALL the first complete remission would be terminated by CNS-relapse in two thirds of the patients if they received a modern chemotherapeutic treatment without meningosis-prophylaxis. The incidence of meningosis is reduced to 10% by prophylactic irradiation of the cranium (60Co, 2400 rd) and intrathecal methotrexate shortly after hematological remission has been achieved. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas may be complicated by CNS disease, especially if the risk of spread to the bone marrow is high. Therefore, meningosis-prophylaxis should be included into treatment programs for malignant lymphomas of the lymphocytic poorly differentiated type beyond stage I, especially if the mediastinum is involved. CNS-prophylaxis cannot be recommended for patients with malignant lymphomas in pathological stage I. For the rest of the patients with malignant lymphomas guidelines cannot be given at the present time, because sufficient empirical data are lacking.


[Calculus index (OHI-S) and periodontal condition in diabetes mellitus].

The calculus (OHI-S) index according to Greene and Vermillion and the periodontal disease index of Kötzschke were determined in 209 male diabetics. The calculus index (CI) was significantly lower in diabetics with healthy gingivae (CI=0.40) than in diabetics with pathological periodontal findings (CI=1.40). Diabetics with advanced periodontal diseases (gingival recession, periodontitis and pockets), such as parodontopathia inflammata profunda, showed the highest CI value (1.88) which also differed significantly from the CI values for diabetics with healthy gingivae or with parodontopathia inflammata superficialis. 91% of our diabetics with pathological findings showed also concretions of calculus, subgingival concretions being detectable in 47.4% of these patients. It is concluded from results obtained that calculus formation is surely a sequela but not the only cause of periodontal diseases.


[Caries prevention by means of aminofluoride after 7 years of collectively conducted oral hygiene].

In the framework of an oral hygiene action (starting with the first year of attendance at school), topically applied amine fluorides (Elmex fluid for supervised toothbrushing at school; Elmex tooth-paste for unsupervised use at home) produced a reduction in caries increase by 36.4% (DMF/T index) or 40.5% (DMF/S index) after 7 years.


[Anxiety and stress in dental practice. 4. Discussion of results and conclusions].

Dental procedures are not only local changes in the orofacial system but act simultaneously more or less on the total organism. The relevant stressor effects of stomatological interventions are discussed and some conclusions are drawn.


[Pulpal-periodontal diseases, endodontic therapy and influenza epidemics].

Due to the lowered resistance of the organism, acute pulpitic manifestations without discoverable external cause or exacerbation of chronic periapical processes may occur in the cours of influenza infections. Suggestions for therapy are given on the basic of some case resports.


[Gunshot wound in the temporomandibular joint].

The authors describe the case of a bullet wound with comminuted fracture of the right temporomandibular joint, associated with a transverse comminuted fracture of the left ascending ramus and with an oblique fracture in the region of the left ascending angle of the mandible without dislocation. On being admitted at the author's clinic, the patient showed a grade II trismus and an open bite with a cutting edge distance of nearly 10 mm. Treatment consisted at first in passive and active expanding exercises under anaesthesia. In this way, it was possible to improve considerably the opening of the mouth. The open bite was also acted upon by intra-oral wiring. Follow-up examinations revealed good functional adaptation.


[The closure of residual perforations in the anterior region of the palate by mens of the tongue-flap technic].

The closure of residual perforations in the anterior region of the palate is often very difficult to achieve. Local graftings and also combined surgical methods show a recurrence rate of up to 12%. The tongue-flap technique is surely considerably more rational and less burdensome to the patient than a distant flap technique.


[Pathological tooth root resorption and its clinical significance].

The author examined 316 teeth, on which total pulpotomy had been performed, for frequency and extent of resorption. Marked resorptions, always associated with chronic apical periodontitis, were radiographically disclosed in 43 teeth. It is pointed out that the clinical radiographic technique permits to visualize only resorptions of greater extent.


[Composition and residence of hospitalised oral-surgical patients of the University of Halle dental clinic during 1962-1972].

The present paper presents selected results from a statistical inquiry about the composition and the residence of the inpatients of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Surgical Stomatology of the Clinic and Policlinic of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg during the years 1962-1972. Preference is given to those results that illustrate the general situation of oral surgery in the GDR and emphasize the importance of this specialty in the framework of medical care of the population. Special attention is focused on problems concerning the area catered for. It is shown that the possibilities of the inpatient sector and the size of the area catered for are out of proportion.


[Compensatory skeletal growth modifications].

Impaired growth at one end of a long bone may be compensated by increased growth at the intact end. In experiments, such a compensatory growth was less frequently observed in the cartilaginous structures of the skull than in the sutures. Achondroplasia is an example of compensatory growth in the neurocranium, the disturbed growth of the base of the skull being compensated by an increase of the calvarium according to the space required by the contents of the cranial cavity. In the face, compensatory changes may be observed in conjunction with increased adenoids, as a result of impaired growth of the mandible in case of juvenile rheumatic arthritis or in conjunction with condylar fractures in young age. The processes of growth during orthodontic treatment constitute the border-area between compensatory and adaptive growth.


[The contents of caries-free fissures of human premolars and molars].

The contents of the fissures of occlusally caries-free human premolars and molars were examined for colour, consistency and removability, and under the microscope. The results obtained were brought in relation to the forms of the fissures. Superficial fissure contents contain micro-organisms, are similar to materia alba and may be considered as acquired. Contents from the depth of narrow fissures contain epithelial cell-like structures but no or very few bacteria and seem to be remnants from the time when the teeth were being formed.


[Comparative data from radioisotopic and x-ray methods of study in osteogenic group tumors].

A comparative analysis of the data of roentgenography-angiography, scanning and radiometry with strontium-85 in 54 patients showing osteogenic sarcoma and osteoblastoclastoma has demonstrated a relationship between the quantitative characteristics of the radioactive Sr inclusion and the intensity of reactive osteoformation, mineralization of neoplastic tissues, an activity of the pathological process, and the rate of vascularization, as well.


[Serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with hemoblastoses].

Content of serum immunoglobulins (Ig) was estimated in patients with various types of hemoblastoses by radial immunodiffusion. Reactive alterations in content of Ig were observed in several patients with acute leukosis and chronic myeloleukosis. In patients with chronic lympholeukosis the decrease in concentration of serum Ig was manifested as a syndrom of the antibodies insufficiency. Monoclonic type of IgM or the reactive increase in Ig content was found only in several cases of chronic lympholeukosis. Lymphogranulomatosis and other malignant lymphomas were inhirent in the distinct increase of Ig and primarily of IgG. Content of normal Ig was distinctly decreased and monoclonic Ig (paraprotein) was found in paraproteinemic hemoblastoses. The observed alterations in the Ig content under hemoblastoses are of diagnostic and prognostic importance.


Remission maintenance therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia.

Because no conclusive evidence as to the efficacy of maintenance chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) existed, a study to obtain such information was done. Twenty-six adult patients with AML in whom complete remission had been achieved following induction chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either maintenance chemotherapy consisting of cytarabine and 6-thioguanine for two days each month or to receive no maintenance therapy. The data showed a significant difference in remission duration between the two groups, with median remission lengths for the maintained and unmaintained groups being 10.3 and 6.7 months, respectively (p<.05). In 46 percent of the maintained patients there were remissions lasting longer than 11 months, whereas in none of the unmaintained patients was there such a prolonged remission. No significant drug-induced toxicity was observed. That the prolonged exposure to these chemotherapeutic agents, which were also used in our induction program, did not adversely affect the rate of successful reinduction therapy was shown by identical 50 percent complete remission rates for second inductions in both groups. In patients with palpable splenomegaly at the time of diagnosis, there was no prolongation of remission with maintenance therapy. These data indicate the potential utility of maintenance chemotherapy for prolonging remission duration in acute myelogenous leukemia.


[Abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X) in the first months of life with particular reference to obstructive jaundice (author's transl)].

Abnormal lipoprotein (LP-X) represents a specific parameter for the presence of obstructive jaundice in the adult. Since LP-X has also been detected in the serum of newborn infants, both full-term and premature, and in early infancy, in the absence of clinical evidence of obstructive jaundice, extensive investigations were undertaken in infants during the neonatal period to clarify this phenomenon. The present study reports the data obtained in over 2000 sera from over 370 infants (mature newborn and premature newborn and young infants), tested more or less continuously by means of the Rapidophor method, initially on a qualitative, and subsequently, on a semi-quantitative basis. LP-X appears within the first fortnight in newborn infants, irrespective of the mode of feeding. The LP-X concentration was correlated to the birth weight. Premature infants displaying signs of immaturity possessed markedly higher LP-X levels than mature newborn infants. LP-X was not correlated to the alkaline phosphatase level, nor to the gammaglutamyl transferase activity; the bilirubin level, likewise, had no connection with the LP-X concentration. Patients with proven obstructive jaundice showed distinctly higher LP-X concentrations (greater than 56 mg/100 ml), whereby the rise in LP-X level in some cases preceded the appearance of the clinical manifestations of obstructive jaundice. The following hypotheses are advanced in order to explain the presence of LP-X during the neonatal period and are discussed on the basis of clinical observations in adults, the physiological conditions in the newborn infant and the results of the present study: The liver, which occupies the central position amongst metabolic organs, also in the case of the lipoproteins, is at a physiological stage of organic and functional maturation during this early period of life. Under these circumstances, a pseudo-obstructive mechanism on the basis of insufficient excretion of biliary lipoproteins, in conjunction with a simultaneous "physiological" deficiency of lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase could lead to the appearance of LP-X in the serum. Catabolism of the resultant LP-X cannot take place owing to an inadequate activity of lipoprotein lipase. Functional immaturity can be presumed in the case of both enzyme systems during the neonatal period. On attainment of a degree of maturity compatible with the appropriate neonatal stage, the LP-X values become negative between the 7th and the 16th week of life. It is conceivable that the appearance of LP-X in the newborn infant can be ascribed to LP-X1, since the "physiological" LP-X concentrations in the neonatal period (values of up to 20 mg/100 ml) are distinctly lower than the values found in obstructive jaundice. LP-X determination can be rated as a useful supplementary investigation in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary atresia during the first weeks or months of life...


[Manifestation of echinococcosis in the chest cavity].

In the interim from 1970 to 1974, the authors had occasion to encounter several patients with symptoms of hydatid disease in the chest, particularly with pleural effusion not always easily differentiated from effusions other etiology. This pertains especially to hydatid disease of the liver with a perforation through the diaphragm and clinic and roentgen findings revealing only thoracic signs. All the clinical diagnosis in cases of patients who had undergone an operation, were confirmed by patho-anatomic findings.


Gastric brushing cytology: an analysis of cells from benign and malignant ulcers.

A series of 12 normal, nine malignant, and three false positive gastric brushings were evaluated for a number of cytologic criteria; of these criteria, cell arrangement, presence of nuclear engulfment and signet ring cells, and N/C ratio proved to be the most reliable in differentiating benigh from malignant ulcers; it was concluded that use of these three characteristics could substantially reduce the number of false positive gastric brushing reports.


Cytologic, histologic and clinical correlations of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions in 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India.

A group of 57,518 industrial workers of Gujarat, India were screened for oral cancerous and precancerous oral lesions between 1967 and 1971. All subjects were 35 years of age or older and 95 per cent were males. The 27,841 oral lesions found were examined by cytologic scrapings and 13,230 were biopsied. Also, all lesions were followed clinically to assure a malignancy was not overlooked. There were 51 oral cancers diagnosed (.18% of the lesions and .09% of the entire study group). Computing all the cytologic smears, there was an overall accuracy exceeding 99 per cent. When assessing just the malignancies, the accuracy decreased to 80.4 per cent. Since there was a high degree of clinical suspicion on the part of the screeners, only one unsuspected cancer was discovered by cytology. There were four false positive interpretations; and 53 other specimens classified as "suspicious" subsequently were shown to be benign. Although exfoliative cytology has proved useful in assessing oral lesions as an adjunct to biopsy, the low frequency of oral cancer limits the value of this technique as a screening modality. Most false negatives have been associated with leukoplakic (hyperkeratotic) lesions. Therefore, in a persistent oral lesion, even though a cytologic scraping may not be suspicious or characteristic of malignancy, a biopsy should still be strongly considered.


Cavitation of squamous carcinoma of the lung.

This study indicates that a good percentage of the cavitary squamous cell carcinomas of the lung can be suggested throught the use of sputum cytology. Hyperkeratinized malignant cells associated with varying degrees of karyorrhexis, "ghost cells," and a diathesis of purulent exudate are helpful in the identification of this tumor type. The cell population found cytologically can be demonstrated in the histologic sections of cavitary squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. We readily admit that the application of the above criteria will not decrease the mortality or morbidity of lung cancer, but can be used as a refinement of a diagnostic tool.


Vaginal cytologic evaluation as a practical link between hormone blood levels and tumor hormone dependency in exclusive medroxyprogesterone treatment of recurrent or metastatic endometrial adenocarcinoma.

In one hundred patients treated by means of one gram medroxyprogesterone a week for disseminated or recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma, vaginal cytohormonal evaluation seemed to be an important predictive factor of hormone dependency and tumoral responsiveness to progestational therapy. Almost all 51 patients, representing the responsive group, revealed an evident drop of the Karyopyknotic Index and a complete shift to the left of the Maturation Index. Both cytohormonal and tumoral response to medroxyprogesterone seemed directly related to estrogen-progestogen interaction on a cellular level. The striking LH response in the responsive group has previously not been integrated in this mechanism of action.


Cytologic evaluation of the effect of various estrogens given in postmenopause.

The cytologic evaluations of the hormonal (mainly estrogenic) treatment of 263 postmenopausal women are presented. Though estriol has a considerably weaker action than estradiol derivatives (and especially ethinyl estradiol) it has to be recommended for the oral treatment of local changes due to atrophy since this steroid is effective at the vaginal level in doses three to five times smaller than those necessary to induce endometrial proliferation.


Cell aggregates in malignant mesothelioma.

The finding in cell block sections of a central core of collagen within tumour aggregates in 4 out of 12 cases of effusions due to malignant mesothelioma is statistically significant (P greater than .01) when compared with its incidence in 2 of 80 cases of effusion due to metastatic carcinoma. It is suggested that this observation may be of diagnostic value in the cytologic evaluation of effusions when malignant mesothelioma is suspected.


Colpocytograms and maternal serum placental cystine aminopeptidase, tissue cystine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and heat stable alkaline phosphatase activity in monitoring the last four weeks before delivery in high-risk pregnancy.

On the basis of the results of serial enzyme and cytohormonal assays in the last lunar month of gestation in 232 pergnant patients with high-risk pregnancy, it has been shown that the "at term" and inflammatory smears, which persist for over five days before labor, and post-partum" smears, significantly correlate with abnormal (low or decreasing) results of serum placental cystine aminopeptidase activity and with the pathologic course of pregnancy and labor as well as with the poor neonates' condition. The average serum placental and tissue cystine aminopeptidase determinations were the lowest in women with "post-partum" smears or persisting "at term" smears. These activities reached their highest they temporarily decreased. The oxytocinase activity curves in women with cytolytic smears were similar to those in patients with the "before term" smear patterns, which persisted before delivery. The average oxytocinase activity in women with the inflammatory smears was at first the highest and later it decreased most rapidly of all the groups under consideration. The maternal serum alkaline phosphatase and its heat-stable fraction in pregnant patients with "post-partum" and persisting "at term" smears were at first the lowest and just before labor the highest of all the cytologic pregnancy patterns. Colpocytograms confirmed their high prognostic value when compared with the enzyme tests of placental function.


Rescreening as a quality control procedure in cytopathology.

Many cytopathologists regard the 10% rescreening regulation of the Center for Disease Control and Social Security Administration as an unsatisfactory procedure for internal monitoring of cytoscreener performance. The principal deficiencies actually lie in the lack of specified performance criteria and an associated decision rule. By specifying these mission elements of a monitoring strategy are obtained as attribute acceptance sampling plans. The acceptance sampling approach to monitoring cytoscreener performance by rescreening "negative" slides id discussed.


Cytophotometric study of premalignant and malignant cells of the cervix in an approach towards automated cytology.

Based on a cytophotometric procedure in combination with Feulgen reactive DNA and Pap-1 labeled specimens, the DNA values and hematoxylin-dense substances were examined in individual cells from 62 cases of premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix, in contrast to normal squamous epithelia of 40 cases and 500 normal lyphocytes. The range of DNA values for the cells from benign proliferation and mild dysplasia cases was within a normal diploid-tetraploidy. In contrast, cases with carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma exhibited a DNA range which extended beyond hypertetraploidy with many cellspossessing a DNA value in excess of hexaploidy. Marked dysplasia from 11 cases also showed the same DNA range as carcinoma in situ. Our decision criteria derived from thresholding DNA value may be useful in an automatic cancer diagnostic test. In an aid to the manual measurement, an automatic glass fibrooptic system is now in preparation in an approach towards automation of uterine cytology for scanning of malignant cells.


Endometriosis of lung and pleura diagnosed by aspiration biopsy.

A case of intrathoracid endometriosis with pulmonary and pleural localizations is reported. The use of the aspiration biopsy technique for diagnosis is illustrated with cytologic and histologic evidence.


Automated cytoscreening system using 16mm roll film.

1. Cell preparations are fixed to a transport film by our coating. 2. No special cover for the preparation is required. 3. Our system allows efficient cytological identification. 4. By attaching an automatic cancer cell scanning system, checked cells can be projected on a large screen immediately and be rechecked by cytologists.


Statistical analysis of white blood cell data directed to the detection of malignancy in untreated patients.

A training set of 90 malignant cases (positives) and 61 non-malignant cases (negatives) was used to determine statistics for five parameters based on white blood cell analysis. The statistics used were thresholds, differences between the positive and negative means, and the weighted correlation matrix. Three decision methods using these statistics were then applied to a test set of 90 positives and 60 negatives. The percentage of correct decisions ranged from 98.67 per cent for parameter 3. The best result using only parameters capable of recognition by an automated apparatus was 94.00 per cent.


Gastric angioendothelioma: a cytologic evaluation.

A rare case of gastric angioendothelioma is presented in which diagnosis was performed preoperatively by an endoscopic technique. Exfoliative cytology using a brush under direct visual control revealed characteristics, which may well be diagnostic. Data which favor the diagnosis of angioendothelioma are: 1) elongated or polygnal cells with ill-defined cytoplasmic borders and small cytoplasmic vacuoles; 2) ovoid or rounded, nucleolated nuclei with fine chromatin network; 3) concentric disposition of the cells and, above all, the presence of small capillary-like structures.


The Arias Stella reaction. A case report of a cytologic presentation.

A case is reported of a marked Aria-Stella reaction presenting in a cervical-vaginal smear that gave rise to false suspicions of malignancy. A brief review of the Arias-Stella reaction is presented in addition to problems encountered in its cytologic diagnosis.


Herpes simplex virus esophagitis.

Two cases of herpes simplex virus esophagitis diagnosed in vivo by cytologic examination and biopsy of the lesion are reported. The importance of and the criteria for the diagnosis of herpes esophagitis in vivo are discussed. An awareness by the clinician and pathologist of this lesion would probably result in a more frequent diagnosis of herpes esophagitis.


Cytologic diagnosis of primary squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland.

A case of squamous cell carcinoma of Bartholin's gland in which a cytologic diagnosis by a VCE smear was suggested is described. This case demonstrates the value of a VCE smear in diagnosing malignancy in an accessory organ of the vulva which aided in early surgical treatment.


Benign schwannoma: demonstration of Verocay bodies using fine needle aspiration.

The cytologic findings in fine needle aspiration biopsy from case of benign Schwannoma of the vagus nerve are presented. In addition to the presence of individual spindle-shaped neoplastic cells, histiocytes and blood, characteristic Verocay bodies were identified. These showed peripheral arrangement of their nuclei within the cell masses, leaving central areas of fibrillary cytoplasm. The differential diagnosis of this tumor from some of the other neoplasms is discussed.


Microphotometrical quantification of protein thiols in morphologically intact cells of the cervical epithelium. I. Basic results with superficial cells of healthy women.

The investigations are based on Esterbauer's results according to which the staining of protein thiols (PSH) with DDD-Fast Blue B (Barrnett and Seligman) is of a quantitative order. Consequently, the PSH of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of superficial cells of the ectocervical epithelium of healthy women are determined to 0.3 and 4.1 X 10(-14) moles, respectively. After it has been found that the mean absorption spectrum between 310 and 238 nm of the pure proteins, the extinction at 278 nm of a cytoplasmic area (300 to 400 micron2) of unstained cells is taken as a first measure for the cytoplasmic protein content which is calculated to approximately 5 X 10(-18) moles per micron2 whereas the PSH content results to 1.9 X 10(-17) moles per micron2. From this value results a very plausible number of 3.6 SH per 10(5) g of cytoplasmic proteins.


Quantification of protein thiols in morphologically intact cells of the cervical epithelium. II. Effects of cell differentiation.

Protein-SH-groups (PSH) were determined quantitatively in basal (B), parabasal (P), intermediary (I) and superficial (S) cells of normal portio epithelium in order to obtain information about the correlation between PSH and cell differentiation. It was found that total PSH increase from B to S by 67 per cent, the main step occuring from B to P. Nuclear PSH drop continuously from B to S by 80 per cent. Thus, cytoplasmic PSH must raise (by 400%). The area of the increases strongly from B to S (by more than 1000%). Thus, differentiation is accompained by a drastic "dilution" of total PSH and PSH per area unit (1 micron2) both of nuclear and cytoplasm drop considerably. The findings about nuclear PSH are interpreted in terms of the loss of proliferative activity during differentiation, about cytoplamic PSH as expression of decreasing activities of PSH depending metabolic processes.


Pulmonary trophoblastic deportation. Cytologic aspects.

In the present paper the human pulmonary trophoblastic deportation was studied in 180 sputum specimens from 90 pregnant, parturient and puerperal patients. The syncytial trophoblastic cells were searched in the sputum with the Papanicolaou and Shorr techniques. The morphology of the isolated syncytial trophoblastic cells was studied in placental imprints and compared with isolated megakaryocytes in bone marrow smears. The data in the literature and our own results suggest that the absence of syncytial trophoblastic cells in the sputum from pregnant, parturient and puerperal patients may be due to the following factors: (a) all the patients were normal; (b) the syncytial trophoblastic cells degenerate in the pulmonary capillaries and therefore do not reach the alveoli; (c) the specimens were collected without any special technique. This investigation must be carried out in abnormal conditions of "placental commotion" such as eclampsia, caesarian section, uterine manipulation, etc.


Pathology of neoplasms and other lesions induced in rats with Moloney murine sarcoma virus.

Moloney murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV) was injected directly into the fetuses of Sprague-Dawley rats during the late stage of gestation and into the neonates within 24 hours after birth. Ninety rats developed 188 neoplastic lesions during the 8-week period of observation. Nearly all of the neoplasms were of mesenchymal derivation. Sixty percent of these neoplasms revealed more complex histologic features than those previously reported for neoplasms induced in rodents with M-MSV and were designated "malignant mesenchymoma" which developed preferentially in the proximal parts of the extremities, distant from the inoculation site. Rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma which developed in a pure form at the various sites were the next most common tumor type. Osteosarcoma developing in a pure form and as a component of malignant mesenchymoma in the humerus and femur was comparable to that of juxtacortical osteosarcoma of man; The development of excessive bones were observed in the forelimb and/or hind leg, suggesting a type of skeletal malformation. The reaction to M-MSV merits attention as a model for the study of an osteosarcoma and malignant mesenchymoma as well as rhabdomyosarcoma and also for the study of viral teratogenesis in man, as "rubella syndrome".


Varied pulmonary lesions with intraalveolar large lamellar bodies in an autopsy case with busulfan therapy.

Characteristic pulmonary findings in an autopsy case of a 46-year-old female who presented heavy dyspnea as her chief complaint after 3 months of busulfan therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia were reported. The pulmonary findings were classified into four types: I. alveolar proteinosis type, II. intra alveolar fibrosis type, III. interstitial fibrosis type, and IV. lipid pneumonia type with cholesterol granuloma. No other case with various findings like this case has been previously reported. It was considered that type I is the basic type, type II is a type that developed from type I, type III is a type with interstitial cell infiltration and fibrosis and type IV is a lipidrich variant of type I. A large lamellar body was first found in the granular material of type I. It is supposed that such a body consists of osmiophilic body which originated from type B alveolar epithelial cells and blood plasma.


Splenic pseudosinuses and hepatic angiomatous lesions. Distinctive features of hairy cell leukemia.

In 14 cases of hairy cell leukemia unique vascular lesions not previously reported were observed in surgically resected spleens and hepatic biopsies. In all 14 spleens there were variably prominent distended spaces filled with erythrocytes and resembling dilated sinuses. These structures appeared to be lined by hairy cells,and studies utilizing histochemical and enzymatic methods confirmed that they were in fact pseudosinuses lacking the endothelial cells and ring fibers of normal splenic sinuses. These changes were not present in normal spleens or in spleens involved by other types of chronic leukemia, and appear to be qualitatively specific for hairy cell leukemia. In three of five hepatic biopsies similar angiomatous lesions were present in multifocal clusters resembling hemangiomas. Their pathogenesis may be related to possible adherence of hairy cells to reticulum fibers in involved tissues.


Primary osteosarcoma of bone. Clinicopathologic investigation of 243 cases, with necropsy studies in 54.

Two hundred forty-three patients who had pathologically verified primary osteosarcomas of bone, treated at The University of Texas System Cancer Center, M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute over a 24-year period, form the basis of this study. These cases provide a basis for comparison of those patients currently receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with those who did not receive such treatment. Anatomic findings in 54 cases subjected to complete postmortem examinations were analyzed. Three significant findings emerged: pulmonary metastases were observed in all but one case, lymph-node metastases were found in only four cases, and in all metastases the histologic pattern reproduced that of the primary lesion. In addition, patients less than 26 years old had a significantly earlier appearance of pulmonary metastases than patients past this age. Patients with osteoblastic tumors had the poorest survival rate, followed by those with chondroblastic lesions. Those with fibroblastic tumors survived longest. In the overall study of 243 cases, tumors in the distal end of the femur and the proximal end of the tibia accounted for 147 cases, representing 60.5% of the cases. The highest incidence of the tumor was in the second decade of life, with 76.5% of the cases occurring in patients less than 25 years old. Three-year survival for the series was 21.7%, with only 12.6% surviving five years. Persons with primary lesions in the facial bones had the highest survival rate. Those with lesions in the humerus, tibia, and distal end of the femur had decreasingly lower survival rates. The lowest survival rates were for patients with lesions of the torso. In the femoral cases, size was a factor in survival; no patient with a tumor larger than 10 cm survived longer than five years. The surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy employed--individually or in combination--did not alter appreciably the mortality rate for this tumor; only 12.6% of the patients survived five years or longer.  Survivals were directly attributable to surgical procedures, including resection of pulmonary metastases. The data analyzed in this study provide a firm baseline of experience in analyzing results of treatment for osteosarcoma prior to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, which is currently producing a vastly improved therapeuttic response.


Simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme activities in leukemic cells.

A simple cytochemical and cytobacterial method for the simultaneous demonstration of peroxidase and lysozyme (muramidase) activities in individual cells was devised. In characterization of myeloid and monocyte series, the combination of these myeloid- and monocyte-specific enzymes not only was more informative than a single enzyme but made it easier to differentiate acute myelomonocytic leukemia, with higher lysozyme activity, from acute myeloid leukemia, with higher peroxidase activity. Acute lymphocytic leukemia had no lysozyme or peroxidase activity.


Tourette syndrome. The pediatric perspective.

I report the clinical details of Tourette syndrome in 15 children. The condition typically starts at age 6 years with eyeblinking, and the child soon develops other tics and abnormal vocalizations. Coprolalia and echolalia occure but are infrequent. The average delay in correct diagnosis in this series was four years. Treatment with haloperidol produces a good or excellent response in three quarters of the patients. Many of the children have a history of encephalopathic events, "soft signs" on neurologic examination, and problems in school. Personal and social adjustmen are generally good, however.


The diastema, the frenum, the frenectomy: a clinical study.

1. The pretreatment relationship between a clinically "abnormal"-appearing maxillary midline frenum and a midline diastema showed a strong, but not absolute, correlation. A certain percentage of patients demonstrated (1) a diastema  but not an "abnormal" frenum or (2) no diastema but an "abnormal" frenum. 2. Diastema cases in which there were "abnormal" pretreatment frenums demonstrated a decidedly stronger potential for relapse after orthodontic closure. The exceptions to the rule were explained by the clinician's inability to differentiate between "normal" and "abnormal" frenums and by the periodontium's apparent (if not consistent) ability to recognize the frenal and interdental tissues following orthodontic tooth movement. 3. A three-stage surgical procedure was shown to be very effective in alleviating the relapse phenomenon following orthodontic treatment of diastemas. The surgical procedures were successful in avoiding many of the hazards to the periodontium associated with previous techniques.


Research on control of craniofacial morphogenesis: an NIDR State-of-the-Art Workshop.

To assess the wide clinical ramifications of control of craniofacial morphogenesis, a State-of-the-Art Workshop was conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research at the initiative of Richard L. Christiansen, Chief of the Craniofacial Anomalies Program. In conjunction with the authors listed above, the format for the workshop was developed and participants were selected. The workshop was designed to provide an in-depth review of present knowledge and to identify future goals and directions for research on guiding, altering, and thus controlling growth and development of the cranofacial skeleton. The agenda for discussion ranged from molecular biology to clinical arts such as orthopedics and surgery. It was evident during the workshop that the mechanisms and procedures for controlling craniofacial morphogenesis must be derived from many biologic, physical, and  clinical fields of knowledge. It is hoped that there will evolve an interdisciplinary clinical art which is aimed at preventing and correcting craniofacial deformities. Substantial biologic information has already been accumulated on the craniofacial skeleton. The clinical art of correcting malocclusion through mechanical forces is now applicable to the entire skull. The outstanding technical accomplishments of radical surgery in the correction of congenital craniofacial anomalies show that the needed surgical skills are now available. When these resources are combined, an area of knowledge and a clinical discipline which might be called "orthocephalics" is already identifiable. The workshop was held at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, on Feb. 12 and 13, 1974. The ideas exchanged were integrated and summarized by the planning committee to produce this report.


Differential treatment planning for mandibular prognathism.

The treatment records of thirty-eight cases of mandibular prognathism treated by orthodontics means only (ORTHO) were evaluated. The pretreatment records of twenty cases of mandibular subapical esteotomy (SUB) and twenty cases of mandibular setback (SET) were evaluated for comparison and contrast with the pretreatment ORTHO records and with each other. Dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue parameters in the vertical and horizontal planes of space were recorded. Statistical analysis of means of parameters of the pretreatment records provided documentation of the discriminant variables in each of the following paired groups: ORTHO-SUB, ORTHO-SET, and SUB-SET. Analysis of the data as indicated above led to the following conclusions: 1. Three discriminant groups of mandibular prognathism of various degrees of severity were discernible when comparisons of treatment categories simulating clinical decisions were made. The ORTHO group was distinguished from the SUB group in the horizontal plane and, more strongly, in the vertical plane. The ORTHO group was distinguished from the SET group in the vertical plane and, more strongly, in the horizontal plane. The SUB group was distinguished from the SET group in the horizontal plane. 2. The physiologic developmental status of the patient should be carefully evaluated. 3. Anteroposterior dysplasias should be assessed relative to the cant of the mandibular plane. True denture base discrepancies can be noted relative to the occlusal plane. 4. Documentation of vertical dysplasias should include measurements of craniofacial divergence (SN-MP, FH-MP, and OP-MP). 5. In assessing the profile evaluation of the patient with mandibular prognathism, particular attention should be focused on facial contour angle (FCA), nasolabial angle (NLA), and relative lower lip protrusion (LLP). 6. Any numerical values obtained in the evaluation of the dental, skeletal, or soft-tissue characteristics of mandibular prognathism should be considered only as descriptive, diagnostic guides and not as components of a diagnostic formula.


Gonial angle distortion in lateral head films: a methodologic study.

The distortion of the gonial angle in lateral roentgenographic head films was studied in skull material. The left and the right gonial angles were determined craniometrically and roentgenocephalometrically, and the observations were compared. Mean difference of 8.48 degrees and 5.15 degrees between the roentgenocephalometric and the craniometric registrations were found for the side closer to the film and the side farther away from it, respectively. For the intermediate gonial angle, the difference was 6.65 degrees. The differences were all statistically significant. It was demonstrated that they were mainly attributable to a systematic method error in the roentgenocephalometric method, involving a magnification of the gonial angles. The magnification was significantly larger on the side closer to the film than on the side farther away from it. A pronounced individual variation in gonial angle distortion was observed. For intermediate gonial angle it ranged between magnifications of 1.17 degrees and 17.54 degrees. The distortion is closely associated with the form of the mandible. It is largest in mandibles with a pronounced divergence of the two halves of the corpus and a pronounced upward convergence of the rami. It is smallest in mandibles with a modest divergence of the two halves of the corpus and a pronounced upward divergence of the rami. By some very special combinations of corpus divergence and ramus inclination, a correct reproduction may be obtained. No such cases were found in the sample studied, but there can hardly be any doubt that they exist. There is an association between corpus divergence and ramus inclination. Maximum magnifying effect of the forward-extending leg tends to coincide with the maximum magnifying effect of the upward-extending leg. Conversely, minimum magnifying effect of the forward-extending leg tends to coincide with a dimishing effect of the upward-extending leg. This is the clue to an understanding of the great individual variation in gonial angle distortion. Generally speaking, lateral head films do not permit reliable registrations of the gonial angle. At present no method is available for an exact assessment of the distortion in head films of the single living person.


Measurement of edgewise torque force in vitro.

The construction of a model for the measurement of palatal root torque is described. It was demonstrated that: 1. Halfway between the apex of a tooth and the arch wire the force was double that which was delivered at the apex. 2. The lateral incisors were subjected to appreciably more force than the central incisors. 3. The smaller the number of teeth acted upon, the greater the force they received.


An analysis of the craniofacial complex in different occlusal categories.

Fourteen linear and fourteen angular cephalometric dimensions were measured from cephalographs of ninety male British Caucasians in Angle Class I, II, and III malocclusion categories. Univariate statistical analysis showed varying contrasts between these categories, depending upon which dimension was compared. Multivariate analysis of all  the angular and linear dimensions combined revealed significant contrasts between the three occlusal categories. This study, therefore, showed that only with a multivariate approach will the intricacies of the craniofacial skeleton be interpreted.


A trigger for the Philips AV1 ventilator.

An electronic trigger for the Philips AV1 ventilator is described.


Determination of the gonial angle from the orthopantomogram.

This study demonstrates that the size of the gonial angle can be determined from the orthopantomogram with the same degree of accuracy as from the generally used lateral cephalogram, the gonial angle being formed by the tangents of the lower border of the mandible and the distal border of the ascending ramus and the condyle on each side. It also shows that the right and left gonial angles can be quite easily determined individually from orthopantomograms, thus avoiding the disturbing influence of the superimposed images found on lateral cephalograms. It proves conclusively that the orthopantomogram is the more obvious choice for determination of the gonial angles.


A cephalometric study.

Multivariate analysis of the craniofacial skeleton from subjects with Angle's four occlusal categories showed a similar pattern but with varying degrees of separation depending upon which parameters were included in the analysis. Generally it appeared that the maxillary jaw and mandibular arch parameters contributed most to the discrimination to the four categories of subjects examined in this study.


Treatment planning from study models: an examiner variability study.

Four orthodontists of comparable but differing experience examined fifty sets of study models obtained from a random sample of 12 year-old schoolgirls. On the basis of these study models only, assessments were made of need for treatment, for timing, length and complexity of treatment. The degrees of agreement have been analysed and discussed.


Cephalometric patterns of adults with normal occlusion.

1. People with normal occlusion tend to have more brachyfacial than dolicofacial patterns. 2. Many of the norms vary significantly with the different facial patterns. When treating a patient, the norms used should reflect differences associated with the various facial patterns and sex. This will enable us to treat with fewer extractions with the confidence that the teeth and bony structure will remain stable. 3. Our findings re-establish and re-confirm our cephalometric standards for adults based on the individual's facial type as described by his or her vertical description of growth and ethnic type. We can be accurate in treating the patient to the clinical normal for that individual and not to an overall composite of the average.


The zygomatic arch and its possible influence on craniofacial growth and development.

This study was designed to investigate the role of the zygomatic arch and craniofacial growth along the anteroposterior axis. One may conclude that: 1. Surgical intervention on the zygomatic arch results in a generalized inhibition of regional zygomatic arch growth. 2. When only one zygomatic arch is sectioned, the posterior root of the sectioned side appears to be displaced posteriorly. This is a possible result of the normal growth process proceeding without the restraints of an intact zygomatic arch. 3. A decrease in anteroposterior dimension occurs in the posterior zone as a result of surgical intervention. 4. Further studies to determine the influence of the zygomatic arch on transverse maxillary growth must be completed before any clear or complete concepts of its role in craniofacial growth and development may be more fully elucidated.


Histological analysis of the postnatal development of the nasal septum.

The importance of the growth in the nasal septum for the development of the facial skeleton has often been stressed. An increase in dimension is well-known from radiographs. It was the purpose of the present study to describe the normal pattern of the growth sites of the nasal septum according to age and sex by histological and microradiographical examination of human autopsy material. The nasal septum was removed from 66 boys and 57 girls who had died in accidents. Decalcified sections for conventional histology as well as undecalcified sections for microradiography were prepared. The superior surface and posterior margin of the vomer as well as the vomeroethmoidal and the vomeromaxillary sutures were studied. It was obvious that increase in size of the vomer could mainly be ascribed to apposition on the superior surface and the posterior margin. This was seen until adult age. After the ethmoid bone was ossified, the connection between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone was a slightly sinuous suture in which growth occurred until puberty. The growth pattern implied that a forward, downward sliding of the vomer must take place in relation to the ethmoid bone and the cartilaginous septum. Frontal sections revealed that, after the establishment of the suture between the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, a cartilage island was embedded in the vomer surrounded by thin, fenestrated cortical bone blades. This cartilage still persisted in specimens from adults. There is, on the basis of the present findings, no reason to believe that the septal cartilage plays a major role in the forward, downward growth of the maxillary complex in homo.


Sucessful treatment of severe bone pain and acute arthritis in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia by cytosine arabinoside.

An elderly patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia developed severe bone pains and acute gonarthritis. Intravenously administered cytosine arabinoside brought dramatic relief of the bone pains and led to a rapid subsidence of the arthritis, without achieving haematological remission.


Chemotherapy of sarcomas of the limbs by regional perfusion.

From 1957 to 1975, 113 patients with sarcoma of the extremities have been treated with chemotherapy by regional perfusion, either alone or as an adjunct to excisional surgery. Perfusion alone in 54 patients was associated with an early response rate of 83%, but only four patients had complete regression of tumor for longer than three months. When perfusion was followed by immediate or delayed excision, better results were obtained. In 49 Stage I patients and in 24 Stage II patients, cumulative survivals of 66% and 59% were obtained at five years and 66% and 51% at 10 years. The procedure has also been useful in saving functional limbs by converting tumors to operability, and in the palliation of pain and ulceration.


Isoferritins in acute leukaemia.

Leucocytes containing a high proportion of blast cells were obtained from 11 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, and leucocytes were also obtained from 2 normal subjects. Ferritin was partially purified from leucocyte extracts and subjected to anion-exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Fe content of leucocyte ferritin was low, and in all but one case the preparations contained isoferritins corresponding to those found in normal tissues or serum. Only some of the preparations contained the relatively acidic isoferritins which have been described as "carcinofoetal", but which are also present in normal heart and kidney. Ferritin from one patient contained isoferritins of lower isoelectric point than heart ferritin. These results show that there does not appear to be any specific isoelectric focusing pattern for leukaemic cells, and that assays for acidic isoferritins are unlikely to be of use in the diagnosis of leukaemia and in monitoring treatment. However, the very acidic protein found in one preparation suggests that the search for abnormal subunits of ferritin may be fruitful in acute leukaemia.


Follow-up of the first (1962) pilot study of active immunotherapy of acute lymphoid leukaemia: a critical discussion.

The follow-up of the first active immunotherapy (AI) controlled pilot study on acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), started in 1962, is reported: seven patients out of 20 are still in first remission and eight of the AI group are still alive between 10 and 13 years later, while all ten controls have relapsed and died. The methodology of this pilot study is discussed, as well as the results of the later AI trials conducted on ALL. In the light of a critical discussion and of the further trials conducted by the authors or published in the literature, the authors conclude that A1 is efficient in ALL and that its use is indicated as, in several trials, it has been as active as maintenance chemotherapy, as it has induced no deaths in 300 patients contrary to maintenance chemotherapy, which has been responsible for 4 to 28% of deaths in patients in complete remission, and as the authors have registered no late relapses after three years in the AI trials, while such relapses appear in most maintenance chemotherapy trials.


Marrow culture studies in adult acute leukemia at presentation and during remission.

Culture of bone marrow and/or blood cells in a semisolid agar system from 43 adults with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia at first presentation showed two distinct growth patterns at 14 days. In 53% of patients cells failed to grow (type O), while in the remainder an abnormal growth pattern (type B) with small numbers of diffuse colonies and excessive numbers of cell clusters was seen. The response following chemotherapy was significantly better in the patients whose cells failed to grow. Serial culture studies, performed in 9 patients throughout remissions of 100-1112 days, which had been maintained by intermittent chemotherapy, showed wide fluctuations in proliferative activity. These ranged from no growth to marked proliferation with predominance of clusters and small numbers of diffuse colonies, indistinguishable from the type B pattern seen in 47% of patients at first presentation. The possibility is discussed that the periods of failure to grow, and/or those in which a type B pattern emerged, represented sporadic reactivation of leukemic cells.


Chronic myeloid leukemia: physical and functional similarities to acute leukemia.

Blast crisis, closely resembling acute leukemia, is the usual terminal event in chronic myeloid leukemia. Using physical ("fingerprint") and cultural (colony-forming) methods, we have demonstrated distinctive patterns in the stable phase of chronic myeloid leukemia and in blast crisis. An unusual fingerprint alteration preceding the onset of the terminal phase is noted, and cell culture perturbation is  evident at different stages of the disease. Our findings indicate that the application of these methods to the study of hemopoietic disorders is valid, and suggest that the use of such techniques may allow a better understanding of the complex cellular events occurring in the course of chronic myeloid leukemia.


Oral feeding in the nutritional management of the cancer patient.

Nutritional therapy of the cancer patient by the oral route includes management of factors that may cause anorexia, attempts to modify the patient's eating behavior, and the offering of nutritional supplements to the patient. Anoretic factors for which specific strategies may be employed include taste abnormalities, pain, nausea, and depression. Modification of the patient's eating behavior involves patient education, monitoring, and feedback. Education includes nutritional instruction and instruction in favorable patterns for mealtime eating and stimulation of snack eating. Snack eating includes the use of nutritional supplements, and patient acceptance of commercially available supplements was studied. When synthetic chemically defined nutritional products were compared with milk-based product, patients preferred the milk-based product. Intercomparisons between milk-based products showed slight differences in preference ranking among these products and also differences between patients and controls in their relative order of ranking. Preference testing may be useful in assisting the health care team in selecting the optimal nutritional supplement to offer each patient.


Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia with repeated single doses of busulfan.

Repeated single doses of busulfan (50-200 mg) were given over 1--2 days to 17 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The mean survival time was 137 weeks. In this small trial the drug was shown to be safe in most but not all patients and as effective as continous busulfan.


Surface changes in differentiating Friend erythroleukemic cells in culture.

The sensitivity to agglutination by several plant lectins has been studied during the induced erythroid differentiation of Friend erythroleukemic cells in culture. In addition, the number of lectin receptors on the cell has been measured. It is shown that early during the differentiation, there is an increase in agglutinability while the receptor density remains constant. In the later phase of the differentiation process, the cells lose their sensitivity to agglutination while the receptor number and density increases. These changes were not observed on nonerythroid mastocytoma culture cells. Two nondifferentiating variants of the FL cells were shown to have altered sensitivities to agglutination by ConA.


Pharmacokinetics of cytosine arabinoside in acute myeloid leukemia.

In 14 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) the plasma concentration of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was determined at the start of the first course of treatment at various intervals after a bolus injection. In 10 patients plasma concentration/time data were fitted to a biexponential equation and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from the coefficient and exponents of such equations. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of Ara-C of the first phase varied from 1.2 to 1.9 min (mean 1.6). The t1/2 of the second phase varied from 8.8 to 18.9 min. All patients were treated with Ara-C alone in a dose of 100 mg/m2 for 10 or 14 days. There was poor treatment response in five patients with second-phase t1/2 of Ara-C ranging from 6.6 to 10.7 min whereas there was complete remission in nine patients with t1/2 exceeding 12.7 min. In three patients plasma Ara-C concentrations were measured during constant-rate infusion of different amounts of drug. It appeared that the plateau concentrations were directly proportional to the dose, which indicated that in the therapeutic range no enzyme capacity-limited elimination occurs.


Medical history of children undergoing dental treatment in Ireland.

A simple medical history questionnaire suitable for filling in at home by the parents of children about to undergo a school dental inspection is described. Information on the medical status of 2,542 primary schoolchildren between the ages of 4 and 14 years as obtained by the use of this questionnaire is presented. The number of children giving one or more positive replies to the 10 questions on the list was 401. This was 15.8% of the total number investigated. The question on heart defects was answered positively for 2.8% of the children, while nearly 1% were said to be allergic to penicillin.


Conceptions of Finnish people about the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders.

Conceptions among the general public in Finland regarding the etiology and prevention of dental caries and periodontal disorders were surveyed in two interviews in 1971 and 1972. Both population samples interviewed comprised about 1,000 people aged 15 years and over. Inadequate oral hygiene was the most common (65%) possible cause chosen by the subjects among the causes of dental caries. Only 44% of the interviewees considered sugar to be a cause of cariers. Thorough cleaning of the teeth (83%) and dentist's check-ups twice a year (67%) were the factors most frequently chosen in caries prevention. Avoidance of sugar (56%) ranked as the third in frequency. As regards symptoms of periodontal disorders, tender gingiva, gingival bleeding, and loosening of the teeth were correctly suggested as symptoms by 62, 61 and 45%, respectively. Poor oral hygiene (77%) was the cause of gingivitis most commonly chosen by the interviewees, while simultaneous systemic disease (37%) was considered more important than, for example, dental calculus (31%). As regards treatment of periodontal disorders, careful toothcleaning (73%) received most support. However, this factor was closely followed by misconceptions regarding the supposed advantageous value of drug and rinses (50%), chewing of fibrous foods (45%), and vitamin therapy (38%).


Differences between dental health data obtained by interviews and questionnaires.

Two hundred and eighty-six persons out of a population of 358 were interviewed about dental health. Approximately 9 months later the same group was posed identical questions in a self-administered questionnaire. An open-ended question about reasons for loss of teeth showed nearly 50% more answers on the questionnaire than in the interview. The number of answers in the questionnaire fell with increasing age and decreasing income and/or lower social class, while sex, age, income, and social class seemed to have only a minor effect on the number of answers in the interview. The number of two-reply categories varied between the interview and the questionnaire. To questions about water fluoridation and covering of dental expenses by Social Security, married couples gave more often identical replies on the questionnaire than in the interview. The findings imply that the method itself, i.e. the choice between the interview and questionnaire methods, is of importance for the results as such.


The use of analysis of covariance to increase precision wtih DMFS measures.

For an experimental study with pre- and post-DMFS measures two methods of analysis were compared with respect to precision. It is shown that for large sample size, the analysis of covariance with the post-DMFS measure as criterion and the pre-DMFS measure as the covariate will be more precise than the analysis of variance of increment scores as the value of beta differs from 1. When beta is approximately 1, the two techniques will have essentially the same precision. The dental researcher interested in precision is advised, therefore, to use analysis of covariance with the pre-DMFS measure as the covariate and the post-measure as criterion rather than the traditional analysis of variance of increment scores. For large sample size, the precision of the former will tend to be at least that of the latter. The researcher is not encouraged to use analysis of covariance with the increment as the criterion; if the procedure increases precision over analysis of variance of the increments, it merely indicates that analysis of covariance (with the post-measure as criterion) should have been used originally.


Prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth of white and black schoolchildren in Brazil.

The authors studied the prevalence of dental caries in white and black schoolchildren of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The Student t-test, applied to the coefficient of prevalence of caries, revealed means significantly greater at the 5% level in whites than in blacks in the following groups: 7 years, both sexes; 8 years, both sexes; 9 years, males; 10 years, both sexes; 11 years, males.


Caries experience in a Norwegian urban population.

DMF teeth were recorded in a random sample of 117 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The mean number of DMF teeth was 25.7, reflecting a high caries experience in the population surveyed. The mean number of decayed teeth was 5.1, the majority being due to recurrent carious lesions. Only 61.2% of the total number of posterior carious teeth were observed clinically. The remaining lesions (38.8%) were diagnosed on bitewing radiographs. The mean number of missing teeth in the sample was 6.3, while the mean number of filled teeth was 18.9. This indicates that the subjects have had acces to regular dental treatment. Females in the lower educational group had significantly more missing teeth and fewer filled teeth than females in the higher educational group. Similar differences could not be detected in males.


Caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja, Hungary in 1955 and 1975.

In 1975 caries epidemiologic investigations were performed in 1,017 preschoolchildren of Baja, aged 3--6 years. The data were analyzed and compared with those of 620 preschoolchildren of the same city in 1955. A mean increase of 10.9% of the caries frequency (percentage of examinees with caries), and a mean increase of 43.5% of the caries intensity(dmft count per examinee) could be observed in spite of a better vitamin D prophylaxis. The possible cariogenic role of the increased surgar consumption (37.5 kg from 24.4 kg per individual during 20 years) is discussed.


Increment of dental caries among Finnish dental students during a period of 2 years.

The purpose of the study was to estimate the increment of dental caries among dental students in Helsinki, who acquired good knowledge of caries prevention during their studies. The group (59 students) was examined twice with an interval of 20.2 +/- 4.1 months. Clinical findings, augmented with bitewing radiographs and an orthopantomogram, were recorded separately for each tooth surface, and individual DMFS and DS index scores were computed. In addition, the students were interviewed with regard to oral hygiene, topical fluoride application, and dietary habits. The mean DMFS and DS index scores at the first examination were 45.0 and 9.1, respectively. At the second examination, DMFS was 46.4 and the number of new decayed surfaces per student 0.54/year. Both the latter values indicated that caries progression was slow. The increment of dental caries among the dental students was much smaller than that observed earlier among other groups of university students in Finland. Further evidence that caries progression among the dental students was slow was provided by the finding that of the 318 incipient caries lesions recorded at the first examination, no more than 11 had developed into clinical caries by 20 months.


A new translocation involving three chromosomes in chronic myelocytic leukemia, 46,XY,t(9;11;22).

Bone-marrow metaphases in a 63-year-old male with newly discovered chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) showed a complex translocation involving chromosomes 9, 11, and 22. About half of the short arm of chromosome 11 was translocated to the terminal part of the long arm of chromosome 9, and the missing fragment on chromosome 22 was translocated to the short arm of the abnormal chromosome 9. The clinical features were typical of CML, and the patient is in good physical condition 10 months after diagnosis on a regimen of busulfan.


Optimal flow pattern for mechanical ventilation of the lungs. Evaluation with a model lung.

The major components entering into the inspiratory pattern of various respirators were tested on a model lung which had an abnormally high airway resistance on one side. The tests consisted of simultaneous nitrogen washout curves from each lung separately utilizing two mass spectrometers. The components tested included a constant versus accelerating wave form and the presence, duration or absence of an end-inspiratory pause. Respirators tested included the Bennett MA1. Engström 300 and the Elema Schonander Servo tventilator 900. The results demonstrated the importance of an end inspiratory pause in improving gas distribution and efficiency of washout. No difference was found between a constant or accelerating air flow. Preliminary results in man appear to confirm the importance of an end inspiratory pause.


[The Crozat technic--considerations of materials and instrument mechanics].

An orthodontic wire for Crozat appliance meets special requirements. A high value for the yield strength is necessary as well as a remarkable plastic strain. In order to bent a spring over a considerable distance with a small stress resulting a low modulus of elasticity will be advantageous. Besides this properties a special wire developed on the basis of precious metals may be repeatedly softened and hardened by a simple method of heat treatment. Research was done about the forces transmitted from the body wire of a Crozat appliance to the opposite molars. For the case of a simplified lower body wire a formula was derived which allows to calculate the applied force.


[Function-analysical studies of class II abnormalities. A contribution to the study of the articular reaction in activator treatments].

In patients treated with an activator the individual axial hinge points lie on the average 4.5 mm more ventral than in untreated patients. In those treated, the analytically calculated gliding movement of the condyles from the posterior position of contact to habitual intercuspidation on the average was 0.88 mm compared to 0.36 mm in the untreated. Movement of the teeth amounted to 1.18 mm in group 1, and 0.46 in group 11.


[Quantitative interpretation of graphs from Stuart pantography. II. Geometrical bases].

In an experimental investigation, Stuart pantographic records are geometrically analyzed. The influence of the parameters' inclination and curving of condylar guidance, intercondylar distance, Bennett angle, distance of the plate, and position of the recording pencil are studied. Further quanitative analysis was not performed, as Stuart pantography is only meant for transmission to the respective articulator and is nto suitable for metric recording.


[Radiocinematic comparison of the movement of the temporomandibular joint in the same patient with total prosthesis after various jaw relation recordings].

Six edentulous patients were each provided with two complete dentures and the relation of the jaws to each other was determined by means of both the conventional checkbite and a combined Gerber arrow-angle registration. Cineradiographic evaluation of the temporomanidibular joint movements did not confirm a bony or ligamental guidance, but showed that the condyle path is characterized by neuromuscular coordination. In four patients there was no characteristic difference in the form of condyle path when using the two dentures. But the condyle paths differed strikingly in those patients who had temporo-mandibular complaints or neuromuscular disharmonies. The paths were clearly steeper with Gerber dentures than dentures made after the conventional check-bite. In laterotrusion the "active" condyle moves on a straight line towards the from and downward, while the relatively "resting" condyle describes a shortened path corresponding to the initial part of an opening movement.


[Animal experimental studies on the healing around ceramic implantation in bone lesions in the maxillary sinus region].

Clinical and histological tests were made in five minipigs to study the hitherto unknown tissue behaviour of the receiver organism to unilaterally uncovered perforated ceramic implants in the bilaterally osteotomized facial maxillary sinus wall. The implants were covered with connective tissue and coated with respiratory mucosa on the uncovered side. After 11 weeks, they had all healed without irritation, and were solidly anchored in the surrounding tissue by the connective tissue which had grown into the perforations.


[Dental and mouth mucosal findings in drug addicts].

100 drug addicts and 116 alcoholics, who were compared with 100 non-addicts of corresponding age, exhibited an extraordinarily intensive manifestation of dental caries, expecially at the cervical region. This observation appears to be partly a result of drug-induced changes in metabolism as well as the concomitant asialia and xerostomia and predominantly a result of poor oral hygiene and dental care. These latter ones fell proportionally with the disintegration of social status. Drug addicts show rather frequently fractures and fissures of partially distroyed teeth as a result of bruxism. 78% of the investigate drug addicts suffered from profound inflammatory parodontopathy, 42% showed pigmentation of the gingival and/or buccal mucosa. The dental surgion should pay attention to the possible danger of an hepatitis infection.


[Problems of dental surgical treatment in patients with intermittent acute porphyria].

The acute intermittent porphyria is mainly a porphyrimmetabolism disorder inheritable through autosomes. This disorder is characterized by intermittent abdominal pains, neurological symptoms of central as well as peripheral genesis, and by psychotic syndromes. An acute attack is fatal in many cases. Among others, it can be induced by numerous factors, such as local anesthetics, analgetics and sedatives. Thus, it is important that the dentist is aware of this rare disease should he find himself in a position where treatment of this type of patient is imminent.


[Familial syndrome with lip fistulas and microforms of cleft velum].

Four siblings are reported who have congenital fistulae of their lower lips (with one exception) associated with bifid uvula and partial manifestations of submucous cleft palate, while their mother has a bilateral cleft lip and palate as well as bilateral fistulae of the lip. The malformation is possibly transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. This special type of hereditary combination is not mentioned in the literature, as far as we know, and appears to be a very rare clinical variation of the syndrome normally associated with clefts of lip and palate and fistulae of the lip.


[Electron microscopic demonstration of mitochondria in odontoblastic processes in the rat molar dentin].

Under the electron microscope isolated mitochondria were found in the odontoblastic processes in the dentin up to the dentinoenamel junction. The larger number of mitochondria in the dentin third next to the pulp explains the finding by other authors of a localized activity of mitrochondrially bound enzymes in this part of the dentin.


[Physical properties and technological problems in the use of xylitol].

Xylitol may be used as a sweetening agent in few cases only, since it appears to be physiologically not so well tolerated as saccharose. From the nutritional viewpoint, it is therefore necessary in many cases to combine sugar substitute, principally to mix xylitol with fructose. Also for technological reasons, new combinations of sugar substitutes for xylitol-containing dietetic foodstuffs must often be found and primarily combinations of sugar substitutes and thickening and gelatinizing agents choose between. It is therefore required that dietetically valuable foodstuffs be developed in line with nutritional requirements and not simply imitate conventional food.


[Metabolic behavior of disaccharide alcohols and related substances].

The present study suggests that part of the digestion of disaccharide alcohols is due to microbic processes, primarily in the cecum. The utilization of sorbitol and palatinitol by endogenous metabolic systems seems to be restricted insofar as these substances become accessible to the intestinal flora. Interim products of the bacterial fermentation are likely to be utilized by the host organism.


[The cariogenicity of xylitol in the animal experiment].

After programmed feeding of rats in a six and eight-week long conventional experiment with increasing concentrations of xylitol, compared to sorbitol, fructose and saccharose, the non-cariogenic nature of xylitol was confirmed. The increasing amounts of xylitol after sorbitol in chocolate diets (up to 30 g/day/rat) led to serious dilatation of the cecum and to changes in the mucosa of cecum and colon when sorbitol was given. Examination of plaques of the germ-free rats monoassociated with S. mutans showed that xylitol had no bacteriostatic effect on this type of germ. Since xylitol is not broken down by these germs with acid being formed, careis did not continue to extend.


Degradation of [3H]thymidine by a pentosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.4) in the plasma of man and different animals.

[3H]Thymidine is degraded by an enzyme (thymidine phosphorylase; EC 2.4.2.4) which we have identified in the plasma of man and some animals. The presence of this enzyme in plasma or sera used to supplement culture media may, under certain experimental conditions, limit the validity of measuring the uptake of radiolabeled thymidine as a means of defining DNA synthesis.


Isolation, characterization and nature of carbohydrate-peptide linkage of an alkali-extractable non-collagenous glycoprotein from albino rat skins.

A glycoprotein was isolated from young albino rat skins by alkali extraction under mild conditions and purified by Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. It was found to be homogeneous by agar gel electrophoresis. It had a molecular weight of approximately 90,000 and contained galactose, mannose, fucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and sialic acids as its carbohydrate constituents. The release of sialic acids from the glycoprotein by neuraminidase indicated their terminal positions in the carbohydrate chains. The glycoprotein lacked hydroxyproline which indicates its non-collagenous nature. The treatment of the glycoprotein with alkaline borohydride resulted in the decrease of threonine, serine and N-acetylgalactosamine contents. The presence of O-glycosidic linkage of N-acetylgalactosamine with serine and threonine is therefore suggested.


A powerful inhibitor of guanine deaminase.

The synthesis of 9-(p-carbetoxyphenyl) guanine is reported. The assays carried out on guanine deaminase from rat and rabbit liver and pig brain show that this compound is a powerful inhibitor. The compound has a Ki = 5 micronM for the enzyme from pig brain. The use of the inhibitor for the synthesis of a specific adsorbent for guanine deaminase was studied.


Synthesis and chromatographic properties of selenazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (selenaproline).

Details are reported for the synthesis of DL-selenazolidine-4-carboxylic acid starting from DL-selenocystine and formaldehyde. Some chemical reactions and the paper and ion-exchange chromatographic behaviour of selenazolidine carboxylic acid in comparison with thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid are described.


Monocytic leukemia in three cats.

Of 3 cats with monocytic leukemia, 1 responded favorably to treatment with cytosine arabinoside. With supportive therapy, it lived 78 days from the time of diagnosis, at which time it developed dyspnea and signs of toxicosis and died. The other 2 cats did not respond to treatment and died 4 and 16 days from time of diagnosis. Prior to death, they were bleeding from injection sites, and their blood had greater than 200,000 WBC/mm3. Necropsy of those 2 cats revealed extensive perivascular hemorrhagic infarcts within the cerebellum, medulla, and cerebrum.


Effect of monthly professional mechanical tooth cleaning on periodontal health in adults.

The beneficial effects of comprehensive dental prophylaxis programs are well recognized. In order to study the factors determining the effectiveness of these programs, 28 periodontal recall patients were subjected to monthly professional mechanical tooth cleanings. Experimental and control teeth were randomly selected according to a splitmouth cross-over method. The Plaque and Gingival indices were recorded 1 month prior to the study, at the start, and at 4, 8, and 12 months. One month prior to the study calculus and bacterial plaque were thoroughly removed from all teeth. During the study period only the experimental teeth were cleaned. Efforts were made not to influence the oral hygiene of the participants by any other means. Following the initial tooth cleaning and during the preexperimental period the Plaque and Gingival indices decreased to a low level on both the experimental and control teeth (mean P1I = 0.4, mean GI = 0.3). This high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health was maintained throughout the study period, and no differences could be observed between experimental and control teeth. This indicates that factors other than the mechanical professional cleaning were responsible for the maintenance of gingival health. It is suggested that participation in the program in itself may have motivated the patients to improve their oral home care.


Gingival recession and tooth mobility.

Tooth mobility measurements were carried out on 107 teeth with gingival recession in 20 subjects. Alveolar bone dehiscence around 43 of these teeth was measured during flap surgery in 13 subjects. No significant correlation was found between gingival recession and tooth mobility, and between tooth mobility and alveolar bone dehiscence. A positive, significant correlation was present between gingival recession and bone dehiscence. In 17 of the subjects, tooth mobility of 29 homologous contralateral teeth with and without gingival recession was compared. The difference was not significant. The role of trauma from occlusion in the etiology of gingival recession is questioned.


Lack of effect of trauma from occlusion on the recurrence of experimental periodontitis.

The experiments were performed in 15 dogs fed a diet which allowed dental plaque accumulation. A phase of experimental periodontal breakdown was initiated on day 0. After 210 days five dogs were sacrificed. In the remaining 10 dogs the periodontal pockets around the fourth lower premolars (4P and P4) were eliminated. During surgery a notch was prepared in the root at the level of the marginal termination of the alveolar bone in order to facilitate measurements in histological sections. From day 210 to day 450 the teeth of the animals were brushed twice daily. After 60 days of healing, i.e. on day 270, five of the dogs were sacrificed. Trauma from occlusion of the jiggling type was on day 270 produced in the P4 region of the remaining dogs by the installation of a cap splint and a bar device. The final five dogs were sacrificed on day 450. Following sacrifice, tissue sections comprising 3P, 4P, 1M and P3, P4, M1 were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis. The experiments revealed that, in the dog, forces produced by occlusal trauma are unable to induce a phase of progressive destruction of the periodontal tissues in tooth regions where the supporting tissues are markedly reduced but non-inflammatory.


The relative effectiveness of plaque removal by the Proxabrush and rubber cone stimulator.

The effectiveness of two agents in plaque removal from the proximal surfaces of teeth was studied in 30 subjects with large interproximal spaces. The Proxabrush was more effective than the rubber cone stimulator in its ability to remove proximal plaque, but neither achieved complete removal. Both agents cleaned incisor teeth better than posterior teeth, mesial surfaces better than distal surfaces, facial halves better than lingual halves and coronal halves better than apical halves of proximal surfaces. No differences in gingival health were detected. A majority of the patients preferred the Proxabrush.


Caries and periodontal status in patients fitted with removable partial dentures.

A 6-year follow-up study was carried out on 28 patients fitted with removable partial dentures. Prior to the prosthetic treatment all patients were given oral hygiene instruction and periodontal therapy where indicated. The removable partial dentures were carefully planned and designed. During the follow-up period the patients were examined at yearly intervals when remotivation, scalings, conservation and prosthetic adjustments were carried out as required. Patient cooperation was excellent and no significant deterioration of the periodontal status of the remaining teeth could be found. In addition the number of newly registered carious lesions was low. A certain degree of deterioration of occlusion, articulation, stability and clasp retention of the dentures fitted did occur, however.