Amino acid sequence alignment of bacterial and mammalian pancreatic serine proteases based on topological equivalences.

The three-dimensional structures of the bacterial serine proteases SGPA, SGPB, and alpha-lytic protease have been compared with those of the pancreatic enzymes alpha-chymotrypsin and elastase. This comparison shows that approximately 60% (55-64%) of the alpha-carbon atom positions of the bacterial serine proteases are topologically equivalent to the alpha-carbon atom positions of the pancreatic enzymes. The corresponding value for a comparison of the bacterial enzymes among themselves is approximately 84%. The results of these topological comparisons have been used to deduce an experimentally sound sequence alignment for these several enzymes. This alignment shows that there is extensive tertiary structural homology among the bacteria and pancreatic enzymes without significant primary sequence identity (less than 21%). The acquisition of a zymogen function by the pancreatic enzymes is accompanied by two major changes to the bacterial enzymes' architecture: an insertion of 9 residues to increase the length of the N-terminal loop, and one of 12 residues to a loop near the activation salt bridge. In addition, in these two enzyme families, the methionine loop (residues 164-182) adopts very different comformations which are associated with their altered substrate specificities.


Role of pyridoxine in the metabolism of putrescine in the rat.

1. The ability of rats to metabolize radioactive putrescine to 14CO2 in vivo has been studied. 2. Animals made deficient in pyridoxine exhibit a significantly lower rate of catabolism of the diamine. 3. There dose not appear to be an important interaction between the effects of the deficiency and those stemming from treatment of the animals with the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine. 4. These results favour the concept of a role of pyridoxal cofactor in the metabolism of diamines, presumably at the diamine oxidase stage.


The purification and properties of valine tRNAs of Drosophila melanogaster.

The valine transfer ribonucleic acids of Drosophila melanogaster have been purified by column chromatography on BD-cellulose, Sepharose 6B, and RPC-5. Three major species were analyzed for base composition and coding properties. Valyl-tRNAVal3a binds strongly to ribosomes in the presence of GUA and to a lesser extent with GUU and GUG. Valyl-tRNAVal3b binds strongly in the presence of GUG and very poorly if at all with the other three triplets whereas valvyl-tRNAVal4, which contains inosine, binds strongly in the presence of GUU, GUC, and GUA and weakly with GUG.


The primary structure of staphylococcal protease.

The amino acid sequence of staphylococcal protease has been determined by analysis of tryptic peptides obtained from cyanogen bromide fragments. Selected peptides obtained from digests with staphylococcal protease, thermolysin, and chymotrypsin provided the information necessary to align the tryptic peptides and the cyanogen bromide fragments. The protease is a single polypeptide chain of some 250 amino acids and is devoid of sulfhydryl groups. The COOH-terminal tryptic peptide of of the protease molecule contains some 43 residues, most of which are aspartic acids, asparagines, and prolines. The amino acid sequence of this peptide was not determined. The primary structure near the active serine residue indicates that staphylococcal protease is related to the pancreatic serine proteases. However, it has little or no additional sequence homologies with these enzymes except for the regions near histidine-50 and aspartic acid - 91. These regions have striking similarities with the corresponding regions of protease B and the trypsin-like enzyme of Streptomyces griseus.


Experimental polychlorinated biphenyl toxicosis in germfree pigs.

The effects of polychlorinated biphenyls were studied in eight germfree pigs. Beginning at fourteen days of age, two pigs each  were fed daily 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight of polychlorinated biphenyls as Aroclor 1254. Three germfree pigs were negative controls. Clinically the treated pigs had inappetance, a hemorrhagic diarrhea, erythema of the nose and the anus, retarded growth, distended abdomen and at the higher dose levels, incoordination and coma followed by death. Deaths occurred in 11 to 35 days after exposure. At necropsy, the piglets exhibited grossly enlarged mottled liver, erosions of the gastric mucosa, hemorrhages through the mesentery and the intestinal wall, a fibrinous pericarditis, a hypoplastic thymus and congested swollen thyroid glands. The histopathological lesions included hepatic centrolobular necrosis, interstitial myocarditis, endocarditis, myopathy of the muscles, gastric erosions and colitis. All of the organs examined for polychlorinated biphenyls had elevated residue levels which were particularly high in the fat, liver, psoas muscle, brain and kidney and were higher than has been reported in conventional pigs fed approximately equal concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls. The severity of clinical signs, pathological changes and tissue concentrations were directly related to the dose administered and were more pronounced in the germfree pigs than has been described in conventional pigs.


San Miguel sea lion virus fed to mink and pigs.

Mink became infected with San Miguel sea lion virus when fed ground meat from seal carcasses showing vesicular-like lesions in the skin. The mink also contracted the infection when they were fed San Miguel sea lion virus infected pig meat or cell culture propagated virus. San Miguel sea lion virus infection in mink was inapparent but the virus was isolated from blood and rectal swabs. Pigs treated similarly with the same virus preparations given to mink developed a severe vesicular disease syndrome similar to that produced by vesicular exanthema of swine. In a separate trial, pigs fed a large sample of commercial ground seal meat did not develop disease signs or antibodies. Further work is needed to assess the hazard of introducing San Miguel sea lion virus into swine on the same premises when potentially San Miguel sea lion virus infective seal meat is fed to mink.


Spinal reflexes as a basis for tremor in the premammillary cat.

A maintained tremor observed in premammillary cats has been studied by varying the load attached to the soleus muscle, by electrical recording, and stimulation. The frequency and amplitude of the tremor varies widely with changes in elastic or inertial loading (springs or flywheels). These variations agree well with predictions based on the idea that the tremor is maintained by relfexes reinforcing a tendency for oscillation in a mass-spring system (which includes the elasticity of the muscle). Spinal stretch reflexes are probably responsible since a relatively fixed delay of 8.5 +/- 2.9 ms is observed between the peaks of recorded afferent and electromyographic activity. Stimulation of the lateral gastrocnemius--soleus nerve completely resets the tremor, again suggesting a reflex origin.


Biological nitrogen fixation in the terrestrial environment of a high Arctic ecosystem (Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, N.W.T.).

Arranged in descending order of nitrogen-fixing (acetylene-reducing) potential the sites examined were mesic meadow and peat polygon troughs (equal rank), transition zone between mesic meadow and gravel ridge, gravel ridge, polar dessert, and peat polygon tops. The dominant nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, as in other Arctic areas, were blue-green bacteria, especially those epiphytic on Arctic mosses. The epiphytic association exhibited an optimum temperature for fixation of 20 degrees C. Other bacteria potentially able to fix nitrogen were present in the soils examined but their activity was severely restricted by low soil temperatures and lack of readily utilizable energy sources. These bacteria included members of the genera Klebsiella (the most numerous), Bacillus, Clostridium, and Beijerinckia (scarce). Also present at many of the sites was an unidentified yellow-pigmented fixer which was not Mycobacterium flavum. All fixers were psychotrophic rather than psychrophilic, having an optimum temperature greater than 20 degrees C but capable of slow growth at 5 degrees C or lower. The rate of acetylene reduction by the epiphytic system increased with the number of successive exposures to acetylene, a phenomenon of some significance in any calculations designed to measure the amount of nitrogen fixed in certain ecosystems.


Antigenic variation and increase in pathogenicity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a result of growth on glucose or N-hexadecane as sole carbon source.

When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown on glucose as opposed to n-hexadecane as the sole carbon source, the antigenicity, virulence, and protein composition of the outer membrane are altered. The hydrocarbon-grown cells demonstrate a 3-log increase in virulence over the glucose-grown cells (in mice). There also appears to be an additional protein present in the outer membrane of the n-hexadecane-grown cells. This protein may contribute to the observed antigenic differences between the two cell types.


Studies on transfer RNA from mycobacteria.

Active preparations of tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases have been isolated from exponentially growing cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Though the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of older cells retain their activity, the tRNAs seem to undergo modification and show poorer activity. The mycobacterial enzyme preparations catalyse homologous and heterologous aminoacylation between tRNA from the two species (M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Rv) or from Escherichia coli, with equal efficiency; tRNA samples from eukaryotic cells (yeast and rat liver) do not serve as substrates for the mycobacterial synthetases. The analytical separation of the different amino acid specific tRNAs from M. smegmatis resembles the pattern found in other bacteria. Purification of valine- (three species) and methionine-specific tRNA (two species) to 70-80% purity has been accomplished by using column-chromatographic techniques. Of the two species of tRNAMet, one can be formylated in the presence of formyl tetrahydrofolate and the transformylase from mycobacteria.


Test for differentiation of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis from other mycobacteria.

A test is described for selective inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis isolates in fluid medium. The method employs rho-nitro-alpha-acetyl-amino-beta-hydroxy-propiophenone (NAP) as an inhibitory agent for differentiation of mammalian tuberculosis strains from other Mycobacteria.


Timing of the electroretinogram response and dark adaptation.

The time response of the Electroretinogram (ERG) is an essential part of the examination. Peak time of response increases with dark adaptation and decreases with the intensity of stimulation. When working with constant amplitude during dark adaptation sensitivity increases but the intensity of stimulation decreases. It is essential to clarify the relationship of these two factors for valid interpretation of results. The present work suggests that the state of adaptation or retinal sensitivity affects amplitude, while peak time of the response is modified by the absolute value of the stimulating source whatever the state of adaptation. This observation has been done on rod responses and is valid as long as pigments remain unbleached and able to respond.


Inflammatory, tumor initiating and promoting activities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diterpene esters in mouse skin as compared with their prostaglandin releasing potency in vitro.

Release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cultured peritoneal macrophages of NMRI mice by skin irritant tumor initiators and promoters was investigated. Initiators of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon type, e.g., DMBA, caused slight irritation on the mouse ear but even relatively high doses did not stimulate PGE2-release to any measurable extent within 4 h after administration in vitro. Apparently there is no correlation between irritation and initiating activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages. On the other hand, promoters of the diterpene ester type, e.g., TPA, were strong irritants on the mouse ear. Even low doses of these compounds stimulated PGE2-release from macrophages dramatically within 1 h after administration in vitro. Moreover, a good correlation was established between irritant and promoting activity in mouse skin and PGE2-release in macrophages of a series of tigliane, ingenane and daphnane type diterpene derivatives. These results suggest that also in mouse skin PGE2-release may occur following exposure of the target cells to promoters of the diterpene ester type resembling one of the most early molecular events of promotion. This event could initiate both skin irritation and cell proliferation.


[Cochliatoxum periachtum Gassovsky, 1919, entodinimorphic Ciliate of the horse digestive tract].

The topography of Cochliatoxum periachtum is studied. The cuticle is very thick. The digestive, nuclear and excretory systems are located in the ectoplasm, they are not surrounded by the mesoplasm. The endoplasm is very large, it contains vegetable inclusions. By the features of its topography, this species is similar to some species belonging to the Family Ophryoscolescidae and, especially, to Eudiplodinium giganteum.


[Ultrastructure of the endoplasm of ophryoscolescides].

The digestive system of the Ophryoscolescides includes different parts : the adoral ciliary zone, the cytostome, the oesophagus, the endoplasm, the rectum and the anus. The endoplasm appears as a digestive sack surrounded by the mesoplasm. This fibrillary envelop separates it from the ectoplasm. It's in the endoplasm that the mechanism of the digestion develops. The endoplasm contains many different structures. It includes macrovesicles of three types, bacteria, plant-particles, microvesicles of two types, ergastoplasm, polysaccharides, the Golgi apparatus and fibrils. The macrovesicles of the first and the second type are not to be found simultaneously in the same endoplasm. The macrovesicles of the third type, very few in number, are different of the previous ones by their double membrane and their denser granulations. Large-sized vesicles contain bacteria at different stadia of digestion. At the end of the digestion, the bacteria are completely or partially degraded. The plant-particles ingested by the Ciliate are to be found in the endoplasm, surrounded by a vesicle. A first type of microvesicles are found in the oesophagus and in the rectum. They are distinguished by a deep black coloration of variable shape. Another type of microvesicles is also present in the endoplasm. They are small bright vesicles that can bud from large-sized vesicles. In the endoplasm the ergastoplasmic lamellae and rings are easily recognizable thanks to the ribosomes, that edge their external membrane. The ribosomes are also situated along the mesoplasm, around polysaccharidic grains and in small groups between the other endoplasmic elements. The polysaccharidic grains are netting-needle shaped bodies. Noirot-Timothee confers them a reserve function. The Golgi apparatus includes eight to eleven saccules. The extremities of those saccules present swellings or golgian ampullae. The endoplasm is also strewn with fibrillary structures that, cross-section are arranged in groups of four or five tubules. This type of endoplasm is found in Ophryoscolescides taken from a ruminant that has been fasting for several hours. In some individuals the endoplasm can have a totally different aspect. It is filled with vesicles of quite different sizes and shapes. The localization test of the acid phosphatase reveals, in this type of endoplasm, lead deposits. These vesicles are probably autophagic vesicles.


Qualitative alterations in plasma esterases in BALB/c mice following the administration of diethylnitrosamine.

Selected non-specific plasma esterases in female BALB/c mice, separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were qualitatively altered following treatment of the mice with diethylnitrosamine (DEN). These alterations include a decreased preference for naphthyl butyrate as a substrate relative to naphthyl acetate; decreased sensitivity to enhancement by divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2; and an increased sensitivity to inhibition by eserine. All esterase species affected were also quantitatively altered and some were testosterone-dependent.


The rabbit pulmonary monooxygenase system: characteristics and activities of two forms of pulmonary cytochrome P-450.

Two forms of rabbit pulmonary cytochrome P-450 have been characterized spectrally and their activities in reconstituted monooxygenase systems investigated. The presence of both microsomal phospholipids and sodium cholate was required to obtain optimum activity. Only one of the cytochromes (I) was active in the N-demethylation of benzphetamine and the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin. However, cytochrome II was 20% more active than cytochrome I in the metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene. The profile of the metabolites formed from benzo[a]pyrene indicated that metabolism at the 9 and 10 positions was insignificant in the case of cytochrome I but represented about 40% of the metabolites produced by cytochrome II. The two forms of the cytochrome are present in pulmonary microsomes in approximately equal amounts.


Lipids of the Streptomycettes. Structural investigation and biological interrelation a review.

During a systematic investigation of lipids of Streptomycetes a series of compounds of biochemical and microbiological interest have been isolated and characterized. These include several menaquinones, glycosyl diglycerides (glucuronosyl and isoladobinosym diglycerides), two ornithino lipids and a diol phospholipid. Some of these lipids were not known previously as constituents of streptomycete cells although they have been encountered elsewhere; others have proved to be novel lipids. The results of structural studies of these lipids are reviewed and some of their possible biological functions are discussed.


Single-radial-complement-fixation: a new immunodiffusion technique. Assay of the antibody response to the type-specific antigens of influenza virus in post-infection human sera.

A new immunodiffusion technique in agarose gel for the quantification of complement-fixing antibodies is described. The test involves the incorporation of antigen and complement in a primary agarose gel. Heat-inactivated serum samples are allowed to diffuse radially from wells overnight at 4 degrees C. A secondary gel, containing antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes, is layered on top of the first gel and the system is incubated for 45 min at 37 degrees C. Where complement is fixed, i.e., around wells with positive serum samples, zones of unlysed cells appear. There is a straight line relationship between zone areas so produced and log(2) serum titres obtained with the conventional complement fixation test. The method appears to be applicable to a variety of antigens. It has been found suitable for bacterial and viral antigens. The test can also be reversed, thus allowing the quantification of diffusible antigens in a gel containing immune serum and complement. This paper describes in detail the use of this method as a diagnostic tool for the assay of complement-fixing antibodies to the type-specific antigens of influenza virus in paired human sera.


International standard for anti-Brucella abortus serum: comparison of the complement-fixing activity of the first and second international standards and the EEC standard.

Although the three standards have similar agglutinating activities, it was found that the first International Standard had about half the complement-fixing activity of the second International Standard and the EEC standard. The complement-fixing activities of the latter two standards were similar. On the basis of these results, showing that the agglutination and complement-fixation tests measure different biological activities in anti-Brucella abortus sera, the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1976 assigned separate unitages of agglutinating and complement-fixing activity to the second International Standard for Anti-Brucella abortus Serum.


Health service coverage and its evaluation.

Health service coverage is considered as a concept expressing the extent of interaction between the service and the people for whom it is intended, this interaction not being limited to a particular aspect of service provision but ranging over the whole process from resource allocation to achievement of the desired objective. For the measurement of coverage, several key stages are first identified, each of them involving the realization of an important condition for providing the service; a coverage measure is then defined for each stage, namely the ratio between the number of people for whom the condition is met and the target population, so that a set of these measures represents the interaction between the service and the target population. This definition of coverage allows for variations, which are called "specific coverage", by limiting the target population to specific subgroups differentiated by certain conditions related to service provision or by demographic or socioeconomic factors.The evaluation of coverage on the basis of these concepts enables management to identify bottlenecks in the operation of the service, to analyse the constraining factors responsible for such bottlenecks, and to select effective measures for service development.


[Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in vivo in bone marrow cells of AKR mice].

Induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone-marrow cells of AKR Mice receiving in vivo four drugs well-known for their mutagenesis activity has been tested. A decreasing activity in SCE was shown by the drugs tested in the order cyclophosphamide, procarbazine, methylmethane sulfonate and diethylnitrosamine. This technique presents an encouraging method for testing the effect of chemical agents in vivo.


[Capture and fixation of tritiated serotonin by chick embryo notochord].

The 3 day old Chick notochord capacity to fix tritiated serotonin is maximal in its axis and in cephalic region. Our observations permitting us to find, the intracellular serotonin binding sites, contribute to an explanation of the capture mechanism and suggest a special direct role of the notochord on the monoaminergic neuron cytodifferentiation.


[Effect of valinomycin on mitotic activity and ciliary movement during embryonic development].

The K+ ionophore valinomycin very quickly arrests cleavage in sea urchin and mouse eggs at concentrations ranging between 10 and 3 micron. Development of Axolotl and Xenopus eggs is not arrested before the blastula or gastrula stage. The motility of sea urchin sperm, blastulae and gastrulae is suppressed, within a few minutes, by 1-9 micron valinomycin.


[Observation of Schistosoma mansoni by scanning electron microscopy].

The integumental surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 220 to 10,000 magnifications. SEM shows certain basic features such as spines in the oral sucker and the acetabulum which may facilitate rasping and attachment of the parasite to stay in the bloodstream of the definitive host. It seems likely that SEM visualization will be a means for differentiation some species of the genus Schistosoma.


[Chemical reactivity and biological properties of a series of aminochlorambucil derivatives].

The substitution of aminochlorambucil by a methyl group increased the chemical reactivity in IV b (n = 1) and IV b (n = 2) but their cytotoxicity remained low. The immunosuppressive effect (adjuvant arthritis in Rats and tuberculin related skin reaction) was observed with IV b (n = 2). Aminochlorambucil was effective on adjuvant arthritis only and IV b (n = 1) had no activity. Aminochlorambucil, IV b (n = 1) and IV b (n = 2) were devoid of any non-specific anti-inflammatory activity.


[Variation in delayed hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin as as function of the dose and time of administration of cyclophosphamide].

The injection of Cy before immunization provokes an intensification of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to methylated bovine serum albumin (M-BSA) and a diminution of about 90% of the cell number in various lymphoid tissues. The relationship between these observations, the time of administration, the dose of injected Cy and the intensity of DTH reactions, allows us to formulate hypotheses concerning the physiological modulation of DTH.


[Permissivity of the rat (Rattus rattus) of Guadeloupe with regard to Schistosoma mansoni and evidence for migration of adult schistosomes to the lungs].

In contrast to the laboratory Rat, the Rat (Rattus rattus) of Guadeloupe is a favorable host for the life cycle of S. mansoni: the parasite population is maintained at a high level (between 8 and 16% in this host until the 16th week and reproduces normally). The evolution of the parasitose is marked, shortly after the 8th week, by a transfer of schistosomes from the liver to the lungs.


[Comparative study of cysteine peptides of monomers and polymers of IgA].

The cysteinyl peptides of monomeric and polymeric IgA were studied by comparative autoradiography. Autoradiographies of polymeric IgA (containing or lacking J chain) showed an extra cysteinyl peptide which was never found in the monomeric forms. A similar peptide was obtained when reduced IgA was cleaved by BrCN. The possible identity of this fragment is discussed.


[Preliminary results on the abiotic synthesis of metalloporphyrins].

The possibility of obtaining metalloporphyrins in abiotic conditions was investigated. The direct formation of zinc-porphyrins in the reaction product obtained by exposing a mixture of methane, ammonia and water vapor to electrical discharges is reported.


[Adaptation of lipase and phospholipase A activities in pancreas and pancreatic juice in rats with diets rich in triglycerides and phospholipids].

Lipid rich diets containing about 20% of triglycerides or phospholipids given to Rats during 2 months were observed to increase lipase and phospholipase A2 activities in pancrease and pancreatic juice. The phospholipase and lipase activities are higher, respectively, on the phospholipid and triglyceride diet. Lower effects are observed after a 7-day administration of diet containing 40% of total lipid.


[Effect on macrophages of acute stress induced in mice by local irradiation].

In examining the role of radiation in inducing immunosuppression in tumor-bearing Mice it has been shown that the experimental acute stress inadvertently generated by the procedure is profoundly immunosuppressive. It would appear that monocytes under the influence of glucocorticoïds are sequestered in the spleen. This monocyte immobilisation leads to rapid suppression of local inflammatory reactions including delayed hypersensitivity. The increased number of marcrophages in the spleen is co-incident with non-specific non T cell splenocyte anti-tumour activity. Stress induced suppression of inflammation is prevented by previous adrenalectomy and restored by hydrocortisone.


[Determination of plasma catecholamines in conscious normotensive and hypertensive (sodium and desoxycorticosterone) rats].

Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured in conscious Rats on 50 microliter samples by a radiometric technique. In normotensive Rats a moderate haemorrhage increased catecholamine levels. In Rats rendered hypertensive by salt loading and by desoxycorticosterone treatment noradrenaline levels were increased.


[Variation in the specific activity of intestinal DNA in Alytes obstetricians larvae (Amphibia, Anura) treated with thyroxine].

Treatment by thyroxine modified the specific activity of intestianl DNA in premetamorphic Alytes tadpoles. The activity decreased up to the 3rd day, and showed afterwards a peak which culminates on the 9th day. These results have been discussed in comparison with previous radioautographic observations.


[Stimulation of pituitary LH and FSH secretion after immunoneutralization of endogenous substance P in the cycling rat].

In the cycling female Rat, administration of substance P antisera performed at noon on the proestrous day provokes a significant increase in LH and FSH serum level, right before or after the preovulatory surges, but had no effect on its occurrence or magnitude. These results suggest that substance P has a normal physiological inhibitory role in gonadotropin regulation.


[Influence of a hot environmental temperature on the evolution of experimental paludism of the mouse with Plasmodium berghei berghei].

Swiss Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei and maintained in permanence in a hot environmental temperature undergo a chronic infection whereas controls maintained at the laboratory temperature develop always an acute and lethal infection. The hot environmental temperature does not seem to have any action on the pathogenicity of the parasites. Host defences are stimulated.


[Microfilarial observation of Dipetalonemia viteae using scanning electron microscopy].

The integumental surface on the microfilaria of Dipetalonema viteae was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 1,200 to 20,000 magnification. This first study only concerns microfilaria in the circulating blood of the Hamster.


[Immunofluorescent demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in pancreas and digestive tube of bony and cartilaginous fish].

When antisera specific against bovine PP (BPP) were used, immunoreactive parenchymal cells were observed in the endocrine pancreas and in the gastro-intestinal tract of the teleost bony fish Cottus scorpius, as well as in the pancreas of the elasmobranchian cartilaginous fish Squalus acanthias. Of the two principal islets of Cottus, PP-cells were located selectively to that in the pyloric region.


[Pattern and nomenclature of serum proteins of the amphibian urodele Ambystoma dumerilii Duges].

By means of many electrophoresis techniques, the serum of Ambystoma dumerilii was studied. The pattern in cellulose acetate is different from A. mexicanum proteinogram. Direct two-dimensional analysis in acetate/polyacrylamid gel with progressively increasing concentration from 4-30%, gives us the opportunity to observe 41 proteic components. By immunological results, the fastest proteic fraction is equivalent to a globuline with alpha-mobility more than an albumin. A nomenclature for this blood serum is proposed.


[Antimicrobial activities of two strains of Streptomyces albus isolated from African soils].

The antibiotic activity of these two strains of S. albus is facilitated by culture on slices of Potatoes. Streptomyces extracts show an antibiotic activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and an antifongic activity aginst nearly all Aspergillus. These antimicrobial effects bring hope of a utilization against some mycotoxin pollution, or mold attacks.


[Growth and longevity of Wistar rats receiving a diet whose protein content is rapidly lowered in relation to aging].

Growth and longevity of the Rats were the same when: (i) the diet was rich in casein (21%), from weaning to death: (ii) the casein content of this diet (without B12) was progressively lowered from weaning to 200 days of age, and thereafter was 7%. When the casein level had been too rapidly lowered, inducing retardation of growth after 75 days, maximal growth was lowered and life span was increased.


[DNA polymerases in human platelets].

Human platelets have two DNA polymerases. In the mitochondrial-free cytoplasm we have found a DNA polymerase gamma and another DNA polymerase very closely related to the polymerase alpha from animal cells. In the mitochondria only the gamma activity is present.


[Comparison between serum LH and FSH levels in male and female rats during the perinatal period].

In the newborn female Rat, no transient LH and FSH serum surges were observed between 0 and 2 hrs., as compared with the newborn male. In the newborn female, a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins was observed between 2 and 6 hrs. These results indicate that, at birth, the pituitary-gonadal axis reacts in a different way in male and female Rats.


[Renewal of noradrenaline in different zones of the central nervous system of inbred mice strains and their recombinants].

A good correlation exists between the learning capacity and norepinephrine metabolism in the neocortex of C57 and Balb inbred Mice strains, as well as their F1 hybrids and seven recombinant inbred strains derived from their cross. The animals with a better learning performance are characterised by low levels of norepinephrine, as well as a slow metabolic rate of this neurotransmitter in the cortex. Such a correlation has not been found to exist in the other cerebral regions studied.


[Arguments in favor of the extramitochondrial origin of the acetyl radical of acetylcholine synthetized in rat striatum synaptosomes].

Synaptosomes prepared from Rat striatum were loaded with (2-14C) pyruvate at 0 degree C, in the course of a 1 hr. preincubation. When temperature was raised to 37 degrees C, the intra-synaptosomal (2-14C) pyruvate gave rise to 14CO2 but not to (14C) ACh. These results exclude a mitochondrial origin of the acetyl moiety of ACh.


[Biological properties of 4-amino-5 alkyl-sulfone substituted orthoanisamides].

The 4-amino 5-alkyl-sulfone substituted orthoanisamides can be distinguished from their non-aminated homologues (sultopride) or sulfamoyl homologues (sulpride) mainly by the intensity of their anti-emetic effects with regard to apomorphine and their mode of action, either on hippocampic rhythms or on locomotor rhythms in the Cat.


[Toxicity of Bacillus thuringienses var. israelensis for larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi].

The comparative study of the larvicidal action of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on A. aegypti and A. stephensi shows the greater sensitivity of A. aegypti, with 100% of mortality in 30 to 40 min. at high doses. But, for both species of Mosquito, the toxicity of these bacteria is very high, as shown by the mortality regression curves and by the LC50. This toxicity is associated with the crystals and can be extracted from them by dilute alkali solution, like the general case of the other serotypes of B. thuringiensis. In contrast with these serotypes, B. thuringiensis var. israelensis is not pathogenic to the tested larvae of Lepidoptera.


[Potato leafroll virus: purification, serologic detection and quantitative analysis in plants].

The Potato Leafroll Virus has been purified from Potato. An antiserum obtained allows the use of the Enzyme Linked-Immunosorbent Assay, a direct means to detect the PLRV in the plant and to assess its real concentration.


[In vivo continuous electrochemical determination of dopamine release in rat neostriatum].

Polarographic micro-electrodes (carbon fiber, o. d. 8 micron) implanted in the Rat caudate nucleus, allowed a practically continuous in vivo monitoring (one measurement every 5 sec.) of the extra-cellular concentration of dopamine released by striatal dopaminergic terminals. Administration of amphetamine produced a reproducible increase of the oxidation current. This effect was suppressed after the selective degeneration of the striatal dopaminergic terminals following the injection of 6-OHDA into the substantia nigra or after inhibition of the synthesis of the amine by alpha methyl-p-tyrosin. After 5 hrs. this drug produced a 70% decrease of the oxidation current.


[Effect of inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis on primary differentiation of mouse egg].

Alpha-Methylornithine, an inhibitor of the synthesis of putrescine does not affect the cleavage of Mouse eggs, cultured in vitro from the 2-cell stage, before blastocyst formation, whereas methylglyoxal-Bis (guanylhydrazone), an inhibitor of the syntheses of spermidine and spermine induces the embryos to become quiescent at about the 8-cell stage; resumption of their development, after transfer to fresh medium, is followed by a delay in cavitation. These results may be related to the biological clock theory for primary differentiation.


[Endocrinological effects of substituted orthoveratramides].

The substituted orthoveratramides, derived from the orthopramides by the addition of a second methoxy radical at position 3 in the benzene ring, possess strong endocrinological effects. In particular the N[(allyl-1 pyrrolidinyl-2) methyl] dimethoxy-2-3 sulfamoyl-5 benzamide blocks oestrus in the Rat at doses considerably lower than sultopride and inhibits so-called "castration cell" formation in the pituitary.


[Host-virus relationship during experimental spring viremia in carp].

One-summer-old virus-free carps produce both circulating interferon and neutralizing antibodies when stored at +20 degrees C and injected intraperitonealy with 10(5), 10(6), 10(7) p. f. u. of Spring Viremia of Carp virus per fish: Kinetics and intensity of interferon production are maximum for the highest virus imput (Fig.) and neutralizing antibodies are present in most of the fish 2 1/2 months post infection (Table).


[Formation of cutaneous nerve trunks in the chick. Ultrastructural and quantitative analysis].

In chick skin structuration of nervous trunks takes place at 14-15 days of incubation, at the time of formation of the adult pattern of cutaneous innervation. At this same stage, myelogenesis begins, but develops mainly after hatching:  only 4% of axons are myelinated at hatching, 40% in 6-week old Chickens and 60% in adults. This "critical" stage (14-15 days of incubation) apparently corresponds to the stabilization of cutaneous nerve supply.


[Microbial metabolic activity and transmembrane transport phenomena by potentiometric analysis of lipoic acid oxidation-reduction, in a minimal culture medium].

A method of measuring and studying metabolic bacterial activity is proposed, by following the kinetic evolution of the ratio of the oxidized and reduced forms of an electron transporter as a consequence of decreasing oxidizing power--due to oxygen consumption in the culture,--and increasing. Reduction power of bacterial activity. Namely, with minimum composition using salts and glucose the oxido-reduction of lipoic acid is well indicated by a gold electrode without any major bio-or electrochemical interference. A kinetic diffusion reaction theory takes into account the passive or active transmembrane transport of lipoic acid in good agreement with the experimentally observed shapes of the electrical signal. The various types of antibiotic activities are well reflected by the modifications of the signal.


[Differentiation antigens in keratinocytes II: cytoplasmic specificity expressed in the basal cell of the external root sheath of hairs but not in the basal cells of epidermis].

By means of indirect immunofluorescence with sera obtained from patients after bone marrow transplantation it has been demonstrated that antibodies were reacting with the cytoplasm of basal cells ((C.B.C.) in the external root sheath of hairs (E.R.S.). Some sera were found to react with C.B.C. of the E.R.S. but not with the C.B.C of the epidermis. The change in the antigenic properties of the basal cells was found to be situated at the orifice of the sebaceous gland duct.


[Functional study of the rat olfactory bulb by a 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic technic].

The autoradiographic method has been used in the Rat to map active regions in the olfactory bulb after a pulse of 14C-2-deoxyglucose with electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. The highest optical densities were found at the external plexiform, mitral, internal plexiform and granular layers; the lowest was found in the glomerular layer.


[Selectivity to spatial frequencies in the pigeon's optic tectum cells].

Extracellular cell recordings in the pigeon optic tectum show a selectivity of response to different sine-wave gratings presented in motion. The optimal frequencies are found to be between 0.4 and 0.9 cycle/degree and are independent of direction, orientation and velocity.


[Does color discrimination in pigeons vary as a function of retinal localizagion?].

Color discrimination in the red portion of the visual spectrum was studied for different retinal locations under "behavioural" fixation. In spite of the different distribution of coloured oil-droplets, the discrimination function remains the same.


[Localization of biogenic amines in the central nervous system of Crepidula fornicata (Phil.), Mollusca, Gastropoda, Prosobrancha].

Two categories of neurones at least can be demonstrated in Crepidula fornicata, some containing catecholamines (DA) others indolamines (5 HT). These cells, which are well localized, are often close to azanophilous neurosecretory cells but nevertheless distinct from the latter.


[Changes in Plasmodium berghei berghei in mice maintained at high temperatures].

The study of the evolution of Plasmodium berghei berghei is made in mice kept in a high temperature (35 degrees C) throughout the experiment. Some of these mouse parasites (less than 30%) show a gigantic atypical morphology. In the parasite growing in animals kept at 35 degrees C, the amount of DNA is higher than DNA rate of the parasites growing in control mice (20-22 degrees C). There is no evidence of any relation between the increase of DNA amount and the morphological modification of these parasites.


[Contribution of divalent cations to the maintenance of membrane potentials in the oocytes of Pleurodeles waltlii Michah (Amphibia, Urodela)].

When the external concentration of Ca and Mg is changed, the oocyte membrane potential, in the Urodela Amphibian: Pleurodeles waltlii, is not significantly modified. The addition of chelator agents, EGTA and EDTA in Ca, Mg free Steinberg solution promotes a membrane depolarisation and the rise of membrane conductance. It is concluded that divalent ions Ca++ and Mg++ are needed to maintain a potential difference between internal and external medium of the oocyte.


[Binding of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3) to human serum proteins].

The rT3-binding and human serum proteins was directly studied with tracer doses of radioactive rT3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed 125I-rT3 added to human serum was distributed among two proteins: albumin (carrying 57% of tracer rT3) and TBPA )22%). No binding was observed to TBG, protein binding T4.


[Lymphocyte subpopulations in adjuvant arthritis of rats. Effects of corticoids and gamma irradiation].

Experimental model of human chronic inflammatory arthritis, adjuvant arthritis may be induced only in several strains of inbred Rats: it is well developed in LEW and practically absent in WAG. After adjuvant injection, the PHA-stimulable lymphocytes subpopulation quite disappears from the blood, if polyarthritis is well developed. These cells are probably capted in the tissues implicated in immunological conflict. On the contrary, the ConA-stimulable subpopulation is enhanced in both strains after adjuvant injection, earlier and more intense in WAG than in LEW and that phenomenon is probably linked to a stimulation of suppressor T lymphocytes. Treatment with prednisone or gamma rays inhibits partially and delays the appearance of arthritis in LEW, acting essentially on ConA-stimulable subpopulation.


[Localization of motoneurones of retractor bulbi muscles by retrograde transport of exogenous peroxidase in cats].

Retrograde transport of exogene horseradish peroxidase has been used to localize the retractor bulbi muscle motoneurones. These motoneurones are located ventro-laterally in the tegmental reticular field; they are grouped in a rostro-caudal column above the superior olive. They correspond to the accessory nucleus of the VIe nerve described by old anatomists.


[Numerical variation of ciliated papillae in the miracidia of different strains of Schistosoma mansoni, the organism producing intestinal bilharzia].

In the miracìdia of 13 strains of Schistosoma mansoni, silver impregnation points out variations in the number of ciliated papillae situated between tiers 2 and 3 of epidermal cells, correlative with the size of the miracidia. These variations are related to the intermediate and definitive hosts. The number of ciliated papillae gives objective information on the degree of adaptation between the parasite and its successive hosts.


[Modifications in the type distribution of muscle fibers induced by repeated local freezings the rat sciatic nerve].

In the Rat, after a localized freezing of the sciatic nerve inducing a complete denervation of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle, the reinnervation took place within 16-18 days under our experimental conditions. After only one freezing, a limited and stable "type-grouping" of muscle fibres is observed from 30 to 360 days. After 2 to 5 freezing repeated every three weeks, the muscular changes observed one month after the last freezing are much more pronounced than when only one freezing is performed. These changes consist of a progressive increase in the number of type I and type II C fibres. This transformation is not stable: 3 months after the 3rd freezing, the muscle pattern does not differ from that which is noted after a single freezing.


[Intracellular distribution of two lysosomal enzymes in newborn rat liver].

The distribution of two lysosomal markers (beta-acetylglucosaminidase and acid phosphatase) between liver fractions was studied in the newborn Rat. The results indicate that after birth the hydrolase-bearing particles increased in size and had a lower density than the primary lysosomes. These modifications may be related to the autophagic-vacuole formation known to occur during this period.


[Role played in man by myelinated fibers of different diameters for the evocation of a nociceptive flex reflex and the accompanying pain sensation].

Using simultaneous recordings we have made in Man a comparative study of: the sural nerve afferent volley, the nociceptive flexor reflex of a muscle of the lower limb and the associated painful sensation. Two types of stimulations were used, a single short duration electric stimulus, and a train of electric shocks (100/sec). With a single stimulus, the nociceptive flexor reflex and the painful sensation develop only when A delta fibers are recruited. On the other hand, when the stimulations are given by trains the nociceptive flexor reflex and the painful sensation can develop with a stimulus sub-liminar to the threshold of A delta fibers, when A alpha fibers are recruited. When the stimulus activate both A alpha and A delta fibers, the flexion reflex and the pain disappear when a selective blockade of the A delta group is exerted by means of Lidocain.


[Effect of bromocriptine on the "prolactin-like cell" of Nectophrynoides occidentalis (Amphibia, viviparous Anura): optical and electronic microscopical studies].

Bromocriptin has an effect on prolactin-like cells of Nectophrynoïdes occidentalis. 16 days after delivery, these cells are fully active in normal animals. Retention of secretory granules and myelinic formations have been observed in the prolactin-like cells of females treated by CB 154.


[Immunocytology of alpha-endorphin positive hypothalamic fibers of Carassius auratus L. and Cyprinus carpio L].

An immunocytological study of the basal hypothalamus of Carassius auratus and Cyprinus carpio with an alpha-endorphin antiserum shows the different nerve processes belonging probably to the immunoreactive cells of the lateral part of the N.L.T. According to their pathways, two main fibre tracts have been distinguished: many fluorescent fibres converge towards the pituitary gland into which they enter, other fibres run caudally through the tuber towards the nucleus tuberis inferior (Baumgarten and Braak) where they could not be followed further.


[Isolation of bacteria that use that use nitric oxide as a respiratory electron acceptor under anaerobiosis].

Ten bacteria of the genus Bacillus were isolated from pasteurized soils, in anaerobiosis and at 32 degrees C, on peptone broth containing 0.5% KNO2. They are Gram variable rods producing oval spores. They are oxidase positive and have catalase. They grow, in anaerobiosis, on NO-3, NO-2, N2O, and NO as respiratory electron acceptors. These compounds are reduced to N2.


[Permanent cell culture of a pancreatic carcinoma induced by immunological effect. Comparison of the evolution of secretory specificity and oncogenic power in two homologous strains: in vitro (147-8) and in vivo (7-4)].

A permanent epithelial cell strain, named 147-8, was established in vitro from a pancreatic carcinoma immunologically induced in a mouse. The cells remain isolated and grow actively in suspension: after more than 3 years of life, the doubling time is 14 hrs. Some cells synthetized insulin during the first two months. Later on, the cells contain low but significant levels of amylase and lipase, even during the second year, thus showing some pancreatic specificity. The oncogenic property of this strain is high during the first two years, and later decreases while their multiplication rate remains high. The evolution of 147-8 strain is compared to that of its in vivo homologous strain 7-4.


[A method for measuring apatite crystals in human dentine by high resolution transmission electron microscopy].

High resolution electron microscopy now makes it possible to use an original method for measuring biological apatite crystals. The crystals of intertubular sound dentine have an average width of 296 A (standard deviation: 37) and an average thickness of 32 A (standard deviation: 5). During the course of so-called arrested caries, crystals get twice as thick compared to those sound dentine, whereas their width remains unchanged.


[Anatomical relationships of the ionocytes (chloride cells) with the branchial venous compartment: definition of two types of epithelium in fish gills].

The fish gill, a gas exchanger and osmoregulatory structure, is separated from the external milieu by two well defined types of epithelium. One, the primary lamellar epithelium, faces the venous compartment of the primary lamellae. It contains chloride cells whose extracellular spaces drain into the venous system. The other, the secondary lamellar epithelium, faces the arterio-arterial capillaries of the secondary lamellae and is made-up of an other cell type. This arrangement is seen in all classes of fishes, except Dipnoans, its functional significance is that the activity of the chloride cells directly affects the venous compartment.


[Formation of the neuromuscular junction in cultures of rat embryonic cells].

The morphological evidence of the primary nerve muscle contacts are described. They consist of areas of cholinesterase activity (detected histochemically) localized on the myotube membranes and of mutiple clusters of ACh receptors whose 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites are revealed by radio-autography. After the stage of the primary nerve muscle contacts, some of which seem transient, characteristic neuromuscular junctions appear. These neuromuscular junctions which possess subneural infoldings are similar to the end-plates of the Rat in vivo.


[The role of maternal parathyroids and vitamin D3 metabolites in fetal growth and the deposition of glycogen reserves in the maternal and fetal liver in rats].

Thyro-parathyroidectomy of pregnant Rats at 12.5 days of gestation decreased maternal liver glycogen on 21.5 days of gestation and fetal weight as well as fetal liver glycogen stores. The graft of one parathyroid gland or the injection of 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in these thyro-parathyroidectomized mothers increased their liver glycogen stores at 21.5 days of gestation. These treatments also markedly increased both fetal weight and fetal liver glycogen stores. It was concluded that maternal 1,25-dihydorxycholecalciferol, which is synthesized under the control of parathyroid hormone secretion, controls fetal growth and liver glycogen stores. The mechanism of these effects (direct or indirect) requires further investigations.


[Metabolism of testosterone in organ culture of the Mullerian crest in the new Pleurodeles waltl Michah].

Radioactive testosterone is very quickly collected by the mullerian ducts, and then metabolized in androstanolone and androstanediols. According to these investigations, the mullerian duct shows an usual feature of the effectors of androgens. The possible rôle of the different metabolites is discussed.


[Interaction of epidermal growth factor with human fibroblasts in culture: an autoradiographic study at the ultrastructural level].

The potent mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) binds to specific receptors on human fibroblasts. In the present study we have used a quantitative EM autoradiographic approach to visualize the events involved in the binding process. When 125I-EGF is incubated at 4 degrees C for 120 min, labeled EGF primarily localizes to the plasma membrane of the fibroblast but when incubated at 37 degrees C for 120 min., over  2/3 of the labeled material is internalized by the cell. The internalized radioacitivity is primarily localized to lysomes. These studies demonstrate a temperature-dependent internalization of EGF following initial binding to specific plasma membrane receptors.


[Inversion of the female sexual phenotype at high temperature in the urodelian amphibian, Pleurodeles waltii Michah].

Breeding of Pleurodeles waltii larvae with female gentotype was carried out in 29,5-30 degrees C tap water within 4 months after hatching. 11 out of 15, 1 year old animals, exhibited all the characteristics of male sexual maturity. Mating one of the neo-males  (ZW) thus obtained, with a standard female (ZW) results in a sex-ratio of the offspring consistent with theoretical expectation.


[Seasonal variations in the blood testosterone and thyroxine levels in the hedgehob (Erinaceus europaceus L)].

In adult male European Hedgehogs, which were studied outdoors, the plasma levels of both testosterone and thyroxine exhibited a marked annual cycle with a minimum in autumn and a maximum during spring and summer. The winter resumption of the testicular activity started already during the phase of hibernation and was concomitant with an increase of the plasma thyroxine level. The plasma titers of the two hormones dropped down together in August. The correlation between both hormones was less close from May through July.


[Importance of immunological mechanism in the curing of experimental trypanosomiasis by physical stimulation].

The cure of Trypanosoma equiperdum infected Mice obtained after treatment with an association of electromagnetic waves and a magnetic field is probably linked with the immune state of the host. A severe depression of the immune system suppresses the ability of the animals to eliminate the parasites after physical stimulation.


[Cutaneous respiration in a Selachian (Scyliorhinus caniculus L.)].

Cutaneous oxygen consumption (Mo2) and cutaneous oxygen uptake from the external medium were investigated in an elasmobranch Scyliorhinus caniculus L. In spite of an important Mo2 (2.75 +/- 0.28 nmol.mn-1 cm-2 ; n=6) a positive net flux of oxygen through the skin takes place (2.98 +/- 0.33 nmol. mn-1 .cm-2). The skin of the dogfish in an exchanger for oxygen supplying 10% of oxygen requirements of other organs of the body in these experimental conditions (t = 13 degrees C).


[Modifications of ovarian follicle reactivity to LH in rats treated with FSH at the beginning of the estrous cycle].

LH perfusion was performed on proestrus under pentobarbital anaesthesia in 4-days cyclic female Rats treated or not treated with FSH at the onset of estrous cycle. The number of follicles capable of undergoing luteinization was shown to be dependent upon the amount of LH available.


[Demonstration of testosterone secretion by testicular tissue of hypophysectomized boar as affected by HCG in organ culture].

Boar Leydig cells undergo a strong atrophy from 1 to 3 months after hypophysectomy but can be reactivated by the gonadotropin HCG in organ culture conditions. This reactivation which appeared at histological and ultrastructural level was evidenced by the capacity of testicular tissue to synthesize testosterone as judged by radioimmunoassay. Both synthesis in the tissue and release into the medium increased according the incubation time with HCG; the adjonction of 17 alpha-OH-pregneolone to culture medium led to increase the intra and extra-tissular concentration of testosterone.


[Statistical study of the primary asymmetry in primordial germ cells distribution in the chick embryo].

Statistical analysis of quantitative data obtained from a population of 493 chick embryos shows that the degree of primary asymmetry of PGC distribution in favour of the left side of the embryo is highly significant. Our previously published kinetic interpretation of the same data is confirmed and the origin of the primary asymmetry is discussed.


[Kinetic study of membrane 5'-nucleotidase activity in cultured diploid cells].

5'-nucleotidase activity of cultured diploïd cells was measured using intact suspended cells. This depended on the substrate amount, but did not vary with Mg ++ concentration-Kinetic data were determined using Con. A,a specific inhibitor.


[Cytological study of the action of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on mosquito larvae].

A comparison is made between the cytopathological effects of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on Aedes aegypti larvae and the cytopathological effects of the other varieties of B. thuringiensis on Lepidoptera larvae. The same primary action is observed, with the loss of integrity of the gut epithelium, the cells of which appear swollen, distorted and finally burst.


[Protective action on mice of acellular extracts from Salmonella typhimurium].

Acellular fractions obtained by saline extraction at 60 or at 100 degree C of Salmonella typhimurium protect mice against an experimental infection with the homologous strain. After purification, these fractions which are complex, might be used for the development of a vaccine.


[Application of immunoelectron microscopy to the detection of viruses in a water medium].

Adenoviruses were immersed in demineralyzed and deionized water for 5 days. The water was subsequently analyzed by Immuno-Electron-Microscopy for detection of viral particles. An attempt of quantation was also made on control, untreated particles. Viruses dispersed in water can be detected by the technique employed but quantitation is limited by the heterogeneous dispersion of the particles on the grids.


[Lipid thesaurismosis rheumatism. Joint manifestation during glucocerebrosidase deficiency (Gaucher's disease). Ultrastructural study of the synovial membrane].

Articular inflammatory involvement may be the first sign of gluocecerebrosidase deficiency (Gaucher's disease). Electron microscope study shows specific synovial storage lesions which explain arthritic manifestations. Furthermore presence  of mitochondrial microcrystals, (apatite?), suggest microcrystal pathogenesis of Gaucher's arthritis.


[Mental capacity and human consanguinity].

Mental abilities and inbreeding. The comparison between 1,302 adults born from consanguineous marriages underlines a heavy depression of mental abilities. The load of inbreeding equals the load of environment, both adding their influences, without interaction. Homozygosity acts probably more particularly on the brain.


[Evolution of intrabacterial glucides during differentiation of two types of feces in the colon of the domestic rabbit].

In the Rabbit, during excretion of hard feces, a correlation exists between the stock of bacterial carbohydrates at the caecal level and the intensity of the bacterial lysis observed in the proximal colon.


[Permeability of the isolated human amniotic membrane to divalent cations].

Membrane potential and resistance recordings, in vitro, show that Mg++ does not pass through the amnion from the inside of the amniotic compartment to the outside of the amniotic membrane. Mg++ may become fixed on the surface or in the midst of the amniotic membrane. However, Mg++ diffuses in the opposite direction. Ca++, Ba++, Sr++ diffuse in both directions across the amniotic membrane.


[Stimulation of calcitonin secretion in the fasting newborn rat by ingestion of triglycerides].

The stomach gavage of fat (triglycerides) in the fasting newborn Rat induced a marked increase in the plasma concentration of immunoreactive calcitonin after 30 and 60 mn. Calcium chloride given by the same route at the dose of 20 mg calcium per kg body weight had a poor effect on calcitonin secretion. This stimulation was probably mediated through some gastro-intestinal hormone that has to be uncovered.


[Histoautoradiographic study of two target organs (epididymis and femoral glands) after injection of 3H testosterone in a non-mammalian vertebrae, the viviparous lizard].

After 3H testosterone injection into castrated males of the Lizard Lacerta vivipara, the radioactive compound is detected by radioautography of epididymis, femoral glands, gut and liver. Between 1 hr. 30 min. to 12 hrs. of retention the 3H material concentrates progressively into nuclei of the glandular cells of epididymis and femoral organs although no particular concentration occurs in gut and liver cells. This submammalian model is consistent with those previously described for mammals.


[Presence in the sub-esophageal ganglinnof the caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff) of cells containing anti-alpha-endorphins as revealed by immunofluorescence].

Immunohistological investigations have been performed with Vertebrate neuropeptide antiserums in the subaesophageal ganglion of larval Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera). Positive immunoreaction was observed in two groups of cells only with an alpha-endorphin-antiserum. These cells are azocarmine ground positive earth and paraldehyde-fuchsin ground negative earth or Gomori ground negative earth. In the brain, immunohistological staining was completely negative.


[Phenotypic expression of colon polymorphic antigens (WZ) in human colon adenocarcinomas].

Human colon adenocarcinomas from 52 patients were investigated for the presence of the colon polymorphic antigens WZ. The patients were typed for their WZ phenotype, using the immunofluorescence method on non tumoral colon mucosa sections: 27 patients were found W+ Z+, 18 W- Z+, and 7 W- Z-. The tumors were tested for the presence of the WZ phenotypes, using the immunofluorescence method and a radio-immunoassay. The WZ phenotypes were not expressed in the non secreting tumors, whatever the patient's phenotype. They were expressed in the secreting tumors and had the same phenotype as found in the corresponding normal mucosa. The WZ phenotypes were present in human developed into "nude"  Mice inoculated either with differentiated colon carcinomas, or with a human colon carcinoma cell line (HT-29).


Ionized calcium and magnesium in the baboon: hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

Ionized calcium (Ca2+) and ionized magnesium (Mg2+) are important intracellular "second messengers" and control excitation-contraction coupling excitation-secretion coupling, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acid-base balance. This study examines the effect of hemorrhagic shock on serum Ca2+ and Mg2+. Eight baboons were subjected to severe hemorrhagic shock and then resuscitated. Ca2+ was measured by the Orion SS-20 flowthrough calcium electrode and Mg2+ was calculated by the method of Killen. Other measurements included: total calcium, bound calcium, total magnesium, bound magnesium, albumin, globulin, total protein, phosphate, pH, and hematocrit. This study shows that there are significant disturbances of Ca2+ and Mg2+ during resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. These disturbances may in part explain cellular dysfunctions during shock, including decreased myocardial contractility, inappropriate secretion of endocrine cells, decrease in oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial acidosis.


Baroreceptor reflexes in human hypertension.

We studied the control of arterial pressure by the carotid sinus baroreceptors in 35 hypertensive humans, using a variable pressure neck chamber to alter carotid sinus transmural pressure in a graded fashion. The results were compared with those obtained from 11 normotensives. As in normotensives, reduction in carotid transmural pressure caused a linearly related pressor response and vice versa. However, whereas in normotensives the pressure response was greater than the depressor, the reverse was the case in hypertensives. Furthermore, the pressor response decreased and the depressor response increased progressively with an increase in severity of the hypertension. Thus while in normotensives the carotid baroreflex is more effective in protecting against hypotension, in hypertensives the antihypertensive function of the reflex is favored. Similar differences between hypertensives and normotensives were found with respect to the carotid baroreceptor control of heart rate. In eight hypertensives, reflex changes in heart rate also were studied by injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine to vary not only carotid baroreceptor activity, but also activity of extracarotid baroreceptors. The results were compared with results of similar studies on eight normotensives. These comparisons suggest that, whereas the carotid baroreceptor reflex remains active in hypertension, reflexes stemming from extracarotid baroreceptor areas are much diminished.


Comparison between ketotifen and DSCG in bronchial challenge.

A double-blind cross-over study showed that orally taken ketotifen and inhaled DSCG have a comparable protective effect on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. Both drugs significantly inhibit the immediate bronchial reaction after a 3 day treatment with either 1 mg ketotifen or 20 mg DSCG four times daily. Late reactions, which occurred in three out of the ten patients, were inhibited in two of the three patients by ketotifen as by DSCG.


A low T3 syndrome in diabetic ketoacidosis.

The pituitary-thyroid axis was investigated in nineteen euthyroid patients with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. A 'low T3 syndrome' was found, with the following characteristics: lowered serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), increased reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), slightly low thyroxine (T4), normal thyrotrophin (TSH), slightly increased triiodothyronine uptake (RT3U) values, and a blunted TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). These disturbances in thyroid-function tests required several days good control of the diabetes to be corrected, at least partially. The data suggest the presence of an abnormal extrathyroidal T4 metabolism as well as a pituitary defect. Caution is recommended in the interpretation of thyroid-function tests during and several days after the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.


The immunogloblin nature of nephritic factor (NeF).

NeF was shown to be antigenically and structurally similar to IgG by the following experiments: (1) NeF activity in serum was absorbed by and, under acid conditions, could be eluted from (a) anti-myeloma IgG antibody coupled to Sepharose and (b) protein A-Sepharose. (2) Purified NeF could bind to anit-myeloma IgG-Sepharose and could be eluted with acid, and this binding was blocked by myeloma IgG. (3) An antibody to beta2, microglobulin, showing strong cross-reactivity with normal IgG, bound NeF activity before, but not after, absorption of the antiserum with IgG. (4) Sepharose-coupled antibodies to NeF could bind activity which was recovered in the acid eluate. This binding capacity was lost after absorption of the antibody with normal and myeloma IgG. (5) Structural similarity was demonstrated by pepsin and papain digestion, which resulted in NeF activity eluting with F(ab')2 and Fab fragments from protein A-Sepharose and Sephadex G-150. (6) Autoradiography of PAGE-SDS of 125I-labelled NeF eluted from EA43bBb cells showed that NeF had a larger H chain than normal IgG, suggesting that NeF might be an abnormal IgG molecule.


Impaired skeletal muscle vasomotor response to infused noradrenaline in baboons with obstructive jaundice.

1. We have measured muscle blood flow by a 133Xe clearance technique, and its response to noradrenaline in baboons before and 2 weeks after ligation of the bile ducts when they were jaundiced. 2. In the normal baboons, the response to noradrenaline was a dose-dependent decrease in muscle blood flow. 3. Bile-duct ligation caused no significant alteration in skeletal muscle blood flow but the response to noradrenaline in the jaundiced baboons was significantly attenuated. This effect was not observed in four sham-operated baboons.


Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. III. Chromosome banding studies in the genus Hapalemur and the species Lemur catta.

The karyotypes of five Malagasy lemurs are described and compared after the successive use of various banding methods. Phylogenic relationships appear to exist between the respective ancestors of Lemur catta, Hapalemur simus, H. griseus occidentalis, H. griseus ssp, and H. griseus griseus. Their karyotypes can be derived from that of L. fulvus fulvus by chromosomal rearrangements affecting mainly chromosomes 1 and X. Intense staining of juxtacentromeric heterochromatin was detected among the different subspecies of H. griseus.


Synergy studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin.

The predictability of synergy with strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly resistant to gentamicin in combination with carbenicillin has been controversial. 30 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa resistant to gentamicin and/or carbenicillin were tested by checker-board technique. 14 were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration MIC greater than or equal to 128 microgram/ml) and/or carbenicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 512 microgram/ml). Of these 14, 4 isolates showed synergy. 10 of 16 isolates with moderate resistance demonstrated synergy. It is concluded that the level of resistance to gentamicin with P. aeruginosa cannot be used in predicting whether synergy will occur.


Effect of a tetracycline antibiotic on the experimental pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans.

The pathogenicity of three stains of Cryptococcus neoformans was experimentally tested by intradermal inoculations into albino rabbits and intraperitoneally into mice. A relationship was found between the number of inoculated cells and the diameter of dermal lesion; moreover, a typical kinetics of lesion evolution and healing has been shown. Treatment of rabbits with deoxytetracycline did not dramatically influence the behavior of dermal lesions. However, in experiments dealing with strain Vi selected for its enhanced dermotropism, the antibiotic did significantly provoke a diminition of the inflammatory area. In mice, the antibiotic caused a marked increase in mortality (as evaluated by both LD50 values and rate of mortality). Neither in rabbits nor in mice, however, were we able to detect a significant effect of the drug on the dissemination of C. neoformans cells in internal organs. There is no simple explanation for the reported observations but it is possible that local factors in the derma or an aspecific antiinflammatory action of deoxytetracycline are responsible for the unusual response of dermal experimental infection to antibiotic treatment.


Folate status during long-term therapy with trimethoprim and sulphadiazine.

It was studied whether treatment with sulphadiazine and trimethoprim for 8 weeks affected the folate status. The therapy did not inhibit the absorption as assessed by the 3H--folic acid absorption (TRIFA) test. Plasma folic acid clearance showed that folate deficiency had not developed. Bone marrow studies revealed that the antifolic action of the drugs did not manifest itself at the cellular level. The Lactobacillus casei method should not be employed in the determinations of the serum folate concentration during the treatment because therapeutic plasma concentrations of the two drugs inhibit the growth of the test bacteria.


Local cerebral energy metabolism: its relationships to local functional activity and blood flow.

The results of studies with the [14C] deoxyglucose technique unequivocally establish that local functional activity in cerebral tissues is, as in other tissues, closely coupled to the local rate of energy metabolism. Stimulation of local functional activity increases the local rate of glucose utilization; reduced functional activity depresses it. Local cerebral blood flow is normally distributed among the cerebral structures in almost exact proportion to their rates of glucose utilization and it changes together with local glucose consumption in response to altered local functional activity. These results demonstrate that the level of functional activity in the structural and functional components of the central nervous system regulates the local rate of energy metabolism, and local blood flow is adjusted to the local metabolic demand.


Central neuroendocrine regulation of brain water permeability.

The brain vasculature, especially capillaries, may function in a very dynamic fashion under neuroendocrine control to regulate the internal environment of the brain. This is exemplified by new observations on the regulation of brain water permeability using the tracer H215O in vivo in adult rhesus monkeys. These studies reveal that brain water permeability, and hence brain water content and volume, are, at least in part, under the influence of the central noradrenergic system and centrally released vasopressin.


Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier.

The blood-brain barrier at cerebral blood vessels is due to a continuous lining of endothelial cells, which are connected by tight junctions that restrict intercellular diffusion. The endothelium excludes most water-soluble solutes and proteins but supports facilitated stereospecific transport of monosaccharides and large neutral and basic amino acids. The barrier in different species can be made permeable by infusing a hypertonic solution of urea or arabinose into the internal carotid artery. Endothelial cells presumably shrink and tight junctions between them widen to proteins and normally restricted solutes. Thus, intravascular protein tracers such as Evans' blue-albumin, 125I-labelled albumin, horseradish peroxidase (ED 1.11.1.7) and alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) are allowed into the brain, and uptake of [3H] norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is increased more than twofold above a normal rate of accumulation by brain. Osmotic barrier opening to amines has been used to demonstrate their effect on cerebral blood flow from within the brain parenchyma. Osmotic barrier opening is reversible, may be graded with respect to molecular size and is not followed by evidence of brain damage or of brain oedema (when measured two days after hypertonic infusion). Transient cerebral changes probably accompany osmotic opening, however, as glucose uptake and cerebral metabolism of glucose are increased after hypertonic infusion.


Influence of the cerebrovascular sympathetic innervation on regional flow, autoregulation, and blood-brain barrier function.

Experiments have been done on rats, rabbits and baboons to elucidate the role of the cranial sympathetic nerves originating in the superior cervical ganglia in the regulation of local cerebral blood flow, including its autoregulation, and in blood-brain barrier functions. Flow was measured by the [14C] ethanol technique, thermoclearance, and xenon-133 clearance. Blood-brain barrier functions were studied by the extravasation of an Evan's blue-albumin complex and by calculation of brain uptake index for two compounds (noradrenaline and inulin). Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves reduces regional flow to a degree that is related to the amount of local perivascular innervation. The breakthrough of autoregulation during induced systemic hypertension is prevented by bilateral stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia. Acute sympathectomy markedly enhances the vascular penetration both at normotension (tested by brain uptake index for noradrenaline and inulin) and rapidly induced hypertension (evidenced by extravasation of Evans' blue). This extravasation of Evans' blud during acute hypertension can be counteracted by sympathetic nerve stimulation. The results give further support for the view that the cranial sympathetic nerves afford an efficient control of the cerebrovascular bed.


[Diagnostic value of microzone electrophoresis of non-concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].

Results of microzone electrophoresis and immunochemical examination of proteins in nonconcentrated CSF were compared. Blood-CSF barrier impairment, disturbances in CSF flow and immune reactions were detectable by the microzone electrophoresis technique. Blood-CSF barrier impairment and immune reactions were detected by immunochemical determination of albumin and IgG on LC partigen plates, the assay range of the plate being sufficient only for these proteins. There was no significant difference in the frequency with which abnormal protein values were found by either method.


[Ultradian rhythm in EMG and EEG of a child with cerebral palsy (author's transl)].

EMG as well as EEG of a two years old girl with cerebral palsy was recorded continuously during four days and nights. Mathematical analysis (autocorrelations and spectra of variance) revealed an ultradian periodicity (1.5--2.5 hours) of all recorded functions. Especially, a 1.5-hour period was seen in records of EMG (m. triceps surae) during days. These findings are discussed with respect to Kleitman's basic rest activity cycle. The ultradian rhythm of motor activity in children with cerebral palsy should be taken into account, especially with respect to timing and programs of physical therapy.


[Centralized system for EEG-diagnosis and EEG-monitoring in a neurologic intensive care unit (author's transl)].

A centralized EEG system installed in a neurologic intensive care unit is described. It is the first step to a computerized EEG monitoring which on the basis of conventional EEG recordings already permits a "brain monitoring" to some extent. It consists of a system for total EEG diagnosis which is connected with a central EEG laboratory via long-distance transmission lines, and of a system for EEG-monitoring which is part of the general beside monitor system. The possibilities of this system are demonstrated in monitoring of patients with epileptic seizures.


[Transitory burst-suppression pattern in endogenous-exogenous encephalopathy (author's transl)].

A status epilepticus was observed in a 22 year old female patient during endotoxinshock. The status epilepticus was treated with a high dosage of diazepame. The EEG showed a burst suppression pattern, in our case mixed by anoxia and diazepame. The burst-suppression pattern and the clinical suspicion of delayed degradation of diazepame caused by toxic hepatic failure suggested the therapy of forced diuresis. This therapy was followed by decreasing suppression periods, indicating the dominante influence of the hypnotic drug. This result shows the diagnostic as well as the therapeutic value of forced diuresis in this case.


[Number of spike-components contributing to the motor unit potential (author's transl)].

40 motor unit potentials recorded with concentric needle electrodes (Fig. 1) from the extensor digitorum communis muscle were analysed in order to find out the number of contributing muscle fibre action potentials. A "fractionation" of the motor unit potential was achieved by maintained voluntary activity under ischemic condition leading to a consecutive transmission block in the motor endplates within the active motor unit. Thus one after the other muscle fibre action potential failed to occur leading to a stepwise reduction of the motor unit potential which finally was abolished (Fig. 2 and 3). With technique it was shown that 65% of the area of the investigated motor unit potentials were composed of two to twelve (mean 5) muscle fibre action potentials (Fig 4). No correlation between the number of spike-components and duration or amplitude of the motor unit potential was found (Fig. 5). The non-analysed area of the motor unit potential probably represented activity of more distant muscle fibres of the motor unit.


[The significance of rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (author's transl)].

Out of 50,000 EEG's those of 38 subjects contained rhythmic mid-temporal discharges (RMTD), corresponding to an incidence of 0,1%. The morphological features of RMTD are: 1. frequency: 5.5-6.5/sec 2. shape: monophasic and regular with occasionally interposed 12/sec. activity. 3. localisation: mid temporal, often spread to anterior, seldom posterior region. 4. occurence: bilateral, simultaneous, or alternating sides. They are closely linked to the drowsy state, occuring at the transition from A2 to B2 stage (IA2) and arising from a fairly desynchronized EEG. RMTD are commonly seen within REM periods, which are markedly fragmented with interspersed periods of drowsy patterns lasting 20-90 sec, during which the RMTD are seen. Occasionally they are strictly related to slow eye movements and periodic respiration. The RMTD are an individual feature, appearing in different persons with variing penetrance. Their occurence is favoured or inhibited to a certain degree by external circumstances. Slow and fast wave sleep in subjects with RMTD are disturbed. Both of them, especially the fast wave sleep are reduced in favour of markedly increased stages of drowsiness with RMTD, which sometimes last several minutes. In spite of such abnormal organisation of sleep the subjects feel recovered in the morning and sleep disturbances are not reported. RMTD could therefore be considered as "bioelectrical sleep disorder". We did not find any correlation between RMTD and clinical findings, in particular not with psychomotor or any other form of epilepsy.


[Centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal. Clinical and electroencephalographic long-term follow-up study in 52 patients (author's transl)].

In this report 52 patients meeting the criteria of centrencephalic myoclonic-astatic petit mal (10) at the beginning of petit mal are included. The results of clinical and encephalographic follow-up examinations are as follows: 1) The type reported here apparently has a petit mal course with peculiar characteristics, it therefore must be separated from Lennox syndrome: centrencephalic myoclonicastatic petit mal, pyknolepsia, bilateral myoclonus (impulsive petit mal). It should file under generalized primary petit mal epilepsy. 2) It is primarily defined by its EEG marker: "centrencephalic" EEG pattern (irregular and/or regular spike-wave groups, photosensibility and abnormal theta- and/or delta-rhythm). Rarely (33%) minor cerebral organic lesions as additional pathogenetic factors are uncovered by clinical and electroencephalographic examinations. 3) The clinical picture is characterized, aside from myoclonic and/or astatic seizures, by frequent absences (80%), rare tonic seizures (6%), petit mal status (25%) and mostly generalized grand mal seizures (62%). 4) There are changes of the course of the disease to Lennox syndrome (N = 6) in in children suffering from marked cerebral organic lesions at the onset of petit mal and in development of severe epilepsy. 5) Least favorite markers with respect to prognosis are concomitant grand mal seizures (p = 0,05), petit mal status (p = 0.008), additional 2/sec spike wave-pattern (spike wave Variant) in the EEG (p = 0.002) and previous seizures with focal signs. Favourite outcome of epilepsy are frequently connected to missing cerebral organic lesions (p = 0.05).


[Bio-rhythmic as time-structure of postnatal development: observation in behaviour and polygraphic studies in a normal newborn (author's transl)].

The spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour of a male infant, normal with respect to pregnancy, delivery and Apgar score, was observed continuously from birth till the first four months of life. Additionally sleep stages were scored by means of polygraphic method during several weeks. The infant was allowed to sleep and awake according to his own schedule and was fed if his behaviour could be judged as a feeding demand. Using statistical analysis it could be deomonstrated, that the spontaneous sleep-waking behaviour was mainly driven by three endogenous rhythms: The Basic rest aktivity cycle with periods of about 50 minutes, a circafour-hour rhythm already established at term and a circadian periodicity which developed during the first three months of life. So far our results support earlier studies of Kleitman and Engelmann, Parmelee, Hellbrügge etc. The present study, however, gives further evidence, that these rhythms do not run independently, but constitute a system of interacting oscillators. During postnatal development these connected rhythms cause characteristic periodicities of the spontaneous sleep-waking pattern. Since the newborn experiences his world within a basic framework of sleep and waking epochs, the system of interacting, endogenous rhythms may be considered as a structure timing the information process in the developing brain.


Insulin secretion, carbohydrate tolerance, fat metabolism and body weight in maturity onset diabetics requiring various methods of therapy.

Maturity onset diabetes (MOD) is characterized by the fact that the response of insulin secretion to glucose loading is either completely missing or is reduced if compared with that of persons whose metabolism is intact. But insulin secretion can be provoked by other specific stimuli. However, the quantitative IRI response can provide no information as to which of the MO diabetics must be treated by dietetic measures only and which of them are liable to treatment with sulfonylurea. It was, therefore, investigated whether in 109 patients suffering from recently developed overt MOD a differentiation from a therapeutical point of view can be attained by joint evaluation of stimulated IRI secretion, of glucose tolerance, of the dynamics of free fatty acids, of the fasting values of triglycerides and cholesterol and of the body weight. The findings suggest that no better differentiation for the two methods of treatment of MOD stated above is possible by simultaneous evaluation of the parameters of fat metabolism, glucose level and IRI secretion than by IRI secretion and carbohydrate tolerance alone.


Physical mapping of the ribosomal DNA region of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA.

1. The relative positions of endo R . EcoRI and endo R . Bg/II cleavage sites are mapped within the linked DNA fragments Bam-E-E-D of the Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. 2. The DNA segment Bam-E-E-D contains three contiguous repeated segments of approximately 5600 base pairs. 3. Each repeated segment can code for an rRNA gene (16-S and 23-S).


Purification and characterization of the penicillin-binding protein that is the lethal target of penicillin in Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis. Protein exchange and complex stability.

The penicillin-binding protein that is thought to be the lethal target of penicillin in Bacillus megaterium (protein 1) has been purified to greater than 95% homogeneity. The membrane-bound penicillin-binding proteins were solubilized with a non-ionic detergent and partially separated from each other by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B. Protein 1 was subsequently purified by covalent affinity chromatography on ampicillin-affinose. Bacillus licheniformis contains an equivalent penicillin-binding protein (protein 1) that can be more readily purified to virtual homogeneity in a one-step procedure. It was separated from the other penicillin-binding proteins by utilizing the observation that in this organism, this particular protein is the only one whose covalent complex with benzylpenicillin subsequently breaks down. Membranes were treated with saturating concentrations of benzylpenicillin followed by the removal of free penicillin and further incubation to allow the complex between benzylpenicillin and protein 1 to break down. The penicillin-binding proteins were then solubilized and applied to a column of ampicillin-affinose to which only protein 1 was bound as the other penicillin-binding proteins still had benzylpenicillin bound to them. Pure protein 1 was eluted from the affinity resin with hydroxylamine. The interaction of benzylpenicillin with purified protein 1 has been studied by separating unbound antibiotic from the benzylpenicillin . protein complex by paper electrophoresis. Benzylpenicillin reacts with the protein rapidly to form a covalent complex and the fully saturated complex has a molar ratio of bound [14C] benzylpenicillin: protein of 0.7:1. The complex breaks down, obeying first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 16 min at 35 degrees C, a value identical to that obtained with the membrane-bound protein. The concentration of benzylpenicillin that results in the formation of 50% of the maximum amount of benzylpenicillin . protein complex is that at which the molar amount of benzylpenicillin present is equal to 50% of the molar amount of penicillin-binding protein, rather than being a measure of any of the kinetic parameters of the binding reaction. This observation may be significant in the interpretation of previous results where the amounts of penicillins needed to kill cells or to inhibit penicillin-sensitive reactions have been expressed as concentrations. The possible importance of the breakdown of beta-lactam . protein complexes in the clinical use of these antibiotics is discussed.


Solubilization and isolation of the membrane-bound DD-carboxypeptidase of Streptococcus faecalis ATCC9790. Properties of the purified enzyme.

Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 possesses six membrane-bound, penicillin-binding proteins. That numbered 6 (Mr 43000) is the most abundant one and is the DD-carboxypeptidase studied previously. The enzyme has been solubilized and purified to the stage where one single protein band can be detected by gel electrophoresis. The purification procedure does not alter the properties that the enzyme exhibits when it is membrane-bound. The DD-carboxypeptidase itself may be a killing target for penicillin in S. faecalis.


Insulin secretion in growth hormone-deficient children and the effect of the sulfonylurea drug glibenclamide on linear growth.

The effect of glucose on insulin release and the influence of glibenclamide on linear growth were determined in five growth hormone (STH) deficient children who were treated with human growth hormone. It was found that the administration of 5 I.U. of human growth hormone twice a week improved the defective insulin secretion while prolongation of the week improved the defective insulin secretion while prolongation of the interval between growth hormone injections to 7 days had no effect on beta-cell function. The addition of treatment with 5 mg/day glibenclamide to the regular human growth hormone injections resulted in an increased growth rate in four children while one patient developed hypoglycemic symptoms. The results show that STH-deficient children may benefit from combined treatment with human growth hormone plus glibenclamide.


Thyroid function in children with growth hormone deficiency, either idiopathic or caused by diseases of the central nervous system.

Thyroid function was assessed in thirty two patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) by clinical examination and by measurement of T4-levels, free T4-indices, basal TSH values and TSH responses to TRH (100 mu/m2). Sixteen patients (50%) were hypothyroid. In thirteen patients, the endocrine disorders were considered to be of hypothalamic origin. Ten of them showed prolonged responses to TRH and in the other three the responses were exaggerated. In three patients hypothyroidism was due to a primary pituitary disorder. Sixteen patients were euthyroid although three of them showed impaired TSH responses. In the cases with idiopathic hypopituitarism (n = 20) there a high incidence of abnormal births in the children with additional hypothalamic hypothyroidism, but not in the euthyroid patients. It is concluded that in patients with previous breech or vacuum extraction delivery, growth hormone deficiency when combined with hypothalamic hypothyroidism may be due to birth trauma.


Force generation among cells in the relaxing heart.

When an isolated bundle of mammalian heart cells has been soaked for several hours in a solution containing 3 mM EGTA, a calcium chelator, 2 important changes in the tissue occur: (1) the surface membrane becomes very permeable to small ions and molecules so that the contractile proteins can be directly activated by Ca ions added to the bathing solution; and (2) all intercalated discs open. In this preparation direct Ca activation can produce the transmission of even greater forces among the cells than can be achieved by electrical stimulation of the intact bundle in the presence of catecholamines, high Ca and low Na. Some structure other than the intercalated discs must be transmitting the force. A careful examination of the ultrastructure of the mammalian myocardium has revealed a highly organized network of microfilaments which run between the basement membranes of adjacent cells and from the basement membranes to the collagen fibers. This hitherto undescribed network has all the structural appearances of a major force-bearing structure, and it is probably the primary pathway for force transmission during systole as well as the restoration to the diastolic configuration during relaxation.


Antibody against rabbit immunoglobulin VH and L chain allotype determinants in heterologous anti-Ig antisera.

Heterologous anti-rabbit IgG antisera have been examined by radioimmunoassay for the occurrence of anti-VH antibody. Most of the sera contained antibody specific for VH allotype determinants (Aal). The antisera contained as much or more anti-al antibody as estimated in conventional alloantisera. It has further been shown that the anti-L chain antibody in all these sera was specific for L chain allotype determinants. Antibody against H chain-dependent L chain conformational determinants or cross-reacting determinants in CHlgamma and CHlalpha could not be demonstrated.


Monoclonal IgM cryoglobulinemia associated with gamma-3 heavy chain disease: immunochemical and biochemical studies.

A patient (Mia) with a monoclonal IgM(kappa) cryoglobulin (cryo IgM) developed additional heavy chain disease proteins of the gamma3 subclass 8 years later. Biochemical studies of the cryo IgM indicated that the heavy chain was VHI, but the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the light chain did not permit a definite assignment of its Vkappa subgroup. Two major fragments of the gamma3 chain were distinguishable by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel. The smaller component (designated Mia F) had a molecular weight of approximately 30 000 and the larger component (designated Mia S) 35 000. Both fragments had G3m(21) and G3m(27) allotypic determinants. These data and the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the gamma chain fragments suggested that Mia S consists of the major part of the gamma3 hinge region plus the CH2 and CH3 domains of the gamma3 chain, whereas Mia F may be derived from the former as a result of postsynthetic cleavage. The partial amino acid sequence of the Mia S fragment is homologous to the hinge region amino acid sequence of human gamma3 chains reported in the literature, with only one amino acid difference out of the 11 residues compared. This difference may represent an allotypic difference within the gamma3 subclass. Alternatively, the production of Mia S may have resulted from the accidental derepression of a "silent" constant region gene not expressed in normal individuals.


Variable region correlates of group b allotypes: amino acid sequence studies of b9 L chains from homogeneous antibodies.

The amino acid sequence was determined for residues for residues 1 to 88 and residues 110 to 147 for a rabbit light chain (4153-I) with allotype b9 from a homogeneous anti-streptococcal antibody. The amino acid sequence of the L chain from a second antibody (4153-II) was also determined for residues 1 to 49 and 62 to 77. In spite of the large differences in constant region sequence between b4 and b9 L chains, the variable regions of these antibodies are quite similar to those reported for b4 L chains. Both chains bear a b9-specific substitution (glutamic acid) at position 16. The 4153-I chain also has substitutions at positions 70 and 81 that may be exclusive to variable regions of the L chains with the b9 allotype. These allotype-associated VL structural differences offer support to the notion that structural genes for the CL region are either linked to distinct VL gene complexes or that certain V regions are expressed only in concert with certain CL regions.


[Quarantine and health control of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) (author's transl)].

A total of two hundreds and seventy squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of both sexes were imported from South America through an animal dealer of the U. S. A. in eight lots from May, 1973 to July, 1974. They were investigated for the presence of the parasites for a maximum of fifteen months including nine weeks of quarantine period from the time of import. The mortality rate before or immediately after arrival at our laboratory reached 56.7% in the first two lots. This, however, could be reduced later to 4.8% by improving some conditions of transportation. Bacteriological surveys revealed no shigella or salmonella infections during the quarantine period. No tuberculin positive reactors were also detected. Filarial infestations seemed to be common in this species; about 45.5% had adult worms in the peritoneal cavity and about 65% harbored microfilaria in the peripheral blood. Acanthocephla was also found in a high rate in the lower alimentary tracts. It has been suggested that the worms disappear in fifteen months by keeping animals in the intermediate host-free circumstances. The sarcocyst was found in the femoral muscle of 7 (18.9%) of 37 animals examined histologically.