[Traumatic rupture of the aortic valve. Echocardiographic aspects. Apropos of a case].

The appearance of a diastolic murmur in a pyrexial patient 15 days after trauma was suggestive of infectious endocarditis. This diagnosis was excluded, especially by echocardiography, and the aortic incompetence was attributed to the trauma. The value of echocardiography and the features of other reported cases are discussed with referrence to this case.


Lysozyme in the serum, urine and peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with immunocytoma.

Lysozyme activity was determined in the serum, urine and leukocytes of 53 patients with immunocytoma and 24 patients with lymphoproliferative syndromes without associated monoclonal gammapathy. In patients with multiple myeloma the frequency of low serum lysozyme activity and high leukocyte lysozyme activity was higher. In the cases with renal failure, lysozyme activity was raised in serum and urine, and the 24-hour urinary lysozyme excretion was increased. In 7 patients with increased urinary lysozyme excretion no clinical or laboratory evidence of renal complications was found. Relative monocytosis in peripheral blood was observed in half of the cases of multiple myeloma, and in these patients also in about half of the cases the lysozyme activity was raised in the leukocytes and urine, and the 24-hour urinary lysozyme excretion was increased. In patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia the frequency of low serum lysozyme activity was increased.


Uptake of asialo-glycophorin by the perfused rat liver and isolated hepatocytes.

Perfused rat livers took up asialo-glycophorin, a glycoprotein derived from human erythrocyte membranes, with a t1/2 for clearance of 7 min. As a comparison, asialo-orosomucoid was taken up by this system with a t1/2 of 3.5 min. Both proiteins were digested and their 125I labels were released to the perfusate as free 125I-. EGTA completely inhibited uptake of these glycoproteins, but not uptake of denatured bovine serum albumin. Addition of Ca2+ reversed the inhibition nearly completely. Isolated hepatocytes had an uptake rate of approximately 3 ng/min per 10(6) cells for the asialo forms of glycophorin, orosomucoid and fetuin. Cellular uptake of each of these asialoglycoproteins could be inhibited by one of the other proteins. Asialo-fetuin caused a 95% inhibition of the uptake rate of asialo-orosomucoid by the perfused liver. This fetal calf glycoprotein had a similar inhibitory effect on asialo-glycophorin, but only after an initial 40% of the asialo-glycophorin had been taken up by the liver at an almost normal rate during the first 30 min of perfsuion. The possibility of an alternative hepatic removal system for asialo-glycophorin is suggested.


[Antibiotic sensitivity of some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains].

By means of MBC and MIC determinations, the sensitivity tests of some pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeuruginosa were determined. Moreover it has been found production of H2S and higher amounts of piocianyne in resistant strains compared with sensible ones.


Regulation of the formation and activity of enzymes in microbial populations of the soil.

The regulatory mechanism in microbial populations of the soil enriched with various organic substances was studied. Factors were detected that control the formation of catabolic enzymes, as were the mechanisms regulating their activity. The type of the observed regulatory mechanism depends on the nature of the added energy source and on the composition and properties of the microbial biocoenosis. The possible role of regulatory mechanisms in the development and activity of microbial associations in the soil is discussed.


Structure of the surface of spores and morphological-physiological properties of individual strains of Bacillus megaterium.

The structure of the surface of spores of 10 strains of Bacillus megaterium was investigated by the method of carbon replicas. They were separated into three groups according to the peculiarities of the structural organization of the surface of the spores. The combination of other morphological and physiological-biochemical characteristics of these strains was characteristic of the species Bac. megaterium. Strains with differences in the structure of the spore surface also showed similarities in other peculiarities of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism studied in the work, as well as in the primary structure of DNA. The date obtained lead to the conclusion that structural differences in the surface of the spores cannot be considered a sufficient basis for isolating the bacteria studied into separate taxonomic groups.


Kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean.

Theoretical arguments for and experimental verification of the kinetic approach to the study of primary production in the ocean are described. According to some kinetic models the increase in pure primary production in the ocean is proportional not to time, but approximately to the square root of time. Calculation of the pure primary production of the Pacific Ocean, according to data in the literature, allowing for kinetic correction, gives a value of the order of 7 x 10(9)-10 x 10(9) tons CO2 per annum, equivalent to about 10% of the global pure primary production in the present-day biosphere, calculated from seasonal fluctuations in CO2 in the atmosphere. The existence of polycircadian cycles of function of oceanic phytoplankton is demonstrated.


Differentiation of genera of the coryneform bacteria.

A scheme of the generic structure of the group of coryneform bacteria, including the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, and Rhodococcus, is suggested. Morphological, chemotaxonomic (presence and stereochemical form of diaminopimelic acid, lipid A, and L-arabinose), and physiological features were used as diagnostic criteria. The position of Microbacterum and Mycococcus and of coryneforms with a nocardial wall but giving a positive Hugh-Leifson anaerobic test, and also of Arthrobacter pascens, which may be identical with Mycoplana sp., remains uncertain.


Ultrastructure of melanocytes and premelanosomes in the human epidermis during melanogenesis.

Two types of melanocytes differing in their ultrastructural organization--active and "spent," or reserve--are present in the adult human epidermis. In active melanocytes, intensive melanogenesis takes place, and six stages of melanosomes development can be distinguished in them. The "spent" melanocytes do not contain premelanosomes, and the presence of glycogen inside and around them is evidently indicative of a phase preceding restoration of their function.


Phycobilisomes from the blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis.

Phycobilisomes (PBS) were isolated from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Anabaena variabilis. The absorption spectra and second derivative of the absorption spectra of isolated PBS indicate the presence of phycoerythrocyanin, and allophycocyanin. The fluorescence spectra of PBS were measured at room temperature and -196 degrees C. Undamaged PBS have the principal fluorescence maximum in the region of 660 nm at room temperature and in the region of 685-690 nm at -196 degrees. When the PBS were heated from ) to 60 degrees the fluorescence at 685-690 nm disappeared and it increased in the region of 650-660 nm. This is apparently due to disruption of the structure of PBS, which results in a disturbance in the migration of energy along the chain phycoerythrocyanin leads to phycocyanin leads to allophycocyanin.


Variability in the enzyme properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 2x oxidizing p-xylene.

A culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2x was observed for its spontaneous variability for growth on p-xylene and the intermediate products of its metabolism. The highest variability was found for ability to grow on p-xylene and pyrocatechol, and a variability an order of magnitude lower was found for ability to grow on protocatechuate and p-toluate. No variability was found for the character "ability to grow on p-hydroxybenzoate." The activity of the key enzymes for the oxidation of p-xylene was studied in p-xylene-negative strains. The difference between the p-xylene-positive wild type strain and the spontaneous p-xylene-negative strains was found to be linked to changes in the regulatory mechanisms for several enzymes: p-xylene methylhydroxylase and the enzymes involved in the breakdown of the aromatic ring. In addition, the appearance of p-xylene-negative strains was linked with a significant fall in the specific activity of all enzymes, except pyrocatechuase, which was replaced by metapyrocatechuase on a number of substrates.


Reaction of freshwater phyto- and zooplankton to pesticides.

The reaction of plankton to the toxic effect of pesticides is considered at four levels: the cell, the organism, the population, and the biocenosis. The basis for the methodological approach to evaluation of response at the cell level was the principle of phase reactions. Depending on concentration, the pesticides may either suppress or stimulate the plankton organisms. Temperature may be decisive intoxic effects (pesticides are effective in a range of 15 to 25 degrees C). Most pesticides having algacidal activity are effective in a range of concentrations of 1-10 mg/liter. Phytoplankton as a whole has a high buffer capacity with respect to pesticides. Changes in ratios of basic components of phytoplankton effected by pesticides most often lead to a change of the dominant. Analogical changes are characteristic also for zooplankton; pesticides lead to the elimination of water fleas from its composition. The stimulating effect of a low concentration of pesticides, changes in the functional activity of the components of bacterial plankton, and changes coupled with this in biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen and phosphorous as well as elimination of water fleas from the plankton promotes the development of "secondary" eutrophication, that is, an increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton.


The effects of sodium arsenate on the free amino acid levels in erythrocytes and plasma in rats.

The effects of arsenate on the levels of free amino acids in rat plasma and red blood cells have been investigated. The biggest changes occur in the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine and leucine which are markedly decreased. The levels of several other amino-acids also change. The effects on the amino acids are not due to a change in the food intake caused by dosing with arsenate. This has been shown by comparing the results with those on fasting rats (40 h). Branched-chain amino acids in particular are markedly increased in plasma of fasting rats as opposed to a decrease in arsenate-treated rats.


Interaction of benzo[alpha]pyrene diol-epoxide with nuclei and isolated chromatin.

Chicken erythrocyte chromatin and nuclei were labeled with benzo[alpha]-pyrene (B[alpha]P) diol-epoxide (anti) and digested with micrococcal nuclease to mono- and dinucleosomes. Analysis of the distribution of the carcinogen showed that the internucleosomal region bound 3-4 times more carcinogen per unit DNA than did nucleosomes. The enhanced binding of the 'ultimate' carcinogen to the internucleosomal region was similar when isolated chromatin or nuclei were used for in vitro labeling. Furthermore, isolation of the histone core proteins, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, revealed that only 15% of the carcinogen was associated with the histones and that the majority of the carcinogen was bound to chromosomal DNA. Fluorography of purified nucleosomal histones showed that the covalent association of the carcinogen was mainly with histones H3 and H2B.


Taurine in development and nutrition.

Taurine is an amino acid that is widely distributed in the fluids and tissues of man. In mammals, taurine is a major end-product of methionine metabolism. Taurine is found in most mammalian tissues but is only present in trace amounts in many plants. During fetal development of the brain in man and other mammals taurine is present in high concentrations and declines to lower, adult concentrations during neonatal life. However, during this time there is a net accumulation of taurine when the amount per brain rather than per gram of tissue is calculated. In man, taurine is apparently an essential nutrient, unlike in other animals which have a much greater capacity to synthesize this compound. The human infant, is particular, needs a dietary supply of taurine to synthesize the bile salt taurocholate. Thus, taurine appears to be an important component of the developing brain and must be supplied to man in the diet.


Genetic control of the immune response to the terpolymer L-glutamic acid 60-L-alanine 30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT). III. Restricted heterogeneity of the anti-GAT response from BALB/c responder mice.

The heterogeneity of the anti-GAT [terpolymer poly(Glu60, Ala30, Tyr10)] response of GAT responder mice has been analyzed. Purified anti-GAT antibodies from BALB/c mice belong only to the gamma 1 kappa subclass. The isoelectric focusing pattern obtained indicates that the anti-GAT antibodies are particularly basic and restricted. These results have been confirmed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; by this technique, we have shown that the gamma 1 chain and the corresponding kappa chain of anti-GAT antibodies are restricted. All the anti-GAT antibodies from 10 BALB/c mice bear the cross-reactive GAT idiotype previously defined (J. Thèze and G. Sommé, Eur. J. Immunol. 1979, 9: 924). The present results indicate that the anti-GAT repertoire expressed in BALB/c mice is very limited.


Detection of proteolytic (C 3-cleaving) activity on mouse mastocytoma (P 815) cells and other mouse cell lines by formation of cell contact with C 3-carrying mouse lymphocytes.

Mouse mastocytoma cells (P 815) formed rosettes with normal mouse spleen lymphocytes which had been coated with uncleaved human C 3; this interaction was clearly dependent on the amount of C 3. Lymphocytes treated with C 3 b or buffer alone were ineffective. Formation of cell contact could be inhibited by the presence of protease inhibitors such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate, phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride and tosyllysyl chloromethyl ketone. Seve n out of 13 different cell lines behaved like P 815 cells. The results strongly suggested that a proteolytic activity on mouse tumor cells led to a cooperation with uncleaved C 3 on a carrier cell to connect these two cells. We interpreted these data in analogy to the complement-dependent bridge formation mechanism (M. P. Dierich and B. Landen, J. Exp. Med. 1977. 146: 1484): uncleaved C 3, attached to mouse spleen lymphocytes as carriers, becomes cleaved by enzymes associated with the tumor cells tested; by this cleavage, the labile binding site is released on C 3 (nascent C 3 b) and anchors the C 3-carrying cell to the protease-carrying cell; since this labile binding site is short-lived, this process can be induced by membrane-associated proteases only. The nature of the proteases and the biological implications of this process are as yet uncertain.


Partial N-terminal amino acid sequence analyses and comparative tryptic peptide maps of murine Ia molecules encoded by the I-A subregion.

The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences and tryptic peptide maps of I-A subregion products from the H-2b, H-2d, H-2k and H-2s haplotypes demonstrate that haplotype-associated differences are present in both alpha and beta polypeptides. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these multiple amino acid substitutions and the homology relationships among Ia molecules from human, guinea pig and the I-E subregion of the mouse are discussed.


[Alterations of ventricular repolarization at rest, in young asymptomatic subjects. Diagnostic and predictive value of non-invasive methods].

In 34 asymptomatic subjects, aged 16 to 39 years, with clearcut abnormalities of ventricular repolarization on resting electrocardiogram, a forced hyperventilation and maximal exercise test were performed. The stress test was repeated, using the same protocol, after sublingual administration of nitroglycerin (0.3 mg) and of i.v. injection of propranolol (0.1 mg/Kg). In 24 subjects an echocardiogram was recorded: a mitral valve prolapse was present in 6 cases, while in 11 cases minor abnormalities were found. The response to exercise test was positive in 50% of cases. After nitroglycerin the ischemic threshold increased in 7 subjects while it remained unchanged or even lowered in 10 cases. In subjects with a negative stress test nitroglycerin did not produce any important electrocardiographic variations both at rest and during exercise. After propranolol injection the repolarization abnormalities on resting electrocardiogram disappeared or decreased in 23 subjects. The drug increased the exercise tolerance in 4 cases; in other 12 subjects the electrocardiographic response to stress testing became normal. During the follow-up period coronary events occurred in 3 cases; in all of them nitroglycerin had induced an increase of ischemic threshold. Our study suggests that the evaluation of the exercise ischemic threshold after nitroglycerin can be useful in order to identify subjects at high coronary risk.


[Endocrinological aspect of galactorrhea and lactation in relation to the cytology of breast secretion].

The concentration of prolactin in the plasma and the cytologic smears of the mammary extraction were analysed in 67 patients with galactorrhea. In 38 patients galactorrhea was couple with amenorrhea. Out of 67 patients with galactorrhea, 32 had hyperprolactinemia (68.6 +/- 14.4 ng/ml) along with low estrogen (14.6 +/- 3.8 ug/24 hours) and aonadotropin (FSH 6.2 +/- 2.0, LH 8.5 +/- 2.6 mIU/ml) values. In 48 out of 67 patients galactorrhea seceded under the therapy of Parlodel (bromocriptine). Out of 13 patients waiting pregnancy, 9 showed a restitution ofa the ovulatory cycle and 2 became pregnant. In the group of parturients it proved possible to suppress ablactation by estrogenic-and androgenic preparations (Ablacton) without a decrease in the prolactin concentration, while Parlodel brought about ablactation with a decrease of the prolactin concentration to normal values as early as 24 hours following the application of its first dose. In 6 patients with hyperprolactinemia and low estrogaen and gonatropin values an increase in the concentration of LH and FSH after 100 micrograms LH--RH i. m. was observed. In the cytologic smears of the mammary excretion there were no atypical or malignant cells.


[Importance of determining gonadotropin levels in the serum in secondary amenorrhea].

On the basis of the results of the analysis of FSH, LH, and prolactin values in the serum of patients with secondary ammenorrhea, four groups of patients were formed: group 1 with low values of both gonadotropin hormones, group 2 with low FSH and high LH values, group 3 with high FSH and high LH values, and group 4 with the basdal gonadotropin values within normal. The use of functional tests proved helpful in the differentiation of the causes of amenorrhea. The use of the LH-RH test is of particular significance in the differentiation of the degree of changes in patients from group 1 and 4. To determine adequate therapy, the determination of estrogen in patients from group 1 and 3 is imperative. A successful treatment of secondary amenorrhea depends on its duration and a timely detection of its causes.


[Ultrastructural aspects of juvenile xanthogranuloma].

An ultrastructural study of a juvenile xanthogranuloma is presented. Foamy histiocytes reveal several vacuoles of irregular profile containing a type of lipid which is not fixed by osmium tetraoxide. There are also myelin figures. Plasmatic membrane shows numerous digit-like foldings related to collagen fibers. Cytoplasm containing few organelles are restricted to a narrow band around the nucleus and delicate trasverse bandings among the vacuoles. Several intranuclear spheroidal corpuscles have been identified in the histiocytes. Genesis of these foamy histiocytes is discussed probably related to a metabolic derangement of an organelle but in no way related to phagocytosis of fragmented polymorphonuclear leukocytes or Lymphocytes.


[Problems of alimentation in massive intestinal resections].

Before reviewing the consequences of extensive exeresis of the small intestine, the physiology of the entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts, the absorption of triglycerides and the varying sites of absorption of foodstuffs at intestinal level are discussed. It has been found that massive (i.e. at least 2/3) removal of the small intestine is incompatible with life owing to the onset of serious metabolic disturbances due to the increase in the speed of transit of foodstuffs from stomach to colon. Malabsorption of lipides causes steatorrhoea and is often associated with choleriform diarrhoea owing to the massive losses of water and electrolytes (Na, Cl, Ca, Mg). Some surgical techniques are illustrated and the local compensation mechanisms (anatomical adaptation of the intestinal mucosa, functional adaptation) designed to prolong transit time are described. Feeding must be parenteral for the first 2--3 months and oral during the alimentary adaptation phase.


Plasma levels of malondialdehyde, a product of cyclo-oxygenase-dependent and independent lipid peroxidation in rheumatoid arthritis: a correlation with disease activity.

Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), indicating the sum of lipid peroxidation dependent and independent of cyclo-oxygenase activity, were measured in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MDA levels were increased in those patients most severely diseased. Higher levels of MDA correlated with more active RA.


Penicillin and essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia.

There is evidence of a prostaglandin deficiency in schizophrenia, possibly particularly of the 1 series. Treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenics with essential fatty acids and penicillin in an attempt to increase synthesis of 1 series prostaglandins had a therapeutic effect in six severely ill patients. Two detailed case histories are described.


The role of metabolism of chemicals with respect to carcinogenicity tests.

Precarcinogens can be activated to carcinogenic effective compounds--ultimate carcinogens--by mammalian enzymes in vivo. In in vitro short-term tests, estimating effects which correlate with carcinogenicity in vivo of a chemical, these enzymes are represented by liver postmitochondrial fractions (S9) added to the test system. For the characterization and standardization of these S9 preparations we estimated certain enzymes involved in activating process: benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, the N-demethylases of dimethylnitrosamine, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and for a comparison, ethylmorphine as well as the azoreductase with 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene as a substrate. In order to get preparations with high enzyme activities, the animals such as rats, mice, hamsters and rabbits were pretreated by inducers such as polychlorinated biphenyls, phenobarbital, and 3-methylcholanthrene. We have observed species-specific differences in basic enzymatic patterns and in the degree of enzyme activities after induction. So it is principally possible to find out, whether or not a distinct animal species or strain is capable of metabolizing certain precarcinogens. Our aim is to optimize the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans by including human enzyme preparation in short-term tests.


Prostaglandin synthetase and prostaglandin E2 levels in human breast carcinoma.

Prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels were measured in 53 human breast carcinoma specimens. Each set of data is log-normally distributed. There is a weak but statistically significant correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels of individual specimens. In addition, in a series of four rat mammary tumors, a rough correlation between prostaglandin synthetase activity and tissue prostaglandin E2 levels was observed. The data suggest a multifactorial explanation for abnormalities of prostaglandin metabolism in human breast cancer.


Inhibition of ferrous iron induced oxidation of arachidonic acid by indomethacin.

The molecular mechanism by which indomethacin exerts its inhibitory effects on the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase enzyme is unknown. In the present study we have explored the possibility that indomethacin might interact with Fe++ in the enzyme to produce its inhibitory effect. For this study we made use of the recent discovery that Fe++ alone can oxidize arachidonic acid, and the interaction of this fatty acid with the metal can be detected by following reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) or by conversion of the Fe++ to Fe+++. Indomethacin markedly inhibited NBT reduction in the presence of arachidonic acid and Fe++ when the indomethacin had been preincubated with the Fe++. Indomethacin also inhibited the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++ by arachidonic acid. Results obtained by varying the concentrations of indomethacin and arachidonic acid and measuring inhibition of the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++ by the indomethacin are consistent with a one to one complex forming between indomethacin and Fe++. The complex between indomethacin and Fe++ separates on prolonged incubation of the complex with arachidonic acid. The nature of the binding is suggested by a molecular model. Our results suggest that indomethacin may act to inhibit the prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase enzyme by complexing Fe++ in the enzyme. Ibuprofen and tolmetin, two other prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, also inhibit the interaction of Fe++ with arachidonic acid suggesting this may be a general mechanism for this type of drug.


Vitamin E inhibits the release of calcium from a platelet fraction in vitro.

Vitamin E, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, was evaluated for its effects on platelet intracellular calcium flux. These studies used a platelet membrane fraction containing membranes of the dense tubular system which actively sequesters calcium in the presence of ATP and magnesium. After these membrane vesicles have accumulated calcium, the cation can be released by addition of the calcium ionophore A23187. Vitamin E had no effect on uptake of calcium by the membrane vesicles, but showed a concentration dependent inhibition of the release of calcium induced by A23187. In similar or slightly higher concentrations than inhibited calcium release, vitamin E also inhibited platelet aggregation, internal contraction and secretion, but had no effect on prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis and potentiated phospholipase A2 activity. It is suggested that vitamin E acts to inhibit platelet internal contraction and secretion by preventing efflux of calcium from the dense tubular system. The potentiation of phospholiplase A2 by vitamin E could be explained by a localized increase of calcium at the site of the phospholipase A2 on the inner side of the dense tubular system membrane proximal to the vitamin E block.


Prostaglandin synthesis in homogenates of cultured neuroblastoma cells.

Homogenates of 5 neuroblastoma cell lines found to produce prostaglandin products from exogenous [14C]arachidonate, with specific enzyme activities ranging from 60 to 365 pmol per min per mg protein. Under identical conditions a glial cell line was much less active. PGF2 alpha and PGE2 were the major products from neuroblastoma cells, with PGF2 alpha predominating in all cases. The prostaglandin synthesizing activity of neuroblastoma extracts was at least an order of magnitude higher than activities reported for endogenous prostaglandin synthesis in brain tissues. The pattern of products was similar to that achieved after incubation of a rat brain microsomal extract with [14C]arachidonate, although the enzyme activity of neuroblastoma was about 200-fold higher. The presence of a relatively high prostaglandin cyclooxygenate activity  in cultured neuroblastoma cells is of particular interest in that these cells may be useful model systems for studies of some aspects of neuronal prostaglandin synthesis.


Ionic composition of small intestinal secretion induced by PGE2.

Small intestinal fluid secretion induced by oral prostaglandin E2 in fasted rats was analyzed for various ionic components. Rat intestinal fluid had elevated calcium and potassium as well as decreased sodium and chloride concentrations relative to plasma electrolytes. Either low dose prostaglandin (0.15 mg/kg) or 1 ml of intragastric mannitol (5%) induced accumulation in the small intestine of fluid that had elevated chloride and depressed calcium and sodium concentrations compared to vehicle-treated controls. Higher doses of prostaglandin (1.0 mg/kg) led to secretions with increased sodium and chloride concentrations with respect to mannitol-induced fluid. Electrolyte concentrations in fluid induced by low dose prostaglandin appear to be similar to those in fluid caused by osmotically-induced changes. Higher doses of prostaglandin E2 induce additional electrolyte alterations which may result from modified gut transport of water and ions.


Reversible depression of electrically-induced contractions of guinea pig longitudinal muscle by a reversible inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase.

The pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) depressed the electrically-induced twitch responses of the guinea pig longitudinal muscle ED50 = 3 X 10(-5)M). Naloxone reversed twitch depression induced by morphine but not by CDM. Phentolamine reversed twitch depression induced by either norepinephrine or clonidine, but not by CDM. PGE2 completely reversed twitch depression induced by either CDM or indomethacin, but only partially reversed twitch depression induced by lidocaine. The actions of CDM best resemble those of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The reversibility of the CDM depression by washing indicates that the guinea pig ileal preparation is a convenient screen for distinguishing reversible from irreversible inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis.


Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by eicosapentaenoic acid.

Eicosapentaenoic acid [20 : 5 (n-3)] is not oxidized by the purified cyclooxygenase from sheep vesicular glands in the conditions of low peroxide tone in which arachidonate [20 : 4 (n-6)] is rapidly oxygenated. When the level of peroxide in incubation mixtures is allowed to rise, there is a dramatic change in reactivity of the cyclooxygenase to react with 20 : 5 (n-3) at one-halt the rate and one-third the extent observed with 20 : 4 (n-6). Overall, the low peroxide levels expected in vivo would most probably cause the (n-3) type of fatty acid to be a general inhibitor of prostaglandin formation, through both reversible and irreversible actions at the enzyme site.


Arachidonic acid metabolism by cells in culture: analyses of culture fluids for cyclooxygenase products by radioimmunoassay before and after separation by high pressure liquid chromatography.

Biosynthesis of PGI2, measured as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, thromboxane A2, measured as thromboxine B2, and prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha and D2 by lymphocytes (WEHI-5), endothelial cells, normal human lung cells (WI-38), normal human fibroblasts (D-550), rat adult Type II alveolar cells (L-2) and canine kidney cells (MDCK) was measured by radioimmunoassay of culture fluids before and after their separation by high pressure liquid chromatography. The metabolic profiles and the levels of each metabolite obtained by both procedures were comparable. The profile of arachidonic biosynthesis was unique to each cell. Endothelial cells synthesized primarily prostacyclin; the lymphocytes synthesized principally thromboxane. The dog kidney cells synthesized relatively large amounts of prostaglandin F2 alpha, I2 and E2, while the normal human lung cells produced predominantly prostaglandins E2, F2 alpha, and thromboxane. The rat adult alveolar cell (L-2) and the normal human fibroblasts (D-550) biosynthesized primarily prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha.


Regulation of the in vivo immune response to an autologous red blood cell antigen (Hb) by prostaglandins.

Mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase showed an alteration in the number of spontaneous, anti-autologous erythrocyte antigen (Hb)-antibody-forming cells in the spleens. The number of anti-Hb plaque-forming cells and rosette-forming cells in the peritoneum of mice treated with inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis was regulated depending on a magniture of the response in the individual experiments. Depletion of T cells after the antithymocyte treatment of animals resulted in a significant diminution of the regulatory action of the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor. The results indicate that prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of the in vivo anti-Hb autoimmune response mediating the regulatory cell action.


Interference by sulfinpyrazone and salicylate of aspirin inhibition of platelet cyclooxygenase activity.

The irreversible effect of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet cyclooxygenase activity is inhibited by salicylate and by sulfinpyrazone. Since acetylsalicylate is rapidly hydrolysed in plasma to salicylate which has a relatively prolonged half life in plasma, it is possible that persistant elevation of plasma salicylate may interfere with the efficacy of subsequent doses of aspirin. Sulfinpyrazone is sometimes used in combination with aspirin, and could interfere with the efficacy of aspirin on platelets. This theoretical possibility would be more likely to occur at lower doses of aspirin.


Contribution of prostaglandins to the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance in adult cats and dogs.

In order to determine the role of prostaglandins in the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance, we investigated effects of prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by indomethacin (2 mg/kg), meclofenamate (2 mg/kg), and aspirin (40 mg/kg) upon canine and feline pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by two stimuli: acute hypoxia (6% O2) and exogenous PGF2 alpha. Measurements were made utilizing an open chest, pump-perfused, in situ lung preparation. Cat pulmonary vasculatures were more responsive to hypoxia and PGF2 alpha than were dog's. In dogs, indomethacin, meclofenamate, and aspirin all increased pulmonary vascular resistance and augmented pulmonary vasoconstrictor responses to hypoxia and PGF2 alpha. Neither indomethacin, meclofenamate, nor aspirin affected baseline pulmonary vascular resistance of cats. Aspirin and indomethacin augmented pulmonary vasoconstriction in the cat. Meclofenamate was without effect. Further, although aspirin and indomethacin strongly inhibited pulmonary vascular pressor responses to exogenous arachidonic acid, meclofenamate decreased pulmonary responses to arachidonic acid very little. All three inhibitors nearly abolished systemic responses to arachidonic acid in the cat. Exogenous PGI2 infusion decreased pulmonary vascular resistance in the cat. Prostaglandin cyclo-oxygenase activity produces a vasodilator influence, probably PGI2, in  the canine pulmonary vasculature that may be significant in protecting the animal from pulmonary hypertension and its consequences. The role of the prostaglandin system in the feline pulmonary vasculature appears to be qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less, than in the dog.


Alterations in the enzyme profile in intensive care patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has been demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic means in improving the clinical course of the critically ill patients. Various metabolic complications are described; the cause of some of these remain unclear. The changes in some plasma enzyme indices (GOT, GPT, GIDH, LDH, HBDH, CPK, ChE, AP, gamma-GT) in two groups of critically ill patients undergoing TPN (group with more marked enzyme alterations and group with less marked alteration) were examined. Two types of alterations were found: (1) early increase of some enzymes (GOT, GPT, GIDH); (2) constant increase of plasma enzyme level during TPN (AP, gamma GT). These two evolutionary patterns were more evident in the complicated group and the enzyme changes were statistically significant for GOT and GPT (P = 0.05) and not significant for initial values of G1DH, ap and gamma-GT. Both groups presented constant elevated plasma values of LDH, HBDH, CPK and depressed constant ChE value during treatment; the difference was not significant in both groups for the same enzymes. The data were interpreted from a functional point of view; that is they were related to both the metabolic post-aggressive state and TPN. A relationship between the rate of protein catabolism and the inductive increase of some enzymes (GOT, GPT, G1DH) was found. Whereas a final induction in the energy metabolism is suggested for other enzymes (LDH, HBDH), the alteration of CPK, AP, gamma-GT and ChE was interpreted as dependent on: (1) direct muscular trauma (CPK); (2) functional increase in relation to the duration of TPN (AP and gamma-GT); (3) possible depressed malnutritive synthesis (ChE). The improvement of the enzymatic patterns with the early use of TPN and with the improvement of clinical and nutritional conditions was emphasized.


[Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis caused by an intravenous catheter and successfully treated with amikacin].

A patient with complicated acute myocardial infarction in who coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated in serial cultures of catheter and blood samplles is reported. The latter was only sensitive to amikacine sulfate and was resistant to other specific antibiotics which have been recently introduced in Cuba. This event evidences the hazard and resistance of the new generations as well as the mutations experienced by these microorganisms. Care to be taken when the patient needs emergency medical instrumentations as puncture s, catheterizations, etc., is emphasized. Assistential institutions must be always prepared in order to prevent or combat infections.


Cardiovascular changes during general anaesthesia: for dental surgery. A prospective study of five different anaesthetic techniques.

A prospective study of 79 fit young adults who underwent oral dental surgery was undertaken with five different anaesthetic techniques. Anaesthesia was commenced with methohexitone or flunitrazepam, muscle relaxants, and cuffed nasal intubation, and anaesthesia was maintained with 50% nitrous oxide, 50% oxygen, halothane or fentanyl with or without intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Six of the 33 patients who received methohexitone and halothane developed dangerous dysrhythmias. Flunitrazepam, IPPV, adequate analgesia and anaesthesia provide maximum cardiovascular stability.


First tuberculosis prevalence survey in KwaZulu.

The results of a prevalence survey undertaken during 1974 are presented. A stratified 3-stage sampling technique was used to select 3 789 people from 10 randomly chosen sites in KwaZulu. One Heaf test and 2 Mantoux tests were performed on each of 1 769 children under 18 years of age, of whom 28,7% were found to have BCG scars. Of the radiographs taken of persons 15 years of age and older, 893 were found to be negative, 25 (2,7%) disclosed active tuberculosis (TB) and 3 (0,3%) miliary TB. Of the 1 136 sputum specimens collected and examined by fluorescence microscopy, 15 (1,3%) were found to be positive and 9 of them were confirmed by culture. Culture of 1 149 specimens yielded 9 (0,8%) isolations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 17 strains of other mycobacteria. The annual rate of infection was calculated at 1,4% by applying Styblo's epidemiological model, and a downward trend was indicated. A follow-up survey after 5 years is needed to confirm this trend.


Diabetes newly diagnosed during pregnancy: A 4-year study at Groote Schuur Hospital.

As a result of active screening for gestational diabetes of the population attending various antenatal clinics in the Cape Peninsula, 127 patients with a repeatedly diabetic glucose tolerance test (GTT) were discovered; in many the GTT was grossly abnormal. The most useful screening factor was repeated glycosuria. Because they had booked late, 22 patients received virtually no treatment, and 1 patient aborted. Treatment of the remaining 104 patients was achieved principally by regulating diet, but when this failed metformin or glibenclamide therapy was instituted. Insulin was used when diet and oral drugs failed. Diabetic control was considered adequate if fasting blood glucose levels remained below 5,5 mmol/l and if postprandial levels were below 7 mmol/l. Most patients (67) were well controlled on a strict dietary regimen, and there were no perinatal deaths in this group. Glibenclamide and metformin, judging from this small series, appear to be safe for use in gestational diabetics. The overall perinatal mortality in treated patients was 10/1 000 as compared with an effective perinatal mortality of 145/1 000 in the 'untreated' group. Neonatal morbidity was similar to that in other reported series. Hypoglycaemia was seldom a problem and 79% of birth weights were between the 10th and the 90th percentiles.


The effect of prophylactic tinidazole on the anaerobic vaginal flora in patients undergoing gynaecological surgery.

The effects of prophylactic tinidazole on the vaginal carrier state of anaerobic bacteria and the development of postoperative infections were studied in 50 patients undergoing gynaecological surgery. The results are based on a double-blind trial, using tinidazole (Fasigyn; Pfizer) and placebo. Although no postoperative infections other than urinary tract infections were observed in our series, this study shows conclusively that the isolation of anerobic bacteria from the vagina decreased markedly in the tinidazole group compared with the placebo group.


The effect of cyclical administration of levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradiol on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides.

The effects of two differing dosage schedules of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel, taken cyclically as oral contraceptives, on blood pressure, body mass, blood glucose and serum triglycerides were measured. After 12 months there were no significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure or blood glucose levels. There was a small but statistically significant increase in body mass after 1 year in the group taking levonorgestrel 15 microgram and ethinyloestradiol 30 microgram (P < 0,02), but not in the other group, although the mass in this group was significantly increased after 3 months of therapy. There was a statistically significant increase in serum triglycerides in the group taking levonorgestrel 50 microgram with ethinyloestradiol 50 microgram for 11 days, followed by levonorgestrel 125 microgram for 11 days, followed by levonorgestrel 125 microgram with ethinyloestradiol 50 microgram for 10 days. This effect appears to be dose-related and progressive with continued therapy; the significance of these results is discussed.


[Encephaloceles. with special reference to the diagnostic difficulties].

We have studied 15 occipital, 3 frontal and one parietal cases of encephaloceles from the point of view of the etiopathogenetic, clinic and especially diagnostic problem. The diagnosis of M.E. is based on: 1) the x-ray demonstration of the bone-gap by particular projections and by tomography; 2) in the frontal M.E. the presence of face deformity, with hipertelorism and widening of nose bridge and the finding of ectopic tissue in the nose or in the oral cavity in presence of palatoschisis. Cerebral angiography and pneumoencephalography, made by tomography, are useful to show the herniated brain, hydrocephalus and other associated anomalies. Finally we think computerized tomography (C.T.) is very important for the diagnosis, since it shows the herniation, the bone-gap and the kind of herniated tissue.


The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy.

A short classification and brief clinical description of epileptic seizures are presented. The pharmacokinetic principles underlying modern drug treatment of epileptic seizures are discussed and the drug(s) of choice for different seizure types are listed according to their clinical efficacy. The current view of using single-drug therapy rather than polypharmacy, whenever possible, is emphasized.


Current concepts in asthma therapy.

Attacks of asthma can be precipitated in susceptible individuals by a variety of stimuli acting through immunological or non-immunological pathways. The pathological changes in the lung which characterize asthma include bronchoconstriction, mucosal oedema and tenacious secretions. A logical approach to therapy is outlined, based on intervention at successive sites along the trigger-to-target organ response pathway.


Oesophagojejunal anastomosis after total gastrectomy.

Techniques of oesophagojejunal anastomosis were studied in chacma baboons (Papio ursinus ursinus). End-to-end anastomosis utilizing a Roux-en-Y loop and interrupted silk sutures gave the best results. End-to-end anastomosis performed in 3 animals resulted in jejunal volvulus.


Effects of the sulphonylurea drugs gliclazide and glibenclamide on blood glucose control and platelet function.

Platelet aggregation and adhesion are commonly increased in diabetes mellitus. These abnormalities may in part be responsible for the increased incidence of vascular disease in diabetics. We have investigated the effects of diet, diet plus glibenclamide, and diet plus gliclazide on plasma glucose control and platelet function in 10 newly diagnosed maturity-onset diabetics who had not previously been treated. Before treatment, the mean postprandial plasma glucose value was 13,4 +/- 0,8 mmol/l, which fell insignificantly on dietary treatment, to 12,2 +/- 1,0 mmol/l (P greater than 0,05). Both glibenclamide and gliclazide, when added to the diet, significantly lowered mean plasma glucose values to 9,3 +/- 0,8 mmol/l and 7,8 +/- 0,8 mmol/l respectively (P less than 0,05). Platelet aggregation in response to 1 mumol adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was increased in the diet period, whereas aggregation in response to 10 mumol and 100 mumol was normal. This suggests an increased sensitivity of the platelets to ADP in diabetic patients. The addition of both glibenclamide and gliclazide reduced the magnitude of the response to within the normal range. Platelet aggregation in response to 10 mumol adrenaline and 750 micrograms/ml collagen was significantly reduced by glibenclamide (P less than 0,05). We conclude that sulphonylurea therapy appears to reduce the increased platelet aggregation which occurs in diabetics. This may play a role in the prevention of vascular disease.


[Salicylamide-- a potential pain-remedy alternative in the analgesic asthma syndrome].

Central pathogenetic mechanism of the analgesics-asthma-syndrome is very probably an analgesics-conditioned inhibition of the prostaglandin-biosynthesis (cyclooxygenase). Salicylamide, an analgesic without effect on the prostaglandin synthesis was in the oral exposition test of 18 patients with proved analgesics-asthma-syndrome in the dosage of 500 mg subjectively and objectively tolerated without reaction. Body-plethysmographically in consistent thoracic gas volume a slight decrease of the airways resistance could be registered. At the model of the isolated trachea of guinea-pigs salicylamide, in contrast to indomethacin and phenazone (prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitory substances) did not lead to an increase of the acetylcholine-induced spasm. Salcylamide can, after a tolerability test, be recommended as alternative analgesic in the analgesics-asthma-syndrome in a dosage of 500 mg.


[Debridement of burns with proteolytic enzymes from Bacillus subtilis].

50 patients with burns received an enzymatic debridement with bacillus subtilis (Protease-ointment = Travase. Symmetrical control sites were treated without Protease-ointment simultaneously. With the help of Protease-ointment early eschar removal was achieved in deep dermal burns. In full thickness burns the success of the treatment was dependent on the depths of the tissue damage and the early application of Protease-ointment, which allowed the removal of the dermal elements of the eschar whereas fat remained unaffected. In our experience Protease-ointment can be considered a valuable method of eschar removal in addition to surgical measures.


Abnormalities of ultrastructure and calcium distribution in the flight muscle of a flightless mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.

An X-linked mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was isolated which was completely unable to fly. The map position of the mutation is 43 +/- 0.1. Gynandromorph analysis indicated that the mutation is autonomously expressed in the flight muscle. Fate-map data show that the focus of the mutation lies close to the ventral midline of the blastoderm. Flightlessness appears to be the result of abnormalities of the thoracic musculature, including highly irregular arrangement of the fibrils, lack of the normal striation pattern and abnormal structure of the mitochondria. X-ray microanalysis (EDAX) demonstrates a pronounced difference in the distribution of calcium in mutant and wild-type flight muscle at the fine-structural level. We propose that an abnormal calcium distribution in the mutant may be associated with the ultrastructural abnormalities and ultimately responsible for the flightless phenotype.


[Selectivity of action of the lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes on mitochondria and erythrocyte membranes].

Whereas the lipoxygenase from rabbit reticulocytes caused a large formation of malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) with rat liver mitochondria, erythrocyte ghosts were attacked only slightly independently of their type of preparation. The formation of MDA was not enhanced by release of spectrin-actin from the ghosts. The lipoxygenase did not give rise to hemolysis of intact erythrocytes. The formation of MDA was increased by heat treatment of the ghosts. Addition of cholesterol to a phospholipid emulsion inhibited the formation of MDA by the reticulocyte lipoxygenase. These results indicate that both lipid-protein interactions and the cholesterol content of the membranes may be involved in the preferential attack of the lipoxygenase on mitochondrial membranes.


Increased plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin in insulin-dependent pubertal diabetics: relationships with other glycoproteins, growth hormone and prolactin.

A selected group of 13 juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics in mid-late puberty (stages 3-4) and under comparable conditions of metabolic control was studied in order to evaluate the plasma levels of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG, transcortin: expressed as the binding capacity for cortisol) in relation to the levels of other glycoproteins and to growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) responsiveness to provocative tests (arginine infusion and TRH injection, respectively). Further evidence was provided that juvenile-onset diabetics show most frequently enhanced plasma CBG binding capacity; statistical significance with p-values less than 0.01 was attained in comparison to 25 age-matched controls. Among other variables examined, only hemoglobin A1c amd alpha 2-macroglobulin were significantly raised in the diabetic group (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.02, respectively). In our patients growth hormone response to arginine infusion was in the normal range, whereas PRL response to TRH was slightly but significantly supranormal in terms of maximum value and maximum increment above baseline value. No correlation was found between CBG binding capacity and other variables examined. We conclude that raised levels of CBG may occur as an additional alteration of the plasma glycoprotein pattern in juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetics. Specific regulatory factors conceivably subserve plasma concentrations of different glycoproteins.


Oscillations of marrow culture growth in acute myeloid leukemia during remission induction and remission.

Sequential studies in acute myeloid leukemia of bone marrow cells in agar culture showed striking fluctuations of colony and cluster formation during induction of remission. These oscillations may be initiated by recruitment of resting leukemic and normal cells upon chemotherapeutic perturbation. Striking oscillations of the colony and cluster formation occurred also during remission with or without maintenance therapy, but with a longer periodicity as compared sto the phase of induction of remission. Oscillations of the marrow growth capacity during remission may reflect potential relapses where the outcome depends on proliferative advantages of the normal or leukemic cell clone.


Transformation in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Different blast cell clones in different anatomical sites.

A 45-year-old female developed blastic metamorphosis in chronic granulocytic leukaemia after 52 months of chronic phase. During the subsequent 6--7 months, lymphosarcomatous enlargements of various lymph nodes developed. The blast cells in lymph nodes differed morphologically from those in bone marrow and blood, being 'lymphoid' non-B, non-T, non-ALL cells. The karyotype of all metaphases from one lymph node was 47,XX, +21(Ph1+) being identical to the karyotype of medullary cells. However, the karyotype of all blasts from another lymph node was 47,XX,+mar(Ph1+). It is likely that the local micro-environment controlled the clonal differentiation of these subpopulations which had originated from the same Ph1-positive multipotent stem cell. In lymph nodes and other extramedullary sites blasts were primitive without differentiation, but a myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow was demonstrated morphologically and cytochemically.


Multiple myeloma without detectable Ig synthesis.

A case of nonproductor myeloma is reported. The diagnosis was supported by the radiological findings, the heavy marrow infiltration of malignant plasma cells, the absence of a monoclonal component in the serum or urine and the failure to demonstrate intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins with immunoifluorescent techniques. The clinical findings of our patient are similar to those reported for the 5 cases of nonproductor myeloma described so far, indicating that there are no characteristic features differentiating nonproductor myeloma from productor myelomas.


Management of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease stage I, II A and B: evidence for a beneficial effect of MOPP on the relapse rate.

85 patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's disease with stage I, II A and B nodular sclerosis were treated. 31 of them with stage I and II A were submitted to radiotherapy alone. All are alive, but 9 of them (30%) relapsed. On the contrary, 35 patients with stage I and II A, and 19 with stage I, II and IIE B were submitted to radiotherapy followed by three courses of MOPP. All 54 patients are alive and relapse-free. No severe complication related to chemotherapy was observed. The analysis of results suggests that 3 courses of MOPP can significantly (Ip < 0.00025) reduce the relapse rate in patients with stage I and II nodular sclerosis, eligible for radiotherapy, without increasing morbidity.


Ferritin deposits in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Hodgkin's disease patients.

In view of the reported associations of Hodgkin's disease and ferritin, an electron microscopic study of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of these patients was done. In 5 out of the 6 patients studied intracellular ferritin deposits were seen. No such deposits were seen in the lymphocytes of healthy subjects or in those of a patient with beta-thalassemia. The lymphocyte ferritin accumulation in Hodgkin's disease can arise either from increased synthesis or from phagocytosis.


Variation of serum ferritin in low birth weight infants with maternal ferritin, birth weight and gestational age.

Serum ferritin measured at birth in 69 low birth weight infants proved to vary with gestational age as well as with weight. The increase with gestational age was even more striking when the infants small for gestational age were excluded. The relation between maternal and infant serum ferritin concentration was investigated for 2 groups of infants and their mothers (*preterm and term infants, respectively). Neither in preterm nor in term infants was the serum ferritin found to vary with that in the respective mothers.


Acute promyelocytic leukemia in childhood. Report of a case with a review of the literature.

A rare case of acute promyelcytic leukemia (APL) is reported in a 7-year-old boy. The patient displayed the typical features of APL including impaction of the marrow with promyelocytes, marked elevation of the serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin I levels and a hemorrhagic diathesis. The bleeding diathesis in the case was due to thrombocytopenia, and there was no evidence for disseminated intravascular coagulation.


Light scattering properties of pluripotent and committed haemopoietic stem cells.

Mouse bone marrow cells were separated according to their light scattering properties in a light-activated cell sorter. The intensity of the scattered light was measured in a forward direction (FLS) and perpendicular to the incident light (PLS). These two parameters were found to give an indication of cell size and shape. The fractions containing cells with different light scxattering properties were assayed for CFU-s (pluripotent stem cells) content and for the incidence of three types of CFU-c (cells committed to granulocyte/macrophage differentiation). These measurements confirm previous size calculations based on sedimentation rate and density separation. During maturation, the different colony-forming units (CFU) show a gradual increase in PLS intensity. This suggests that the transition from CFU-s through to CFU-c 3 is accompanied by a morphological differentiation.


Haemopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures. A review.

Bone marrow-derived adherent cell layers, containing endothelial cells, fat cells and macrophages will support prolonged haemopoiesis in vitro. Evidence suggests that the adherent layer is acting as an in vitro haemopoietic inductive environment for stem cell proliferation and differentiation into the variety of committed progenitor cells of the granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid lineages. Using this system we have analysed the factors controlling proliferation of stem cells (CFU-S), differentiation and maturation of granulocyte/macrophage precursor cells (CFU-C), leukaemic transformation by chemicals and viruses, the role of environment versus stem cells in the aetiology of haemopoietic aplasias and the possible usefulness of long-term cultures for bone marrow transplantation.


Humoral factors modulating growth of granulocyte macorphage progenitor cells.

The kinetic of production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) inducing mouse and human colony-forming cells (CFU-C) was tested in different human leukocyte culture systems. Stimulated and unstimulated cultures of spleen single cell suspensions, peripheral mononuclear leukocytes and acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) cells were investigated. With the exception of the AMoL cells, stimulated cultures always revealed higher CSA levels than unstimulated controls. The spleen cell cultures exhibited the highest overall activity showing three molecular species of 70,000, 35,000 and 10,000 daltons activating human CFU-C to form colonies in the agar culture system. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that colony formation could be inhibited by low molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products obtained by digestion of fibrinogen with granulocyte-derived elastase.


Colony growth of T lymphocytes in vitro. Control and regulation of clonal formation.

Human lymphocytes stimulated with PHA in liquid phase (step 1) and then seeded in a two-layer soft agar system (step 2) grew and developed into T cell colonies. Colony formation was enhanced when the agar culture was supplemented with culture fluid obtained from phytohemagglutin-treated lymphocytes (Ly-CF). Untreated lymphocytes plated directly in the soft agar system also developed into colonies if the culture medium contained Ly-CF. Mitogen-sensitized T lymphocytes produced a lymphocyte colony enhancing factor in the culture fluid which stimulated lymphocytes into colony formation. The best plating efficiency (1:250) was attained when blood mononuclear cells were seeded. When spleen cell culture fluid or a highly concentrated blood-adherent cell population was added to the soft agar, colony development was strongly inhibited. Monocytes-macrophages secrete a lymphocyte colony inhibiting factor in the culture medium. These lymphokines exert a competitive influence on T cells and thus control and regulate clonal proliferation.


In vitro colony growth of granulocytes, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes in agar capillaries.

Compared with the common agar of hematopoietic colonies in Petri dishes, the use of glass capillary tubes offers a couple of advantages which have been exploited. Among these advantages are less materials, less cells to be seeded, lower costs, easier and quicker colony counting by visual and semi-automated optical scanning, and lower risk of bacterial contamination. In tubes several parameters affecting the colony formation of mouse and human granulocytes and macrophages as well as of human peripheral T and B lymphocyte from mouse spleen were optimized. The applicability of the cultures to assay for inhibiting and stimulating humoral factors and cytostatics was demonstrated.


Role of serum factors and adherent cells in cloning of human T lymphocytes in agar culture.

In the presence of serum, 2-mercaptoethanol-treated bovine serum albumin enhances T cell colony formation as does 2-mercaptoethanol. The factor only partially substitutes for FCS, but neither for the mitogen phytohemagglutinin nor for conditioned medium derived from cultures of adherent cells.


Current concepts of abnormal stem cell proliferation in human disease.

Using acute myeloid leukemia as an example, the concept of abnormal hematopoietic stem cell production has been examined. It is concluded that the major problem does not lie in humoral regulators, either stimulators or inhibitors, of stem cell production but in intrinsic cellular defects which do not allow cells to respond to these materials. The nature of the stem cell defects has not been defined. Similar mechanisms appear to exist in other human hematopoietic disorders in which abnormal stem cell proliferation is a major feature.


Jaundice in preterm infants with hypoxia of various severity.

Maximum serum bilirubin concentration and the possible influencing factors were studied in three groups of preterm infants suffering from hyaline membrane disease. The groups were selected according to the severity of hypoxia, estimated on clinical grounds. It was found that the severity of hypoxia per se did not influence the peak bilirubin level. From among the parameters studied, only caloric intake correlated significantly and negatively with maximum bilirubin concentration in the total patient material, and more strongly in the surviving infants.


Ring chromosome 17 in a mentally retarded boy.

A six-year-old boy was found to have a ring chromosome 17. In addition to psychomotor retardation, speech delay and seizure disorders, his abnormal phenotypic features included epicanthal folds, broad depressed nasal bridge, protruding thick upper and lower lips, micrognathia, narrow high arched palate, short fifth fingers with a mild degree of clinicodactyly, multiple café-aui-lait spots, and abnormal dermatoglyphics.


[Vaccine prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis of cerebrospinal meningitis].

The Author points up a review on the argument accordingly to the most recent literatur. Particularly are treated the status of meningococcal vaccines anti-A, C and Y groups (their preparations and trends in Field-trials), and the status of proteic vaccines anti-B. In the second part the most important substances in chemio-antibiotic prophylaxis are considered (rifampin, minocyclin, sulphadiazine, TMP, etc.) accordingly to their efficacy, safety and side-effects. The status of the perspectives on the control of the desease is discussed at the end.


[Validity of the antibiotic sensitivity test with a semi-automatic determination method].

The sensitivity of bacteria to chemioantibiotics has been compared with a semiautomatic technique and with the agar diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer a mass total of 400 bacterial strains of gram-negative bacilli, of gram-negative bacilli from urinary tract infections, of stafilococci and enterococci. The percentages of accordance between two methods in the almost totality of the chemioantibiotics have been considerable. The AA. agree about the sensitivity and repeat practical function of the new method particulary utilizable for hospital routine.


Lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance: implications for general milk consumption.

A total of 194 publications related to lactose malabsorption or intolerance were reviewed. The poor correlation between lactose malabsorption and intolerance to the amounts of milk ordinarily ingested in a meal, indicates that the assumption of milk tolerance by many populations is exaggerated. The methods for the diagnosis of these conditions were critically evaluated and it is suggested that, a) "physiological" doses of lactose be used; b) milk is the vehicle of choice; c) tests of intolerance be double-blind, and d) analysis of breath hydrogen be used for malabsorption. Most of the evidence indicates that milk consumption allows adequate growth of children, even when they are malnourished and have diarrhea. Nevertheless, it is recommended to substitute temporarily non-human milk by other good sources of dietary protein and energy during episodes of severe diarrhea, and to reintroduce milk to the diet gradually during convalescence. Breast feeding, however, should not be interrupted. These is not enough scientific nor epidemiological support to justify discouraging the use of milk in food supplementation programs, but several aspects that must be considered in such programs are outlined.


Dietary manipulation of serum triglycerides.

A group of children who had been treated for protein-energy malnutrition with a high-energy, high-faty diet, presented very low levels of fasting serum triglycerides (50.8 +/- 5.9 mg/dl). When the diet was changed to a high-energy, low-fat formula, these levels increased rapidly to normal values (104.9 +/- 19.2 mg/dl). Reversing the dietary change produced the opposite effect within 2 days. This effect was also studied in 14 normal adults, who received a high-fat diet ad libitum during 5 days. Meals were prepared from common foodstuffs with a high fat content. The hypotriglyceridemic effect occurred in all volunteers. A close relationship was observed between the initial triglyceride concentration and the decrement produced by the high-fat diet (r = 0.97), which did not affect serum cholesterol levels. No consistent response of serum free-fatty acids was detected, while serum proteins remained within normal values. Despite the rather high energy intake, most subjects lost weight during the experimental period. The level of fasting serum triglycerides of the adult volunteers was negatively correlated to the fat content of their self-selected diets. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas about fat requirements.


[Comparative study of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics with the "abac" automatic system and the agar diffusion disk method].

654 bacterial strains isolated from different biological materials have been tested either with "abac" automatic system or diffusion system on disks according to the Bauer-Kirby standardized method. The higher discrepancy has been observed to Co-trimoxazol antibiotic. Some other discrepancies, non significative, are shown in figures. The use of "abac" provides increased efficiency and convenience improving the quality of routine antimicrobic susceptibility results.


[Salmonella infections in the province of Frosinone in the period 1974-1978].

835 isolates for Samonellae have been obtained from more than 32,000 stool cultures carried out on healthy persons living in the Frosinone district during 1974-1978. The strains typed were 786 and any of more than 37 serotypes have been identified. S. wien showed the highest incidence.


[Meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults. Description of 2 cases].

Two patients are presented who had Listeria meningo-encephalitis. They were both adults and reduced in defences against infections. The diagnosis was made by isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from cerebrospinal fluid cultures. One of the patients recovered; other died although therapeutic measures were promptly started. The Authors suggest the need for a careful research about Listeria infections in our country.


[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. Case reports].

30 cases of patients presenting a benign monoclonal gammopathy (b.m.g.) have been studied, stress being laid on concomitant conditions, cases with likely typical symptomatology, atypical variations over time in certain patients of the monoclonal Ig level, and cases which, before they can be called benign, need further controls. Two cases of transitory b.m.g., one in a child, with double polymerization state, are also presented.


[Benign monoclonal gammopathies. Critical review].

During a review of the relevant literature, the view is expressed that the term "monoclonal" expresses no more than an operative concept. A classification of the benign monoclonal gammopathies is proposed in accordance with their aetiopathogenesis. Stress is laid on the importance of antigen stimuli and self-maintenance of the tumour mass below a certain number of cells. Reference is made to the possible typical symptomatology and criteria for the differential diagnosis of myeloma and Waldenström's disease are put forward. Inter alia, emphasis is placed on the little significance of Bence-Jones proteinuria for the purpose of differentiation. Models of atypical behaviour are presented.


Serologic differentiation of adult Toxocara and Ascaris.

The antigenic analysis of Toxocara canis a causative agent of visceral larva migrans and Ascaris suum has been carried out. Agar gel double diffusion techniques and its modifications were employed to determine whether or not crude antigens, obtained from the adult parasites: (a) contained components unique for each, (b) could be used to differentiate the parasites serologically. Adult Toxocara canis and Ascanis suum antigens used in this study were found to contain several unique antigenic components. It was shown that antisera produced in rabbits artificially immunized against adult Ascaris and Toxocara could be specifically differentiated from each other by using intragel absorption test.


Serologic differentiation of larval Toxocara and Ascaris.

Antigenic extracts of adult and larval T. canis and A. suum have been used in microgel double diffusion technique to differentiate antibodies produced in animals, experimentally infected with these parasites. Antigenic extracts from adult Ascaris reacted with the sera from animals infected with A. suum but the extracts from adult Toxocara failed to react or reacted feebly with the sera from animals infected with T. canis. Interestingly the antigenic extract from adult Toxocara reacted with the sera from animals infected with Ascaris. The antigens extracted from embryonated eggs of both the worms reacted with anti-Toxocara larval serum but could not absorb all the specific antibodies in the interagel absorption test.


Trace minerals in paediatric gastroenterology: zinc and copper.

A number of aspects of zinc and copper metabolism are relevant in the clinical practice of pediatric gastroenterology. Although the diagnosis of zinc and copper deficiency is problematic, deficiencies and altered metabolism of these two nutrients are seen in a host of hepatic and intestinal diseases of childhood. Several medical and surgical interventions can adversely affect zinc and copper nutriture as well. Continuing scientific research into the biology of zinc and copper will provide new insights into the pathophysiology of pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.


[Role of 17-beta-estradiol in the synthesis and secretion of prolactin].

In 5 post-menopausal women TSH and prolactin secretions, induced by TRH, were studied before and after treatment with mg 20 of polyestradiol valerate. After this drug, plasma prolactin concentration increased, but no difference was observed in TSH secretion. The data suggest that 17-beta-estradiol doesn't increase the number of TRH receptors on pituitary cell surface, but stimulates prolactin synthesis.


[In-vitro antibiotic resistance of hospital and non-hospital strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].

The AA report about the resistence towards antibiotics of 42 stocks of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from hospitalized patients and of 18 stocks isolated from non hospitalized patients. The most active antibiotics are Gentamicine, Neomicine and Streptomicine. Interestingly towards Tobramicine no resistence has been detected. The stocks isolated from hospitalized patients have generally shown a higher resistence.


[Effect of factor VIII concentrate on malondialdehyde release by normal human platelets].

It is well known that Factor VIII concentrates affect platelet function both "in vitro" and "in vivo" but the mechanism of their action is poorly understood. Therefore the aim of the present work was to investigate a possible effect of these concentrates on prostaglandin synthesis by platelets, measured as the amount of released malondialdehyde (MDA), which is an index of Thromboxane A2 production. Our data suggest that Factor VIII concentrates have no effect on MDA release by platelets and on its inhibition by aspirin and heparin. In conclusion the effect of Factor VIII concentrates on platelets is not mediated by an increased synthesis of prostaglandins.


Response of nonhuman animals to speech and to species-specific sounds.

Three questions relate to how nonhuman species respond to speech and species-specific sounds: (1) Do nonhuman species perceive human speech in a human-like fashion? (2) How do nonhuman species perceive their own vocalizatios? and (3) How does human perception of animal sounds differ from the animals' perception of those sounds? Four methodologies are available for studying an animal's perception of sounds: (1) discriminative conditioning; (2) habituation-dishabituation; (3) playbacks in captivity; and (4) playbacks in situ. Each of these techniques has a different degree of ecological validity and has different intrinsic biases toward the conclusions one might draw. Experiments using these methodologies for each of the three questions are reviewed and the methodological problems of each are discussed. A two-stage model of perceiving species-specific sounds is presented which accounts for both categorical perception of sounds and within category discrimination of sounds.


Oscillations in performance in levodopa-treated parkinsonians: treatment with bromocriptine and L-deprenyl.

Fluctuations in performance in levodopa-treated Parkinsonians pose frequent and difficult problems of managment. Controlled trials with two recently introduced drugs, bromocriptine and L-deprenyl, have been performed in an attempt to clarify their use in Parkinsonian oscillations. Bromocriptine, partially substituted for levodopa, was helpful in 4 of 6 patients with early morning dystonia, but did not benefit 9 patients with end-of-dose deterioration and 5 patients with "on-off changes. L-Deprenyl 10mg daily gave substantial benefit to 19 of 39 patients with end-of-dose deterioration, but to only 1 of 10 patients with "on-off' phenomena. Neither L-deprenyl nor bromocriptine helped patients disabled by freezing episodes or levodopa-induced involuntary movements.


Some aspects of the clinical use of clonazepam in refractory epilepsy.

Sodium valproate and clonazepam were given in combination to 17 refractory epileptic patients and their progress was reviewed clinically and by EEG's. Even though plasma concentrations of sodium valproate and conventional anticonvulsants were monitored and adjusted according to individual requirements, combination therapy consisting of valproate and clonazepam was ineffective in controlling seizures in the majority of patients. A further 40 patients receiving clonazepam were reviewed in relation to adverse reactions. 22 patients in this group suffered from undesirable effects attributable to clonazepam. These effects were managed by cessation of the drug or a reduction in the dose. The commonest side effects were drowsiness, loss of concentration, irritability and aggression.


Effects of chemicals on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in normal and Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes.

Bloom's syndrome (BS) lymphocytes, which are characterized by a high incidence of sister chromatid exchangs (SCE, 78.4 per cell), were treated with bifunctional--(MC) and monofunctional--(M--MC) mitomycin C and 4-nitroquinoline-l-oxide (4NQO) either singly or in combination with caffeine, and the effects of the chemicals on the frequency of SCE and chromosome aberrations compared with that in normal lymphocytes. The normal cells were highly sensitive to MC with regard to SCE frequency (10 times over the control level), but not to M--MC and 4NQO, whereas in BS cells, MC, M--MC or 4NQO easily induced SCE up to 'saturation' level, though the relative increase in SCE was not as high (2 times over the control level). The effect of caffeine in combination with these agents was to increase markedly the SCE frequency and that of shattered chromosomes in normal cells, whereas in BS cells the effect of caffeine on SCE was not synergistic with these agents, i.e. the SCE level achieved was not significantly increased over that obtained by the simple addition of these agents. The frequency of mitotic chiasmata was significantly increased by MC in BS cells; however, no significant difference was found in the distribution of chiasmata among chromosome regions between treated and untreated materials. This differs from the reported action of MC on cultured lymphocytes of normal subjects, where chiasmata are concentrated at secondary constrictions and centromeres of chromosomes nos. 1, 9 and 16. Possible differences in the mechanisms inducing SCE and chromosome aberrations in chemically-treated normal and Bloom's syndrome cells are discussed.


[The antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor in routine testing of clinical material from two Berlin hospitals (author's transl)].

The agar diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial efficacy of cefaclor against bacterial strains isolated routinely from patients in two hospitals in Berlin. A comparison was made with the efficacy of oxacillin, azlocillin, amikacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, penicillin, cefazolin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. A total of 1235 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus species, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were tested. Cefaclor was superior to the other substances in its activity against E. coli, Klebsiellae, and Proteus mirabilis. Co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, on the other hand, proved more effective against indole-positive Proteus species and Citrobacter. Tetracycline was also more effective against Enterobacter. Ampicillin was the most effective agent against enterococci, and oxacillin the most effective against S. aureus. Cefaclor showed good antibacterial activity against strains which were resistant to the orally administrable agents ampicillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole.


[Therapy of chronic respiratory tract infections in children, including mucoviscidosis (author's transl)].

In respiratory tract infections in children a distinction must be made between frequently recurring infections and genuine chronic infections due to specific anatomical factors, immunological defects or congenital diseases such as mucoviscidosis. The most frequent pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella, S. aureus predominates in infants. The same applies for mucoviscidosis, in which P. aeruginosa is the second most frequent pathogen, occurring frequently after a primary infection with staphylococci. In order to avoid frequent relapses in mucoviscidosis patients, uninterrupted long-term treatment with an antibiotic which is effective against staphylococci is recommended, commencing the moment the diagnosis has been established. Suitable antibiotics are co-trimoxazole or oral cephalosporins (e. g. cephalexin, cephradine or cefaclor). Other respiratory tract infections should be treated according to the antibiogramme with a suitable antibiotic once the diagnosis has been confirmed.


Lytic manifestations in the bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (bacteriophages bacteriocines, autoplaques).

Ps. aeruginosa strains--a frequement resuet of an irresponsible antibiotic therapy--represent a common agent of nosocomial infektions. At the same time, gravity of Pseudomonas diseases is also increasing. Lysogeny, bacteriocinogeny and frequent occurrence of autoplaques are the lytic manifestations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains which play a great role in the complexity of solving diagnostic, epidemiological end therapeutical problems connected with infections induced by these microbes. A survey is presented of the importance and utilization of the lytic properties of bacterial strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the differentiation, epidemiological typing and further expansion of therapeutical possibilities in infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria.


The use of the carbon dioxide laser in the pediatric airway.

Congenital and acquired lesions of the pediatric airway present difficulties in management. Until recently, correction of these problems frequently involved an external approach to the larynx and trachea. Development of fiberoptic instrumentation, as well as the introduction of the Zeiss operating microscope, has now given the surgeon a new means to visualize the larynx and trachea. Soon after its development, the carbon dioxide surgical laser was coupled to these instruments to permit an extremely precise form of tissue excision and ablation. Its unique properties, including an extraordinary hemostatic effect, as well as minimal postoperative edema and scarring, make it an ideal tool for management of lesions of the pediatric airway. It has been employed successfully in the treatment of 177 lesions.


The effect of overdistention of the lung on pulmonary function in beagle puppies.

The removal of one lung from a beagle puppy results in minimal interference with lung function or the arterial gases. The removal of air from the empty pleural cavity results in a shift of the mediastinum and overdistention of the contralateral lung. An immediate decrease in the PO2 and increase in the PCO2 is seen. Significant increase in the alveolar-arterial CO2 gradient reflected marked increase in dead space ventilation. Biopsies of the overdistended lung demonstrated emphysema and disruption of alveoli. These changes may explain some of the deterioration of lung function and the complication of contralateral pneumothorax following repair of a Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Our study suggests that the mediastinum should be stabilized in the midline after repair of a diaphragmatic hernia or after a pneumonectomy in an infant or small child.


Sequelae of prolonged ventilatory support for pediatric surgical patients.

The evolution of intensive prolonged respiratory support has been a major development in improving survival in the critically-ill child. That intensive respiratory support can be maintained for prolonged periods of time even in the home with survival of good babies is the subject of this report. In a 3-yr period, 2112 surgical patients were admitted to intensive care facilities with an over-all survival of 95%. Ventilatory support was required in 368 (17.4%) of these children, and survival in this group was 75.3%. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was necessary in 13 of the 368 children (3.5%) for a mean support time of 359 days (range 101 to 1095). Of these 13 children, 4 died while hospitalized (30.8%), and 3 died subsequently after being discharged (23.1%) for a total mortality of 53.8%. However, 6 children (46.2%) survive, 3 free of ventilatory support and 3 being weaned from their machine at home. The greatest cost in this expensive program was delivered to the survivors and psycho-social and developmental data confirm that these children are good babies with favorable long-term prognoses.


Bladder outlet obstruction after operation for ureterocele.

Two patients with ureterocele-induced bladder outlet obstruction are presented. In each instance, a broad-based diverticulum had developed in the floor of the bladder as a result of the muscular defect created by a simple ureterocele in one patient and an ectopic ureterocele in the other. This bladder diverticulum produced secondary obstruction of the bladder outlet during the act of voiding. Urinary diversion in one patient had been carried out because of bladder outlet obstruction and was being seriously considered in the other patient because of upper tract deterioration. After the correct diagnosis was established, reconstruction of the muscular defect eliminated the obstruction and reestablished satisfactory bladder function. Urinary diversion was thus prevented in one patient and undiversion accomplished in another, when the true obstructing nature of the bladder diverticulum was established and correct therapy instituted.


Characterisation of the immunological response in marmoset monkeys immunised against hCG beta-subunit and its relationship with their subsequent fertility.

Female marmoset monkeys that are actively immunised against hCG beta-subunit remain infertile while antibody titres are high. With declining antibody levels the animals experience recurrent abortions that occur progressively later as the levels continue to wane. After booster immunisations the animals become infertile once more. The affinity and total binding sites of antibodies to beta-hCG were monitored after booster injections in marmosets and the values were correlated with subsequent reproductive events. The relationship between antibody amount and affinity varied considerably and the affinity was the important factor in producing the biological effects, pregnancies being often associated with a fall in antibody affinity. The antisera were also biologically active in inhibiting hCG-induced ovulation and increase in uterine weight in mice. There was no apparent cross-reaction between the antisera and human luteinizing hormone as tested by indirect immunofluorescence on adult human pituitary sections.


Electron-microscope study of the effect of chlorhexidine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Electron micrographs of cytological damage to log phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused by low consentrations of chlorhexidine indicate an action primarily on the cytoplasmic membrane at concentration of 2.0--3.0 micrograms/ml chlorhexidine, and on the cytoplasmic membrane plus layers external to it at concentrations greater than 3.0 micrograms/ml. Evidence of two types of resistance to chlorhexidine is presented.


Primate facial allometry and interpretations of australopithecine variation.

Pilbeam and Gould have discussed African Plio-Pleistocene hominid evolution in the context of allometry (size-dependent morphological change). These authors demonstrate that some general aspects of australopithecine morphology (tooth, brain and body size) support the hypothesis that certain early African hominids were merely scaled variations of each other at different sizes. They also speculate that the methods applied to these very broad anatomical categories can be extended to more specific and detailed traits, especially in the face and cranium. Such traits underlie most taxonomic and phylogenetic discussions of the early African Hominidae, so it is useful to follow Pilbeam and Gould's lead, as we do here, and investigate the structural differences in the australopithecine face and cranimum in a quantificiable fashion.


Ionophore A23187 disrupts membrane structure by modifying protein-lipid interactions.

The physiological function of membrane-boudn protein clearly depends on the nature of its neighbouring lipid. However, the question of how critical the protein is to the structure and function of membrane lipid has received much less attention. There is some evidence that lipid surrounding membrane protein, 'boundary lipid', may be more ordered than continuum lipid. Protein can also alter the enthalpy and temperature of pure lipid-phase transitions. However, controversy surrounds the question of whether membrane proteins determine long-range aspects of lipid structure or merly perturb their local environments. Here, we demonstrate that a lipophilic substance, the calcium ionophore, A23187 (Lilly), dramatically disorders the lipid structure of the membrane and that this phenomenon depends on the presence of proteins.


Galactosyltransferase and membrane glycoprotein abnormality in human platelets from Tn-syndrome donors.

Early studies on the analysis of membranes isolated from the erythrocytes of Tn-patients by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a severe reduction in the staining capacity of glycophorin with the periodate-Schiff (PAS) reaction. A low sialic acid and galactose (Gal) content of the polyagglutinable red cells was confirmed while it was reported that the abnormal red cells of Tn-patients contained little or no UDPGal: GalNAc-beta-3-D-galactosyltransferase (T-transferase) activity. The glycoprotein (GP) abnormality in Tn-erythrocytes appeared to be due to incomplete synthesis of the alkali-labile oligosaccharide chaims of glycophorin. We now report studies on the membrane GP composition and the T-transferase activity of platelets isolated from there Tn-syndrome patients whose red cell membranes contain GP abnormalities which are typical of those found in this rare clinical condition.


Classification of hereditary cataracts in children by linkage analysis.

A total of 12-different types of hereditary cataracts have been positively assigned to the gene map. They are located on autosomes as well as on the X chromosome. This establishes several kinds of cataracts as distinct diseases caused by different mutations. In selected cases the information may be helpful for prenatal diagnosis.


Efficacy of Alrestatin, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in human diabetic and nondiabetic lenses.

Immediately after cataract extraction, lenses from diabetic and nondiabetic patients were collected, classified, and assayed or incubated in high-glucose medium. The distribution of cataract types within the diabetic and nondiabetic groups was almost identical. The aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor AY22,284 (Alrestatin) was as effective in blocking sorbitol formation in diabetic as in nondiabetic lenses. While there was no difference in the level of intralenticular glucose, the diabetic lens produced significantly more sorbitol than did the nondiabetic lens. Also, the activity of polyol dehydrogenase (PD) was much lower in the diabetic population. The diabetic lenses swelled slightly more (P <.2) than nondiabetic lenses in high glucose media, and AY22,284 was effective in reducing the swelling of diabetic lenses in 35.5 mM glucose medium. While these results are preliminary, they suggest that diabetes, in some way, may confer on the human lens an increased susceptibility to osmotic stress via the sorbitol pathway. It is also reassuring to note that an AR inhibitor is no less effective in blocking the more active AR in the diabetic than in the nondiabetic lens. The therapeutic implications of this are discussed.


Trout mortalities as a result of Streptococcus infection.

Excessive mortalities were experienced in the bigger rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at an efficiently managed trout farm. All tests for known toxins in the feed and water proved to be negative. A faecal Streptococcus which belongs to the Lancefield group D but which could not be identified as belonging to any of the recognized species within this group, was isolated from the spleens, livers and kidneys of affected fish. Pathogenicity studies with this organism proved it to be highly fatal to trout but not to Mozambique bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus), banded bream (Tilapia sparrmenii), carp (Cyprinus carpio) or largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The isolation and biochemical characteristics of the organism are described. The symptoms, gross- and histopathology of this disease are described and discussed. The disease resembles a haemorrhagic septicaemia and appears to be associated with intensification and conditions of stress.


Distribution of blood groups and secretor status in schistosomiasis.

Urine and stool specimens from 425 school children in Swaziland were examined for evidence of Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma haematobium infection. Concurrently, saliva collections were analysed for ABH secretory ability and blood samples were typed for ABO, Rh and Lewis groups. Among individuals infected with S. mansoni, the frequency of blood group B was significantly increased (P < 0.001), and there was a greater prevalence of positive secretor status (P < 0.05). In contrast, the presence and severity of S. haematobium infection did not correlate with any of the variables tested.


Protection of mice against Babesia microti with cord factor, COAM, zymosan, glucan, Salmonella and Listeria.

Cord factor (trehalose 6-6' dimycolate). COAM (chlorite-oxidized oxyamylose), zymosan, glucan, Salmonella enteritidis 11RX and Listeria monocytogenes were found to protect mice against subsequent infection with Babesia microti, an intra-erythrocytic protozoan parasite. This protection was not observed after injection of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a viridans group Streptococcus, thioglycollate, or colloidal carbon. All the agents which protect against B. microti have also been reported to induce non-specific protection against experimental tumours. The parasites appear to die inside circulating red cells. This implies that these can exert non-specific protection against this parasite through the mediation of a soluble factor.


Acute effects of zimelidine and alaproclate, two inhibitors of serotonin uptake, on neuroendocrine function.

The accumulation of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine in human platelets in vitro and plasma levels of a number of hypophyseal hormones and cortisol in healthy male volunteers were determined after acute oral administration of zimelidine and alaproclate, two selective inhibitors of serotonin (5-HT) uptake. Alaproclate (100 mg)  significantly inhibited the accumulation of 14C-5-HT by 42% at 90 minutes but showed no significant effect at 4 hours. At 200 mg the decrease in the accumulation was 55% after 90 minutes and 31% after 4 hours. Zimelidine (200 mg) caused a 72% decrease at 90 minutes and 73% at 4 hours. Plasma levels of prolactin, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and thyroid stimulating hormone remained unchanged after zimelidine and alaproclate, and the levels were comparable to those after placebo. A physiological decline of plasma cortisol levels was noted in the morning during the test period of 4 hours, but there were slight differences in the secretory pattern after the different drugs used.


Exclusion of dysthyroid eye disease as a cause of unilateral proptosis.

In many patients with unilateral proptosis dysthyroid disease can be excluded on clinical grounds. The primary purpose of the CT scan is to exclude a mass lesion but the appearances must be correlated with biochemical tests of thyroid function. Confirmation of dysthyroid disease is provided by an abnormal thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) test in the great majority of patients whose proptosis is increasing or is of recent origin.


[Comparative studies of the preparation of alpha-gliadin].

alpha-gliadin was prepared from wheat flour by two different methods. The products were compared electrophoretically and by double radial immuno-diffusion. The alpha-gliadin fraction proved to be identical in the immunological test. Only the alpha-gliadin preparation received by ion exchange chromatography is suitable for further purification by multiple gel filtrations.


[Regulations of IgM immune response. IV. Effect of the hapten: carrier ratio and the nature of the carrier on the intrinsic and functional affinity of carp DNP-antibodies].

Carp anti-DNP antibodies were raised by various DNP-carrier conjugates. Their intrinsic affinity (K0) to monovalent E-DNP-L-lysine and functional affinity (DF) for binding to the multivalent DNP-T4 bacteriophages were determined. The functional affinity of antibodies elicited by T-cell-dependent DMPn-HSA (n = 3, 15, 33) is relatively high (KF):1010-1012 M-1). These KF values increase more than K0 during the immune response. The functional affinity is dependent on the molar KNP: HSA ratio. The mediate coupled DMP15-HSA elicits antibodies with the highest functional affinity. Carps immunized with T-cell-independent DNP-conjugates synthesize antibodies which have similar K0 as the antibodies elicited with DNP-HSA. However, the KF-values are in the range from 107 to 1010 M-1 only. The KF of antibodies raised with DNP-BA are 103-104 fold, those of DNP-S III and DNP-Ficoll elicited are only 4 . 101 to 4,7 . 102 fold higher than their corresponding K0-values. This means that these antibodies are not very effective in binding the multivalent DNP-T4. Specifically purified antibodies have also such low functional affinities. These strong differences in the functional affinity of carp DNP-antibodies elicited by T-cell dependent and independent DNP-conjugates are discussed with regard to stimulation of different B-cell subpopulations.