Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Preparing for Years Ahead
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has begun extra stargazing to help the space agency accomplish advances in Mars exploration over the next decade.
NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) has begun extra
stargazing to help the space agency accomplish advances in Mars exploration
over the next decade.The spacecraft already has worked more than double its
planned mission life since launch in 2005. NASA plans to keep using it past the
mid-2020s. Increased reliance on a star tracker, and less on aging gyroscopes,
is one way the mission is adapting to extend its longevity. Another step is wringing
more useful life from batteries. The mission's extended service provides data
relay from assets on Mars' surface and observations with its science
instruments, despite some degradation in capabilities."We know we're a critical element for the Mars Program
to support other missions for the long haul, so we're finding ways to extend
the spacecraft's life," said MRO Project Manager Dan Johnston of NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. "In flight operations, our
emphasis is on minimizing risk to the spacecraft while carrying out an
ambitious scientific and programmatic plan." JPL partners with Lockheed
Martin Space, Denver, in operating the spacecraft.In early February, MRO completed its final full-swapover
test using only stellar navigation to sense and maintain the spacecraft's orientation,
without gyroscopes or accelerometers. The project is evaluating the recent test
and planning to shift indefinitely to this "all-stellar" mode in
March.From MRO's 2005 launch until the "all-stellar"
capability was uploaded as a software patch last year, the spacecraft always used
an inertial measurement unit -- containing gyros and accelerometers -- for
attitude control. At Mars, the orbiter's attitude changes almost continuously,
with relation to the Sun and other stars, as it rotates once per orbit to keep
its science instruments pointed downward at Mars.The spacecraft carries a spare inertial measurement unit.
The mission switched from the primary unit to the spare after about 58,000
hours of use, when the primary began showing signs of limited life several
years ago. The spare shows normal life progression after 52,000 hours, but now needs
to be conserved for when it will be most needed, while the star tracker handles
attitude determination for routine operations.The star tracker, which also has a backup on board, uses a
camera to image the sky and pattern-recognition software to discern which
bright stars are in the field of view. This allows the system to identify the spacecraft's
orientation at that moment. Repeating the observations up to several times per
second very accurately provides the rate and direction of attitude change."In all-stellar mode, we can do normal science and
normal relay," Johnston said. "The inertial measurement unit powers
back on only when it's needed, such as during safe mode, orbital trim
maneuvers, or communications coverage during critical events around a Mars
landing." Safe mode is a precautionary status the spacecraft enters when
it senses unexpected conditions. Precise attitude control is then essential for
maintaining communications with Earth and keeping the solar array facing the Sun
for power.To prolong battery life, the project is conditioning the two
batteries to hold more charge, reducing demand on the batteries, and is planning
to reduce the time the orbiter spends in Mars' shadow, when sunlight can't
reach the solar arrays. The spacecraft uses its batteries only when it is in
shadow, currently for about 40 minutes of every two-hour orbit.The batteries are recharged by the orbiter's two large solar
arrays. The mission now charges the batteries higher than before, to increase
their capacity and lifespan. It has reduced the draw on them, in part by adjusting
heater temperatures before the spacecraft enters shadow. The adjustment preheats
vital parts while solar power is available so the heaters' drain on the
batteries, while in shadow, can be reduced.The near-circle of MRO's orbit stays at nearly the same
angle to the Sun, as Mars orbits the Sun and rotates beneath the spacecraft. By
design, as the orbiter passes over the sunlit side of the planet during each
orbit, the ground beneath it is about halfway between noon and sunset. By
shifting the orbit to later in the afternoon, mission managers could reduce the
amount of time the spacecraft spends in Mars' shadow each orbit. NASA's Mars
Odyssey spacecraft, older than MRO, successfully did this a few years ago. This
option to extend battery life would not be used until after MRO has supported new
Mars mission landings in 2018 and 2021 by receiving transmissions during the
landers' critical arrival events."We are counting on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
remaining in service for many more years," said Michael Meyer, lead
scientist of NASA's Mars Exploration Program at the agency's Washington
headquarters. "It's not just the communications relay that MRO provides,
as important as that is. It's also the science-instrument observations. Those
help us understand potential landing sites before they are visited, and
interpret how the findings on the surface relate to the planet as a
whole."MRO continues to investigate Mars with all six of the
orbiter's science instruments, a decade after what was initially planned as a
two-year science mission to be followed by a two-year relay mission. More than
1,200 scientific publications have been based on MRO observations. Teams
operating the two instruments named most often in research papers -- the High
Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera and the Compact
Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) mineral-mapper -- are
dealing with challenges but are ready to continue providing valuable
observations.For example, some HiRISE images taken in 2017 and early 2018
show slight blurring not seen earlier in the mission. The cause is under
investigation. The percentage of full-resolution images with blurring peaked at
70 percent last October, at about the time when Mars was at the point in its
orbit farthest from the Sun. The percentage has since declined to less than 20
percent. Even before the first blurred images were seen, observations with
HiRISE commonly used a technique that covers more ground area at half the resolution.
This still provides higher resolution than any other camera orbiting Mars --
about 2 feet (60 centimeters) per pixel -- and little blurring has appeared in
the resulting images.Using two spectrometers, CRISM can detect a wide range of
minerals on Mars. The longer-wavelength spectrometer requires cooling to detect
signatures of many minerals, including some associated with water, such as
carbonates. To do this during the two-year prime science mission, CRISM used
three cryocoolers, one at a time, to keep detectors at minus 235 Fahrenheit
(minus 148 Celsius) or colder. A decade later, two of the cryocoolers no longer
work. The last has become unreliable, but is still under evaluation after
34,000 hours of operation. Without a cryocooler, CRISM can still observe some
near-infrared light at wavelengths valuable for detecting iron oxide and
sulfate minerals that indicate past wet environments on Mars.The Context Camera (CTX) continues as it has throughout the
mission, adding to near-global coverage and searching for changes on the
surface. The Shallow Radar (SHARAD) continues to probe the subsurface of Mars,
looking for layering and ice. Two instruments for studying the atmosphere --
the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) -- continue to
build on nearly six Mars years (about 12 Earth years) of recording weather and
climate.The University of Arizona operates HiRISE, which was built
by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., Boulder, Colorado. The Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, leads MRO's
CRISM investigation. The Italian Space Agency provided SHARAD. Malin Space
Science Systems, San Diego, built and operates CTX and MARCI. JPL, a division
of Caltech in Pasadena, California, manages the MRO Project for the NASA
Science Mission Directorate in Washington and leads the MCS investigation.
Lockheed Martin Space built the spacecract.