Golden State Heating Up, New NASA/University Study Finds
Average temperatures in California rose almost one degree Celsius 
(nearly two degrees Fahrenheit) during the second half of the 20th 
century, according to a new study.
Average temperatures in California rose almost one degree Celsius 
(nearly two degrees Fahrenheit) during the second half of the 20th 
century, with urban areas blazing the way to warmer conditions, according 
to a new study by scientists at NASA and California State University, Los Angeles.Bill Patzert of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., 
teamed with Steve LaDochy of California State University, Los Angeles, 
and Richard Medina, now a doctoral candidate at the University of Utah, 
Salt Lake City, to investigate California air temperature patterns from 
1950 to 2000. They analyzed data from more than 330 state weather stations, 
looking for patterns of climate warming and cooling in each of the state's 
seven major climatic subregions. Their objective was to shed new insights 
into the relative roles humans and natural climate events play in affecting 
California regional temperatures.The scientists found great variations in temperature patterns throughout 
the state. Average temperatures increased significantly in nearly 54 percent 
of the stations studied, with human-produced changes in land use seen as the 
most likely cause. The largest temperature increases were seen in the state's 
urban areas, led by Southern California and the San Francisco Bay area, 
particularly for minimum temperatures. Minimum temperatures at some agricultural 
sites showed increases comparable to some urban areas. Rural, non-agricultural 
regions warmed the least. The Central Valley warmed slowest, while coastal areas 
warmed faster, and the southeast desert warmed fastest.The only area to cool was a narrow band of the state's mainly rural northeast 
interior. While few stations overall showed decreases in average and minimum 
temperatures, 13 percent of the stations for which sufficient maximum temperature 
data were available showed a significant drop in average maximum temperatures, 
including some urban sites.Across most of the state, minimum (nighttime) temperatures increased more than 
average and more than maximum (daytime) temperatures did. Fifty-five percent of 
the weather stations tested for minimum average temperatures saw significant warming, 
while only six percent saw significant cooling. For example, minimum temperatures 
at the Los Angeles Civic Center have increased by about five degrees Celsius 
(9 degrees Fahrenheit) since 1878. During that same time, maximum temperatures 
increased by only about 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit).Patzert said the increased rate of minimum temperatures has led to narrower daily 
temperature ranges throughout the state. "California nights are heating up, giving 
us a jump start on hotter days," said Patzert. "This is primarily due to increased 
urbanization, not increases in cloudiness or precipitation. Rainfall and snowfall 
didn't increase significantly for most California stations during the study period.""California's complex topography and large latitude range give it some of the most 
diverse microclimates in North America," said LaDochy. "Climate change models and 
assessments often assume global warming's influence here would be uniform. That is 
not the case. If we assume global warming affects all regions of the state, then the 
small increases our study found in rural stations can be an estimate of this general 
warming over land. Larger increases would therefore be due to local or regional 
changes in land surface use due to human activities."The researchers cited numerous factors contributing to California's temperature 
trends, including urbanization, population, Pacific Ocean conditions and elevation. 
They found a strong correlation between air temperatures and Pacific coastal sea 
surface temperatures. The Pacific temperatures warmed 0.09 degrees Celsius (0.16 
degrees Fahrenheit) per decade during the study, about half the amount the state 
warmed overall during that time.Patzert said air temperatures were significantly influenced by fluctuations in 
the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a basin-wide oceanic pattern similar to El Niño 
and La Niña but much larger, lasting many decades rather than just a few months. 
"During the positive, warm phase of the oscillation, from about 1977 to 1997, 
average air temperatures were higher," he said. "During the negative, cold phase, 
from 1950 to 1976, they were lower." Patzert and other scientists track Pacific 
Ocean patterns using NASA's Jason satellite altimeter.Results of the study appeared in the journal Climate Research.For more information on Jason, see:http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/.JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.