Chasing 'Oumuamua
The interstellar object 'Oumuamua perplexed scientists in October 2017 as it whipped past Earth at an unusually high speed.
The interstellar object 'Oumuamua perplexed scientists in
October 2017 as it whipped past Earth at an unusually high speed. This
mysterious visitor is the first object ever seen in our solar system that is
known to have originated elsewhere.Scientists conclude that interstellar object 'Oumuamua must be very elongated because of its dramatic variations in brightness as it tumbled through space. They also conclude that vents on the surface must have emitted jets of gases, giving the object a slight boost in speed, which researchers detected by measuring the position of the object as it passed by in 2017. Credit: NASA/JPL-CaltechWhat we know-It came from outside the solar system--Because of its high speed (196,000 mph, or 87.3 kilometers per second) and
the trajectory it followed as it whipped around the Sun, scientists are
confident 'Oumuamua originated beyond our solar system. The object flew by
Earth so fast its speed couldn't be due to the influence of the Sun's gravity
alone, so it must have approached the solar system at an already high speed and
not interacted with any other planets. On its journey past our star, the object
came within a quarter of the distance between the Sun and Earth.-Its trajectory is hyperbolic --By tracking this object as it passed within view of telescopes, scientists can
see that this high-speed object won't be captured by our Sun's gravity. It
won't circle back around again on an elliptical path. Instead, it will follow
the shape of a hyperbola -- that is, it will keep on going out of the solar
system, and never come back.-It doesn't look like a comet, but it behaves like one --A
comet is a small icy body that, when heated by the Sun, develops a coma -- a
fuzzy atmosphere and tail made of volatile material vaporizing off the comet
body. At first, scientists assumed 'Oumuamua was a comet. But because 'Oumuamua
appears in telescope images as a single point of light without a coma,
scientists then concluded it was an asteroid. But when astronomers saw the
object was accelerating ever so slightly, they realized that a coma and jets
might not be visible to the telescopes used to observe it. The jetting of
volatile materials or "outgassing" would explain why 'Oumuamua was
accelerating in a subtle, unexpected way when only gravity from our solar system is
taken into account.-It must be elongated--While it is
impossible to take a close-up photo of 'Oumuamua, its dramatic variations in
brightness over time suggest it is highly elongated. By calculating what kind
of object could dim and brighten in this way, scientists realized the object
must be up to 10 times as long as it is wide. Currently, 'Oumuamua is estimated
to be about half a mile (800 meters) long. Astronomers had never seen a natural
object with such extreme proportions in the solar system before.-It tumbles through space-- The unusual brightness
variations also suggest the object does not rotate around just one axis.
Instead, it is tumbling -- not just end over end, but about a second axis at a
different period, too. A small object's rotation state can easily change,
especially if it is outgassing, so this tumbling behavior could have started
recently. The object appears to make a complete rotation every 7.3 hours.What we don't know-What does it look like?All that
astronomers have seen of 'Oumuamua is a single point of light. But because of
its trajectory and small-scale accelerations, it must be smaller than typical
objects from the Oort Cloud, the giant group of icy bodies that orbit the solar
system roughly 186 billion miles (300 billion kilometers) away from the Sun.
Oort Cloud objects formed in our own solar system, but were kicked out far
beyond the planets by the immense gravity of Jupiter. They travel slower than
'Oumuamua and will forever be bound by the gravity of our Sun. But besides its
elongated nature, scientists do not know what kinds of features 'Oumuamua has on
its surface, if any. An elongated shape would explain its rotation behavior,
but its exact appearance is unknown.-What is it made of?Comets from our
solar system have a lot of dust, but because none is visible coming off
'Oumuamua, scientists conclude it may not have very much at all. It is
impossible to know what materials make up 'Oumuamua, but it could have gases
such as carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide coming off the surface that are less
likely to produce a visible coma or tail.-Where did it come from?'Oumuamua came into our
solar system from another star system in the galaxy, but which one? Scientists
observe that its incoming speed was close to the average motion of stars near
our own, and since the speed of younger stars is more stable than older stars,
'Oumuamua may have come from a relatively young system. But this is still a
guess -- it is possible the object has been wandering around the galaxy for
billions of years.-What is it doing now?After January 2018, 'Oumuamua
was no longer visible to telescopes, even in space. But scientists continue to
analyze it and crack open more mysteries about this unique interstellar
visitor.Written by Elizabeth Landau