t / ,- 1 L 4-1- -- '0 , r.' - +. .. __.: r... f.~t~~r, IPP= 4:4 ~. ~. ~,,. • taitittr. raimnA 11 r ISITION. Our Conititutictu alb tat MONDAY,. SEPTEMBER 21, 1818. sct y nospleal with filth, disease, want of food, and sere- • ' of treatment. There are even express enactments A writer in an evening paper suggests the probabi in fevour of cleanliness and health, but which, in most lity that Lord Cochrane may be going out in his steam engine with a view to attempt the liberation of rotes, are totally neglected in practke. The law, it is Buonaparte :—" The King's ships at St. Helena lie true, and we are sorry for it„allows a creditor to throw chiefly at or off James town, on the leeward side of the his debtor into gaol, without compelling an immediate island, into which there is good access by the usual way. inquiry whether the non-payment of the debt arises There is pin other access into the island except at the from unwilling ness , from previous culpable extravae opposite, windward side, where the entrance from thew y land is easy ; but here there is no anchor genet, or fronvinnueentmisrortune. If it allowed im- age . . : IT this place two cutters usually cruise. Ses prisooment, al in other crimes. (for s ,wit.tOect...ive wilful . .feritiiinen .pf ~couilie speculate. on the poAilityi . extravagance to be criminal, as wel ts Oudulent con-. Ittionlparte's escape • and the moat practistil• cha vestment) for the sake of safe custody only till the guilt they think would be, for a strong cutter or 'two, well er innocence of the party sho u ld b e ascer t a i ne d, we appointed with oars, to approach the windward side, beat off the cutters, take and row away with Buona should think it wise; but faulty as the law of debtor parte, their prise, to alatge ship at some distance, per- And creditor is, it allows only of imprisonment. It does temps out of sight of the island, which might convey him Rot condemn the debtor either to moral or bodily con- to his destination. A steam boat can approach the is tagion, to cold or hunger, to dampness, close air, or land on every side, its mechanical movement Buena supply- insufferable e ffl uvia; and yet ia how few gaols is it in ing the place of oars ; and after taking a way parte, being large and heavily armed, it might best off his power to separate himself flaim vice and profligacy any cutters. it might then work up to a large vessel —to avoid disease of body and contamination of mind t .. , to windward, to deliver its prize, or it might itself In how few gaols is there any classification of prisoners; ll convey away Buonaparte wholly. The power of going and yet can a heavier punishment be inflicted upon an 54ainst wind and tide would in those seas be a great ; innocent man, wha, from einforeseen circumstances, or protection against t he King's ships, and moving as,,4' does without sails, it would not easily be discovered at even indiscretion, has e*pcsed himself to- the suspicion sea. Experienced nautical men, who have had an of crime—on a person imprisoned for an assault, for opportunity of inspecting the steam vessel of Lord eating religious tracts without a licence, b egg i ng t o Cochrane; "have been struc k b with its remarkable ailapta- I sustain life under some sudden comity, or offending ' tion fur navigating upon such a coast as the windward s unconsciously perhaps against same p ena l statute—than side of St. Helena is represented to be. With respect to warlike means, the recent union of the Buceapartists to be placed iii itociety of experienced thieves, pick- in the province of Texas, on the Trinity River, tray pockets, robbers, and murderers? Could any young probably' supply resources, long shire contemplated ; person, seduced to commit a first and a small offence, and which could not have been so arsdiatie, had thes e i be placed in a more dangeroas school o f w i c k e d ness. ? exiles remained contented with the gran ts of lan d made to them by Congress, in the Alabama territory.lt has now been ascertained beyond time p 'bilitr of doubt, that many of the worst bur g l ar i e s • have been Asa naval taileer, Lord Cochrane never showed hi self deficient in enterprise, and to his natural ardour is planned in Newgate and the other prisons of the me- now added the excitement of desperate fortunes. Ills tropolis ; and that every one of them, as hitherto con- character has berm much mi..taken, or tht.re arc few ducted, has been a nursery of crime ! Juvenile delin- timings that would gratify him r!ore than to becoli ; t: t h e liberator of Napoleon. The Laze attempt, indeed, quents uniformly went out more. depraved, aed more wormy' seal hls future destiny. if he succeeded, his ripened for evil, than when they came in ; a n d ma n y - . fate would be l inked with that of huntaparte ; it' he of them, from the information and hardihood acquired failed, he might still become an insurgent admniral.— in gaol, became leaders of gangs, a nd committed the Ho has nothing to lose in England; every thing to most daring excesses. It is thus obvious, let men pre- sain out of it. Just such a man—one so completely, tend or profess what they will, that those who do net 'nth the world beret hill—would be re:inked for time . Givartlous end d a ri ng enterprise, But it ie soil'. he is provide gaols to admit of the classif ica ti on a n d separa- going to Chi i . Be it so. It will not be mush out of t;-:n :,f prisoners, are accessories befo . re the fact to crimes his way to call at St. Helens''—Courier. of Etc worst description: theyconscnt to thedoterioration The military_ cerurrences in India arc gradually, of their fm ilre.v.creati,r;•s, and ilefirectly assist in re . mrend- Lc:nig-lit up by t nire successive arrivais, or the o minute ing vie e, diF: , ase, and crime, through the wh o le coot, l itt.yeatigation of preceding au.ounts, hut ra new events reinli.y. Th , ..s law may in sor.:c cares permit, bat- it of importance pre. wilt thems'iru.s. 4 * l.ochnnation does not commit tLe evil. :t o rders imprisonment from Ceylon, dated the ._•..l of last March, medicates the ttsmultuotut and pm piesod state of that island, ~.a nd .es but it ilocanot orda:tm promiscuous intercourse, nor doeslak Se of a thousand dollars upon the head O. a -tee it cam:nand Vac use. of chains and totters, which hard we chief. . . °deadens in iniquity ,, bet never laud one to repentanei. I Th e B r i t i s h Mu.:eum has telretu is .,d the library of the In the ..yc of the law the accused ma y ill be i nn o c ent, i , late M. Gingnene at Paris, for 1 0 3001. -sterling. - -- PRIcE•9;,d. • expected to bring into the field . : Henry's army and his Reserve anununed 37,0D0 8,303 3 8,600 44z 165,000 25,600 131 were destined to attack the 'Courts of Madrid and Vienna. These intentions were frustrated by the assassinat:en of Henry on the 14th of May, 1610. From the year 1635, Louis XIII. had five armies on foot, which amounted to 100,000 men, of whom 18,000 were horse. The peace wltablishmcnt ,pf Louis XIV. fluctuated from 120,00 ni , ,1030,000 liken : and the largesv.: yY he ever had on ilia, in the war frJra At, to ;t•,7, amounted to sgsf9 men, of whom 44,000 were e 1..- valry. The largest army which Louis XV, ever had amounted to 4010215 Men, in the war between 4741. and 1748 • and after the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 114 peace establishment consisted of 67,5:?8men. • In the year 1787 the French army aniouxte..". to 162,111 men, and in 1791 to 164.469 men. In 17t2 M. Narhonne represented, that the el(f eotive strength of the army did not exceed 139,000 men, of which more than 83,000 were disposable-for rield,servi,:e. The Republican army was gradually inerer,eo. :lo r a that number as high as 74,9,545 present ur.C.cr. a;mls, when the nominal or paper strength amounted to. 1,169,141. This was the tit s itriluzii7 of the military strength of the Republic in the auturml of 1794. It gradually declined after that period to 381,919 men present under arms, which was the strength of tLet army in the autumn of 1797. In 1799, when Bernadotte was made Minister. of War by the Directory, he found the nominal strength of the army rated at 449,844, of wl)ich, h‘.:werer, not more than .298,1 , 6:1 were effet-tire, after deducting the gendarmerie and gardes nationales, the sick, and the army in Egypt ; and after allowing for the parriAerts is Italy and the . Rhinc, not more than 0100,000 men c!is. posable for Inlenttiom in the field. However, by his ex traordinary activity. tha army was increased to .362,00 men, exclu,•,ivo of the troops in Egypt, sick in he:4 - 1:s. and prisoners of war. Iu August, 1799, the Council r,f ritie :Asec,l a jec.-1±,7 1 . fixing the land forces of the Rert:blic at— 4r.5,341, Infantry, 76,FW Cara7rr, Eta! MAitr, &C. 566,4•'0 From Septeml4,r, WO, Scrtembcr, 1 . 2101, (yeti. 9), rtanee kept in the fie',J 414,7°2 mein; ani sfier tbeTtoce of Amiens, army amour,ted to 39'9,716 men, boats 15,C;) 0 , retervo. This I Leing Saint Matthew's 11 , •• „ i • c ; 41.14 tia- ch - u . rat . ` t ?? : and Gr . ,, eniorg ef . h • -. td,•'4) 'Lmsnikai e. . sr t e ueverr.4 stoyaillogo. • •de" . . ce at )4ev. John Rveh mi n i, • vd'to the great 1- 141 n 4 ch i .: orutions wert; delivered • in Er.g11:.;,, by . O f y, of qu) jitt er 'at . st .s ; • os, in . 41 4 n i ‘4 *t.t. Ct U T ttr, s:t firooks tir i / r4ed • -.41' 84 1004 the , Or an.! in point of fact, some them are as. i' * thew STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY, impriscnraent is a cruel. ,haniship in blah s , and one FROM THE REIGN OF HENRY IV. TO THE PEACE which ought never tole increased OF AMIENS by any unnecessary acts of severity. Convicts, again, are either to undergo In 1600, when Henry IV. of France prepared ta capital punishmen*., or they are at some tints or other attack the Duke of Savoy, hii disposable army amounted to only 7,000 infantry, 1,;i00 cavalry, and six pieces to be liberated: As to the Baiter, the taninment of of cannon. • cloth must proceed on the supposition that illtt;t4 From t6OO to 1609, Henry IV. maintained a somiE- eviltracd by them are so invert -.• .. c . °t ins army of 4,100 foot, ar.d e,637 horse, which V It.asa, amino tuabeemisfy - • nagnint afterwards eAlgtnented to 10,000 men, besides 4,t in lia Allindrtrili *O.V anent - tenter , dl ''‘'.. • intoil '' Thrt when be determined on I he. tie • ". ' discussion on the policy of resent ing to mi l= punish _ against the House of Austria, he had teas *flange , . runts In any case ; but it is certainly ö horrible and menu for increasing his own army to 40,000 French infantry, unnatural cruelty,. to deny tO those who; are about to 8,5150 Swiss infantry, ' ' - suffer death an opportunity at relleceng on their awful 4,000 Lansquenets, .4 011dit 5.000 Horse. situation, send of making Pend with man and tha,Autluip, _ 00 of their ova beinos . Bet• poritent, or impenitent, 374 with 32 p ieces ofartiller / . aepecation i s necemai . t ter their own sake or the __ mis Ty e !relied Provinces, and some of the Primers of the Empire, had en . root. Horse. Guns. sake of others. As to name, again, who are at some gaged to furnish time or ether to be let lose on society, it, is cleartthat The is Vi e t e e ti o a f el Savoy lB,OOO 2,000 12 12,000 2,000 10 amendment ought to be aught by all possible means, if The Pope lO,OOO 1,500 a - --- --. not on their own account, on account of the mischief Km 8,500 34 The Rings of England, Denmark, which they might otherwise do' to the community. add Sweden, the House of Saxony, ...mi l p..........sarsssas i and same other German States, were Zbr No 551.—V0L. XI. POLITICAL 1M 0,- - r ON PUNISHMEN'ES. TRE infliction of punishment, it stiould be rernetn tc:ed, is in itself an evil. The =oral effect has always been bad on the agent by whom it is inflicted; and uttles it lead to amendment in the object, or deter ethers by way of example, is ought never to be re sesioa to. Pnoishmeist, *lsoiventtsc s wilco Sc that rf necessary restraint, and restrNt which cait bade/stood by the sufferar, z sure to harden Ate ob. ject of it; and its effects, as an txample to otters, are not nearly es great as those of the milder treatment, which enfurees constant labour and regular habits, by a print seclugutt from every species of hi3AGA con. terse and society. It is thus an impolitic law Which in culcates severity. Bat the truth id, that the great evil* and miseries of our gaols are those which are merely tolerated in practice, and which proceed fir niggard liness on the part of onr gentry, and negligence on the part of those employed under them. The law, when it orders imprisonment, never Ws that it shall be ac- $ .~:~ , S y.~// .