^ , rt kltt,onalt j. daffir,fr (X 0 •1 4. I°% , .. ie 'V+ Our Mina, CotOtitution, an RaW, , "' No. I,R9O.—VoL. XIV.] SKETCH OF THE BRAZILS. An interesting work on the above subject has just been published. Our lin.its confine us to the fol lowing extracts:— " The province of Rio Janeiro being situated on the confines and without the tropic of Capricorn, is, in genera, in consequence of that situation, less warm deli the countries which lie nearer the Line. The whigie province of Rio Janeiro, extending 90 le: omes fa length and 35 in breadth, is mountainous, with the exception of the doytaeases, usually calk& Campos. - It is, therefore, naturally divided into high and leiti lands. • In the latter the heat is as great as in the other countries between the tropics, and consequently we find cultivated there not only nil the colonial productions, us coffee, sugar, cotton, iryligo, cocoa, rice, ta;:ceo, &c. but success has attended the planting ot the most valuable trees of India, as the cinnamon; cloves, pepper, &c. all the exquisite spiceries and delicious fruits of the east. The mango, the tea plhnt, the broad-fruit tree, from the islands in the Pacific; the cantphire. of Japan, the ginger, the cardamum, and the easawa rine of New Hollavel, and, in fine, all the trees and plants'of warm cliMates thrive excellently here. " On the mountains, which rise to the height of 3,000 English feet, which are covered to the summit with impenetrable virgin forests, and the smiling vallks of which are watered by limpid and delicious streams, the temperature is as different as the pro ductions. The fbrests alxmnd in game, and in every hind of wood fur ornanuntal works. In the grounds newly cleared, the fruit trees and plants of Europe, the peach, the fig, the vine, the. apple, the quince, and the strawberry, are cultivated wilt surprising success, In a word, the situation, the climate, and the productions .— indigenous , or introduced by etal-f tivation.--render this country the most happy and the most independent in the universe. " With regard to climate, there is no winter and summer. The heat is never excessive, and there is no sensible cal.—the whole year appears a continual spring. Not a day passes on which the business of cultivation may nut he carried on. The reaping rapidly succeeds the sowing; it is only necessary to consign the seed to the earth to secure is harvest. . . " I Omni(' exiiect to he taxed with exaggeration, were I to relate the extraordinaty instances of the vegetation and fertility of the country which are known to me. I :hall therefore merely mention common examples, which may he every day verif i ed. Father Correia, settled in the Serra d'Estrella, and one Of the principal farmers of thi.4 province, has sown a measure cf rice, and obtained more than 500 in return. the common return from maize is 120 or 1:30 to one. " The coirce plant is easily cultivided, mid in favourable soils begins to hear fruit ut the end of 20 months, This I have seen vu the farm of Dr. ,Lescsne,.futincrly an inhabitant a St. Domingo.— It is not uncommon to find collo trees, eccr , foot of which yielas five or six pounds of coffee .% year. 1 have observed gratis front pesclicL form in two ye•.ue trees front three to four inches iu diameter, loaded with fruit. " From the description which I bays given of the climate of Rio Janeiro, its prtaluetiolis, mid its fel.- tiiity, a very favourable idea will naturally be formed Of It; but bcthrc pronouncing an opinion, let its consider whether there are nut other advantages, and what ate the ditileultics which may discourage those iurli»ed to remove to this country, " If %vs examine every other region.to the south and the north of the Line, in shall nowhere find the same natural and political advantages us in Bra sil. Chili, on the opposite emist, and in the same latitude, etinnot be compared to it : though the vegetation acid the fertility of its soil are nearly equal to those of the Broad, its natural productions are not so varied. Nature is let 3 bcautilid there; thcre are not so many titrests, and the voutztry rather resembles Europe. It is besides in a state of revm lotion, and rut advantages ore granted to furvigoers. " The United States, which now support millions tiC Europeans, have peopled their territory by cidu nists, to whom lands have been sold on eri.dit, The climate is cold, unhealthy, subject to fttvers, and not remarkably productive, Tl 4 colenitts were, at the ceunnencestient of their sett•ements, and *till are, mut:ported wine hat. aof leagues inland, where -•-- ...,- -- ~4 ft- • - .#1 4 ,„; '~ MONDAY, JAAJAItY 8, 1821 they ure obliged to work to pay the expense of their passage, though it is pretended to be given to them gratis : thus, under the mane of' debtors, they remain slaves llx six or eight years before they recover their liherty. In the states from Pr.i'adclphia to Charles town, and New Orleans, .the yellow fever makes dreadful ravages, and milli* of Europeans have there met a premature death. Who has not lust friends or relations at tbs. Havannah,. Jamaica, tit. Domingo, el:c.? Merchants 9nd sailors are carried off,• not otts attempting to reside, but merely by touchikg on the soil of• these countries. But there is another inconvenience. Who has not heard of those storms, tempests, hurricanes, or typlions, which from time to time destroy the hopes of the cultivator? In one night, in one hour, alt the fruits of the labour of' several years are. annihilated, the fruit trees arc uprooted,, and the houses levelled in ruins. In Brazil no con tagious disorders arc known, and the fertile lands arc never ravaged by tempests. Both capitOists and colonists must therefore rind the securitrand value of landed property greater in Brazil - than in these countrie, whether that property be acquired by purelmse, or received gratuitously front the govern ment. • " After . what I have states of Brazil, it may be perhaps supposed, that it is a land of promise, a ter restrial paradise,' where every thing is to be found in abundance, and where it is only necessary to put forth the hand, and receive a supply of every want. This idea, however, would be very fallacious. The inhabitants lead a hard life; products of the • first • necessity ate scarce, and a multitude of difficulties ere experienced. " Above all, there is a want of hands. In general, the population and, the number of the artisans uru not in proportitt to the extcrit °Prins kingdom, and the increase of its commerce and communications' have tug, us yet been sufficiently liteilitated by the establishment of Public rontls. " The Government has been at - considerable ex pense in making a road through the mountains of Estrella, seven leagues from ltio Janeiro; but, on arriving at the ftot adds mountain, only x leagues from the bay of ltio Janeiro, the road is sometimes only passable at the risk of life, " In vain will proprietors endeavour to derive advantage from the firtility of the land grantel to them gratuitously, while the government does not • devout its attention to the making of toads, and the farmers cannot seod their produce to Market, except at the risk of the loss of the property, the mules that carry it, and the lives of the conductors, However productive the soil, the poor peasant finds no cm-mi n:gement to plant tiave that is necessary for his own existence. He often has nut enough to support his tinnily. The lower class are in a wretched situation, and the intoshitants of a country overflowing with abundance arc miserably poor, and badly fed. " Notwithstanding these, inconveniences, and many others, there ure always persons desirous of settling in Brazil ; but on examining the subject attention, it will appear that there arc persons who act us crroteously in going there, us the government would in giving them uu encouraging reception. ~ ..Every emigrant ought to have an olljt.ct con limitable to his talents and his pecuniary means. The capitalist with the most cunsiderabla bums caruot sues:cud alone j and the must skilful workman s%-ut do nothing without being oniployea by inter nnAiatc contractors, whether they pay him by the day, or lend him money for a eettain time. I call adventurers p evons w h o em i grate w i t iptit the re quii.ite qualificati on s an d inihrmation, and without the assistance either of the government or a con tractor, ur 110174 U ilidiViaLlia . illreaq 164:aka in the country. - The - province of Rio Janeiro being nearly us large us France, and the limit or The ISraxii embracing an extent nearly to that of Europe, the planters and urtktus to whom the government generously ()tiers essistancp, nmy choose any spot they think most . convenient for their Lusiaess, or the branch of Industry they to pUr3tlO. " Emigrants who mean to devote themselves to ltuslanofry should kttlo without the tropics, or is the upband rovinces, The soil of provinces is kid wt;11 L4(44 ttl to the cultivation ut env vine, ._ .~ Aro ~~ .~ Pities ef• which does not succeed in Rio Janeiro, on account of the excessive heat, which gives too great force aril raid.lity to vegetation.' • 44 Cattle of a very large kind are also raised in these provinces, and particularly in Rio Granite, .where the inhabitants kill their horned cattle solely fur the value of their shins, which arc sell to fit reigners in their natural state, without any prepa ration. Some time after, the same skins return front • Europe tanned, prepared and worked into various artistes of the first neoessity, as boots, shoes, slip. pers, &e.. The beef is then dried, but it then sells less ad vantagemisly titan it would it' prqpetly salted, and fitted tUr the use of the seamen who ISail front the ports of Brazil. " The Provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco are the best adapted tbr the cultivation of sugar. cot ton, tobacco, &c. and are the most advantageous for the settlement of eersons who wish to under .take the cultWation of these. articles, and to estab. lish manufacutres from them : as, fim instance, cotton-mills, saw-mills, tobacco- works, Lc. &c. " The cultivatfon of rice ought to gu to Maranhao, and establish mills after the manner of those in South Carolina.. "The cocoa and spice trees thrive principally at Pam and Score. Thus all the provinces of this vast countrY,s which extends from the Equator to the Rio tie la Plata, and from Cape St. Augustin to the frtiers of Chili and Peru, have each their parti curar advantages. • ." Several quarters—among others, the Abrolhos • and the mouths of the river of the Amazons-ter abound in flesh; and the fisheries in those harts . • present infinite resources fur. ;European industry.--- . fish might be..c*ed. there - in ditTerent ways, and' the fishery or - Newfouudland might in time " The making of isinglass has already been corn =need with great success at • Para. Manutiretories of this kind will, doubtless, be seconded by the government; which must perceive that such un derstanding will be attended with the advantage of firming a nursery flu. seamen, " Front these considerations it will appear that it is contrary to the interest of emigrants to fidlow the first impulse which they may have received without. reflection, and to fix themselves •at once near Rio Janeiro; fr near navigable rivers, on the mot of of St. Catherine, at Porto Segura, at Caravellus, on the banks of the beautiful river Moncouri, &c. there, arc several thousands of square leagues which the benevolent government offers to those who wish to mak esettlements,- and where less difficulty with respect to communications is experienced than in the neighbourhood of the capital. 1 n couelusiou,l must observe, that a poor peasant alone, and without assistance, can obtain no ad vantage from settling in Brazil ; but on the contrary a person of property, by choosing a suitable place, may easily double or quadruple his (vital in a few years, and contribute to the happiness of many dis tressed famiiies who now vegetate in Europe. It is, at the sante time, the interest o:the Portuguese Gevernmen: to facilitate us much as possible emi grations to this best tel known countries. " Paris, Nov. 2fi. G. VON. LANSllonyy.° It was on Thursday stated that Lord Castlereagh had received advice of the death of his ven:•rable filther the Marquiss and Earl of Londonderry, by which the Noble Viscount would suce,..ed to those titles, and to the ample estates; but the event would not occasion his removal to the finttio of Peers, us the late Ntatioiss was only one of the rein esen.utivn Peers, and !Dal nu British title. The Quren is in treaty far a house in an elig:Fe part of the town, as u ye:mute:a .resi.4enee, so that those who eaten:mud ulgni her Majesty leaving the country will be mach disappointed. Thursday ni ; ;ln, a little bc.fwe o'clock, a li-e broke out. at the house of Mr. J•)lin: elieesemonger, East Smith Owing to tlui seveie frost, it MIS a eomiderable time before water t0.,111 be pioeureJ. As soon us it was o:Jtained, eve :y cur , -nfle by the firefly- - 'hu di l noi the lute/ merson, c! wen) dc.,l lout or 0 '4 l l , • , , . % 1, \ • • „ .A4t % Of , \ . {A. .0.. .0 1 / • -- 4" • exertion wit+ mode by the firemen, wlat di 1- ;Poo •.4 . ' mvever, ttieered is arri..stiti„. , the progress of ~,,m , •till dire., hmises, viz. those of Mr. t a u. ' 1 ( o'. 4 4 ' ti a, chyntiii, Mr Dull'. dyer, and Mr. Joloisor; destroyed, and considerable damage done 'o .. r five Itous?s backwards. N‘. ;Ives acre lost. 'J . $ • ~,,A a . . . - -- - - r.. -"4" -P III Msa -- - - f - --=r-t.: - .• 13 ‘0 4 ,— . " --- ...--,.._ _..J . a'. . .