Modeling and mitigation of cross-talk effects in readout noise with
  applications to the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm
We introduce a correlated measurement noise model that can be efficiently
described and characterized, and which admits effective noise-mitigation on the
level of marginal probability distributions. Noise mitigation can be performed
up to some error for which we derive upper bounds. Characterization of the
model is done efficiently using Diagonal Detector Overlapping Tomography -- a
generalization of the recently introduced Quantum Overlapping Tomography to the
problem of reconstruction of readout noise with restricted locality. The
procedure allows to characterize $k$-local measurement cross-talk on $N$-qubit
device using $O(k2^klog(N))$ circuits containing random combinations of X and
identity gates. We perform experiments on 15 (23) qubits using IBM's
(Rigetti's) devices to test both the noise model and the error-mitigation
scheme, and obtain an average reduction of errors by a factor $>22$ ($>5.5$)
compared to no mitigation. Interestingly, we find that correlations in the
measurement noise do not correspond to the physical layout of the device.
Furthermore, we study numerically the effects of readout noise on the
performance of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We
observe in simulations that for numerous objective Hamiltonians, including
random MAX-2-SAT instances and the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model, the
noise-mitigation improves the quality of the optimization. Finally, we provide
arguments why in the course of QAOA optimization the estimates of the local
energy (or cost) terms often behave like uncorrelated variables, which greatly
reduces sampling complexity of the energy estimation compared to the
pessimistic error analysis. We also show that similar effects are expected for
Haar-random quantum states and states generated by shallow-depth random
circuits.
Filip B. Maciejewski Flavio Baccari Zoltán Zimborás Michał Oszmaniec