Parse an :RFC:`3339`-formatted timestamp and return a
    `datetime.datetime`.

    If the timestamp is presented in UTC, then the `tzinfo` parameter of the
    returned `datetime` will be set to `pytz.utc`.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T10:01:02Z')
    datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 1, 10, 1, 2, tzinfo=<UTC>)

    Otherwise, a `tzinfo` instance is created with the appropriate offset, and
    the `tzinfo` parameter of the returned `datetime` is set to that value.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T14:01:02-04:00')
    datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 1, 14, 1, 2, tzinfo=<UTC-04:00>)

    However, if `parse()`  is called with `utc=True`, then the returned
    `datetime` will be normalized to UTC (and its tzinfo parameter set to
    `pytz.utc`), regardless of the input timezone.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T06:01:02-04:00', utc=True)
    datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 1, 10, 1, 2, tzinfo=<UTC>)

    The input is strictly required to conform to :RFC:`3339`, and appropriate
    exceptions are thrown for invalid input.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T06:01:02')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    ValueError: timestamp does not conform to RFC 3339

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T25:01:02Z')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    ValueError: hour must be in 0..23

def parse(timestamp, utc=False, produce_naive=False):
    '''
    Parse an :RFC:`3339`-formatted timestamp and return a
    `datetime.datetime`.

    If the timestamp is presented in UTC, then the `tzinfo` parameter of the
    returned `datetime` will be set to `pytz.utc`.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T10:01:02Z')
    datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 1, 10, 1, 2, tzinfo=<UTC>)

    Otherwise, a `tzinfo` instance is created with the appropriate offset, and
    the `tzinfo` parameter of the returned `datetime` is set to that value.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T14:01:02-04:00')
    datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 1, 14, 1, 2, tzinfo=<UTC-04:00>)

    However, if `parse()`  is called with `utc=True`, then the returned
    `datetime` will be normalized to UTC (and its tzinfo parameter set to
    `pytz.utc`), regardless of the input timezone.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T06:01:02-04:00', utc=True)
    datetime.datetime(2009, 1, 1, 10, 1, 2, tzinfo=<UTC>)

    The input is strictly required to conform to :RFC:`3339`, and appropriate
    exceptions are thrown for invalid input.

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T06:01:02')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    ValueError: timestamp does not conform to RFC 3339

    >>> parse('2009-01-01T25:01:02Z')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    ValueError: hour must be in 0..23

    '''

    parse_re = re.compile(r'''^(?:(?:(?P<date_fullyear>[0-9]{4})\-(?P<date_month>[0-9]{2})\-(?P<date_mday>[0-9]{2}))T(?:(?:(?P<time_hour>[0-9]{2})\:(?P<time_minute>[0-9]{2})\:(?P<time_second>[0-9]{2})(?P<time_secfrac>(?:\.[0-9]{1,}))?)(?P<time_offset>(?:Z|(?P<time_numoffset>(?P<time_houroffset>(?:\+|\-)[0-9]{2})\:(?P<time_minuteoffset>[0-9]{2}))))))$''',
                          re.I | re.X)

    match = parse_re.match(timestamp)

    if match is not None:
        if match.group('time_offset') in ["Z", "z", "+00:00", "-00:00"]:
            if produce_naive is True:
                tzinfo = None
            else:
                tzinfo = pytz.utc
        else:
            if produce_naive is True:
                raise ValueError("cannot produce a naive datetime from " +
                                 "a local timestamp")
            else:
                tzinfo = FixedOffset(int(match.group('time_houroffset')),
                                     int(match.group('time_minuteoffset')))

        secfrac = match.group('time_secfrac')
        if secfrac is None:
            microsecond = 0
        else:
            microsecond = int(round(float(secfrac) * 1000000))

        dt_out = datetime(year=int(match.group('date_fullyear')),
                          month=int(match.group('date_month')),
                          day=int(match.group('date_mday')),
                          hour=int(match.group('time_hour')),
                          minute=int(match.group('time_minute')),
                          second=int(match.group('time_second')),
                          microsecond=microsecond,
                          tzinfo=tzinfo)

        if utc:
            dt_out = dt_out.astimezone(pytz.utc)

        return dt_out
    else:
        raise ValueError("timestamp does not conform to RFC 3339")