Context: A 75-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his son. He is suffering from left-sided weakness. The symptoms started 2 hours ago with sudden left-sided weakness. The patient is a known hypertensive, who is inconsistently compliant with his 2 antihypertensive medications and a heavy smoker, with a 40 pack year history. Physical examination shows an elderly male in mild distress. The vital signs include: blood pressure 140/95 mm Hg, pulse 89/min and SpO2 98% on room air. Neurological examination shows left-sided hemiparesis, with no sensory, cognitive, or brain stem abnormalities. A CT scan of the head without IV contrast shows a right-sided ischemic infarct. What other finding is most likely to develop in this patient as his condition progresses?

Question: What other finding is most likely to develop in this patient as his condition progresses?

Answer: Positive Babinski sign


Context: A 32-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 2, comes to the physician for the evaluation of a palpable mass in her right breast that she first noticed 1 week ago. She has no associated pain. She has never had a mammogram previously. She has type II diabetes mellitus treated with metformin. She has no family history of breast cancer. She has smoked half a pack of cigarettes daily for 15 years. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 78/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 125/75 mm Hg. Examination shows a firm, nonpainful, nonmobile mass in the right upper quadrant of the breast. There is no nipple discharge. Examination of the skin and lymph nodes shows no abnormalities. No masses are palpated in the left breast. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

Question: Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

Answer: Mammography


Context: A 70-year-old female presents to you for an office visit with complaints of forgetfulness. The patient states that over the last several years, the patient has stopped cooking for herself even though she lives alone. Recently, she also forgot how to drive back home from the grocery store and has difficulty paying her bills. The patient says she has been healthy over her whole life and does not take any medications. Her vitals are normal and her physical exam does not reveal any focal neurological deficits. Her mini-mental status exam is scored 19/30 and her MRI reveals diffuse cortical atrophy. What is the best initial treatment for this patient's condition?

Question: What is the best initial treatment for this patient's condition?

Answer: Rivastigmine


Context: A 62-year-old man presents to the emergency department with hematuria and hemoptysis that started in the morning. He notes that he has had frequent lung infections throughout his adult life, the most recent being 2 weeks ago. He also mentions that he has had hematuria twice before but never as severe as he is having currently. His medical history is otherwise non-significant, and his only medication is acetaminophen as needed. His blood pressure is 136/92 mm Hg, heart rate is 86/min, respiratory rate is 16/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). Chest radiography shows a resolving right middle lobe airspace opacity. His initial laboratory tests are notable for elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level. While in the examination room, the patient develops a spontaneous nosebleed. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis


Context: A 57-year-old man presents to the ED complaining of back and left leg pain. He was lifting heavy furniture while helping his daughter move into college when all of sudden he felt a sharp pain at his back. The pain is described as severe, worse with movement, and shoots down his lateral thigh. The patient denies any bowel/urinary incontinence, saddle anesthesia, weight loss, or weakness. He denies any past medical history but endorses a family history of osteoporosis. He has been smoking 1 pack per day for the past 20 years. Physical examination demonstrated decreased sensation at the left knee, decreased patellar reflex, and a positive straight leg test. There is diffuse tenderness to palpation at the lower back but no vertebral step-offs were detected. What is the most likely etiology for this patient’s pain?

Question: What is the most likely etiology for this patient’s pain?

Answer: Disc herniation at the L3/L4 vertebra


Context: A 20-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with a history of recurrent cough, wheezing, and breathlessness since early childhood. He previously diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. For his allergic rhinitis, he uses intranasal fluticasone. For his asthma, he uses an albuterol inhaler as a rescue inhaler. It is decided to initiate a new medication for daily use. Which of the following medications, with its corresponding mechanism, is the next best step in therapy?

Question: Which of the following medications, with its corresponding mechanism, is the next best step in therapy?

Answer: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-1 expression is upregulated by inhaled corticosteroids.


Context: A 24-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine pelvic examination. She feels well. Menses occur at 30-day intervals and last 7 days. Her last menstrual period was 6 days ago. She has no history of abnormal Pap smears; her last Pap smear was 13 months ago. She is sexually active with three male partners and uses condoms consistently. She has never been tested for sexually transmitted infections. Her 54-year-old mother has breast cancer. She is up-to-date on her Tdap, MMR, and varicella vaccinations. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 68/min, and blood pressure is 108/68 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. In addition to HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia testing, which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this time?

Question: In addition to HIV, gonorrhea, and chlamydia testing, which of the following is the most appropriate recommendation at this time?

Answer: HPV vaccination


Context:
Two weeks after being hospitalized for acute pancreatitis, a 36-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Multiple family members have coronary artery disease. Physical examination shows multiple, yellow papular lesions on both upper eyelids. Fasting serum lipid studies show:
Total cholesterol 280 mg/dl
HDL-cholesterol 40 mg/dl
LDL-cholesterol 185 mg/dl
Triglycerides 1080 mg/dl
Treatment with gemfibrozil is initiated. The expected beneficial effect of this drug is most likely due to which of the following mechanisms of action?"

Question: The expected beneficial effect of this drug is most likely due to which of the following mechanisms of action?"

Answer: Upregulation of lipoprotein lipase


Context: A 57-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician for a follow-up evaluation. He was recently diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, for which he takes several medications. His serum total cholesterol concentration is 295 mg/dL and serum high-density lipoprotein concentration is 19 mg/dL (N: > 40 mg/dL). The physician prescribes an additional drug that decreases hepatic production of triglycerides and reduces the release of VLDL and LDL through the inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2. This patient should be advised to do which of the following?

Question: This patient should be advised to do which of the following?

Answer: Take aspirin shortly before taking the new drug to reduce pruritus


Context: A 69-year-old smoker presents to physician after noticing that his face seems to be more swollen than usual. Upon further questioning, he reports increasing shortness of breath and cough over the past 6 months. On exam, his physician notices venous distention in his neck and distended veins in the upper chest and arms. Chest radiograph shows a right upper lobe mass. What is the embryologic origin of the vessel being compressed by this patient's tumor?

Question: What is the embryologic origin of the vessel being compressed by this patient's tumor?

Answer: Cardinal veins


Context:
A 57-year-old man comes to the emergency department for the evaluation of worsening fatigue, urinary frequency, and constipation over the past 5 days. He was recently diagnosed with metastatic bladder cancer and is currently awaiting treatment. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years. Physical examination shows dry mucous membranes and diffuse abdominal tenderness. An ECG shows a shortened QT interval. Which of the following sets of serum findings is most likely in this patient?
 $$$ Calcium %%% Phosphorus %%% Parathyroid hormone %%% 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D $$$

Question: $$$ Calcium %%% Phosphorus %%% Parathyroid hormone %%% 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D $$$


Context:
A 2-year-old boy had increased bleeding during a circumcision. His birth and delivery were uncomplicated, and his mother had no issues with prolonged bleeding during labor. Of note, his maternal grandfather has a history of bleeding complications. The boy's vital signs are stable and physical examination is notable for scattered bruises on his lower extremities. The lab results are as follows:
Hemoglobin 12.8 gm %
Hematocrit 35.4%
WBC 8400/mm3
Platelets 215 x 109/L
PT 14 s
PTT 78 s
What is the most likely diagnosis?

Question:
The lab results are as follows:
Hemoglobin 12.8 gm %
Hematocrit 35.4%
WBC 8400/mm3
Platelets 215 x 109/L
PT 14 s
PTT 78 s
What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Hemophilia A


Context: A 52-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for a severe, sudden-onset headache, light-sensitivity, and neck stiffness that began 30 minutes ago. A CT scan of the head shows hyperdensity between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The patient undergoes an endovascular procedure. One week later, she falls as she is returning from the bathroom. Neurologic examination shows 3/5 strength in the right lower extremity and 5/5 in the left lower extremity. Treatment with which of the following drugs is most likely to have prevented the patient's current condition?

Question: Treatment with which of the following drugs is most likely to have prevented the patient's current condition?

Answer: Nimodipine


Context: An experimental compound added to a protein disrupts both alpha helices as well as beta-pleated sheets. Which of the following has the experimental compound affected?

Question: Which of the following has the experimental compound affected?

Answer: Hydrogen bonds between amino acids


Context: A 28-year-old woman and her husband are admitted to the office due to difficulties conceiving a child for the past year. Her menarche was at the age of 15 years, and her periods have been regular since then. Her medical history is positive for an abortion with curettage 5 years ago. A spermogram on the partner is performed, and it shows motile sperm cells. An ultrasound is performed on the patient and it is unremarkable. The laboratory results show that the FSH, LH, TSH, and prolactin levels are within normal ranges. A hysteroscopy is additionally performed and multiple adhesions are found in the uterus (refer to the image). Which of the following is the most likely composition of the scar tissue present in the uterus?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely composition of the scar tissue present in the uterus?

Answer: Type 1 collagen


Context: A 36-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room by her husband for “weird behavior" for the past several weeks. He reports that her right arm has been moving uncontrollably in a writhing movement and that she has been especially irritable. She has a history of depression, which was diagnosed 4 years ago and is currently being treated with sertraline. She denies any recent fever, trauma, infections, travel, weakness, or sensory changes. She was adopted so is unsure of her family history. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her symptoms?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her symptoms?

Answer: CAG triplet expansion on chromosome 4


Context: A 55-year-old Caucasian man is referred to a gastroenterologist for difficulty in swallowing. He has been cutting his food into much smaller pieces when he eats for a little over a year. Recently, he has been having difficulty with liquid foods like soup as well. His past medical history is irrelevant, but he has noticed a 4 kg (8.8 lb) weight loss over the past 2 months. He is a smoker and has a BMI of 26 kg/m2. He regularly uses omeprazole for recurrent heartburn and ibuprofen for a frequent backache. On examination, the patient is afebrile and has no signs of pharyngeal inflammation, cervical lymphadenopathy, or palpable thyroid gland. A barium swallow imaging with an upper GI endoscopy is ordered. Which of the following is a risk factor for the condition that this patient has most likely developed?

Question: Which of the following is a risk factor for the condition that this patient has most likely developed?

Answer: Acid reflux


Context: A 45-year-old man with asthma comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of progressively worsening shortness of breath and cough. He also has a history of chronic sinusitis and foot drop. Current medications include an albuterol inhaler and inhaled corticosteroid. Physical examination shows diffuse wheezing over both lung fields and tender subcutaneous nodules on both elbows. Laboratory studies show a leukocyte count of 23,000/mm3 with 26% eosinophils and a serum creatinine of 1.7 mg/dL. Urine microscopy shows red blood cell casts. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

Answer: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis


Context: A 58-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 1-day history of difficulty swallowing. He also mentions that he has been frequently experiencing moderate to severe burning pain localized to the epigastric region for the last 3 weeks. The patient denies any history of vomiting, hematemesis, or black-colored stools. His past medical history is significant for gastroesophageal reflux disease diagnosed 10 years ago, for which he has not been compliant with medications. He has seen multiple physicians for similar complaints of retrosternal burning with regurgitation over the last 10 years but has not taken the medications suggested by the physicians regularly. He has never had a colonoscopy or endoscopy. He does not have any other known medical conditions, but he frequently takes over-the-counter analgesics for the relief of muscular pain. On physical examination, his vital signs are stable. Physical examination is normal except for the presence of mild pallor. Examination of the chest and abdomen does not reveal any abnormality. Which of the following investigations is indicated as the next step in the diagnostic evaluation of this patient?

Question: Which of the following investigations is indicated as the next step in the diagnostic evaluation of this patient?

Answer: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy


Context:
A 60-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with chest pain that started 20 minutes ago while watching television at home. The pain is substernal and squeezing in nature. She rates the pain as 6/10 and admits to having similar pain in the past with exertion. Her past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus that is controlled with metformin. The physical examination is unremarkable. An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows ST-segment depression in the lateral leads. She is started on aspirin, nitroglycerin, metoprolol, unfractionated heparin, and insulin. She is asked not to take metformin while at the hospital. Three sets of cardiac enzymes are negative.
Lab results are given below:
Serum glucose 88 mg/dL
Sodium 142 mEq/L
Potassium 3.9 mEq/L
Chloride 101 mEq/L
Serum creatinine 1.2 mg/dL
Blood urea nitrogen 22 mg/dL
Cholesterol, total 170 mg/dL
HDL-cholesterol 40 mg/dL
LDL-cholesterol 80 mg/dL
Triglycerides 170 mg/dL
Hematocrit 38%
Hemoglobin 13 g/dL
Leucocyte count 7,500/mm3
Platelet count 185,000 /mm3
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 30 seconds
Prothrombin time (PT) 12 seconds
    Urinalysis
Glucose negative
Ketones negative
Leucocytes negative
Nitrites negative
Red blood cells (RBC) negative
Casts negative
An echocardiogram reveals left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. With the pain subsiding, she was admitted and the medications were continued. A coronary angiography is planned in 4 days. In addition to regular blood glucose testing, which of the following should be closely monitored in this patient?

Question: In addition to regular blood glucose testing, which of the following should be closely monitored in this patient?

Answer: aPTT and platelet count


Context: A 67-year-old woman who was recently diagnosed with Crohn disease comes to the physician for evaluation of her immunosuppressive therapy. She has had recurrent flares since her diagnosis. Physical examination shows two shallow ulcers on her oral mucosa. The physician considers adding azathioprine to her medication regimen. A deficiency of which of the following enzymes would diminish the therapeutic effect of this drug?

Question: A deficiency of which of the following enzymes would diminish the therapeutic effect of this drug?

Answer: Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase


Context: A 26-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. She was driving on the highway when she was struck by a van. At the hospital she was conscious but was bleeding heavily from an open wound in her left leg. Pulse is 120/min and blood pressure is 96/68 mm Hg. She receives 3 L of intravenous saline and her pulse slowed to 80/min and blood pressure elevated to 116/70 mm Hg. The next morning she is found to have a hemoglobin of 6.2 g/dL. Her team decides to transfuse 1 unit of packed RBCs. Twenty minutes into the transfusion she develops a diffuse urticarial rash, wheezing, fever, and hypotension. The transfusion is immediately stopped and intramuscular epinephrine is administered. Which of the following scenarios is most consistent with this patient's reaction to the blood transfusion?

Question: Which of the following scenarios is most consistent with this patient's reaction to the blood transfusion?

Answer: A patient history of frequent sinopulmonary infections


Context: A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency department acutely confused. The patient was found down at a local construction site by his coworkers. The patient has a past medical history of a seizure disorder and schizophrenia and is currently taking haloperidol. He had recent surgery 2 months ago to remove an inflamed appendix. His temperature is 105°F (40.6°C), blood pressure is 120/84 mmHg, pulse is 150/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a confused man who cannot answer questions. His clothes are drenched in sweat. He is not making purposeful movements with his extremities although no focal neurological deficits are clearly apparent. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Exertional heat stroke


Context: A 50-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of severe headache over the past hour. He also reports nausea and one episode of non-bloody vomiting. He has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. Medications include enalapril and metformin, but he states that he does not take his medications on a regular basis. His temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 80/min, and blood pressure is 190/110 mm Hg. He is oriented to person but not place or time. Physical examination shows decreased muscle strength in the right leg and arm. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ in the right upper and lower extremities. A noncontrast CT scan of the head shows a solitary hyperdense lesion surrounded by hypodense edema in the left cerebral hemisphere. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?

Answer: Rupture of a small penetrating artery


Context: A 65-year-old man comes to the emergency department 1 hour after a loss of consciousness. His wife said he suddenly fainted while she was adjusting his necktie. He regained consciousness within 30 seconds and was fully alert and oriented. He has had two similar episodes in the last year. He has anxiety and takes alprazolam as needed. He smokes half a pack of cigarettes daily and drinks two glasses of wine with dinner each night. His temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F), pulse is 70/min and regular, respirations are 13/min, blood pressure is 130/82 mm Hg when supine and 122/80 mm Hg while standing. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Neurologic examination shows no focal findings. A complete blood count shows no abnormalities. Bedside cardiac monitoring shows infrequent premature ventricular contractions and QRS voltage below 5 mm in leads II and III. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Carotid sinus hypersensitivity


Context: A 7-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for concern of general fatigue and recurrent abdominal pain. You learn that his medical history is otherwise unremarkable and that these symptoms started about 3 months ago after they moved to a different house. Based on clinical suspicion labs are obtained that reveal a microcytic anemia with high-normal levels of ferritin. Examination of a peripheral blood smear shows findings that are demonstrated in the figure provided. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism responsible for the anemia in this patient?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely mechanism responsible for the anemia in this patient?

Answer: Inhibition of ALA dehydratase and ferrochelatase


Context: A 3175-g (7-lb) female newborn is delivered at 37 weeks to a 26-year-old primigravid woman. Apgar scores are 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. The pregnancy had been uncomplicated. The mother had no prenatal care. She immigrated to the US from Brazil 2 years ago. Immunization records are not available. One day after delivery, the newborn's temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 182/min, respirations are 60/min, and blood pressure is 82/60 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows a continuous heart murmur. The abdomen is soft and nontender. There are several discolored areas on the skin that are non-blanchable upon pressure application. Slit lamp examination shows cloudy lenses in both eyes. The newborn does not pass her auditory screening tests. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Congenital rubella infection


Context:
A 61-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with left leg pain and swelling. She recently returned to the United States from a trip to India. Her past medical history is notable for osteoarthritis in both hips, lumbar spinal stenosis, and hypertension. She takes lisinopril. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 24/min. On examination, her left calf is larger than her right calf. A lower extremity ultrasound demonstrates a deep venous thrombosis in the left femoral vein. Results from a complete blood count are within normal limits. She is discharged on low-molecular weight heparin. Seven days later, she presents to the emergency room with a dark erythematous skin lesion on her left thigh and worsening left leg swelling. A lower extremity ultrasound demonstrates a persistent deep venous thrombosis in the left femoral vein as well as a new deep venous thrombosis in the left popliteal vein. Results of a complete blood count are shown below:

Hemoglobin: 13.1 g/dL
Hematocrit: 38%
Leukocyte count: 9,600/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 74,000/mm^3

A medication with which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate to initiate in this patient after stopping the heparin drip?

Question:
Results of a complete blood count are shown below:

Hemoglobin: 13.1 g/dL
Hematocrit: 38%
Leukocyte count: 9,600/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 74,000/mm^3

A medication with which of the following mechanisms of action is most appropriate to initiate in this patient after stopping the heparin drip?

Answer: Direct thrombin inhibitor


Context:
A newborn male is evaluated 30 minutes after birth. He was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 39-year-old gravida 3 via vaginal delivery. The pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes, and the patient’s mother received routine prenatal care. The family declined all prenatal testing, including an anatomy ultrasound. The patient’s two older siblings are both healthy. Upon delivery, the patient appeared well and had good respiratory effort. He was noted to have acrocyanosis, and his Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at one and five minutes of life, respectively. The patient’s birth weight is 3840 g (8 lb 7 oz). His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 66/37 mmHg, pulse is 142/min, and respirations are 34/min. On physical exam, the patient has low-set ears, upslanting palpebral fissures, and a hypoplastic fifth finger.

Which of the following is most likely to be found in this patient?

Question: Which of the following is most likely to be found in this patient?

Answer: Complete atrioventricular septal defect


Context:
A 24-year-old Asian woman comes to the office complaining of fatigue. She states that for weeks she has noticed a decrease in her energy. She is a spin instructor, and she has been unable to teach. She said that when she was bringing groceries up the stairs yesterday she experienced some breathlessness and had to rest after ascending 1 flight. She denies chest pain, palpitations, or dyspnea at rest. She has occasional constipation. She recently became vegan 3 months ago following a yoga retreat abroad. The patient has no significant medical history and takes no medications. She was adopted, and her family history is non-contributory. She has never been pregnant. Her last menstrual period was 3 days ago, and her periods are regular. She is sexually active with her boyfriend of 2 years and uses condoms consistently. She drinks a glass of red wine each evening with dinner. She denies tobacco use or other recreational drug use. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 104/74 mmHg and pulse is 95/min. Oxygen saturation is 98% while breathing ambient air. On physical examination, bilateral conjunctiva are pale. Her capillary refill is 3 seconds. A complete blood count is drawn, as shown below:

Hemoglobin: 10 g/dL
Hematocrit: 32%
Leukocyte count: 10,000/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3

A peripheral smear shows hypochromic red blood cells and poikilocytosis. A hemoglobin electrophoresis reveals a minor reduction in hemoglobin A2. Which of the following is most likely to be seen on the patient’s iron studies?

Question: Which of the following is most likely to be seen on the patient’s iron studies?

Answer: C


Context: A 29-year-old man presents to the emergency room with facial weakness. He first noticed that he was having trouble smiling normally while at dinner with friends the night before. He also noticed that his food had less taste than usual during the dinner. He woke up on the day of presentation with a complete inability to move the right side of his face. He recently returned from an extended camping trip in the Appalachian Mountains, but he did not find any tick bites following the camping trip. His past medical history is notable for Achilles tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. He works as a computer programmer. He smokes marijuana occasionally but does not smoke cigarettes. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 120/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he is well-appearing in no acute distress. There is loss of facial wrinkles along the forehead, eyelids, and nasolabial folds. He is unable to completely close his right eye, raise his eyebrows, or smile with the right side of his mouth. Sensation is intact to light touch along the forehead, maxilla, and mandible bilaterally. Where is the most likely source of this patient’s lesion?

Question: Where is the most likely source of this patient’s lesion?

Answer: Stylomastoid foramen


Context: A 21-year-old college student comes to the emergency department because of a two-day history of vomiting and epigastric pain that radiates to the back. He has a history of atopic dermatitis and Hashimoto thyroiditis. His only medication is levothyroxine. He has not received any routine vaccinations. He drinks 1–2 beers on the weekends and occasionally smokes marijuana. The patient appears distressed and is diaphoretic. His temperature is 37.9°C (100.3°F), pulse is 105/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 130/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows abdominal distention with tenderness to palpation in the epigastrium. There is no guarding or rebound tenderness. Skin examination shows several clusters of yellow plaques over the trunk and extensor surfaces of the extremities. Hemoglobin concentration is 15.2 g/dL and serum calcium concentration is 7.9 mg/dL. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in evaluation?

Question: Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in evaluation?

Answer: Measure serum lipid levels


Context: A 2600-g (5-lb 8-oz) male newborn is delivered at 34 weeks' gestation to a 22-year-old woman. The mother did not have prenatal care. Upon examination in the delivery room, the newborn's skin appears blue. He is gasping and breathing irregularly. The ears are low-set with broad auricles, and the nasal tip is flattened. The lower jaw is small and displaced backward. The right foot is clubbed. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?

Answer: Posterior urethral valve


Context: An 11-year-old boy with HIV and esophageal candidiasis is being treated with caspofungin. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Question: What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

Answer: Inhibition of 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase


Context: A 42-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a recurrent rash that has remitted and relapsed over the last 2 years. The patient states that she has tried multiple home remedies when she has flare-ups, to no avail. The patient is wary of medical care and has not seen a doctor in at least 15 years. On examination, she has multiple disc-shaped, erythematous lesions on her neck, progressing into her hairline. The patient notes no other symptoms. Lab work is performed and is positive for antinuclear antibodies. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE)


Context: A 61-year-old man presents with back pain and hematuria. The patient says his back pain gradually onset 6 months ago and has progressively worsened. He describes the pain as moderate, dull and aching, and localized to the lower back and right flank. Also, he says that, for the past 2 weeks, he has been having intermittent episodes of hematuria. The patient denies any recent history of fever, chills, syncope, night sweats, dysuria or pain on urination. His past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction (MI) 3 years ago status post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities, worst in the popliteal arteries, with an ankle:brachial index of 1.4. Also, he has had 2 episodes of obstructive nephrolithiasis in the past year caused by calcium oxalate stones, for which he takes potassium citrate. His family history is significant for his father who died of renovascular hypertension at age 55. The patient reports a 20-pack-year smoking history and moderates to heavy daily alcohol use. A review of systems is significant for an unintentional 6.8 kg (15 lb) weight loss over the last 2 months. The vital signs include: blood pressure 145/95 mm Hg, pulse 71/min, temperature 37.2℃ (98.9℉), and respiratory rate 18/min. On physical examination, the patient has moderate right costovertebral angle tenderness (CVAT). A contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis reveals an enhancing mass in the upper pole of the right kidney. A percutaneous renal biopsy of the mass confirms renal cell carcinoma. Which of the following was the most significant risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in this patient?

Question: Which of the following was the most significant risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in this patient?

Answer: 20-pack-year smoking history


Context: A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for a 5-month history of progressive bilateral ankle swelling and shortness of breath on exertion. He can no longer walk up the stairs to his bedroom without taking a break. He also constantly feels tired during the day. His wife reports that he snores at night and that he sometimes chokes in his sleep. The patient has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. He has a history of hypertension treated with enalapril. His pulse is 72/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 145/95 mmHg. There is jugular venous distention. The lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. The extremities are warm and well perfused. There is 2+ lower extremity edema bilaterally. ECG shows right axis deviation. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?

Answer: Chronic hypoxia


Context: You are seeing a 4-year-old boy in clinic who is presenting with concern for a primary immune deficiency. He has an unremarkable birth history, but since the age of 6 months he has had recurrent otitis media, bacterial pneumonia, as well as two episodes of sinusitis, and four episodes of conjunctivitis. He has a maternal uncle who died from sepsis secondary to H. influenza pneumonia. If you drew blood work for diagnostic testing, which of the following would you expect to find?

Question: If you drew blood work for diagnostic testing, which of the following would you expect to find?

Answer: Abnormally low number of B cells


Context:
A 37-year-old woman comes for a follow-up prenatal visit at 18 weeks' gestation. At 12 weeks' gestation, ultrasonography showed increased nuchal translucency and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) was decreased by 2 standard deviations. Chorionic villus sampling showed a 47, XX karyotype. During this visit, ultrasonography shows a hypoplastic nasal bone, shortened femur length, shortened middle phalanges of the fifth digits with clinodactyly. A quadruple marker test would most likely show which of the following sets of findings?
 $$$ α-Fetoprotein (AFP) %%% Estriol %%% β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) %%% Inhibin A $$$

Question: $$$ α-Fetoprotein (AFP) %%% Estriol %%% β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) %%% Inhibin A $$$


Context: A 9-year-old boy is brought to your office due to nausea and vomiting. He had 4 episodes of non-bloody and non-bilious emesis over the last 24 hours. He denies any diarrhea or changes in his diet; however, his best friend at school recently had viral gastroenteritis and his mother is concerned that he has the same bug. She notes that he has been drinking more water than usual and wet his bed twice over the last two weeks. He is otherwise healthy and is not taking any medications. On physical exam his temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 100/70 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, respirations are 26/min, and pulse oximetry is 99% on room air. He has lost 10 pounds since his previous visit 6 months ago. There is diffuse, mild abdominal tenderness to palpation. The most likely disease process responsible for this patient's symptoms is associated with which of the following?

Question: The most likely disease process responsible for this patient's symptoms is associated with which of the following?

Answer: HLA-DR3


Context: Two days after hospital admission and surgical treatment for a cut on his right thigh from a sickle, a 35-year-old man has fever, chills, and intense pain. The wound is swollen. He had a similar injury 4 months ago that resolved following treatment with bacitracin ointment and daily dressings. He works on a farm on the outskirts of the city. He appears anxious. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 114/76 mm Hg. Examination shows a 6-cm edematous deep, foul-smelling wound on the medial surface of the right thigh. The skin over the thigh appears darker than the skin on the lower leg. There are multiple blisters around the wound. Light palpation around the wound causes severe pain; crepitus is present. Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely causal organism?

Answer: Clostridium perfringens


Context:
A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the emergency department for 36 hours of intense left-sided back pain that extends into her left groin. She reports that the pain started a day after a charitable 5 km (3.1 mi) marathon. The past medical history is relevant for multiple complaints of eye dryness and dry mouth. Physical examination is unremarkable, except for intense left-sided costovertebral pain. The results from laboratory tests are shown.
Laboratory test Result
Serum Na+ 137
Serum Cl- 110
Serum K+ 3.0
Serum creatinine (SCr) 0.82
  Arterial blood gas Result
pH 7.28
pO2 98 mm Hg
pCO2 28.5 mm Hg
SaO2% 98%
HCO3- 15 mm Hg
Which of the following explains this patient’s condition?

Question:
Laboratory test Result
Serum Na+ 137
Serum Cl- 110
Serum K+ 3.0
Serum creatinine (SCr) 0.82
  Arterial blood gas Result
pH 7.28
pO2 98 mm Hg
pCO2 28.5 mm Hg
SaO2% 98%
HCO3- 15 mm Hg
Which of the following explains this patient’s condition?

Answer: Decreased renal excretion of hydrogen ions (H+)


Context: A 61-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and right-sided chest pain for 3 days. The pain is sharp and worsens with deep inspiration. He has also had a fever and a cough productive of yellow sputum for 5 days. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.5°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 132/85 mm Hg. Physical examination shows dullness to percussion at the bases of the right lung; breath sounds are diminished over the right middle and lower lobes. An x-ray of the chest shows blunting of the right costophrenic angle. Pleural fluid obtained via diagnostic thoracocentesis shows a pH of 7.1 and glucose concentration of 55 mg/dL. In addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Question: In addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Answer: Chest tube placement


Context:
A 23-year-old primipara with no co-morbidities presents at 34 weeks gestation with edema and a moderate headache. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 147/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 82/min; respiratory rate, 16/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The physical examination is significant for a 2+ pitting edema. The dipstick test shows 2+. proteinuria. Laboratory testing showed  the following findings:
Erythrocyte count  3.2 million/mm3
Hemoglobin 12.1 g/dL
Hematocrit 0.58
Reticulocyte count 0.3%
Leukocyte count 7,300/mm3
Thrombocyte count 190,000/mm3
Total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL (56.4 µmol/L)
Conjugated bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL (20.5 µmol/L)
ALT 67 U/L
AST 78 U/L
Creatinine 0.91 mg/dL (80.4 µmol/L)
Which of the following laboratory parameters satisfies the criteria for the patient’s condition?

Question:
Laboratory testing showed  the following findings:
Erythrocyte count  3.2 million/mm3
Hemoglobin 12.1 g/dL
Hematocrit 0.58
Reticulocyte count 0.3%
Leukocyte count 7,300/mm3
Thrombocyte count 190,000/mm3
Total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dL (56.4 µmol/L)
Conjugated bilirubin 1.2 mg/dL (20.5 µmol/L)
ALT 67 U/L
AST 78 U/L
Creatinine 0.91 mg/dL (80.4 µmol/L)
Which of the following laboratory parameters satisfies the criteria for the patient’s condition?

Answer: Liver transaminases


Context: An investigator is processing a blood sample from a human subject. A reagent is added to the sample and the solution is heated to break the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. This solution is then cooled to allow artificial DNA primers in the solution to attach to the separated strands of the sample DNA molecules. An enzyme derived from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus is added and the solution is reheated. These steps are repeated multiple times until the aim of the test is achieved. The investigator most likely used which of the following laboratory procedures on the test sample?

Question: The investigator most likely used which of the following laboratory procedures on the test sample?

Answer: Polymerase chain reaction


Context:
A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department complaining of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. She has a 10-year history of type I diabetes mellitus treated with lispro and glargine. Upon questioning, she mentions that she stopped taking her insulin 3 days ago due to recent malaise and decreased appetite. She denies recent weight change, illicit drug use, or sexual activity. She does not take any other medications and she does not use tobacco products or alcohol. Upon physical examination she is afebrile. Her blood pressure is 105/70 mm Hg, pulse is 108/min and respiratory rate is 25/min. She appears lethargic, with clear breath sounds bilateral and a soft, nontender and nondistended abdomen. Laboratory results are as follows:
Sodium 130 mEq/L
Potassium 5.6 mEq/L
Chloride 91 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 12 mEq/L
Glucose 450 mg/dL
Which of the following is most likely to be found in this patient?

Question:
Laboratory results are as follows:
Sodium 130 mEq/L
Potassium 5.6 mEq/L
Chloride 91 mEq/L
Bicarbonate 12 mEq/L
Glucose 450 mg/dL
Which of the following is most likely to be found in this patient?

Answer: Total body potassium depletion


Context:
A newborn male is evaluated one minute after birth. He was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 28-year-old gravida 3 via vaginal delivery. The patient’s mother received sporadic prenatal care, and the pregnancy was complicated by gestational diabetes. The amniotic fluid was clear. The patient’s pulse is 70/min, and his breathing is irregular with a slow, weak cry. He whimpers in response to a soft pinch on the thigh, and he has moderate muscle tone with some flexion of his extremities. His body is pink and his extremities are blue. The patient is dried with a warm towel and then placed on his back on a flat warmer bed. His mouth and nose are suctioned with a bulb syringe.

Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Question: Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Answer: Positive pressure ventilation and reassessment of Apgar score at 5 minutes


Context: A 49-year-old male presents to his primary care physician for the first time in twelve years. His chief complaint is a new onset of diarrhea, which nothing seems to improve. He first noticed this diarrhea about a month ago. He complains of greasy stools, which leave a residue in his toilet bowl. Review of systems is notable for alcohol consumption of 12-16 cans of beer per day for the last two decades. Additionally, the patient endorses losing 12 lbs unintentionally over the last month. Vital signs are within normal limits and stable. Exam demonstrates a male who appears older than stated age; abdominal exam is notable for epigastric tenderness to palpation. What is the next step in diagnosis?

Question: What is the next step in diagnosis?

Answer: CT abdomen with IV contrast


Context: A 13-year-old girl is referred to an oral surgeon after complaining of tooth pain, especially in the upper jaw. A review of her medical history reveals status post-surgical repair of a patent ductus arteriosus when she was 6 years old. At the clinic, her temperature is 37.0ºC (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/78 mm Hg. On physical examination, her height is 157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in), her weight is 50 kg (110 lb) and her arms seem disproportionately long for her trunk. She also has arachnodactyly and moderate joint laxity. Intraoral examination reveals crowded teeth and a high arched palate. Which of the following protein is most likely defective in this condition?

Question: Which of the following protein is most likely defective in this condition?

Answer: Fibrillin-1


Context: A 43-year-old type 1 diabetic woman who is poorly compliant with her diabetes medications presented to the emergency department with hemorrhage from her nose. On exam, you observe the findings shown in figure A. What is the most likely explanation for these findings?

Question: What is the most likely explanation for these findings?

Answer: Rhizopus infection


Context:
A 64-year-old man presents to the emergency department with the complaints of nausea and muscle weakness for the past 24 hours. He further adds that he is significantly aware of his heartbeat. He was diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus 20 years ago and hypertension 15 years ago for which he is taking metformin and captopril. He occasionally takes naproxen for his knee pain. He does not smoke but drinks alcohol occasionally. His father and sister also have diabetes. His vitals include a temperature of 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure of 145/92 mm Hg, and a regular pulse of 87/min. His body mass index (BMI) is 32.5 kg/m2. Physical examination is insignificant except for grade 4 weakness in both lower limbs. Fingerstick blood glucose is 200 mg/dL. An ECG is ordered and shows peaked T waves.
Lab studies show:
Blood pH 7.32
Serum bicarbonate 19 mEq/L
Serum sodium 135 mEq/L
Serum chloride 107 mEq/L
Serum potassium 6.5 mEq/L
Urine anion gap 20 meq/L
Which of the following is the primary defect responsible for this patient’s condition?

Question:
Lab studies show:
Blood pH 7.32
Serum bicarbonate 19 mEq/L
Serum sodium 135 mEq/L
Serum chloride 107 mEq/L
Serum potassium 6.5 mEq/L
Urine anion gap 20 meq/L
Which of the following is the primary defect responsible for this patient’s condition?

Answer: Decreased aldosterone secretion


Context: A 56-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital for progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness and absent deep tendon reflexes. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows an elevated protein concentration and a normal cell count. Treatment with plasmapheresis is initiated, after which her symptoms start to improve. Four weeks after her initial presentation, physical examination shows normal muscle strength in the bilateral lower extremities and 2+ deep tendon reflexes. Which of the following changes in neuronal properties is the most likely explanation for the improvement in her neurological examination?

Question: Which of the following changes in neuronal properties is the most likely explanation for the improvement in her neurological examination?

Answer: Increase in length constant


Context: A medical research study is beginning to evaluate the positive predictive value of a novel blood test for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The diagnostic arm contains 700 patients with NHL, of which 400 tested positive for the novel blood test. In the control arm, 700 age-matched control patients are enrolled and 0 are found positive for the novel test. What is the PPV of this test?

Question: What is the PPV of this test?

Answer: 400 / (400 + 0)


Context: A 2-month-old boy is brought to his pediatrician’s office to be evaluated for new onset seizures and poor weight gain. The patient’s father says he is unable to track with his eyes and is unresponsive to verbal stimuli. The patient is hypotonic on physical exam. Further studies show elevated serum lactate levels and elevated levels of alanine and pyruvate. Family history reveals that several distant family members suffered from neurological diseases and died of unknown causes at a young age. Which of the following amino acids should be increased in this patient’s diet?

Question: Which of the following amino acids should be increased in this patient’s diet?

Answer: Leucine


Context:
A previously healthy 3-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents for the evaluation of recurrent episodes of pain in her left wrist and right knee for 4 months. She has not had any trauma to the knee or any previous problems with her joints. She attends daycare. Her mother has rheumatoid arthritis. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the right knee and left wrist shows mild swelling, tenderness, warmth, and erythema; range of motion is slightly decreased. No other joints are affected. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL
Leukocyte count 9,000/mm3
Platelet count 200,000/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 50 mm/h
Serum
Antinuclear antibodies 1:320
Rheumatoid factor negative
This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications?"

Question:
Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL
Leukocyte count 9,000/mm3
Platelet count 200,000/mm3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 50 mm/h
Serum
Antinuclear antibodies 1:320
Rheumatoid factor negative
This patient is at increased risk for which of the following complications?"

Answer: Blindness


Context: A 2-month study is conducted to assess the relationship between the consumption of natural licorice and the development of hypokalemia. A total of 100 otherwise healthy volunteers are enrolled. Half of the volunteers are asked to avoid licorice and the other half are asked to consume licorice daily, along with their regular diet. All volunteers are monitored for the duration of the study and their serum potassium concentration is measured each week. No statistically significant difference in mean serum potassium concentrations is found between the volunteers who consumed licorice regularly and those avoiding licorice. The serum potassium concentrations remained within the range of 3.5–5.0 mEq/L in all volunteers from both groups. Two patients were excluded from the study after their baseline serum potassium concentrations were found to be 3.1 mEq/L and 3.3 mEq/L. If these patients had been included in the analysis, which of the following values would most likely have been unaffected?

Question: If these patients had been included in the analysis, which of the following values would most likely have been unaffected?

Answer: Mode


Context: A previously healthy 23-year-old African-American man comes to the physician because of a painless swelling on the left side of his jaw for 2 months. It has been progressively increasing in size and is draining thick, foul-smelling fluid. He does not have fever or weight loss. He had a molar extracted around 3 months ago. One year ago, he developed a generalized rash after receiving amoxicillin for streptococcal pharyngitis; the rash was managed with oral steroids. There is no family history of serious illness. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a 4-cm, tender, erythematous mass in the left submandibular region that has a sinus draining purulent material at its lower border. Submandibular lymphadenopathy is present. His hemoglobin is 14.5 g/dL, leukocyte count is 12,300/mm3, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 45 mm/h. A Gram stain of the purulent material shows gram-positive filamentous rods. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

Question: Which of the following is the next best step in management?

Answer: Doxycycline


Context:
A 69-year-old man presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath that has been worsening over the past month. The patient states that he has had worsening shortness of breath that has progressed to shortness of breath with simple activities and minor exertion. When he was unable to climb the stairs to his house today, he decided to come to the emergency department. The patient has a past medical history of poorly managed diabetes mellitus, hypertension, end stage renal disease, and obesity. His current medications include insulin, metformin, lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and ibuprofen. The patient is notably non-compliant with his medications. An EKG and chest radiograph are normal. The patient had dialysis two days ago and attends most of his appointments. Laboratory values are ordered and are seen below:

Serum:
Na+: 135 mEq/L
K+: 4.5 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
HCO3-: 19 mEq/L
Urea nitrogen: 29 mg/dL
Glucose: 75 mg/dL
Creatinine: 2.5 mg/dL
Ca2+: 9.2 mg/dL
Mg2+: 1.7 mEq/L
AST: 11 U/L
ALT: 11 U/L

Leukocyte count and differential:
Leukocyte count: 4,500/mm^3
Platelet count: 150,000/mm^3
Neutrophil: 54%
Lymphocyte: 25%
Monocyte: 3%
Eosinophil: 1%
Basophil: 1%

Hemoglobin: 8.2 g/dL
Hematocrit: 22%
Mean corpuscular volume: 82 µm^3

The patient appears comfortable at rest but demonstrates notable shortness of breath when exerting himself. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 89/min, blood pressure is 144/85 mmHg, respirations are 10/min, and oxygen saturation is 97% on room air. Pulmonary and cardiac exam are within normal limits. Which of the following is a side-effect of the long-term therapy this patient should be started on right now?

Question: Which of the following is a side-effect of the long-term therapy this patient should be started on right now?

Answer: Hypertension


Context: A 35-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 1, who gave birth at 39 weeks' gestation via cesarean section under general anesthesia 2 days ago presents with acute chest pain and difficulty breathing. The pregnancy was complicated by hypothyroidism and treated with L-thyroxine. The patient has a history of mild asthma. There is no family history of serious illness. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 22/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Examination shows cyanosis of the lips. Dull percussion, diminished breathing sounds, and decreased fremitus are heard at the left lung base. X-ray of the chest shows displacement of fissures and homogeneous opacification of the lower lobe of the left lung. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?

Answer: Collapse of alveoli


Context: A 25-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by EMS after being found naked in a busy downtown square. The patient stated that she is liberating people from material desires and was found destroying objects. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 22/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is deferred due to patient combativeness. The patient is given diphenhydramine and haloperidol and transferred to the psychiatric ward. On day 1 on the ward, the patient is no longer aggressive or agitated and has calmed down. She states that she feels severely depressed and wants to kill herself. The patient is started on a medication and monitored closely. On day 3 of the patient's stay in the hospital she is found in her room drawing up plans and states that she has major plans to revamp the current energy problems in the country. Which of the following is the most likely medication that was started in this patient?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely medication that was started in this patient?

Answer: Sertraline


Context: A 26-year-old woman presents to your clinic with complaints of increasing muscle fatigue that worsens after periods of sustained activity. She also reports both ptosis and diplopia that make reading in the late afternoon and evenings difficult. An edrophonium test is performed and is positive, demonstrating resolution of the patient's weakness. One organ in particular, when abnormal, is associated with this patient's condition. Which of the following embryologic structures gives rise to this organ?

Question: Which of the following embryologic structures gives rise to this organ?

Answer: 3rd branchial pouch


Context: A 33-year-old man living in the United States recently consumed a meal mostly consisting of raw shellfish that his girlfriend brought on her trip to Asia. After 2 days, he experienced a sudden onset of diarrhea and vomiting with severe abdominal cramps while his girlfriend developed mild diarrhea just several hours later. The diarrhea was profuse, looked like rice water, and had a pungent fishy odor. He soon started to experience muscle cramps and weakness, together with a deep labored breathing pattern. They called an ambulance and were transported to a local hospital. Based on the symptoms and blue hue to the skin, the attending physician hospitalized the male patient, started an intravenous infusion, and sent a stool specimen to the clinical microbiology laboratory for analysis. The next day, yellow bacterial colonies were observed on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (as shown on the image). If you were the microbiologist on call, what kind of bacterial morphology would you expect to see during microscopic evaluation of a gram-stain slide made from those bacterial colonies?

Question: If you were the microbiologist on call, what kind of bacterial morphology would you expect to see during microscopic evaluation of a gram-stain slide made from those bacterial colonies?

Answer: Comma-shaped rods


Context:
A 5-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with sudden onset nausea and vomiting that started 2 hours ago. The patient's parents can not recall any inciting event and state that he very suddenly started acting irritable, started vomiting, and experienced 1 episode of diarrhea. His temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 90/50 mmHg, pulse is 160/min, respirations are 29/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient experiences 1 episode of bloody emesis while in the emergency department. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below.

Serum:
Na+: 140 mEq/L
Cl-: 100 mEq/L
K+: 4.3 mEq/L
HCO3-: 19 mEq/L
Glucose: 99 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL

Radiography is performed and is notable for radiopaque objects in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?

Question: Which of the following is the best initial step in management?

Answer: Deferoxamine


Context: A 43-year-old man is referred by his family physician because his urine dipstick reveals 3+ protein and urinalysis reveals 1-2 red cells/high power field, but is otherwise negative. He does not have any current complaints. His family history is irrelevant. He denies smoking and alcohol use. His temperature is 36.7°C (98.06°F), blood pressure is 130/82 mm Hg, and pulse is 78/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient’s condition?

Question: Which of the following is the best next step in the management of this patient’s condition?

Answer: Repeat the urine dipstick test


Context: A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his parents due to worsening cough, fever, and difficulty breathing in the past 2 days. Physical exam reveals a barking cough and use of accessory muscles for breathing. After a full clinical workup, he is diagnosed with an upper respiratory infection caused by a parainfluenza virus. Which of the following findings in the clinical workup of this patient supported the diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following findings in the clinical workup of this patient supported the diagnosis?

Answer: Chest radiograph showing narrowing of upper trachea and subglottis


Context: A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of fatigue and generalized weakness for the past year. He has noticed he has been having fewer bowel movements. He has had pain with defecation and small amounts of blood when wiping. He has not lost weight despite increased efforts to diet and exercise. He has had no fever, throat pain, or difficulty swallowing. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 50/min, blood pressure is 120/90 mm Hg, and BMI is 35 kg/m2. Physical examination shows dry skin and a distended abdomen. There is 1+ pitting edema in the lower extremities. On neurological examination, deep tendon reflexes are 1+. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?

Question: Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?

Answer: Elevated serum low-density lipoprotein


Context: A 31-year-old nurse presents to the emergency department with palpitations, sweating, and jitteriness. She denies chest pain, shortness of breath, and recent illness. She states that she experienced weakness in her arms and legs and a tingling sensation in her fingers before the palpitations occurred. Medical and surgical history is unremarkable. Her mother has Grave’s disease. The patient has been seen in the ED multiple times for similar symptoms and was discharged after appropriate medical management. Today, her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), blood pressure is 128/84 mm Hg, pulse is 102/min and regular, and respirations are 10/min. On examination, the patient appears diaphoretic and anxious. Her pupils are dilated to 5 mm. The rest of the examination is normal. Urine toxicology and B-HCG are pending. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

Question: Which of the following is the next best step in management?

Answer: Fingerstick blood glucose


Context: A cardiologist is studying how a new virus that infects the heart affects the electrical conduction system of the cardiac myocytes. He decides to obtain electrocardiograms on patients with this disease in order to see how the wave patterns and durations change over time. While studying these records, he asks a medical student who is working with him to interpret the traces. Specifically, he asks her to identify the part that represents initial ventricular depolarization. Which of the following characteristics is most consistent with this feature of the electrocardiogram?

Question: Which of the following characteristics is most consistent with this feature of the electrocardiogram?

Answer: Normal duration defined as less than 120 milliseconds


Context: During a study on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), researchers discovered an agent that markedly inhibits the carbon dioxide-carrying capacity of the venous blood. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism underlying this agent’s effects?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely mechanism underlying this agent’s effects?

Answer: Inhibition of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase


Context: A 38-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with complaints of several episodes of palpitations accompanied by panic attacks over the last month. She also is concerned about many instances over the past few weeks where food has been getting stuck in her throat and she has had trouble swallowing. She denies any prior medical problems and reports a family history of cancer in her mother and maternal grandfather but cannot recall any details regarding the type of cancer(s) or age of diagnosis. Her vital signs at today's visit are as follows: T 37.6 deg C, HR 106, BP 158/104, RR 16, SpO2 97%. Physical examination is significant for a nodule on the anterior portion of the neck that moves with swallowing, accompanied by mild lymphadenopathy. A preliminary work-up is initiated, which shows hypercalcemia, elevated baseline calcitonin, and an inappropriately elevated PTH level. Diagnostic imaging shows bilateral adrenal lesions on an MRI of the abdomen/pelvis. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

Answer: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) IIa


Context: A 55-year-old woman presents to her family physician with a 1-week history of dizziness. She experiences spinning sensations whenever she lies down and these sensations increase when she turns her head to the right. These episodes are transient, intermittent, last for less than a minute, occur multiple times in a day, and are associated with nausea. Between the episodes, she is fine and is able to perform her routine activities. She denies fever, hearing disturbances, diplopia, tinnitus, and recent flu or viral illness. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. She does not use tobacco or alcohol. Her blood pressure is 124/78 mm Hg, the heart rate is 79/min, and the respiratory rate is 13/min. During the examination, when she is asked to lie supine from a sitting position with her head rotated towards the right side at 45°, horizontal nystagmus is observed. What is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Question: What is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Answer: Reassurance and vestibular suppressants


Context: A 53-year-old white man presents to the emergency department because of progressive fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, and a sensation of his heart pounding for the past 2 weeks. He has had high blood pressure for 8 years for which he takes hydrochlorothiazide. He denies any history of drug abuse or smoking, but he drinks alcohol socially. His blood pressure is 145/55 mm Hg, his radial pulse is 90/min and is bounding, and his temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F). On physical examination, an early diastolic murmur is audible over the left sternal border. His chest X-ray shows cardiomegaly and echocardiography shows chronic, severe aortic regurgitation. If left untreated, which of the following is the most common long-term complication for this patient’s condition?

Question: If left untreated, which of the following is the most common long-term complication for this patient’s condition?

Answer: Congestive heart failure


Context: A 16-year-old girl comes to the physician for a regular health visit. She feels healthy. She lives with her parents at home. She says that the relationship with her parents has been strained lately because they ""do not approve"" of her new boyfriend. She recently became sexually active with her boyfriend and requests a prescription for an oral contraception. She does not want her parents to know. She smokes half-a-pack of cigarettes per day and does not drink alcohol. She appears well-nourished. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Urine pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"

Question: Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"

Answer: Discuss all effective contraceptive options


Context: A 76-year-old man is brought to his geriatrician by his daughter, who reports that he has been "losing his memory." While the patient previously performed all household duties by himself, he has recently had several bills that were unpaid. He also called his daughter several instances after getting lost while driving and having "accidents" before getting to the toilet. On exam, the patient is conversant and alert to person, place, and time, though his gait is wide-based and slow. Which of the following treatments is most likely to improve this patient's symptoms?

Question: Which of the following treatments is most likely to improve this patient's symptoms?

Answer: Lumbar puncture


Context: A 63-year-old man comes to the physician because of increasing generalized fatigue for 3 months. He is having more difficulty with keeping up with his activities of daily living and has lost 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) over the past month. He has hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He does not smoke and drinks two to three beers on weekends. His medications include lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and atorvastatin. His temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 85/min, respirations are 15/min, and blood pressure is 125/73 mm Hg. Examination shows pale conjunctivae. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. His hematocrit is 27.3%, leukocyte count is 4500/mm3, and platelet count is 102,000/mm3. A peripheral blood smear shows numerous blast cells that stain positive for myeloperoxidase, CD33, and CD34. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia


Context: A 37-year-old woman presents with an inability to void in the hours after giving birth to her first child via vaginal delivery. Her delivery involved the use of epidural anesthesia as well as pelvic trauma from the use of forceps. She is currently experiencing urinary leakage and complains of increased lower abdominal pressure. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient’s condition?

Question: Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for this patient’s condition?

Answer: Urethral catheterization


Context: A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss and difficulty swallowing. She is able to swallow liquids without difficulty but feels like solid foods get stuck in her throat. Physical examination shows taut skin and limited range of motion of the fingers. There are telangiectasias over the cheeks. An esophageal motility study shows absence of peristalsis in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus and decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?

Question: Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?

Answer: Arteriolar wall thickening in the kidney


Context: A 5-year-old girl presents to the emergency room with acute airway obstruction. Physical examination shows cough, episodic wheezing, and excess mucus production. Increased quantities of which of the following would predispose the child to extrinsic asthma:

Question: Increased quantities of which of the following would predispose the child to extrinsic asthma:

Answer: Th2 lymphocytes


Context:
A 68-year-old man, with a recent ischemic stroke due to a right middle cerebral artery thromboembolism, presents for evaluation. In addition to the abnormal neurologic findings, there are significant hepatosplenomegaly and multiple lymphadenopathies. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Hemoglobin  9.5 g/dL
Erythrocyte count 13,600/mm³
Platelet count 95,000/mm³
Urinalysis reveals the presence of Bence-Jones proteins. Bone marrow biopsy shows numerous small lymphocytes mixed with plasmacytoid dendritic cells and plasma cells, increased numbers of mast cells, and the presence of Russell bodies and Dutcher bodies in plasma cells. A diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma is confirmed after further laboratory evaluation. Which of the following infectious agents would most likely be found in this patient, as well?

Question: Which of the following infectious agents would most likely be found in this patient, as well?

Answer: Hepatitis C virus


Context: A 78-year-old woman presents with difficulty swallowing and retrosternal chest pain for the past couple of weeks. She says the pain radiates to the epigastric region and increases whenever she eats or drinks anything. She says the pain is not aggravated by exertion, and she denies any shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, cough, sore throat, weight loss, or melena. She also denies any similar symptoms in the past. Past medical history is significant for hypertension, osteoporosis, stress incontinence, and a cataract in the left eye for which she underwent surgery 2 years ago. She is currently taking rosuvastatin, enalapril, risedronate, and oxybutynin. The patient denies any smoking history but says she consumes alcohol occasionally. The vital signs include pulse 74 /min, respiratory rate 14/min, and blood pressure 140/86 mm Hg. Abdominal examination reveals moderate tenderness to palpation over the epigastric region. The remainder of the physical examination is unremarkable. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed and shows mild left axis deviation. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Question: Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?

Answer: Start esomeprazole, temporarily stop risedronate


Context:
Three days after delivering a baby at 36 weeks' gestation by lower segment transverse cesarean section due to abruptio placentae, a 29-year-old primigravid woman develops fever, chills, and a heavy feeling in her breasts. She also has nausea and abdominal pain. Her temperature is 39.3°C (102.7°F), pulse is 101/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Examination shows full and tender breasts and mild lower limb swelling. Abdominal examination shows diffuse tenderness with no guarding or rebound. Pelvic examination shows foul-smelling lochia and marked uterine tenderness. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 11.3 g/dL
Leukocyte count 16,300/mm3
D-dimer 130 ng/mL(N < 250 ng/mL)
Serum
Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL
Pelvic ultrasonography shows an empty uterus. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"

Question: Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?"

Answer: IV clindamycin and gentamicin


Context: A 25-year-old man is admitted to the intensive care unit with confusion and severe dyspnea at rest which started 3 hours ago. The symptoms worse when the patient lies down and improve in the sitting position. The patient has a history of cocaine abuse. The patient’s blood pressure is 75/50 mm Hg, the heart rate is 95/min, the respiratory rate is 22/min, the temperature is 36.5℃ (97.7℉), and the SpO2 is 89% on room air. On physical examination, there is peripheral cyanosis with pallor, coldness of the extremities, diaphoresis, and marked peripheral veins distension. Lung auscultation reveals bilateral absence of the lung sounds over the lower lobes and widespread rales over the other lung fields. On cardiac auscultation, there is a protodiastolic gallop and S2 accentuation best heard in the second intercostal space at the left sternal border. Abdominal palpation shows signs of intraperitoneal fluid accumulation and hepatomegaly. Considering the low cardiac output, milrinone is administered as an inotropic agent. What is the most likely side effect which can result from administration of milrinone?

Question: What is the most likely side effect which can result from administration of milrinone?

Answer: Ventricular arrhythmias


Context: A previously healthy 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of progressively worsening substernal chest pain after meals. The pain occurs almost daily, is worst after eating spicy food or drinking coffee, and often wakes him up from sleep at night. He has not had any weight loss. He has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 35 years and he drinks 1 to 2 glasses of wine daily with dinner. Physical examination is unremarkable. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows erythema of the distal esophagus with two small mucosal erosions. Biopsy specimens obtained from the esophagus show no evidence of metaplasia. Without treatment, this patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?

Question: Without treatment, this patient is at greatest risk for which of the following complications?

Answer: Esophageal stricture


Context: A 36-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 3, presents to the postpartum clinic complaining of left breast pain. She gave birth 3 weeks ago, and the breast pain started yesterday. She has exclusively breastfed her infant since birth. She says she hasn't been feeling well for the past 2 days and has experienced fatigue and muscle soreness. Her temperature is 38.3°C (101°F). Physical examination shows the lateral side of her left breast to be erythematous and warm. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Question: Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

Answer: Prescribe an antibiotic and tell her she should continue breastfeeding


Context:
A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of diarrhea and vomiting for 5 days. Vaccinations are up-to-date. She appears pale and irritable. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows petechiae on her trunk and extremities. Abdominal examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness with hyperactive bowel sounds. The remainder of the exam shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 8 g/dL
Leukocyte count 17,000/mm3
Platelet count 49,000/mm3
Serum
Creatinine 1.6 mg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase 300 U/L
Coagulation studies are normal. A peripheral blood smear is shown. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of these findings?"

Question: Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of these findings?"

Answer: Escherichia coli infection


Context: A 26-year-old G1P0 woman at 40 weeks estimated gestational age presents after experiencing labor pains. Pregnancy has been uncomplicated so far. Rupture of membranes occurs, and a transvaginal delivery is performed under epidural anesthesia, and the baby is delivered alive and healthy. The patient voids a few hours after the delivery and complains of mild irritation at the injection site on her back. On the second day, she complains of a severe headache over the back of her head. The headache is associated with pain and stiffness in the neck. Her headache is aggravated by sitting up or standing and relieved by lying down. The pain is relieved slightly by acetaminophen and ibuprofen. The patient is afebrile. Her vital signs include: pulse 100/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and blood pressure 128/84 mm Hg. Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding this patient’s condition?

Question: Which of the following statements is the most accurate regarding this patient’s condition?

Answer: This patient’s condition can resolve on its own


Context: A 34-year-old woman presents with acute onset loss of vision and visual disturbances. She says that, several hours ago, her vision began to get dim, and she sees halos around light sources. This was immediately followed by a severe frontal headache. Past medical history is significant for epilepsy. The patient says her anticonvulsant medication was changed recently but she doesn’t remember the name. Slit-lamp examination reveals mild chemosis, injection, and ciliary flush with diffuse stromal haze, along with very shallow peripheral anterior chambers with areas of iridocorneal touch in both eyes. Gonioscopy showed closed angles bilaterally. Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

Question: Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

Answer: Topiramate


Context: A 45-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of weakness that has progressively worsened over the past 2 weeks. She states that she has a hard time lifting both her arms but that they function normally. She notes no history of trauma or other deficits. On examination, that patient has 2/5 muscle strength on shoulder shrug and arm abduction bilaterally, but all other neurological exam findings are normal. You notice some skin changes and ask the patient about them. She states that she has had a rash around her eyes as well as on her lower face, going down to her neck and chest. She notes that the rashes started around the same time as the weakness began. Labs are drawn and a complete blood count and basic metabolic panel are normal. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Dermatomyositis


Context: A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by EMS, activated by a bystander who found her wandering in the street. She provides short, vague answers to interview questions and frequently stops mid-sentence and stares at an empty corner of the room, appearing distracted. Her affect is odd but euthymic. Past medical history is notable for obesity and pre-diabetes. Collateral information from her brother reveals that she left home 3 days ago because she thought her family was poisoning her and has since been listed as a missing person. He also describes a progressive 2-year decline in her social interactions and self-care. The patient has no history of substance use and has never been prescribed psychiatric medications before but is amenable to starting a medication now. Which of the following would be the most appropriate as a first line medication for her?

Question: Which of the following would be the most appropriate as a first line medication for her?

Answer: Risperidone


Context: A 13-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because she refuses to go to school. The patient has been complaining of headaches, nausea, and abdominal pain, however, after a physical assessment, the physician finds no underlying cause for her symptoms. She has not lost any weight since her last routine checkup, and her blood work is all within normal limits. The mother states that she is the youngest of the 4 children and has always been a very diligent student. However, ever since her mother’s operation for the removal of a breast mass about a month ago, she has begun having symptoms and started refusing to go to school. On further assessment, the physician notes that the patient’s mother seems anxious about the patient’s condition. The patient herself seems scared and tearful, but she begins to cheer up as the interview progresses. She makes good eye contact and states that she does enjoy school when she is there. However, recently, she found that moving to a new grade is ‘scary’ and difficult, and she doesn’t like leaving her mother for so long. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s refusal to go to school?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s refusal to go to school?

Answer: Separation anxiety


Context:
A 57-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for weakness. The patient states that she barely feels able to lift a bag of groceries from her car into her house anymore. The patient has a past medical history of a suicide attempt, constipation, anxiety, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Her current medications include fluoxetine, lisinopril, albuterol, diphenhydramine, sodium docusate, and a multivitamin. She was recently started on atorvastatin for dyslipidemia. Her temperature is 97°F (36.1°C), blood pressure is 90/65 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, respirations are 11/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note a fatigued appearing woman with thinning hair. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. She demonstrates 3/5 strength in her upper and lower extremities with 1+ sluggish reflexes. Sensation is symmetrical and present in the upper and lower extremities. Pain/tenderness upon palpation of the patient's extremities is noted. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below:

Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3

Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 101 mEq/L
K+: 4.4 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 90 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L

Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Question:
Laboratory values are ordered as seen below:

Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL
Hematocrit: 36%
Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 with normal differential
Platelet count: 190,000/mm^3

Serum:
Na+: 139 mEq/L
Cl-: 101 mEq/L
K+: 4.4 mEq/L
HCO3-: 24 mEq/L
BUN: 20 mg/dL
Glucose: 90 mg/dL
Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL
Ca2+: 10.1 mg/dL
AST: 12 U/L
ALT: 10 U/L

Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Answer: TSH level


Context:
An 85-year-old man presents with the reappearance of his Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms over the last few months. He says he has been treated with various drugs over the last 20 years, but that currently his symptoms worsen as he nears the time for his next dose of medication. His movements have been slower lately and it’s difficult to initiate voluntary movements. His past medical history is significant for hypertension. He was diagnosed 10 years ago and was well-managed on medication. His current medications are levodopa/carbidopa, rasagiline, aspirin, and captopril. The vital signs include: pulse 70/min, respiratory rate 15/min, blood pressure 130/76 mm Hg, and temperature 36.7°C (98.1°F). Physical examination reveals the expected ‘pill-rolling’ resting tremor, which is alleviated by movement. Increased tone of arm muscles and resistance to passive movement at the joints is noted. When asked to walk across the room, he has difficulty taking the 1st step and has a stooped posture and takes short, shuffling, rapid steps. Laboratory studies show:
Serum glucose (fasting) 97 mg/dL
Sodium 141 mEq/L
Potassium 4.0 mEq/L
Chloride 100 mEq/L
Cholesterol (total) 190 mg/dL
HDL-cholesterol 42 mg/dL
LDL-cholesterol 70 mg/dL
Triglycerides 184 mg/dL
The patient is started on a drug that increases the efficacy of his current anti-PD medication. Which of the following is most likely the drug that was added to this patient’s current regimen?

Question: Which of the following is most likely the drug that was added to this patient’s current regimen?

Answer: Entacapone


Context:
A 21-year-old man presents to his physician because he has been feeling increasingly tired and short of breath at work. He has previously had these symptoms but cannot recall the diagnosis he was given. Chart review reveals the following results:

Oxygen tension in inspired air = 150 mmHg
Alveolar carbon dioxide tension = 50 mmHg
Arterial oxygen tension = 71 mmHg
Respiratory exchange ratio = 0.80

Diffusion studies reveal normal diffusion distance. The patient is administered 100% oxygen but the patient's blood oxygen concentration does not improve. Which of the following conditions would best explain this patient's findings?

Question: Which of the following conditions would best explain this patient's findings?

Answer: Septal defect since birth


Context: A 72-year-old man of Asian descent seeks evaluation at your medical office and is frustrated about the frequency he wakes up at night to urinate. He comments that he has stopped drinking liquids at night, but the symptoms have progressively worsened. The physical examination is unremarkable, except for an enlarged, symmetric prostate free of nodules. Which of the following should you prescribe based on the main factor that contributes to the underlying pathogenesis?

Question: Which of the following should you prescribe based on the main factor that contributes to the underlying pathogenesis?

Answer: Finasteride


Context: A 70-year-old woman is evaluated for muscle pain and neck stiffness that has been progressing for the past 3 weeks. She reports that the neck stiffness is worse in the morning and gradually improves throughout the day. She feels fatigued, although there have not been any changes in her daily routine. Her past medical history includes coronary artery disease for which she takes a daily aspirin. Both of her parents died in their 80s from cardiovascular disease. Her blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg, heart rate is 88/min, respiratory rate is 15/min, and temperature is 37.9°C (100.2°F). On further examination, the patient has difficulty standing up from a seated position, although muscle strength is intact. What is the best next step in management?

Question: What is the best next step in management?

Answer: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate


Context: During a clinical study examining the diffusion of gas between the alveolar compartment and the pulmonary capillary blood, men between the ages of 20 and 50 years are evaluated while they hold a sitting position. After inhaling a water-soluble gas that rapidly combines with hemoglobin, the concentration of the gas in the participant's exhaled air is measured and the diffusion capacity is calculated. Assuming that the concentration of the inhaled gas remains the same, which of the following is most likely to increase the flow of the gas across the alveolar membrane?

Question: Assuming that the concentration of the inhaled gas remains the same, which of the following is most likely to increase the flow of the gas across the alveolar membrane?

Answer: Treadmill exercise


Context: A 34-year-old man presents to the local clinic with a 2 month history of midsternal chest pain following meals. He has a past medical history of hypertension. The patient takes lisinopril daily. He drinks 4–5 cans of 12 ounce beer daily, and chews 2 tins of smokeless tobacco every day. The vital signs are currently stable. Physical examination shows a patient who is alert and oriented to person, place, and time. Palpation of the epigastric region elicits mild tenderness. Percussion is normoresonant in all 4 quadrants. Murphy’s sign is negative. Electrocardiogram shows sinus rhythm with no acute ST segment or T wave changes. The physician decides to initiate a trial of omeprazole to treat the patient’s gastroesophageal reflux disease. How can the physician most effectively assure that this patient will adhere to the medication regimen?

Question: How can the physician most effectively assure that this patient will adhere to the medication regimen?

Answer: Have the patient repeat back to the physician the name of the medication, dosage, and frequency


Context: A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was found locked in a bathroom at a local gas station. The patient states that he was being followed. The patient is unable to reveal additional medical history due to his condition. The patient’s sister is contacted and states that he has trouble taking care of himself and has observed him maintaining a dialogue with what appears to be no one on several occasions. The patient’s temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 90/min, blood pressure is 120/70 mmHg, respirations are 14/min, oxygen saturation is 98% on room air, and BMI is 22 kg/m^2. The patient is medicated and transferred to the inpatient psychiatric unit. The patient is kept there for three weeks and maintained on his medication regimen. Towards the end of his hospitalization, the patient is grooming himself properly, denies hearing voices, and no longer believes he is being followed. The patient’s temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), pulse is 80/min, blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, respirations are 15/min, oxygen saturation is 98% on room air, and BMI is 24 kg/m^2. Which of the following medications was this patient most likely started on?

Question: Which of the following medications was this patient most likely started on?

Answer: Olanzapine


Context: A 24-year-old man is rushed to the emergency room after he was involved in a motor vehicle accident. , He says that he is having difficulty breathing and has right-sided chest pain, which he describes as 8/10, sharp in character, and worse with deep inspiration. His vitals are: blood pressure 90/65 mm Hg, respiratory rate 30/min, pulse 120/min, temperature 37.2°C (99.0°F). On physical examination, patient is alert and oriented but in severe distress. There are multiple bruises over the anterior chest wall. There is also significant jugular venous distention and the presence of subcutaneous emphysema at the base of the neck. There is an absence of breath sounds on the right and hyperresonance to percussion. A bedside chest radiograph shows evidence of a collapsed right lung with a depressed right hemidiaphragm and tracheal deviation to the left. Which of the following findings is the strongest indicator of cardiogenic shock in this patient?

Question: Which of the following findings is the strongest indicator of cardiogenic shock in this patient?

Answer: Jugular veins distention


Context: A 37-year-old G4P3 presents to her physician at 20 weeks gestation for routine prenatal care. Currently, she has no complaints; however, in the first trimester she was hospitalized due to acute pyelonephritis and was treated with cefuroxime. All her past pregnancies required  cesarean deliveries for medical indications. Her history is also significant for amenorrhea after weight loss at 19 years of age and a cervical polypectomy at 30 years of age. Today, her vital signs are within normal limits and a physical examination is unremarkable. A transabdominal ultrasound shows a normally developing male fetus without morphologic abnormalities, anterior placement of the placenta in the lower uterine segment, loss of the retroplacental hypoechoic zone, and visible lacunae within the myometrium. Which of the following factors present in this patient is a risk factor for the condition she has developed?

Question: Which of the following factors present in this patient is a risk factor for the condition she has developed?

Answer: Multiple cesarean deliveries


Context: A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Two weeks ago, he was treated for an acute gout attack of the metatarsophalangeal joints of his right big toe. His symptoms improved with naproxen. He has had three other similar episodes of joint pain in his toes and ankles during the last year that improved with over-the-counter analgesics. He does not currently take any medications. He used to drink 3–5 beers daily but has recently cut down. He is a chef at a steakhouse. His temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 76/min, and blood pressure is 147/83 mm Hg. Examination of his right big toe shows minimal tenderness; there is no warmth or apparent deformity. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. His serum creatinine concentration is 0.9 mg/dL. Long-term treatment with which of the following drugs is most appropriate to prevent future gout attacks?

Question: Long-term treatment with which of the following drugs is most appropriate to prevent future gout attacks?

Answer: Allopurinol


Context: A 50-year-old Caucasian man is admitted to the ER with an 8-hour history of intense abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, and multiple episodes of vomiting. Past medical history is insignificant. His blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 20/min, and body temperature is 37.8°C (100°F). Upon examination, he has significant epigastric tenderness, and hypoactive bowel sounds. Serum lipase and amylase are elevated and the patient rapidly deteriorates, requiring transfer to the intensive care unit for a month. After being stabilized, he is transferred to the general medicine floor with an abdominal computed tomography (CT) reporting a well-circumscribed collection of fluid of homogeneous density. Which of the following best describes the condition this patient has developed?

Question: Which of the following best describes the condition this patient has developed?

Answer: Pancreatic pseudocyst


Context: A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing pain and swelling of her hands and wrists for 3 days. She has been unable to continue her daily activities like writing or driving. She has had a nonpruritic generalized rash for 4 days. She had fever and a runny nose one week ago which resolved with over-the-counter medication. She is sexually active with a male partner and uses condoms inconsistently. She works as an attendant at an amusement park. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 90/min, and blood pressure is 118/72 mm Hg. Examination shows swelling and tenderness of the wrists as well as the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. Range of motion at the wrists is limited. A lacy macular rash is noted over the trunk and extremities. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate and anti-nuclear antibody and anti-dsDNA serology, show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Question: Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer: Parvovirus arthritis


Context: An endocrinologist is working with a pharmaceutical research company on a new drug for diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). In their experimental studies, they isolated a component from Gila monster saliva, which was found to have > 50% homology with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1). During the animal studies, the experimental drug was found to have no GLP1 agonist effect. Instead, it irreversibly binds DPP-IV with a higher affinity than GLP1. Which of the following drugs has a similar mechanism of action to this new experimental drug?

Question: Which of the following drugs has a similar mechanism of action to this new experimental drug?

Answer: Sitagliptin


Context: A 41-year-old HIV-positive male presents to the ER with a 4-day history of headaches and nuchal rigidity. A lumbar puncture shows an increase in CSF protein and a decrease in CSF glucose. When stained with India ink, light microscopy of the patient’s CSF reveals encapsulated yeast with narrow-based buds. Assuming a single pathogenic organism is responsible for this patient’s symptoms, which of the following diagnostic test results would also be expected in this patient?

Question: Assuming a single pathogenic organism is responsible for this patient’s symptoms, which of the following diagnostic test results would also be expected in this patient?

Answer: Latex agglutination of CSF


Context: A 65-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness checkup. She states that she has felt well lately and has no concerns. The patient has a 12-pack-year smoking history and has 3 drinks per week. She is retired and lives at home with her husband. She had a normal colonoscopy 8 years ago and mammography 1 year ago. She can't recall when she last had a Pap smear and believes that it was when she was 62 years of age. Her temperature is 98.1°F (36.7°C), blood pressure is 137/78 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 13/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is within normal limits. Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Question: Which of the following is the best next step in management?

Answer: DEXA scan