<filename>magick.py
from binascii import crc32
from errno import ESRCH
from fcntl import fcntl, F_GETFL, F_SETFL
import logging
import os.path
from os import O_NONBLOCK
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from urlparse import urlparse

# Text 'stylesheets'
__all__ = ["ImageMagick", "is_remote"]

logger = logging.getLogger("ectyper")


def is_remote(path):
    """
    Returns true if the given path is a remote HTTP or HTTPS URL.
    """
    return urlparse(path).scheme in set(["http", "https"])


def _valid_pct(s):
    """
    Returns true if the given string represents a positive integer
    followed by the '%' character.
    """
    if isinstance(s, basestring) and s.endswith('%'):
        try:
            s = int(s[0:-1])
            if s >= 0:
                return True
        except ValueError:
            pass

    return False


def _proc_failed(proc):
    """
    Returns true if the given subprocess.Popen has terminated and
    returned a non-zero code.
    """
    rcode = proc.poll()
    return rcode is not None and rcode != 0


def _non_blocking_fileno(fh):
    fd = fh.fileno()
    try:
        flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)
        fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK)
    except IOError, e:
        # Failed to set to non-blocking, warn and continue.
        logger.warning("Couldn't setup non-blocking pipe: %s" % str(e))
    return fd


def _make_blocking(fd):
    try:
        flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)
        fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags & ~O_NONBLOCK)
    except IOError, e:
        # Failed to set to blocking, warn and continue.
        logger.warning("Couldn't set blocking: %s" % str(e))


def _list_prepend(dest, src):
    """
    Prepends the src to the dest list in place.
    """
    for i in xrange(len(src)):
        dest.insert(0, src[len(src) - i - 1])


def _proc_terminate(proc):
    try:
        if proc.poll() is None:
            proc.terminate()
            proc.wait()
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != ESRCH:
            raise


class ImageMagick(object):
    """
    Wraps the command-line verison of ImageMagick and provides a way to:
     - Chain image operations (i.e. resize -> reflect -> convert)
     - Asynchronously process the chain of operations
    Chaining happens in the order that you call each method.
    """
    JPEG = "jpeg"
    PNG = "png"

    GRAVITIES = {
        "left": "West",
        "right": "East",
        "top": "North",
        "bottom": "South",
        "middle": "Center",
        "center": "Center",
        "topleft": "NorthWest",
        "topright": "NorthEast",
        "bottomleft": "SouthWest",
        "bottomright": "SouthEast",
    }

    def __init__(self):
        ""
        self.options = []
        self.filters = []
        self.format = self.PNG
        self.convert_path = None
        self.curl_path = None
        self.ioloop = IOLoop.instance()
        self.comment = '\'\''

    def _chain_op(self, name, operation, prepend):
        """
        Private helper.  Chains the given operation/name either prepending
        or appending depending on the passed in boolean value of prepend.
        """
        if prepend:
            self.filters.insert(0, name)
            _list_prepend(self.options, operation)
        else:
            self.filters.append(name)
            self.options.extend(operation)

    def reflect(self, out_height, top_alpha, bottom_alpha, prepend=False):
        """
        Flip the image upside down and crop to the last out_height pixels.  Top
        and bottom alpha sets parameters for the linear gradient from the top
        to bottom.
        """
        opt_name = 'reflect_%0.2f_%0.2f_%0.2f' % (out_height, top_alpha, bottom_alpha)

        crop_param = 'x%d!' % out_height
        rng = top_alpha - bottom_alpha
        opt = [
            '-gravity', 'NorthWest',
            '-alpha', 'on',
            '-colorspace', 'sRGB',
            '-flip',
            '(',
            '+clone', '-crop', crop_param, '-delete', '1-100',
            '-channel', 'G', '-fx', '%0.2f-(j/h)*%0.2f' % (top_alpha, rng),
            '-separate',
            ')',
            '-alpha', 'off', '-compose', 'copy_opacity', '-composite',
            '-crop', crop_param, '-delete', '1-100'
        ]
        self._chain_op(opt_name, opt, prepend)

    def crop(self, w, h, x, y, g, prepend=False):
        """
        Crop the image to (w, h) offset to (x, y) with gravity g.  w, h, x, and
        y should be integers (w, h should be positive).

        w and h can optionally be integer strings ending with '%'.
        
        g should be one of NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,
        SouthWest, South, SouthEast (see your ImageMagick's -gravity list for
        details).
        """
        (w, h) = [v if _valid_pct(v) else int(v) for v in (w, h)]

        x = "+%d" % x if x >= 0 else str(x)
        y = "+%d" % y if y >= 0 else str(y)

        self._chain_op(
            'crop_%s_%sx%s%s%s' % (g, w, h, x, y),
            ['-gravity', g, '-crop', '%sx%s%s%s' % (w, h, x, y)],
            prepend)

    def add_styled_text(self, t, style, font_dir, w, h):
        """
        Add a piece of text (t) with a style (style) to an image of size (w, h)

        Style is an object defined as follows:
        style = {
            'base_w' - expected width of image for x, y, and fontsize to be correct - will determine how those values are scaled
            'base_h' - expected height of image for x, y, and fontsize to be correct - will determine how those values are scaled
            'x' - location of font
            'y' - location of font
            'g' - gravity of the font placement
            'pointsize' - default pointsize of the font
            'color' - Color of the font
            'installed_font' - The name of a font installed on the machine or None if using relative_font
            'relative_font' - The location of a local font, relative to font_dir
            'font_weight' - The font weight
        }
        """
        if style:
            w_mod = w / style['base_w']
            h_mod = h / style['base_h']
            x = style['x'] * w_mod
            y = style['y'] * h_mod
            pointsize = style['pointsize'] * h_mod
            font = style['installed_font']
            if not font and font_dir:
                font = os.path.join(font_dir, style['relative_font'])
            self.add_text(str(x), str(y), style['g'], str(pointsize), style['color'], t, font,
                          str(style['font_weight']))

    def add_text(self, x, y, g, pointsize, color, text, font, font_weight, style="Normal", prepend=False):
        stripped_text = ''.join(c for c in text if c.isalnum())
        stripped_text = stripped_text[:64] if len(stripped_text) > 64 else stripped_text
        check = crc32(text.encode('utf-8'))
        self._chain_op(
            'text_%s%s%s_%s_%s' % (g, x, y, stripped_text, check),
            [
                "-gravity", g,
                "-pointsize", pointsize,
                "-fill", color,
                "-font", font,
                "-weight", font_weight,
                "-style", style,
                "-draw", "text %s,%s '%s'" % (x, y, text.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", '\\\''))
            ],
            prepend
        )

    def overlay(self, x, y, g, image_filename, prepend=False):
        """
        Overlay without resizing
        """
        self.overlay_with_resize(x, y, -1, -1, g, image_filename, prepend)

    def overlay_with_resize(self, x, y, w, h, g, image_filename, prepend=False):
        """
        Overlay image specified by image_filename onto the current image,
        offset by (x, y) with gravity g. x and y should be integers.

        The overlay image is resized according to (w x h), if they are positive

        g should be one of NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,
        SouthWest, South, SouthEast (see your ImageMagick's -gravity list for
        details).
        """
        opt_name = 'overlay_%d_%d_%s' % (x, y, os.path.basename(image_filename))
        if g != "Center":
            opt_name += "_" + g
        x = "+%d" % x if x >= 0 else str(x)
        y = "+%d" % y if y >= 0 else str(y)
        size = "%dx%d!" % (w, h) if w > 0 and h > 0 else ""
        self._chain_op(
            opt_name,
            [
                image_filename,
                '-gravity', g,
                '-geometry', "%s%s%s" % (size, x, y),
                '-composite'
            ],
            prepend)

    def resize(self, w, h, maintain_ratio, will_crop, prepend=False):
        """
        Resizes the image to the given size.  w and h are expected to be
        positive integers.  If maintain_ratio evaluates to True, the original
        aspect ratio of the image will be preserved. With maintain_ratio True:
        if will_crop is true, then the result will fill and possibly overflow
        the dimensions; otherwise it will scale to fit inside the dimensions.
        """

        resize_type = 1
        size = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        if not maintain_ratio:
            size += "!"
            resize_type = 0
        elif will_crop:
            size += "^"
            resize_type = 2

        name = 'resize_%d_%d_%d' % (w, h, resize_type)
        opt = ['-resize', size]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, prepend)

    def set_quality(self, quality):
        """
        Specifies the compression quality used in the jpg/png encoding
        """
        name = 'set_quality_%d' % quality
        opt = ['-quality', '%d' % quality]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, False)

    def constrain(self, w, h, prepend=False):
        """
        Constrain the image to the given size.  w and h are expected to be
        positive integers.  This operation is useful after a resize in which
        aspect ratio was preserved.
        """
        extent = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        self._chain_op(
            'constrain_%d_%d' % (w, h),
            [
                '-gravity', 'Center',
                '-background', 'transparent',
                '-extent', extent
            ],
            prepend)

    def extent(self, w, h, g='Center', bg='#00000000', cp='over', prepend=False):
        """
        Extent the image to the given size by expanding its borders. w and h 
        are expected to be positive integers, g is the anchor or gravity direction 
        of the expansion, bg is the background color of extended area, cp is the
        compose method of the extent operator.
        """
        extent = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        self._chain_op(
            'extent_%d_%d_%s_%s_%s' % (w, h, g, bg, cp),
            [
                '-gravity', g,
                '-background', bg,
                '-compose', cp,
                '-extent', extent
            ],
            prepend)

    def splice(self, w, h, g='Center', bg='#00000000', cp='over', prepend=False):
        """
        Insert a space into the middle or edge of an image, increasing the final 
        size of the image. w and h are expected to be positive integers, g is the
        anchor or gravity direction of the splice, bg is the background color of
        the insterted area, cp is the compse method of the splice operator.
        """
        splice = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        self._chain_op(
            'splice_%d_%d_%s_%s_%s' % (w, h, g, bg, cp),
            [
                '-gravity', g,
                '-background', bg,
                '-compose', cp,
                '-splice', splice
            ],
            prepend)

    def normalize(self, prepend=False):
        """
        Add -normalize operator. The top two percent of the dark pixels will become 
        black and the top one percent of the light pixels will become white. The 
        contrast of the rest of the pixels are maximized.
        """
        self._chain_op("normalize", ["-normalize"], prepend)

    def equalize(self, prepend=False):
        """
        Add the -equalize operator. It redistributes the colour of the image uniformly.
        """
        self._chain_op("equalize", ["-equalize"], prepend)

    def contrast_stretch(self, a, b, prepend=False):
        """
        Add the -contrast-stretch a%xb% operator. The top a percent of the dark pixels 
        will become black and the top b percent of the light pixels will become white. 
        The contrast of the rest of the pixels are maximized. 

        a and b are expected to be integers.
        """
        white_and_black_point = "%d%%x%d%%" % (a, b)
        name = "contrast_stretch_%d_%d" % (a, b)
        opt = ['-contrast-stretch', white_and_black_point]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, prepend)

    def brightness_contrast(self, a, b, prepend=False):
        """
        Add the -brightness-contrast a%xb% operator. a and b represent the percentage change
        of brighteness and contrast, respectively.
        a and b are expected to be integers.
        """
        brightness_and_contrast = "%d%%x%d%%" % (a, b)
        name = "brightness_contrast_%d_%d" % (a, b)
        opt = ['-brightness-contrast', brightness_and_contrast]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, prepend)

    def rgb555_dither(self, _colormap=None):
        """
        Reduce color channels to 5-bit by dithering, preserving Alpha channel.
        Intented for better look on 16-bit screens.
        """
        name = 'rgb555_dither'
        if _colormap is None:
            _colormap = os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/gs5bit.png"
        opt = [
            '-background', 'white',
            '(',
            '+clone', '-channel', 'RGB', '-separate',
            '-type', 'TrueColor', '-remap', _colormap,
            ')',
            '(',
            '-clone', '0', '-channel', 'A', '-separate',
            '-alpha', 'copy',
            ')',
            '-delete', '0', '-channel', 'RGBA', '-combine'
        ]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, False)

    def blur(self, radius, sigma, prepend=False):
        """
        The important parameter in the above is the sigma value. It can be
        thought of as an approximation of just how much your want the image
        to 'spread' or blur, in pixels. Think of it as the size of the brush
        used to blur the image. The numbers are floating point values, so you
        can use a very small value like '0.5'.

        The radius, is also important as it controls how big an area the
        operator should look at when spreading pixels. This value should
        typically be either '0' or at a minimum double that of the sigma.
        """
        name = "blur_%dx%d_%s" % (radius, sigma, prepend)
        blur_params = "%dx%d" % (radius, sigma)
        self._chain_op(name, ['-blur', blur_params], prepend)

    def add_custom_options(self, name, params, prepend=False):
        """
        Adds the ability for handlers to add their own commands.
        :param name: What is added to filename
        :param params: List of commands to be added. Ex. ['-colorspace', 'sRGB']
        :param prepend: Whether the command should prepend the current list of commands
        """
        if isinstance(name, basestring) and isinstance(params, list):
            self._chain_op(name, params, prepend)

    def get_mime_type(self):
        """
        Return the mime type for the current set of options.
        """
        if self.format == self.PNG:
            return "image/png"
        elif self.format == self.JPEG:
            return "image/jpeg"
        return "application/octet-stream"

    def set_comment(self, comment):
        """
        Sets a comment on the image.
        :param comment: A string to add to the comment metadata
        """
        self.comment = '\'' + comment + '\''

    def format_options(self):
        """
        Returns standard ImageMagick options for converting into this instance's format.
        """
        opts = []

        if self.format == self.PNG:
            # -quality 95
            #  9 = zlib compression level 9
            #  5 = adaptive filtering
            if '-quality' not in self.options:
                opts.extend(["-quality", "95"])

            # 8 bits per index
            opts.extend(["-depth", "8"])

            # Support alpha transparency
            opts.append("png32:-")
        elif self.format == self.JPEG:
            # Q=85 with 4:2:2 downsampling
            if '-quality' not in self.options:
                opts.extend(["-quality", "85"])
            opts.extend(["-sampling-factor", "2x1"])

            # Enforce RGB colorspace incase input image has a different
            # colorspace
            opts.extend(["-colorspace", "sRGB"])

            # Strip EXIF data
            opts.extend(["-strip"])

            # Add in comment here to prevent it from being stripped
            opts.extend(['-set', 'comment', self.comment])

            opts.append("jpeg:-")
        else:
            opts.extend(['-set', 'comment', self.comment])

            # Default to whatever is defined in format
            opts.append("%s:-" % self.format)

        return opts

    def convert_cmdline(self, path, stdin=False):
        command = [
            'convert' if not self.convert_path else self.convert_path,
            '-' if stdin else path
        ]
        command.extend(self.options)
        command.append('-quiet')
        command.extend(self.format_options())
        return command

    def convert(self, path, chunk_ready=None, complete=None, error=None):
        """
        Converts the image at the given path according to the filter chain.  If
        write_chunk, close, and error are provided, the image is provided
        asynchronously via those callbacks.  Otherwise, this method blocks and
        returns the processed image as a string.

         - chunk_ready(chunk): piece of the processed image as a string.  There is
           no minimum or maximum size.
         - complete(): Called when the processing has completed.
         - error(): Called if there was an error processing the image.
        """

        source = None
        if is_remote(path):
            source = Popen(
                ['curl' if not self.curl_path else self.curl_path, '-sfL', path],
                stdout=PIPE,
                close_fds=True)

            # Make sure curl hasn't died yet, generally this won't trigger
            # since the process won't kick off until we actually start reading
            # from it.
            if _proc_failed(source):
                if callable(error):
                    error()
                return

        command = self.convert_cmdline(path, source is not None)
        logger.debug("CONVERT %s (opts: %s) COMMAND %s" % (path, repr(self.options), command))

        convert = Popen(command,
                        stdin=source.stdout if source else None,
                        stdout=PIPE,
                        stderr=PIPE,
                        close_fds=True)

        if source:
            source.stdout.close()

        if all(map(callable, [chunk_ready, complete, error])):
            # Non-blocking case
            def _cleanup(fd):
                self.ioloop.remove_handler(fd)

                if source:
                    _proc_terminate(source)
                _proc_terminate(convert)

            def _on_read(fd, events):
                if (source and _proc_failed(source)) or _proc_failed(convert):
                    _cleanup(fd)
                    error()

                else:
                    chunk = convert.stdout.read()
                    if len(chunk) == 0 or convert.returncode == 0:

                        # Block to ensure we get the whole output, without this
                        # we generate corrupted images
                        _make_blocking(convert.stdout.fileno())
                        chunk += convert.stdout.read()
                        convert.stdout.close()
                        convert.wait()
                        if len(chunk) > 0:
                            chunk_ready(chunk)
                            chunk = ""

                        _cleanup(fd)
                        if convert.poll() == 0:
                            complete()
                        else:
                            error()
                    else:
                        chunk_ready(chunk)

            def _on_error_read(fd, events):
                buf = convert.stderr.read()
                if not buf:
                    convert.stderr.close()
                else:
                    logger.error("Conversion error: %s" % buf)

            # Make output non-blocking
            fd = convert.stdout.fileno()
            self.ioloop.add_handler(
                _non_blocking_fileno(convert.stdout),
                _on_read,
                IOLoop.READ)
            self.ioloop.add_handler(
                _non_blocking_fileno(convert.stderr),
                _on_error_read,
                IOLoop.READ)

        else:
            # Blocking case (if no handlers are passed)
            output = convert.communicate()[0]
            if (source and source.returncode != 0) or convert.returncode != 0:
                return None
            return output

<filename>magick.py
from binascii import crc32
from errno import ESRCH
from fcntl import fcntl, F_GETFL, F_SETFL
import logging
import os.path
from os import O_NONBLOCK
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from urlparse import urlparse

# Text 'stylesheets'
__all__ = ["ImageMagick", "is_remote"]

logger = logging.getLogger("ectyper")


def is_remote(path):
    """
    Returns true if the given path is a remote HTTP or HTTPS URL.
    """
    return urlparse(path).scheme in set(["http", "https"])


def _valid_pct(s):
    """
    Returns true if the given string represents a positive integer
    followed by the '%' character.
    """
    if isinstance(s, basestring) and s.endswith('%'):
        try:
            s = int(s[0:-1])
            if s >= 0:
                return True
        except ValueError:
            pass

    return False


def _proc_failed(proc):
    """
    Returns true if the given subprocess.Popen has terminated and
    returned a non-zero code.
    """
    rcode = proc.poll()
    return rcode is not None and rcode != 0


def _non_blocking_fileno(fh):
    fd = fh.fileno()
    try:
        flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)
        fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK)
    except IOError, e:
        # Failed to set to non-blocking, warn and continue.
        logger.warning("Couldn't setup non-blocking pipe: %s" % str(e))
    return fd


def _make_blocking(fd):
    try:
        flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)
        fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags & ~O_NONBLOCK)
    except IOError, e:
        # Failed to set to blocking, warn and continue.
        logger.warning("Couldn't set blocking: %s" % str(e))


def _list_prepend(dest, src):
    """
    Prepends the src to the dest list in place.
    """
    for i in xrange(len(src)):
        dest.insert(0, src[len(src) - i - 1])


def _proc_terminate(proc):
    try:
        if proc.poll() is None:
            proc.terminate()
            proc.wait()
    except OSError, e:
        if e.errno != ESRCH:
            raise


class ImageMagick(object):
    """
    Wraps the command-line verison of ImageMagick and provides a way to:
     - Chain image operations (i.e. resize -> reflect -> convert)
     - Asynchronously process the chain of operations
    Chaining happens in the order that you call each method.
    """
    JPEG = "jpeg"
    PNG = "png"

    GRAVITIES = {
        "left": "West",
        "right": "East",
        "top": "North",
        "bottom": "South",
        "middle": "Center",
        "center": "Center",
        "topleft": "NorthWest",
        "topright": "NorthEast",
        "bottomleft": "SouthWest",
        "bottomright": "SouthEast",
    }

    def __init__(self):
        ""
        self.options = []
        self.filters = []
        self.format = self.PNG
        self.convert_path = None
        self.curl_path = None
        self.ioloop = IOLoop.instance()
        self.comment = '\'\''

    def _chain_op(self, name, operation, prepend):
        """
        Private helper.  Chains the given operation/name either prepending
        or appending depending on the passed in boolean value of prepend.
        """
        if prepend:
            self.filters.insert(0, name)
            _list_prepend(self.options, operation)
        else:
            self.filters.append(name)
            self.options.extend(operation)

    def reflect(self, out_height, top_alpha, bottom_alpha, prepend=False):
        """
        Flip the image upside down and crop to the last out_height pixels.  Top
        and bottom alpha sets parameters for the linear gradient from the top
        to bottom.
        """
        opt_name = 'reflect_%0.2f_%0.2f_%0.2f' % (out_height, top_alpha, bottom_alpha)

        crop_param = 'x%d!' % out_height
        rng = top_alpha - bottom_alpha
        opt = [
            '-gravity', 'NorthWest',
            '-alpha', 'on',
            '-colorspace', 'sRGB',
            '-flip',
            '(',
            '+clone', '-crop', crop_param, '-delete', '1-100',
            '-channel', 'G', '-fx', '%0.2f-(j/h)*%0.2f' % (top_alpha, rng),
            '-separate',
            ')',
            '-alpha', 'off', '-compose', 'copy_opacity', '-composite',
            '-crop', crop_param, '-delete', '1-100'
        ]
        self._chain_op(opt_name, opt, prepend)

    def crop(self, w, h, x, y, g, prepend=False):
        """
        Crop the image to (w, h) offset to (x, y) with gravity g.  w, h, x, and
        y should be integers (w, h should be positive).

        w and h can optionally be integer strings ending with '%'.
        
        g should be one of NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,
        SouthWest, South, SouthEast (see your ImageMagick's -gravity list for
        details).
        """
        (w, h) = [v if _valid_pct(v) else int(v) for v in (w, h)]

        x = "+%d" % x if x >= 0 else str(x)
        y = "+%d" % y if y >= 0 else str(y)

        self._chain_op(
            'crop_%s_%sx%s%s%s' % (g, w, h, x, y),
            ['-gravity', g, '-crop', '%sx%s%s%s' % (w, h, x, y)],
            prepend)

    def add_styled_text(self, t, style, font_dir, w, h):
        """
        Add a piece of text (t) with a style (style) to an image of size (w, h)

        Style is an object defined as follows:
        style = {
            'base_w' - expected width of image for x, y, and fontsize to be correct - will determine how those values are scaled
            'base_h' - expected height of image for x, y, and fontsize to be correct - will determine how those values are scaled
            'x' - location of font
            'y' - location of font
            'g' - gravity of the font placement
            'pointsize' - default pointsize of the font
            'color' - Color of the font
            'installed_font' - The name of a font installed on the machine or None if using relative_font
            'relative_font' - The location of a local font, relative to font_dir
            'font_weight' - The font weight
        }
        """
        if style:
            w_mod = w / style['base_w']
            h_mod = h / style['base_h']
            x = style['x'] * w_mod
            y = style['y'] * h_mod
            pointsize = style['pointsize'] * h_mod
            font = style['installed_font']
            if not font and font_dir:
                font = os.path.join(font_dir, style['relative_font'])
            self.add_text(str(x), str(y), style['g'], str(pointsize), style['color'], t, font,
                          str(style['font_weight']))

    def add_text(self, x, y, g, pointsize, color, text, font, font_weight, style="Normal", prepend=False):
        stripped_text = ''.join(c for c in text if c.isalnum())
        stripped_text = stripped_text[:64] if len(stripped_text) > 64 else stripped_text
        check = crc32(text.encode('utf-8'))
        self._chain_op(
            'text_%s%s%s_%s_%s' % (g, x, y, stripped_text, check),
            [
                "-gravity", g,
                "-pointsize", pointsize,
                "-fill", color,
                "-font", font,
                "-weight", font_weight,
                "-style", style,
                "-draw", "text %s,%s '%s'" % (x, y, text.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", '\\\''))
            ],
            prepend
        )

    def overlay(self, x, y, g, image_filename, prepend=False):
        """
        Overlay without resizing
        """
        self.overlay_with_resize(x, y, -1, -1, g, image_filename, prepend)

    def overlay_with_resize(self, x, y, w, h, g, image_filename, prepend=False):
        """
        Overlay image specified by image_filename onto the current image,
        offset by (x, y) with gravity g. x and y should be integers.

        The overlay image is resized according to (w x h), if they are positive

        g should be one of NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,
        SouthWest, South, SouthEast (see your ImageMagick's -gravity list for
        details).
        """
        opt_name = 'overlay_%d_%d_%s' % (x, y, os.path.basename(image_filename))
        if g != "Center":
            opt_name += "_" + g
        x = "+%d" % x if x >= 0 else str(x)
        y = "+%d" % y if y >= 0 else str(y)
        size = "%dx%d!" % (w, h) if w > 0 and h > 0 else ""
        self._chain_op(
            opt_name,
            [
                image_filename,
                '-gravity', g,
                '-geometry', "%s%s%s" % (size, x, y),
                '-composite'
            ],
            prepend)

    def resize(self, w, h, maintain_ratio, will_crop, prepend=False):
        """
        Resizes the image to the given size.  w and h are expected to be
        positive integers.  If maintain_ratio evaluates to True, the original
        aspect ratio of the image will be preserved. With maintain_ratio True:
        if will_crop is true, then the result will fill and possibly overflow
        the dimensions; otherwise it will scale to fit inside the dimensions.
        """

        resize_type = 1
        size = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        if not maintain_ratio:
            size += "!"
            resize_type = 0
        elif will_crop:
            size += "^"
            resize_type = 2

        name = 'resize_%d_%d_%d' % (w, h, resize_type)
        opt = ['-resize', size]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, prepend)

    def set_quality(self, quality):
        """
        Specifies the compression quality used in the jpg/png encoding
        """
        name = 'set_quality_%d' % quality
        opt = ['-quality', '%d' % quality]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, False)

    def constrain(self, w, h, prepend=False):
        """
        Constrain the image to the given size.  w and h are expected to be
        positive integers.  This operation is useful after a resize in which
        aspect ratio was preserved.
        """
        extent = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        self._chain_op(
            'constrain_%d_%d' % (w, h),
            [
                '-gravity', 'Center',
                '-background', 'transparent',
                '-extent', extent
            ],
            prepend)

    def extent(self, w, h, g='Center', bg='#00000000', cp='over', prepend=False):
        """
        Extent the image to the given size by expanding its borders. w and h 
        are expected to be positive integers, g is the anchor or gravity direction 
        of the expansion, bg is the background color of extended area, cp is the
        compose method of the extent operator.
        """
        extent = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        self._chain_op(
            'extent_%d_%d_%s_%s_%s' % (w, h, g, bg, cp),
            [
                '-gravity', g,
                '-background', bg,
                '-compose', cp,
                '-extent', extent
            ],
            prepend)

    def splice(self, w, h, g='Center', bg='#00000000', cp='over', prepend=False):
        """
        Insert a space into the middle or edge of an image, increasing the final 
        size of the image. w and h are expected to be positive integers, g is the
        anchor or gravity direction of the splice, bg is the background color of
        the insterted area, cp is the compse method of the splice operator.
        """
        splice = "%dx%d" % (w, h)
        self._chain_op(
            'splice_%d_%d_%s_%s_%s' % (w, h, g, bg, cp),
            [
                '-gravity', g,
                '-background', bg,
                '-compose', cp,
                '-splice', splice
            ],
            prepend)

    def normalize(self, prepend=False):
        """
        Add -normalize operator. The top two percent of the dark pixels will become 
        black and the top one percent of the light pixels will become white. The 
        contrast of the rest of the pixels are maximized.
        """
        self._chain_op("normalize", ["-normalize"], prepend)

    def equalize(self, prepend=False):
        """
        Add the -equalize operator. It redistributes the colour of the image uniformly.
        """
        self._chain_op("equalize", ["-equalize"], prepend)

    def contrast_stretch(self, a, b, prepend=False):
        """
        Add the -contrast-stretch a%xb% operator. The top a percent of the dark pixels 
        will become black and the top b percent of the light pixels will become white. 
        The contrast of the rest of the pixels are maximized. 

        a and b are expected to be integers.
        """
        white_and_black_point = "%d%%x%d%%" % (a, b)
        name = "contrast_stretch_%d_%d" % (a, b)
        opt = ['-contrast-stretch', white_and_black_point]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, prepend)

    def brightness_contrast(self, a, b, prepend=False):
        """
        Add the -brightness-contrast a%xb% operator. a and b represent the percentage change
        of brighteness and contrast, respectively.
        a and b are expected to be integers.
        """
        brightness_and_contrast = "%d%%x%d%%" % (a, b)
        name = "brightness_contrast_%d_%d" % (a, b)
        opt = ['-brightness-contrast', brightness_and_contrast]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, prepend)

    def rgb555_dither(self, _colormap=None):
        """
        Reduce color channels to 5-bit by dithering, preserving Alpha channel.
        Intented for better look on 16-bit screens.
        """
        name = 'rgb555_dither'
        if _colormap is None:
            _colormap = os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/gs5bit.png"
        opt = [
            '-background', 'white',
            '(',
            '+clone', '-channel', 'RGB', '-separate',
            '-type', 'TrueColor', '-remap', _colormap,
            ')',
            '(',
            '-clone', '0', '-channel', 'A', '-separate',
            '-alpha', 'copy',
            ')',
            '-delete', '0', '-channel', 'RGBA', '-combine'
        ]
        self._chain_op(name, opt, False)

    def blur(self, radius, sigma, prepend=False):
        """
        The important parameter in the above is the sigma value. It can be
        thought of as an approximation of just how much your want the image
        to 'spread' or blur, in pixels. Think of it as the size of the brush
        used to blur the image. The numbers are floating point values, so you
        can use a very small value like '0.5'.

        The radius, is also important as it controls how big an area the
        operator should look at when spreading pixels. This value should
        typically be either '0' or at a minimum double that of the sigma.
        """
        name = "blur_%dx%d_%s" % (radius, sigma, prepend)
        blur_params = "%dx%d" % (radius, sigma)
        self._chain_op(name, ['-blur', blur_params], prepend)

    def add_custom_options(self, name, params, prepend=False):
        """
        Adds the ability for handlers to add their own commands.
        :param name: What is added to filename
        :param params: List of commands to be added. Ex. ['-colorspace', 'sRGB']
        :param prepend: Whether the command should prepend the current list of commands
        """
        if isinstance(name, basestring) and isinstance(params, list):
            self._chain_op(name, params, prepend)

    def get_mime_type(self):
        """
        Return the mime type for the current set of options.
        """
        if self.format == self.PNG:
            return "image/png"
        elif self.format == self.JPEG:
            return "image/jpeg"
        return "application/octet-stream"

    def set_comment(self, comment):
        """
        Sets a comment on the image.
        :param comment: A string to add to the comment metadata
        """
        self.comment = '\'' + comment + '\''

    def format_options(self):
        """
        Returns standard ImageMagick options for converting into this instance's format.
        """
        opts = []

        if self.format == self.PNG:
            # -quality 95
            #  9 = zlib compression level 9
            #  5 = adaptive filtering
            if '-quality' not in self.options:
                opts.extend(["-quality", "95"])

            # 8 bits per index
            opts.extend(["-depth", "8"])

            # Support alpha transparency
            opts.append("png32:-")
        elif self.format == self.JPEG:
            # Q=85 with 4:2:2 downsampling
            if '-quality' not in self.options:
                opts.extend(["-quality", "85"])
            opts.extend(["-sampling-factor", "2x1"])

            # Enforce RGB colorspace incase input image has a different
            # colorspace
            opts.extend(["-colorspace", "sRGB"])

            # Strip EXIF data
            opts.extend(["-strip"])

            # Add in comment here to prevent it from being stripped
            opts.extend(['-set', 'comment', self.comment])

            opts.append("jpeg:-")
        else:
            opts.extend(['-set', 'comment', self.comment])

            # Default to whatever is defined in format
            opts.append("%s:-" % self.format)

        return opts

    def convert_cmdline(self, path, stdin=False):
        command = [
            'convert' if not self.convert_path else self.convert_path,
            '-' if stdin else path
        ]
        command.extend(self.options)
        command.append('-quiet')
        command.extend(self.format_options())
        return command

    def convert(self, path, chunk_ready=None, complete=None, error=None):
        """
        Converts the image at the given path according to the filter chain.  If
        write_chunk, close, and error are provided, the image is provided
        asynchronously via those callbacks.  Otherwise, this method blocks and
        returns the processed image as a string.

         - chunk_ready(chunk): piece of the processed image as a string.  There is
           no minimum or maximum size.
         - complete(): Called when the processing has completed.
         - error(): Called if there was an error processing the image.
        """

        source = None
        if is_remote(path):
            source = Popen(
                ['curl' if not self.curl_path else self.curl_path, '-sfL', path],
                stdout=PIPE,
                close_fds=True)

            # Make sure curl hasn't died yet, generally this won't trigger
            # since the process won't kick off until we actually start reading
            # from it.
            if _proc_failed(source):
                if callable(error):
                    error()
                return

        command = self.convert_cmdline(path, source is not None)
        logger.debug("CONVERT %s (opts: %s) COMMAND %s" % (path, repr(self.options), command))

        convert = Popen(command,
                        stdin=source.stdout if source else None,
                        stdout=PIPE,
                        stderr=PIPE,
                        close_fds=True)

        if source:
            source.stdout.close()

        if all(map(callable, [chunk_ready, complete, error])):
            # Non-blocking case
            def _cleanup(fd):
                self.ioloop.remove_handler(fd)

                if source:
                    _proc_terminate(source)
                _proc_terminate(convert)

            def _on_read(fd, events):
                if (source and _proc_failed(source)) or _proc_failed(convert):
                    _cleanup(fd)
                    error()

                else:
                    chunk = convert.stdout.read()
                    if len(chunk) == 0 or convert.returncode == 0:

                        # Block to ensure we get the whole output, without this
                        # we generate corrupted images
                        _make_blocking(convert.stdout.fileno())
                        chunk += convert.stdout.read()
                        convert.stdout.close()
                        convert.wait()
                        if len(chunk) > 0:
                            chunk_ready(chunk)
                            chunk = ""

                        _cleanup(fd)
                        if convert.poll() == 0:
                            complete()
                        else:
                            error()
                    else:
                        chunk_ready(chunk)

            def _on_error_read(fd, events):
                buf = convert.stderr.read()
                if not buf:
                    convert.stderr.close()
                else:
                    logger.error("Conversion error: %s" % buf)

            # Make output non-blocking
            fd = convert.stdout.fileno()
            self.ioloop.add_handler(
                _non_blocking_fileno(convert.stdout),
                _on_read,
                IOLoop.READ)
            self.ioloop.add_handler(
                _non_blocking_fileno(convert.stderr),
                _on_error_read,
                IOLoop.READ)

        else:
            # Blocking case (if no handlers are passed)
            output = convert.communicate()[0]
            if (source and source.returncode != 0) or convert.returncode != 0:
                return None
            return output

# Text 'stylesheets' Returns true if the given path is a remote HTTP or HTTPS URL. Returns true if the given string represents a positive integer     followed by the '%' character. Returns true if the given subprocess.Popen has terminated and     returned a non-zero code. # Failed to set to non-blocking, warn and continue. # Failed to set to blocking, warn and continue. Prepends the src to the dest list in place. Wraps the command-line verison of ImageMagick and provides a way to:      - Chain image operations (i.e. resize -> reflect -> convert)      - Asynchronously process the chain of operations     Chaining happens in the order that you call each method. Private helper.  Chains the given operation/name either prepending         or appending depending on the passed in boolean value of prepend. Flip the image upside down and crop to the last out_height pixels.  Top         and bottom alpha sets parameters for the linear gradient from the top         to bottom. Crop the image to (w, h) offset to (x, y) with gravity g.  w, h, x, and         y should be integers (w, h should be positive).          w and h can optionally be integer strings ending with '%'.                  g should be one of NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,         SouthWest, South, SouthEast (see your ImageMagick's -gravity list for         details). Add a piece of text (t) with a style (style) to an image of size (w, h)          Style is an object defined as follows:         style = {             'base_w' - expected width of image for x, y, and fontsize to be correct - will determine how those values are scaled             'base_h' - expected height of image for x, y, and fontsize to be correct - will determine how those values are scaled             'x' - location of font             'y' - location of font             'g' - gravity of the font placement             'pointsize' - default pointsize of the font             'color' - Color of the font             'installed_font' - The name of a font installed on the machine or None if using relative_font             'relative_font' - The location of a local font, relative to font_dir             'font_weight' - The font weight         } Overlay without resizing Overlay image specified by image_filename onto the current image,         offset by (x, y) with gravity g. x and y should be integers.          The overlay image is resized according to (w x h), if they are positive          g should be one of NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center, East,         SouthWest, South, SouthEast (see your ImageMagick's -gravity list for         details). Resizes the image to the given size.  w and h are expected to be         positive integers.  If maintain_ratio evaluates to True, the original         aspect ratio of the image will be preserved. With maintain_ratio True:         if will_crop is true, then the result will fill and possibly overflow         the dimensions; otherwise it will scale to fit inside the dimensions. Specifies the compression quality used in the jpg/png encoding Constrain the image to the given size.  w and h are expected to be         positive integers.  This operation is useful after a resize in which         aspect ratio was preserved. Extent the image to the given size by expanding its borders. w and h          are expected to be positive integers, g is the anchor or gravity direction          of the expansion, bg is the background color of extended area, cp is the         compose method of the extent operator. Insert a space into the middle or edge of an image, increasing the final          size of the image. w and h are expected to be positive integers, g is the         anchor or gravity direction of the splice, bg is the background color of         the insterted area, cp is the compse method of the splice operator. Add -normalize operator. The top two percent of the dark pixels will become          black and the top one percent of the light pixels will become white. The          contrast of the rest of the pixels are maximized. Add the -equalize operator. It redistributes the colour of the image uniformly. Add the -contrast-stretch a%xb% operator. The top a percent of the dark pixels          will become black and the top b percent of the light pixels will become white.          The contrast of the rest of the pixels are maximized.           a and b are expected to be integers. Add the -brightness-contrast a%xb% operator. a and b represent the percentage change         of brighteness and contrast, respectively.         a and b are expected to be integers. Reduce color channels to 5-bit by dithering, preserving Alpha channel.         Intented for better look on 16-bit screens. The important parameter in the above is the sigma value. It can be         thought of as an approximation of just how much your want the image         to 'spread' or blur, in pixels. Think of it as the size of the brush         used to blur the image. The numbers are floating point values, so you         can use a very small value like '0.5'.          The radius, is also important as it controls how big an area the         operator should look at when spreading pixels. This value should         typically be either '0' or at a minimum double that of the sigma. Adds the ability for handlers to add their own commands.         :param name: What is added to filename         :param params: List of commands to be added. Ex. ['-colorspace', 'sRGB']         :param prepend: Whether the command should prepend the current list of commands Return the mime type for the current set of options. Sets a comment on the image.         :param comment: A string to add to the comment metadata Returns standard ImageMagick options for converting into this instance's format. # -quality 95 #  9 = zlib compression level 9 #  5 = adaptive filtering # 8 bits per index # Support alpha transparency # Q=85 with 4:2:2 downsampling # Enforce RGB colorspace incase input image has a different # colorspace # Strip EXIF data # Add in comment here to prevent it from being stripped # Default to whatever is defined in format Converts the image at the given path according to the filter chain.  If         write_chunk, close, and error are provided, the image is provided         asynchronously via those callbacks.  Otherwise, this method blocks and         returns the processed image as a string.           - chunk_ready(chunk): piece of the processed image as a string.  There is            no minimum or maximum size.          - complete(): Called when the processing has completed.          - error(): Called if there was an error processing the image. # Make sure curl hasn't died yet, generally this won't trigger # since the process won't kick off until we actually start reading # from it. # Non-blocking case # Block to ensure we get the whole output, without this # we generate corrupted images # Make output non-blocking # Blocking case (if no handlers are passed)