#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# This simple proof-of-concept example demonstrates the underlying "Reverse CRC32"
# approach used by depthcharge.hunter.ReverseCRC32Hunter to produce depthcharge.Stratagem
# objects, which in turn are used by depthcharge.memory.CRC32MemoryWriter.
#
# In order to provide a readily accessible example that can be explored without
# any one particular device, we use the text of <NAME>'s "The Raven"
# to produce the text:
#
#   "NCC Group - Depthcharge\n<https://github.com/nccgroup/depthcharge"
#
# Instead of passing the produced Stratagem object to CRC32MemoryWriter, here
# we simply execute a function that "executes" the Stratagem by performing
# the described operations and writing the result to stdout.
#
# When seeking to leverage this to patch/modify code or data on a device, one will normally want to
# use either boot ROM content or immutable portions of U-Boot code in RAM
# (i.e., not data modified at runtime).

import sys
from zlib import crc32

from depthcharge import log
from depthcharge.hunter import ReverseCRC32Hunter

THE_RAVEN = b"""
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--
    While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--
            Only this and nothing more."
    Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
    Eagerly I wished the morrow;--vainly I had sought to borrow
    From my books surcease of sorrow--sorrow for the lost Lenore--
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore--
            Nameless here for evermore.

    And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me--filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
    So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating
    "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door--
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;--
            This it is and nothing more."

    Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
"Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
    But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
    And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you"--here I opened wide the door;--
            Darkness there and nothing more.

    Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
    But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
    And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore?"
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore!"--
            Merely this and nothing more.

    Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,
Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.
    "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice;
      Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore--
Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;--
            'Tis the wind and nothing more!"

    Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,
In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore;
    Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;
    But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door--
Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door--
            Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,
"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven,
Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore--
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning--little relevancy bore;
    For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
    Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door--
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
            With such name as "Nevermore."

    But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
    Nothing farther then he uttered--not a feather then he fluttered--
    Till I scarcely more than muttered "Other friends have flown before--
On the morrow he will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before."
            Then the bird said "Nevermore."

    Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store
    Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
    Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore--
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
            Of 'Never--nevermore'."

    But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling,
Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door;
    Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
    Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore--
What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore
            Meant in croaking "Nevermore."

    This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;
    This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
    On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er,
But whose velvet-violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er,
            She shall press, ah, nevermore!

    Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer
Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.
    "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee--by these angels he hath sent thee
    Respite--respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore;
Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil!--prophet still, if bird or devil!--
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,
    Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted--
    On this home by Horror haunted--tell me truly, I implore--
Is there--is there balm in Gilead?--tell me--tell me, I implore!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil!--prophet still, if bird or devil!
By that Heaven that bends above us--by that God we both adore--
    Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,
    It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore--
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore."
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    "Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting--
"Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!
    Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!
    Leave my loneliness unbroken!--quit the bust above my door!
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
    And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,
    And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
            Shall be lifted--nevermore!
"""

TARGET_PAYLOAD = (
    b'NCC Group - Depthcharge\n'
    b'https://github.com/nccgroup/depthcharge\n'
)


def execute_stratagem(stratagem, sim_memory):
    """
    This portion of the example would normally be executed by CRC32MemoryWriter.
    On real device, the calls to zlib.crc32() are invocations of the ``crc32`` command
    on the target device, with source and destination addresses as arguments.
    """

    for entry in stratagem:
        src_addr    = entry['src_addr']
        src_size    = entry['src_size']
        tsrc_off    = entry.get('tsrc_off', None)

        dst_off     = entry['dst_off']
        iterations  = entry['iterations']

        # src_addr is -1 for an optimization case where we're finalizing the last CRC32 operation to
        # mulitple locations that all result in the same 4-byte sequence. Instead of performing
        # N iterations for each of these, we end up doing N-1 iterations for the first occurance,
        # and then do the Nth iteration to write to each occurance of the repeated sequence.
        # (This is described more in the depthcharge.hunter.ReverseCRC32Hunter API docs.)
        if src_addr >= 0:
            input_data = THE_RAVEN[src_addr:src_addr + src_size]
        else:
            input_data = sim_memory[tsrc_off:tsrc_off + 4]

        # First iteration operates on the source data and stores
        # the result in the corresponding destination location
        state = crc32(input_data)
        sim_memory[dst_off:dst_off + 4] = state.to_bytes(4, sys.byteorder)

        # Remaining iterations are performed in-place on the intermediate
        # result located in the destination memory location
        for i in range(1, iterations):
            state = crc32(sim_memory[dst_off:dst_off + 4])
            sim_memory[dst_off:dst_off + 4] = state.to_bytes(4, sys.byteorder)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    hunter    = ReverseCRC32Hunter(THE_RAVEN, 0x0000_0000, revlut_maxlen=1024)
    stratagem = hunter.build_stratagem(TARGET_PAYLOAD, max_iterations=16384)

    filename = 'raven-stratagem.json'
    stratagem.to_json_file(filename)
    log.info('Saved stratagem to ' + filename)

    # Here's a good spot to set a breakpoint and inspect `stratagem`
    # breakpoint()

    # Simulate a memory space to write into
    sim_memory = bytearray(len(TARGET_PAYLOAD))

    execute_stratagem(stratagem, sim_memory)

    if sim_memory == TARGET_PAYLOAD:
        log.info('Result:\n' + sim_memory.decode('ascii'))
    else:
        log.error('Produced result does not match desired target payload!')
        # breakpoint()

#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# This simple proof-of-concept example demonstrates the underlying "Reverse CRC32"
# approach used by depthcharge.hunter.ReverseCRC32Hunter to produce depthcharge.Stratagem
# objects, which in turn are used by depthcharge.memory.CRC32MemoryWriter.
#
# In order to provide a readily accessible example that can be explored without
# any one particular device, we use the text of <NAME>'s "The Raven"
# to produce the text:
#
#   "NCC Group - Depthcharge\n<https://github.com/nccgroup/depthcharge"
#
# Instead of passing the produced Stratagem object to CRC32MemoryWriter, here
# we simply execute a function that "executes" the Stratagem by performing
# the described operations and writing the result to stdout.
#
# When seeking to leverage this to patch/modify code or data on a device, one will normally want to
# use either boot ROM content or immutable portions of U-Boot code in RAM
# (i.e., not data modified at runtime).

import sys
from zlib import crc32

from depthcharge import log
from depthcharge.hunter import ReverseCRC32Hunter

THE_RAVEN = b"""
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--
    While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--
            Only this and nothing more."
    Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
    Eagerly I wished the morrow;--vainly I had sought to borrow
    From my books surcease of sorrow--sorrow for the lost Lenore--
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore--
            Nameless here for evermore.

    And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me--filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
    So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating
    "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door--
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;--
            This it is and nothing more."

    Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
"Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
    But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
    And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you"--here I opened wide the door;--
            Darkness there and nothing more.

    Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing,
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
    But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,
    And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore?"
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore!"--
            Merely this and nothing more.

    Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,
Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.
    "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice;
      Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore--
Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;--
            'Tis the wind and nothing more!"

    Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,
In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore;
    Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;
    But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door--
Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door--
            Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,
"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven,
Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore--
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning--little relevancy bore;
    For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
    Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door--
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
            With such name as "Nevermore."

    But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only
That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.
    Nothing farther then he uttered--not a feather then he fluttered--
    Till I scarcely more than muttered "Other friends have flown before--
On the morrow he will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before."
            Then the bird said "Nevermore."

    Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store
    Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
    Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore--
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore
            Of 'Never--nevermore'."

    But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling,
Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door;
    Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
    Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore--
What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore
            Meant in croaking "Nevermore."

    This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;
    This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
    On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er,
But whose velvet-violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er,
            She shall press, ah, nevermore!

    Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer
Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.
    "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee--by these angels he hath sent thee
    Respite--respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore;
Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil!--prophet still, if bird or devil!--
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,
    Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted--
    On this home by Horror haunted--tell me truly, I implore--
Is there--is there balm in Gilead?--tell me--tell me, I implore!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil!--prophet still, if bird or devil!
By that Heaven that bends above us--by that God we both adore--
    Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,
    It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore--
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore."
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    "Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting--
"Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!
    Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!
    Leave my loneliness unbroken!--quit the bust above my door!
Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!"
            Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

    And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
    And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,
    And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor
            Shall be lifted--nevermore!
"""

TARGET_PAYLOAD = (
    b'NCC Group - Depthcharge\n'
    b'https://github.com/nccgroup/depthcharge\n'
)


def execute_stratagem(stratagem, sim_memory):
    """
    This portion of the example would normally be executed by CRC32MemoryWriter.
    On real device, the calls to zlib.crc32() are invocations of the ``crc32`` command
    on the target device, with source and destination addresses as arguments.
    """

    for entry in stratagem:
        src_addr    = entry['src_addr']
        src_size    = entry['src_size']
        tsrc_off    = entry.get('tsrc_off', None)

        dst_off     = entry['dst_off']
        iterations  = entry['iterations']

        # src_addr is -1 for an optimization case where we're finalizing the last CRC32 operation to
        # mulitple locations that all result in the same 4-byte sequence. Instead of performing
        # N iterations for each of these, we end up doing N-1 iterations for the first occurance,
        # and then do the Nth iteration to write to each occurance of the repeated sequence.
        # (This is described more in the depthcharge.hunter.ReverseCRC32Hunter API docs.)
        if src_addr >= 0:
            input_data = THE_RAVEN[src_addr:src_addr + src_size]
        else:
            input_data = sim_memory[tsrc_off:tsrc_off + 4]

        # First iteration operates on the source data and stores
        # the result in the corresponding destination location
        state = crc32(input_data)
        sim_memory[dst_off:dst_off + 4] = state.to_bytes(4, sys.byteorder)

        # Remaining iterations are performed in-place on the intermediate
        # result located in the destination memory location
        for i in range(1, iterations):
            state = crc32(sim_memory[dst_off:dst_off + 4])
            sim_memory[dst_off:dst_off + 4] = state.to_bytes(4, sys.byteorder)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    hunter    = ReverseCRC32Hunter(THE_RAVEN, 0x0000_0000, revlut_maxlen=1024)
    stratagem = hunter.build_stratagem(TARGET_PAYLOAD, max_iterations=16384)

    filename = 'raven-stratagem.json'
    stratagem.to_json_file(filename)
    log.info('Saved stratagem to ' + filename)

    # Here's a good spot to set a breakpoint and inspect `stratagem`
    # breakpoint()

    # Simulate a memory space to write into
    sim_memory = bytearray(len(TARGET_PAYLOAD))

    execute_stratagem(stratagem, sim_memory)

    if sim_memory == TARGET_PAYLOAD:
        log.info('Result:\n' + sim_memory.decode('ascii'))
    else:
        log.error('Produced result does not match desired target payload!')
        # breakpoint()

#!/usr/bin/env python3 # # This simple proof-of-concept example demonstrates the underlying "Reverse CRC32" # approach used by depthcharge.hunter.ReverseCRC32Hunter to produce depthcharge.Stratagem # objects, which in turn are used by depthcharge.memory.CRC32MemoryWriter. # # In order to provide a readily accessible example that can be explored without # any one particular device, we use the text of <NAME>'s "The Raven" # to produce the text: # #   "NCC Group - Depthcharge\n<https://github.com/nccgroup/depthcharge" # # Instead of passing the produced Stratagem object to CRC32MemoryWriter, here # we simply execute a function that "executes" the Stratagem by performing # the described operations and writing the result to stdout. # # When seeking to leverage this to patch/modify code or data on a device, one will normally want to # use either boot ROM content or immutable portions of U-Boot code in RAM # (i.e., not data modified at runtime). Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore--     While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--             Only this and nothing more."     Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.     Eagerly I wished the morrow;--vainly I had sought to borrow     From my books surcease of sorrow--sorrow for the lost Lenore-- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore--             Nameless here for evermore.      And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me--filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;     So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating     "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door-- Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;--             This it is and nothing more."      Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, "Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;     But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,     And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you"--here I opened wide the door;--             Darkness there and nothing more.      Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;     But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token,     And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore?" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore!"--             Merely this and nothing more.      Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.     "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice;       Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore-- Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;--             'Tis the wind and nothing more!"      Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore;     Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he;     But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door-- Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door--             Perched, and sat, and nothing more.  Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, "Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore-- Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!"             Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."      Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning--little relevancy bore;     For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being     Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door-- Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,             With such name as "Nevermore."      But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour.     Nothing farther then he uttered--not a feather then he fluttered--     Till I scarcely more than muttered "Other friends have flown before-- On the morrow he will leave me, as my Hopes have flown before."             Then the bird said "Nevermore."      Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, "Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store     Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster     Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore-- Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore             Of 'Never--nevermore'."      But the Raven still beguiling all my fancy into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door;     Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking     Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore-- What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore             Meant in croaking "Nevermore."      This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;     This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining     On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er, But whose velvet-violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er,             She shall press, ah, nevermore!      Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor.     "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee--by these angels he hath sent thee     Respite--respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore; Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!"             Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."      "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil!--prophet still, if bird or devil!-- Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,     Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted--     On this home by Horror haunted--tell me truly, I implore-- Is there--is there balm in Gilead?--tell me--tell me, I implore!"             Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."      "Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil!--prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us--by that God we both adore--     Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn,     It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore-- Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore."             Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."      "Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting-- "Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore!     Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken!     Leave my loneliness unbroken!--quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!"             Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."      And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;     And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming,     And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor             Shall be lifted--nevermore! This portion of the example would normally be executed by CRC32MemoryWriter.     On real device, the calls to zlib.crc32() are invocations of the ``crc32`` command     on the target device, with source and destination addresses as arguments. # src_addr is -1 for an optimization case where we're finalizing the last CRC32 operation to # mulitple locations that all result in the same 4-byte sequence. Instead of performing # N iterations for each of these, we end up doing N-1 iterations for the first occurance, # and then do the Nth iteration to write to each occurance of the repeated sequence. # (This is described more in the depthcharge.hunter.ReverseCRC32Hunter API docs.) # First iteration operates on the source data and stores # the result in the corresponding destination location # Remaining iterations are performed in-place on the intermediate # result located in the destination memory location # Here's a good spot to set a breakpoint and inspect `stratagem` # breakpoint() # Simulate a memory space to write into # breakpoint()