<gh_stars>10-100
# Generic class for marshalling simple Python data types into an XML-based
# format.  The interface is the same as the built-in module of the
# same name, with four functions:
#   dump(value, file), load(file)
#   dumps(value), loads(string)

from types import *
import string
from xml.sax import saxlib, saxexts

# Basic marshaller class, customizable by overriding it and
# changing various attributes and methods.
# It's also used as a SAX handler, which may be a good idea but may
# also be a stupid hack.

def version_independent_cmp(a,b):
    ta = type(a)
    tb = type(b)
    if ta is not tb:
        return cmp(ta.__name__, tb.__name__)
    return cmp(a,b)

class Marshaller(saxlib.HandlerBase):
    # XML version and DOCTYPE declaration
    PROLOGUE = '<?xml version="1.0"?>'
    DTD = ""

    # Names of elements.  These are specified as class attributes
    # because simple things like integers are often handled in the
    # same way, and only the element names change.
    tag_root = 'marshal'
    tag_int = 'int'
    tag_float = 'float'
    tag_long = 'long'
    tag_string = 'string'
    tag_tuple = 'tuple'
    tag_list = 'list'
    tag_dictionary = 'dictionary'
    tag_complex = 'complex'
    tag_reference = 'reference'
    tag_code = 'code'
    tag_none = 'none'
    tag_instance = 'object'

    # The four basic functions that form the caller's interface
    def dump(self, value, file):
        "Write the value on the open file"
        dict = {'id': 1}
        L = [self.PROLOGUE + self.DTD] + self.m_root(value, dict)

        # XXX should this just loop through the L and call file.write
        # for each item?
        file.write(string.join(L, ""))

    def dumps(self, value):
        "Marshal value, returning the resulting string"
        dict = {'id': 1}
        # now uses m_root for proper root element handling
        L = [self.PROLOGUE + self.DTD] + self.m_root(value, dict)
        return string.join(L, "")

    # IMPORTANT NOTE: The proper entry point to marshal
    # an object is m_root; the public marshalling
    # methods dump and dumps use m_root().
    #
    # This function gets the name of the
    # type of the object being marshalled, and calls the
    # m_<typename> method.  This method must return a list of strings,
    # which will be returned to the caller.
    #
    # (This function can be called recursively, so it shouldn't
    # return just a single.  The top-level caller will perform a
    # single string.join to get the resulting XML document.
    #
    # dict is a dictionary whose keys are used to store the IDs of
    # objects that have already been marshalled, in order to allow
    # writing a reference to them.
    #
    # XXX there should be some way to disable the automatic generation of
    # references to already-marshalled objects

    def _marshal(self, value, dict):
        t = type(value)
        i = str(id(value))
        if dict.has_key(i):
            return self.m_reference(value, dict)
        else:
            if type(value) is LongType:
                meth = 'm_long'
            else:
                meth = "m_" + type(value).__name__
            return getattr(self, meth)(value, dict)

    # Utility function, used for types that aren't implemented
    def m_unimplemented(self, value, dict):
        raise ValueError, ("Marshalling of object " + repr(value) +
                           " unimplemented or not supported in this DTD")

    # The real entry point for marshalling, to handle properly
    # and cleanly any root tag or tags necessary for the marshalled
    # output.
    def m_root(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_root
        L = ['<%s>' % name] + self._marshal(value,dict) + ['</%s>' % name]
        return L

    #
    # All the generic marshalling functions for various Python types
    #
    def m_reference(self, value, dict):
        # This object has already been marshalled, so
        # emit a reference element.
        i = dict[str(id(value))]
        return ['<' + self.tag_reference + ' id="i%s"/>' % (i,)]

    def m_string(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_string
        L = ['<' + name + '>']
        s = str(value)
        if '&' in s or '>' in s or '<' in s:
            s = string.replace(s, '&', '&amp;')
            s = string.replace(s, '<', '&lt;')
            s = string.replace(s, '>', '&gt;')
        L.append(s)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    # Since Python 2.2, the string type has a name of 'str'
    # To avoid having to rewrite all classes that implement m_string
    # we delegate m_str to m_string.
    def m_str(self, value, dict):
        return self.m_string(value, dict)

    def m_int(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_int
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value) + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_float(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_float
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value) + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_long(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_long
        value = str(value)
        if value[-1] == 'L':
            # some Python versions append and 'L'
            value = value[:-1]
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value) + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_tuple(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_tuple
        L = []
        L.append( '<' + name + '>')
        for elem in value:
            L = L + self._marshal(elem, dict)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    def m_list(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_list
        L = []
        dict['id'] = dict['id'] + 1
        i = str(dict['id'])
        dict[str(id(value))] = i
        dict[i] = value
        L.append('<' + name + ' id="i%s">' % i)
        for elem in value:
            L = L + self._marshal(elem, dict)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    def m_dictionary(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_dictionary
        L = []
        dict['id'] = dict['id'] + 1
        i = str(dict['id'])
        dict[str(id(value))] = i
        dict[i] = value
        L.append('<' + name + ' id="i%s">' % (i,))
        items = value.items()
        # Sort the items to allow reproducable results across Python
        # versions
        items.sort(version_independent_cmp)
        for key, v in items:
            L = L + self._marshal(key, dict) + self._marshal(v, dict)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    # Python 2.2 renames dictionary to dict.
    def m_dict(self, value, dict):
        return self.m_dictionary(value, dict)

    def m_None(self, value, dict):
        return ['<' + self.tag_none + '/>']

    # Python 2.2 renamed the type of None to NoneTye
    def m_NoneType(self, value, dict):
        return self.m_None(value, dict)

    def m_complex(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_complex
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value.real) + ' ' + str(value.imag)
                + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_code(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_code
        L = []
        # The full information about code objects is only available
        # from the C level, so we'll use the built-in marshal module
        # to convert the code object into a string, and include it in
        # the HTML.
        import marshal, base64
        L.append('<code>')
        s = marshal.dumps(value)
        s = base64.encodestring(s)
        L.append(s)
        L.append('</code>')
        return L

    def m_instance(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_instance
        L = []
        dict['id'] = dict['id'] + 1
        i = str(dict['id'])
        dict[str(id(value))] = i
        dict[i] = value
        cls = value.__class__
        L.append('<%s id="i%s" module="%s" class="%s">'
                 % (name, i, cls.__module__, cls.__name__))

        # Check for pickle's __getinitargs__
        if hasattr(value, '__getinitargs__'):
            args = value.__getinitargs__()
            len(args) # XXX Assert it's a sequence
        else:
            args = ()

        L = L + self._marshal(args, dict)

        # Check for pickle's __getstate__ function
        try:
            getstate = value.__getstate__
        except AttributeError:
            stuff = value.__dict__
        else:
            stuff = getstate()

        L = L + self._marshal(stuff, dict)

        L.append('</%s>' % name)
        return L

# These values are used as markers in the stack when unmarshalling
# one of the structures below.  When a <tuple> tag is encountered, for
# example, the TUPLE object is pushed onto the stack, and further
# objects are processed.  When the </tuple> tag is found, the code
# looks back into the stack until TUPLE is found; all the higher
# objects are then collected into a tuple.  Ditto for lists...

TUPLE = {}
LIST = {}
DICT = {}

class Unmarshaller(saxlib.HandlerBase):
    # This dictionary maps element names to the names of starting and ending
    # functions to call when unmarshalling them.  My convention is to
    # name them um_start_foo and um_end_foo, but do whatever you like.

    unmarshal_meth = {
        'marshal': ('um_start_root', None),
        'int': ('um_start_int', 'um_end_int'),
        'float': ('um_start_float', 'um_end_float'),
        'long': ('um_start_long', 'um_end_long'),
        'string': ('um_start_string', 'um_end_string'),
        'tuple': ('um_start_tuple', 'um_end_tuple'),
        'list': ('um_start_list', 'um_end_list'),
        'dictionary': ('um_start_dictionary', 'um_end_dictionary'),
        'complex': ('um_start_complex', 'um_end_complex'),
        'reference': ('um_start_reference', None),
        'code': ('um_start_code', 'um_end_code'),
        'none': ('um_start_none', 'um_end_none'),
        'object': ('um_start_instance', 'um_end_instance')
        }

    def __init__(self):
        # Find the named methods, and convert them to the actual
        # method object.
        d = {}
        for key, (sm, em) in self.unmarshal_meth.items():
            if sm is not None:
                sm = getattr(self, sm)
            if em is not None:
                em = getattr(self, em)
            d[key] = sm,em
        self.unmarshal_meth = d
        self._clear()

    def _clear(self):
        """
        Protected method to (re)initialize the object into
        a steady state. Performed by __init__ and _load.
        """
        self.data_stack = []
        self.dict = {}
        self.accumulating_chars = 0
        
    def load(self, file):
        "Unmarshal one value, reading it from a file-like object"
        # Instantiate a new object; unmarshalling isn't thread-safe
        # because it modifies attributes on the object.
        m = self.__class__()
        return m._load(file)

    def loads(self, string):
        "Unmarshal one value from a string"
        # Instantiate a new object; unmarshalling isn't thread-safe
        # because it modifies attributes on the object.
        m = self.__class__()
        import StringIO
        file = StringIO.StringIO(string)
        return m._load(file)

    # Basic unmarshalling routine; it creates a SAX XML parser,
    # registers self as the SAX handler, parses it, and returns
    # the only thing on the data stack.

    def _load(self, file):
        "Read one value from the open file"
        p = saxexts.make_parser()
        p.setDocumentHandler(self)
        p.parseFile(file)
        assert len(self.data_stack) == 1
        # leave the instance in a steady state
        result = self.data_stack[0]
        self._clear()
        return result

    # find_class() is copied from pickle.py
    def find_class(self, module, name):
        env = {}

        try:
            exec 'from %s import %s' % (module, name) in env
        except ImportError:
            raise SystemError, \
                  "Failed to import class %s from module %s" % \
                  (name, module)
        return env[name]


    # SAXlib handler methods.
    #
    # Unmarshalling is done by creating a stack (a Python list) on
    # starting the root element.  When the .character() method may be
    # called, the last item on the stack must be a list; the
    # characters will be appended to that list.
    #
    # The starting methods must, at minimum, push a single list onto
    # the stack, as um_start_generic does.
    #
    # The ending methods can then do string.join() on the list on the
    # top of the stack, and convert it to whatever Python type is
    # required.  The resulting Python object then replaces the list on
    # the top of the stack.
    #

    def startElement(self, name, attrs):
        # Call the start unmarshalling method, if specified
        sm, em = self.unmarshal_meth[name]
        if sm is not None:
            return sm(name,attrs)

    def characters(self, ch, start, length):
        if self.accumulating_chars:
            self.data_stack[-1].append(ch[start:start+length])

    def endElement(self, name):
        # Call the ending method
        sm, em = self.unmarshal_meth[name]
        if em is not None:
            em(name)

    # um_start_root is really a "sentinel" method
    # which ensures that the unmarshaller is in a steady,
    # "empty" state.
    def um_start_root(self, name, attrs):
        if self.dict or self.data_stack:
            raise ValueError, \
                  "root element %s found elsewhere than root" \
                  % repr(name)

    def um_start_reference(self, name, attrs):
        assert attrs.has_key('id')
        id = attrs['id']
        assert self.dict.has_key(id)
        self.data_stack.append(self.dict[id])

    def um_start_generic(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append([])
        self.accumulating_chars = 1

    um_start_float = um_start_long = um_start_string = um_start_generic
    um_start_complex = um_start_code = um_start_none = um_start_generic
    um_start_int = um_start_generic

    def um_end_string(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        # might need to convert unicode string to byte string
        ds[-1] = str(string.join(ds[-1], ""))
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_int(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        ds[-1] = int(ds[-1])
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_long(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        ds[-1] = long(ds[-1])
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_float(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        ds[-1] = float(ds[-1])
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_none(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = None
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_complex(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        c = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        c = string.split(c)
        c = float(c[0]) + float(c[1])*1j
        ds[-1:] = [c]
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_code(self, name):
        import marshal, base64
        ds = self.data_stack
        s = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        s = base64.decodestring(s)
        ds[-1] = marshal.loads(s)
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    # Trickier stuff: dictionaries, lists, tuples.
    def um_start_list(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append(LIST)
        L = []
        if attrs.has_key('id'):
            id = attrs[ 'id']
            self.dict[id] = L
        self.data_stack.append(L)

    def um_end_list(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        for index in range(len(ds)-1, -1, -1):
            if ds[index] is LIST:
                break
        assert index != -1
        L = ds[index + 1]
        L[:] = ds[index + 2:len(ds)]
        ds[index:] = [L]

    def um_start_tuple(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append(TUPLE)

    def um_end_tuple(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        for index in range(len(ds) - 1, -1, -1):
            if ds[index] is TUPLE:
                break
        assert index != -1
        t = tuple(ds[index+1:len(ds)])
        ds[index:] = [t]

    # Dictionary elements, in the generic format, must always have an
    # even number of objects contained inside them.  These objects are
    # treated as alternating keys and values.
    def um_start_dictionary(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append(DICT)
        d = {}
        if attrs.has_key('id'):
            id = attrs['id']
            self.dict[id] = d
        self.data_stack.append(d)

    def um_end_dictionary(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        for index in range(len(ds) - 1, -1, -1):
            if ds[index] is DICT:
                break
        assert index != -1
        d = ds[index + 1]
        for i in range(index + 2, len(ds), 2):
            key = ds[i]
            value = ds[i+1]
            d[key] = value
        ds[index:] = [d]

    def um_start_instance(self, name, attrs):
        module = attrs['module']
        classname = attrs['class']
        value = _EmptyClass()
        if attrs.has_key('id'):
            id = attrs['id']
            self.dict[id] = value
        self.data_stack.append(value)
        self.data_stack.append(module)
        self.data_stack.append(classname)

    def um_end_instance(self, name):
        value, module, classname, initargs, dict = self.data_stack[-5:]
        klass = self.find_class(module, classname)
        instantiated = 0
        if (not initargs and type(klass) is ClassType and
            not hasattr(klass, "__getinitargs__")):
            value.__class__ = klass
            instantiated = 1

        if not instantiated:
            try:
                # Uh oh... we need to call the constructor with the initial
                # arguments, but we also have to preserve the identity of
                # the object, to keep recursive objects right.
                v2 = apply(klass, initargs)
            except TypeError, err:
                raise TypeError, "in constructor for %s: %s" % (
                    klass.__name__, str(err)), sys.exc_info()[2]
            else:
                for k,v in v2.__dict__.items():
                    setattr(value, k, v)

        # Now set the object's attributes from the marshalled dictionary
        for k,v in dict.items():
            setattr(value, k, v)
        self.data_stack[-5:] = [value]

# Helper class for instance unmarshalling
class _EmptyClass:
    pass

# module functions for procedural use of module
_m = Marshaller()
dump = _m.dump
dumps = _m.dumps
_um = Unmarshaller()
load = _um.load
loads = _um.loads
del _m, _um

def test(load, loads, dump, dumps, test_values,
         do_assert=1):
    # Try all the above bits of data
    import StringIO
    for item in test_values:
        s = dumps(item)
        print s
        output = loads(s)
        # Try it from a file
        file = StringIO.StringIO()
        dump(item, file)
        file.seek(0)
        output2 = load(file)
        if do_assert:
            assert item == output and item == output2 and output == output2


# Classes used in the test suite
class _A:
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<A instance>'
class _B:
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<B instance>'

def runtests():
    print "Testing XML marshalling..."

    L = [None, 1, pow(2, 123L), 19.72, 1+5j,
         "here is a string & a <fake tag>",
         (1, 2, 3),
         ['alpha', 'beta', 'gamma'],
         {'key': 'value', 1: 2}
         ]
    test(load, loads, dump, dumps, L)

    instance = _A() ; instance.subobject = _B()
    instance.subobject.list=[None, 1, pow(2, 123L), 19.72, 1+5j,
                             "here is a string & a <fake tag>"]
    instance.self = instance
    L = [instance]

    test(load, loads, dump, dumps, L, do_assert=0)

    recursive_list = [None, 1, pow(3, 65L), {1: 'spam', 2: 'eggs'},
                      '<fake tag>', 1+5j]
    recursive_list.append(recursive_list)
    test(load, loads, dump, dumps, [recursive_list], do_assert=0)

    # Try unmarshalling XML with extra harmless whitespace (as if it was
    # pretty-printed)
    output = loads("""<?xml version="1.0"?>
<marshal>
  <tuple>
    <float> 1.0 </float>
    <string>abc</string>
    <list id="i2" />
  </tuple>
</marshal>""")
    assert output == (1.0, 'abc', [])
    
    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    runtests()

# Generic class for marshalling simple Python data types into an XML-based
# format.  The interface is the same as the built-in module of the
# same name, with four functions:
#   dump(value, file), load(file)
#   dumps(value), loads(string)

from types import *
import string
from xml.sax import saxlib, saxexts

# Basic marshaller class, customizable by overriding it and
# changing various attributes and methods.
# It's also used as a SAX handler, which may be a good idea but may
# also be a stupid hack.

def version_independent_cmp(a,b):
    ta = type(a)
    tb = type(b)
    if ta is not tb:
        return cmp(ta.__name__, tb.__name__)
    return cmp(a,b)

class Marshaller(saxlib.HandlerBase):
    # XML version and DOCTYPE declaration
    PROLOGUE = '<?xml version="1.0"?>'
    DTD = ""

    # Names of elements.  These are specified as class attributes
    # because simple things like integers are often handled in the
    # same way, and only the element names change.
    tag_root = 'marshal'
    tag_int = 'int'
    tag_float = 'float'
    tag_long = 'long'
    tag_string = 'string'
    tag_tuple = 'tuple'
    tag_list = 'list'
    tag_dictionary = 'dictionary'
    tag_complex = 'complex'
    tag_reference = 'reference'
    tag_code = 'code'
    tag_none = 'none'
    tag_instance = 'object'

    # The four basic functions that form the caller's interface
    def dump(self, value, file):
        "Write the value on the open file"
        dict = {'id': 1}
        L = [self.PROLOGUE + self.DTD] + self.m_root(value, dict)

        # XXX should this just loop through the L and call file.write
        # for each item?
        file.write(string.join(L, ""))

    def dumps(self, value):
        "Marshal value, returning the resulting string"
        dict = {'id': 1}
        # now uses m_root for proper root element handling
        L = [self.PROLOGUE + self.DTD] + self.m_root(value, dict)
        return string.join(L, "")

    # IMPORTANT NOTE: The proper entry point to marshal
    # an object is m_root; the public marshalling
    # methods dump and dumps use m_root().
    #
    # This function gets the name of the
    # type of the object being marshalled, and calls the
    # m_<typename> method.  This method must return a list of strings,
    # which will be returned to the caller.
    #
    # (This function can be called recursively, so it shouldn't
    # return just a single.  The top-level caller will perform a
    # single string.join to get the resulting XML document.
    #
    # dict is a dictionary whose keys are used to store the IDs of
    # objects that have already been marshalled, in order to allow
    # writing a reference to them.
    #
    # XXX there should be some way to disable the automatic generation of
    # references to already-marshalled objects

    def _marshal(self, value, dict):
        t = type(value)
        i = str(id(value))
        if dict.has_key(i):
            return self.m_reference(value, dict)
        else:
            if type(value) is LongType:
                meth = 'm_long'
            else:
                meth = "m_" + type(value).__name__
            return getattr(self, meth)(value, dict)

    # Utility function, used for types that aren't implemented
    def m_unimplemented(self, value, dict):
        raise ValueError, ("Marshalling of object " + repr(value) +
                           " unimplemented or not supported in this DTD")

    # The real entry point for marshalling, to handle properly
    # and cleanly any root tag or tags necessary for the marshalled
    # output.
    def m_root(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_root
        L = ['<%s>' % name] + self._marshal(value,dict) + ['</%s>' % name]
        return L

    #
    # All the generic marshalling functions for various Python types
    #
    def m_reference(self, value, dict):
        # This object has already been marshalled, so
        # emit a reference element.
        i = dict[str(id(value))]
        return ['<' + self.tag_reference + ' id="i%s"/>' % (i,)]

    def m_string(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_string
        L = ['<' + name + '>']
        s = str(value)
        if '&' in s or '>' in s or '<' in s:
            s = string.replace(s, '&', '&amp;')
            s = string.replace(s, '<', '&lt;')
            s = string.replace(s, '>', '&gt;')
        L.append(s)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    # Since Python 2.2, the string type has a name of 'str'
    # To avoid having to rewrite all classes that implement m_string
    # we delegate m_str to m_string.
    def m_str(self, value, dict):
        return self.m_string(value, dict)

    def m_int(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_int
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value) + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_float(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_float
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value) + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_long(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_long
        value = str(value)
        if value[-1] == 'L':
            # some Python versions append and 'L'
            value = value[:-1]
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value) + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_tuple(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_tuple
        L = []
        L.append( '<' + name + '>')
        for elem in value:
            L = L + self._marshal(elem, dict)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    def m_list(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_list
        L = []
        dict['id'] = dict['id'] + 1
        i = str(dict['id'])
        dict[str(id(value))] = i
        dict[i] = value
        L.append('<' + name + ' id="i%s">' % i)
        for elem in value:
            L = L + self._marshal(elem, dict)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    def m_dictionary(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_dictionary
        L = []
        dict['id'] = dict['id'] + 1
        i = str(dict['id'])
        dict[str(id(value))] = i
        dict[i] = value
        L.append('<' + name + ' id="i%s">' % (i,))
        items = value.items()
        # Sort the items to allow reproducable results across Python
        # versions
        items.sort(version_independent_cmp)
        for key, v in items:
            L = L + self._marshal(key, dict) + self._marshal(v, dict)
        L.append('</' + name + '>')
        return L

    # Python 2.2 renames dictionary to dict.
    def m_dict(self, value, dict):
        return self.m_dictionary(value, dict)

    def m_None(self, value, dict):
        return ['<' + self.tag_none + '/>']

    # Python 2.2 renamed the type of None to NoneTye
    def m_NoneType(self, value, dict):
        return self.m_None(value, dict)

    def m_complex(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_complex
        return ['<' + name + '>' + str(value.real) + ' ' + str(value.imag)
                + '</' + name + '>']

    def m_code(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_code
        L = []
        # The full information about code objects is only available
        # from the C level, so we'll use the built-in marshal module
        # to convert the code object into a string, and include it in
        # the HTML.
        import marshal, base64
        L.append('<code>')
        s = marshal.dumps(value)
        s = base64.encodestring(s)
        L.append(s)
        L.append('</code>')
        return L

    def m_instance(self, value, dict):
        name = self.tag_instance
        L = []
        dict['id'] = dict['id'] + 1
        i = str(dict['id'])
        dict[str(id(value))] = i
        dict[i] = value
        cls = value.__class__
        L.append('<%s id="i%s" module="%s" class="%s">'
                 % (name, i, cls.__module__, cls.__name__))

        # Check for pickle's __getinitargs__
        if hasattr(value, '__getinitargs__'):
            args = value.__getinitargs__()
            len(args) # XXX Assert it's a sequence
        else:
            args = ()

        L = L + self._marshal(args, dict)

        # Check for pickle's __getstate__ function
        try:
            getstate = value.__getstate__
        except AttributeError:
            stuff = value.__dict__
        else:
            stuff = getstate()

        L = L + self._marshal(stuff, dict)

        L.append('</%s>' % name)
        return L

# These values are used as markers in the stack when unmarshalling
# one of the structures below.  When a <tuple> tag is encountered, for
# example, the TUPLE object is pushed onto the stack, and further
# objects are processed.  When the </tuple> tag is found, the code
# looks back into the stack until TUPLE is found; all the higher
# objects are then collected into a tuple.  Ditto for lists...

TUPLE = {}
LIST = {}
DICT = {}

class Unmarshaller(saxlib.HandlerBase):
    # This dictionary maps element names to the names of starting and ending
    # functions to call when unmarshalling them.  My convention is to
    # name them um_start_foo and um_end_foo, but do whatever you like.

    unmarshal_meth = {
        'marshal': ('um_start_root', None),
        'int': ('um_start_int', 'um_end_int'),
        'float': ('um_start_float', 'um_end_float'),
        'long': ('um_start_long', 'um_end_long'),
        'string': ('um_start_string', 'um_end_string'),
        'tuple': ('um_start_tuple', 'um_end_tuple'),
        'list': ('um_start_list', 'um_end_list'),
        'dictionary': ('um_start_dictionary', 'um_end_dictionary'),
        'complex': ('um_start_complex', 'um_end_complex'),
        'reference': ('um_start_reference', None),
        'code': ('um_start_code', 'um_end_code'),
        'none': ('um_start_none', 'um_end_none'),
        'object': ('um_start_instance', 'um_end_instance')
        }

    def __init__(self):
        # Find the named methods, and convert them to the actual
        # method object.
        d = {}
        for key, (sm, em) in self.unmarshal_meth.items():
            if sm is not None:
                sm = getattr(self, sm)
            if em is not None:
                em = getattr(self, em)
            d[key] = sm,em
        self.unmarshal_meth = d
        self._clear()

    def _clear(self):
        """
        Protected method to (re)initialize the object into
        a steady state. Performed by __init__ and _load.
        """
        self.data_stack = []
        self.dict = {}
        self.accumulating_chars = 0
        
    def load(self, file):
        "Unmarshal one value, reading it from a file-like object"
        # Instantiate a new object; unmarshalling isn't thread-safe
        # because it modifies attributes on the object.
        m = self.__class__()
        return m._load(file)

    def loads(self, string):
        "Unmarshal one value from a string"
        # Instantiate a new object; unmarshalling isn't thread-safe
        # because it modifies attributes on the object.
        m = self.__class__()
        import StringIO
        file = StringIO.StringIO(string)
        return m._load(file)

    # Basic unmarshalling routine; it creates a SAX XML parser,
    # registers self as the SAX handler, parses it, and returns
    # the only thing on the data stack.

    def _load(self, file):
        "Read one value from the open file"
        p = saxexts.make_parser()
        p.setDocumentHandler(self)
        p.parseFile(file)
        assert len(self.data_stack) == 1
        # leave the instance in a steady state
        result = self.data_stack[0]
        self._clear()
        return result

    # find_class() is copied from pickle.py
    def find_class(self, module, name):
        env = {}

        try:
            exec 'from %s import %s' % (module, name) in env
        except ImportError:
            raise SystemError, \
                  "Failed to import class %s from module %s" % \
                  (name, module)
        return env[name]


    # SAXlib handler methods.
    #
    # Unmarshalling is done by creating a stack (a Python list) on
    # starting the root element.  When the .character() method may be
    # called, the last item on the stack must be a list; the
    # characters will be appended to that list.
    #
    # The starting methods must, at minimum, push a single list onto
    # the stack, as um_start_generic does.
    #
    # The ending methods can then do string.join() on the list on the
    # top of the stack, and convert it to whatever Python type is
    # required.  The resulting Python object then replaces the list on
    # the top of the stack.
    #

    def startElement(self, name, attrs):
        # Call the start unmarshalling method, if specified
        sm, em = self.unmarshal_meth[name]
        if sm is not None:
            return sm(name,attrs)

    def characters(self, ch, start, length):
        if self.accumulating_chars:
            self.data_stack[-1].append(ch[start:start+length])

    def endElement(self, name):
        # Call the ending method
        sm, em = self.unmarshal_meth[name]
        if em is not None:
            em(name)

    # um_start_root is really a "sentinel" method
    # which ensures that the unmarshaller is in a steady,
    # "empty" state.
    def um_start_root(self, name, attrs):
        if self.dict or self.data_stack:
            raise ValueError, \
                  "root element %s found elsewhere than root" \
                  % repr(name)

    def um_start_reference(self, name, attrs):
        assert attrs.has_key('id')
        id = attrs['id']
        assert self.dict.has_key(id)
        self.data_stack.append(self.dict[id])

    def um_start_generic(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append([])
        self.accumulating_chars = 1

    um_start_float = um_start_long = um_start_string = um_start_generic
    um_start_complex = um_start_code = um_start_none = um_start_generic
    um_start_int = um_start_generic

    def um_end_string(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        # might need to convert unicode string to byte string
        ds[-1] = str(string.join(ds[-1], ""))
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_int(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        ds[-1] = int(ds[-1])
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_long(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        ds[-1] = long(ds[-1])
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_float(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        ds[-1] = float(ds[-1])
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_none(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        ds[-1] = None
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_complex(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        c = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        c = string.split(c)
        c = float(c[0]) + float(c[1])*1j
        ds[-1:] = [c]
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    def um_end_code(self, name):
        import marshal, base64
        ds = self.data_stack
        s = string.join(ds[-1], "")
        s = base64.decodestring(s)
        ds[-1] = marshal.loads(s)
        self.accumulating_chars = 0

    # Trickier stuff: dictionaries, lists, tuples.
    def um_start_list(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append(LIST)
        L = []
        if attrs.has_key('id'):
            id = attrs[ 'id']
            self.dict[id] = L
        self.data_stack.append(L)

    def um_end_list(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        for index in range(len(ds)-1, -1, -1):
            if ds[index] is LIST:
                break
        assert index != -1
        L = ds[index + 1]
        L[:] = ds[index + 2:len(ds)]
        ds[index:] = [L]

    def um_start_tuple(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append(TUPLE)

    def um_end_tuple(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        for index in range(len(ds) - 1, -1, -1):
            if ds[index] is TUPLE:
                break
        assert index != -1
        t = tuple(ds[index+1:len(ds)])
        ds[index:] = [t]

    # Dictionary elements, in the generic format, must always have an
    # even number of objects contained inside them.  These objects are
    # treated as alternating keys and values.
    def um_start_dictionary(self, name, attrs):
        self.data_stack.append(DICT)
        d = {}
        if attrs.has_key('id'):
            id = attrs['id']
            self.dict[id] = d
        self.data_stack.append(d)

    def um_end_dictionary(self, name):
        ds = self.data_stack
        for index in range(len(ds) - 1, -1, -1):
            if ds[index] is DICT:
                break
        assert index != -1
        d = ds[index + 1]
        for i in range(index + 2, len(ds), 2):
            key = ds[i]
            value = ds[i+1]
            d[key] = value
        ds[index:] = [d]

    def um_start_instance(self, name, attrs):
        module = attrs['module']
        classname = attrs['class']
        value = _EmptyClass()
        if attrs.has_key('id'):
            id = attrs['id']
            self.dict[id] = value
        self.data_stack.append(value)
        self.data_stack.append(module)
        self.data_stack.append(classname)

    def um_end_instance(self, name):
        value, module, classname, initargs, dict = self.data_stack[-5:]
        klass = self.find_class(module, classname)
        instantiated = 0
        if (not initargs and type(klass) is ClassType and
            not hasattr(klass, "__getinitargs__")):
            value.__class__ = klass
            instantiated = 1

        if not instantiated:
            try:
                # Uh oh... we need to call the constructor with the initial
                # arguments, but we also have to preserve the identity of
                # the object, to keep recursive objects right.
                v2 = apply(klass, initargs)
            except TypeError, err:
                raise TypeError, "in constructor for %s: %s" % (
                    klass.__name__, str(err)), sys.exc_info()[2]
            else:
                for k,v in v2.__dict__.items():
                    setattr(value, k, v)

        # Now set the object's attributes from the marshalled dictionary
        for k,v in dict.items():
            setattr(value, k, v)
        self.data_stack[-5:] = [value]

# Helper class for instance unmarshalling
class _EmptyClass:
    pass

# module functions for procedural use of module
_m = Marshaller()
dump = _m.dump
dumps = _m.dumps
_um = Unmarshaller()
load = _um.load
loads = _um.loads
del _m, _um

def test(load, loads, dump, dumps, test_values,
         do_assert=1):
    # Try all the above bits of data
    import StringIO
    for item in test_values:
        s = dumps(item)
        print s
        output = loads(s)
        # Try it from a file
        file = StringIO.StringIO()
        dump(item, file)
        file.seek(0)
        output2 = load(file)
        if do_assert:
            assert item == output and item == output2 and output == output2


# Classes used in the test suite
class _A:
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<A instance>'
class _B:
    def __repr__(self):
        return '<B instance>'

def runtests():
    print "Testing XML marshalling..."

    L = [None, 1, pow(2, 123L), 19.72, 1+5j,
         "here is a string & a <fake tag>",
         (1, 2, 3),
         ['alpha', 'beta', 'gamma'],
         {'key': 'value', 1: 2}
         ]
    test(load, loads, dump, dumps, L)

    instance = _A() ; instance.subobject = _B()
    instance.subobject.list=[None, 1, pow(2, 123L), 19.72, 1+5j,
                             "here is a string & a <fake tag>"]
    instance.self = instance
    L = [instance]

    test(load, loads, dump, dumps, L, do_assert=0)

    recursive_list = [None, 1, pow(3, 65L), {1: 'spam', 2: 'eggs'},
                      '<fake tag>', 1+5j]
    recursive_list.append(recursive_list)
    test(load, loads, dump, dumps, [recursive_list], do_assert=0)

    # Try unmarshalling XML with extra harmless whitespace (as if it was
    # pretty-printed)
    output = loads("""<?xml version="1.0"?>
<marshal>
  <tuple>
    <float> 1.0 </float>
    <string>abc</string>
    <list id="i2" />
  </tuple>
</marshal>""")
    assert output == (1.0, 'abc', [])
    
    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    runtests()
# Generic class for marshalling simple Python data types into an XML-based # format.  The interface is the same as the built-in module of the # same name, with four functions: #   dump(value, file), load(file) #   dumps(value), loads(string) # Basic marshaller class, customizable by overriding it and # changing various attributes and methods. # It's also used as a SAX handler, which may be a good idea but may # also be a stupid hack. # XML version and DOCTYPE declaration # Names of elements.  These are specified as class attributes # because simple things like integers are often handled in the # same way, and only the element names change. # The four basic functions that form the caller's interface # XXX should this just loop through the L and call file.write # for each item? # now uses m_root for proper root element handling # IMPORTANT NOTE: The proper entry point to marshal # an object is m_root; the public marshalling # methods dump and dumps use m_root(). # # This function gets the name of the # type of the object being marshalled, and calls the # m_<typename> method.  This method must return a list of strings, # which will be returned to the caller. # # (This function can be called recursively, so it shouldn't # return just a single.  The top-level caller will perform a # single string.join to get the resulting XML document. # # dict is a dictionary whose keys are used to store the IDs of # objects that have already been marshalled, in order to allow # writing a reference to them. # # XXX there should be some way to disable the automatic generation of # references to already-marshalled objects # Utility function, used for types that aren't implemented # The real entry point for marshalling, to handle properly # and cleanly any root tag or tags necessary for the marshalled # output. # # All the generic marshalling functions for various Python types # # This object has already been marshalled, so # emit a reference element. # Since Python 2.2, the string type has a name of 'str' # To avoid having to rewrite all classes that implement m_string # we delegate m_str to m_string. # some Python versions append and 'L' # Sort the items to allow reproducable results across Python # versions # Python 2.2 renames dictionary to dict. # Python 2.2 renamed the type of None to NoneTye # The full information about code objects is only available # from the C level, so we'll use the built-in marshal module # to convert the code object into a string, and include it in # the HTML. # Check for pickle's __getinitargs__ # XXX Assert it's a sequence # Check for pickle's __getstate__ function # These values are used as markers in the stack when unmarshalling # one of the structures below.  When a <tuple> tag is encountered, for # example, the TUPLE object is pushed onto the stack, and further # objects are processed.  When the </tuple> tag is found, the code # looks back into the stack until TUPLE is found; all the higher # objects are then collected into a tuple.  Ditto for lists... # This dictionary maps element names to the names of starting and ending # functions to call when unmarshalling them.  My convention is to # name them um_start_foo and um_end_foo, but do whatever you like. # Find the named methods, and convert them to the actual # method object. Protected method to (re)initialize the object into         a steady state. Performed by __init__ and _load. # Instantiate a new object; unmarshalling isn't thread-safe # because it modifies attributes on the object. # Instantiate a new object; unmarshalling isn't thread-safe # because it modifies attributes on the object. # Basic unmarshalling routine; it creates a SAX XML parser, # registers self as the SAX handler, parses it, and returns # the only thing on the data stack. # leave the instance in a steady state # find_class() is copied from pickle.py # SAXlib handler methods. # # Unmarshalling is done by creating a stack (a Python list) on # starting the root element.  When the .character() method may be # called, the last item on the stack must be a list; the # characters will be appended to that list. # # The starting methods must, at minimum, push a single list onto # the stack, as um_start_generic does. # # The ending methods can then do string.join() on the list on the # top of the stack, and convert it to whatever Python type is # required.  The resulting Python object then replaces the list on # the top of the stack. # # Call the start unmarshalling method, if specified # Call the ending method # um_start_root is really a "sentinel" method # which ensures that the unmarshaller is in a steady, # "empty" state. # might need to convert unicode string to byte string # Trickier stuff: dictionaries, lists, tuples. # Dictionary elements, in the generic format, must always have an # even number of objects contained inside them.  These objects are # treated as alternating keys and values. # Uh oh... we need to call the constructor with the initial # arguments, but we also have to preserve the identity of # the object, to keep recursive objects right. # Now set the object's attributes from the marshalled dictionary # Helper class for instance unmarshalling # module functions for procedural use of module # Try all the above bits of data # Try it from a file # Classes used in the test suite # Try unmarshalling XML with extra harmless whitespace (as if it was # pretty-printed) <?xml version="1.0"?> <marshal>   <tuple>     <float> 1.0 </float>     <string>abc</string>     <list id="i2" />   </tuple> </marshal>