user37996: I'm trying to use a Nano v3 as ISP to program an atmega328p on a board with ISP headers:
I followed the instructions under 
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP which I think have been recently updated. I'm simply connecting ISP headers together except for D10 from programmer to reset on the target AVR.

The ISP sketch seems to be working fine as far as I can see the heartbeat pulsing a led. But when trying to burn bootloader with settings:
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x15
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 2 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x15

avrdude: stk500_getparm(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x14

avrdude: stk500_getparm(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x01
avrdude: stk500_initialize(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x10
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
         Double check connections and try again, or use -F to override
         this check.

avrdude: stk500_disable(): unknown response=0x12
Error while burning bootloader.

I noticed something weird though, the 5V and GND on the ISP header on the programmer nano only has around 0.4V. This even without anything external but the usb connected. Is my nano broken or is the usb connection not able to deliver enough power?

user3557: Your slave micro isnt resetting when your master wants it to reset.
Ie: master sends a reset signal before initiating further communication, and it seems that your slave not being reset.
So its not responding.
Once cross check your isp signal lines.

user60291: Try adding the 10µF capacitor connected to RESET and GND on the board you are using as programmer (in this case, your Nano). This is required according to the Documentation.

The 10µF electrolytic capacitor connected to RESET and GND of the programming board is needed only for the boards that have an interface between the microcontroller and the computer's USB, like Mega, Uno, Mini, Nano.

I just encountered the exact same error output, and the capacitor solved it.

37996: <p>I'm trying to use a Nano v3 as ISP to program an atmega328p on a board with ISP headers:</p>

<p>I followed the instructions under 
<a href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP</a> which I think have been recently updated. I'm simply connecting ISP headers together except for D10 from programmer to reset on the target AVR.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/WKrRm.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/WKrRm.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>The ISP sketch seems to be working fine as far as I can see the heartbeat pulsing a led. But when trying to burn bootloader with settings:</p>

<pre><code>avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x15
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 2 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x15

avrdude: stk500_getparm(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x14

avrdude: stk500_getparm(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x01
avrdude: stk500_initialize(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x10
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
         Double check connections and try again, or use -F to override
         this check.

avrdude: stk500_disable(): unknown response=0x12
Error while burning bootloader.
</code></pre>

<p><s>I noticed something weird though, the 5V and GND on the ISP header on the programmer nano only has around 0.4V. This even without anything external but the usb connected. Is my nano broken or is the usb connection not able to deliver enough power?</s></p>
 3557: <p>Your slave micro isnt resetting when your master wants it to reset.</p>

<p>Ie: master sends a reset signal before initiating further communication, and it seems that your slave not being reset.</p>

<p>So its not responding.</p>

<p>Once cross check your isp signal lines.</p>
 60291: <p>Try adding the 10µF capacitor connected to <code>RESET</code> and <code>GND</code> on the board you are using as programmer (in this case, your Nano). This is required according to the <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoISP#toc3" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Documentation</a>.</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The 10µF electrolytic capacitor connected to RESET and GND of the programming board is needed only for the boards that have an interface between the microcontroller and the computer's USB, like Mega, Uno, Mini, Nano.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>I just encountered the exact same error output, and the capacitor solved it.</p>
