user1365: I have a Sparkfun Arduino Pro Micro with an ATmega32u4 on it and a Roving Networks RN32 Bluetooth Module
Theoretically, I should be able to solder the Rx of the Bluetooth to the Tx on the arduino and vice versa and I should get serial communication over the Bluetooth. 
Of course, I do not. However, as a first question: How do I get my Arduino to transmit data over the Tx pin?
I uploaded this to the Arduino with no hiccups: 

void setup(){ 
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
  Serial.print("HelloWurld");
}

However, when I plug up my o-scope, I see no signal over the Tx line. Nada. I see data coming over the USB into the COM port on my computer, but nothing over the Tx pin.
How do I get the Arduino to put out serial data on the Tx pin?

user13941: You also may want to try the "SoftwareSerial" library.  That way you can use almost any pins you want for serial comms.  As a matter of fact, you can have a couple of serial ports.
Please do read up on the SoftwareSerial library though.  It does have some restrictions.

user3626: Just hook up the serial pins from the bluetooth module to the corresponding Pro Micro pins: TX to RX and RX to TX. I hope this can help someone.
Then look for data like this: 
void setup(){ 
   Serial1.begin(9600); // Init Hardware Serial port on pins 0 and 1 - Bluetooth
   Serial.begin(9600); // Init Virtual Serial Port - Machine

   Keyboard.begin(); // Init HID - Keyboard
}

void loop(){
   if (Serial1.available() > 0) {

     char myData = Serial1.read()

     // Send data from Bluetooth/Sensor to the Machine - Virtual Serial Port 
     Serial.println(myData); 

     // Emulate HID Device - Keyboard
     if ( myData == 0x7F ) { // Detect code of android backspace key         
        Keyboard.write(0xB2); //  Convert received code char to PC/Linux ascii keycode for the backspace key. This can change between different OS!      
     }

     else {
        Keyboard.write(myData); 
     }

   }
}


user8750: So I stumbled upon this thread while having similar problem, but with HC-05 module. So because I have too much free time on my hands during finals (no I don't) I decided to create a small github repo that might help someone sometime. https://github.com/Sackhorn/HC-05-Pro-Micro-Hookup 
The code is:
//Writen for pro micro
//These proved to be usefull 
//http://arduino.stackexchange.com/questions/1471/arduino-pro-micro-get-data-out-of-tx-pin
//https://forum.sparkfun.com/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=38889&sid=8178cdb38005ff33cc380a5da34fb583&start=15

void setup()
{
  pinMode(9, OUTPUT);  
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH); 
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial1.begin(38400);
}

void loop()
{

  //Serial1 is the physical Serial Connections on TX and RX pins
  if (Serial1.available()) Serial.write(Serial1.read());

  // Serial is from my understanding the virtual connection with computer via USB 
  if (Serial.available()) Serial1.write(Serial.read());
}



user84: The bluetooth board uses 3.3V, not 5V according the datasheet.
So you'll need to shift the voltage level between it and the Arduino board (which is 5V). Note that the spec sheet shows how this can easily be done with 2 resistors (R1 and R2 in sheet typical application circuit, page 5).
Also, on the bluetooth module, the RS232 interface has 4 pins:

UART_TX
UART_RX
UART_CTS
UART_RTS

UART_CTS must be 0 to ensure the device reads incoming bytes. Normally this is done by an internal pulldown resistor, but you must ensure you did not connect that pin to +V.
Finally, ensure that the baud rate of the module is properly set to 9600 bauds, the same as in your program.

user612: You appear to have a "pro micro" style board in which the USB communication is directly sourced from the main ATmega32u4 processor, rather than generated as serial data and then forwarded to a distinct USB-serial converter as on traditional Arduinos.   Your question could have been resolved much more quickly if you had clearly stated the type of board you were using in words, rather than only as a product link (so I edited that into your question).
According to the documentation for the official Arduino Pro Micro:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data using the ATmega32U4 hardware serial capability. Note that on the Micro, the Serial class refers to USB (CDC) communication; for TTL serial on pins 0 and 1, use the Serial1 class.

Therefore to generate output on the hardware UART you will need to change all occurrences of Serial to Serial1
void setup(){ 
    Serial1.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
    Serial1.print("HelloWurld");
}

The transmit data will be sourced from ATmega32u4 pin 21 which is "D1" (digital pin 1) on the headers.  If you wish to probe it, that would be the best place to do so.
If you wish to transmit data out of a different pin which is not connectied to the ATmega32u4's UART (as your example with digital pin 5 hints you might) you must instead use SoftwareSerial or similar implementation to bit-bang the serial data out of a general purpose I/O pin.  
For example (inspired by this example): 
SoftwareSerial mySerial(4, 5); // RX, TX

void setup(){ 
    mySerial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
    mySerial.print("HelloWurld");
}


1365: <p>I have a <a href="https://www.sparkfun.com/products/12640" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Sparkfun Arduino Pro Micro with an ATmega32u4 on it</a> and a <a href="https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10253" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Roving Networks RN32 Bluetooth Module</a></p>

<p>Theoretically, I should be able to solder the Rx of the Bluetooth to the Tx on the arduino and vice versa and I should get serial communication over the Bluetooth. </p>

<p>Of course, I do not. However, as a first question: How do I get my Arduino to transmit data over the Tx pin?</p>

<p>I uploaded this to the Arduino with no hiccups: 
</p>

<pre class="lang-cpp prettyprint-override"><code>void setup(){ 
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
  Serial.print("HelloWurld");
}
</code></pre>

<p>However, when I plug up my o-scope, I see no signal over the Tx line. Nada. I see data coming over the USB into the COM port on my computer, but nothing over the Tx pin.</p>

<p>How do I get the Arduino to put out serial data on the Tx pin?</p>
 13941: <p>You also may want to try the "<a href="https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerial" rel="nofollow">SoftwareSerial</a>" library.  That way you can use almost any pins you want for serial comms.  As a matter of fact, you can have a couple of serial ports.</p>

<p>Please do read up on the SoftwareSerial library though.  It does have some restrictions.</p>
 3626: <p>Just hook up the serial pins from the bluetooth module to the corresponding Pro Micro pins: TX to RX and RX to TX. I hope this can help someone.</p>

<p>Then look for data like this: </p>

<pre><code>void setup(){ 
   Serial1.begin(9600); // Init Hardware Serial port on pins 0 and 1 - Bluetooth
   Serial.begin(9600); // Init Virtual Serial Port - Machine

   Keyboard.begin(); // Init HID - Keyboard
}

void loop(){
   if (Serial1.available() &gt; 0) {

     char myData = Serial1.read()

     // Send data from Bluetooth/Sensor to the Machine - Virtual Serial Port 
     Serial.println(myData); 

     // Emulate HID Device - Keyboard
     if ( myData == 0x7F ) { // Detect code of android backspace key         
        Keyboard.write(0xB2); //  Convert received code char to PC/Linux ascii keycode for the backspace key. This can change between different OS!      
     }

     else {
        Keyboard.write(myData); 
     }

   }
}
</code></pre>
 8750: <p>So I stumbled upon this thread while having similar problem, but with HC-05 module. So because I have too much free time on my hands during finals (no I don't) I decided to create a small github repo that might help someone sometime. <a href="https://github.com/Sackhorn/HC-05-Pro-Micro-Hookup" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://github.com/Sackhorn/HC-05-Pro-Micro-Hookup</a>   </p>

<p>The code is:</p>

<pre><code>//Writen for pro micro
//These proved to be usefull 
//http://arduino.stackexchange.com/questions/1471/arduino-pro-micro-get-data-out-of-tx-pin
//https://forum.sparkfun.com/viewtopic.php?f=32&amp;t=38889&amp;sid=8178cdb38005ff33cc380a5da34fb583&amp;start=15

void setup()
{
  pinMode(9, OUTPUT);  
  digitalWrite(9, HIGH); 
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial1.begin(38400);
}

void loop()
{

  //Serial1 is the physical Serial Connections on TX and RX pins
  if (Serial1.available()) Serial.write(Serial1.read());

  // Serial is from my understanding the virtual connection with computer via USB 
  if (Serial.available()) Serial1.write(Serial.read());
}
</code></pre>

<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kNlx7.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/kNlx7.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
 84: <p>The bluetooth board uses <strong>3.3V</strong>, not 5V according the <a href="https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/Bluetooth/rn-42-ds.pdf" rel="noreferrer">datasheet</a>.</p>

<p>So you'll need to <strong>shift the voltage level</strong> between it and the Arduino board (which is <strong>5V</strong>). Note that the spec sheet shows how this can easily be done with 2 resistors (<code>R1</code> and <code>R2</code> in sheet typical application circuit, page 5).</p>

<p>Also, on the bluetooth module, the RS232 interface has 4 pins:</p>

<ul>
<li>UART_TX</li>
<li>UART_RX</li>
<li><strong>UART_CTS</strong></li>
<li>UART_RTS</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>UART_CTS</strong> must be <strong>0</strong> to ensure the device reads incoming bytes. Normally this is done by an internal pulldown resistor, but you must ensure you did not connect that pin to <strong>+V</strong>.</p>

<p>Finally, ensure that the baud rate of the module is properly set to <strong>9600 bauds</strong>, the same as in your program.</p>
 612: <p>You appear to have a "pro micro" style board in which the USB communication is directly sourced from the main ATmega32u4 processor, rather than generated as serial data and then forwarded to a distinct USB-serial converter as on traditional Arduinos.   <em>Your question could have been resolved much more quickly if you had clearly stated the type of board you were using in words, rather than only as a product link (so I edited that into your question)</em>.</p>

<p>According to the <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardMicro">documentation</a> for the official Arduino Pro Micro:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data using the ATmega32U4 hardware serial capability. Note that on the Micro, the Serial class refers to USB (CDC) communication; for TTL serial on pins 0 and 1, use the Serial1 class.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Therefore to generate output on the hardware UART you will need to change all occurrences of <code>Serial</code> to <code>Serial1</code></p>

<pre><code>void setup(){ 
    Serial1.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
    Serial1.print("HelloWurld");
}
</code></pre>

<p>The transmit data will be sourced from ATmega32u4 pin 21 which is "D1" (digital pin 1) on the headers.  If you wish to probe it, that would be the best place to do so.</p>

<p>If you wish to transmit data out of a <strong>different pin</strong> which is not connectied to the ATmega32u4's UART (as your example with digital pin 5 hints you might) you must instead use <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SoftwareSerialExample">SoftwareSerial</a> or similar implementation to bit-bang the serial data out of a general purpose I/O pin.  </p>

<p>For example (inspired by <a href="http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SoftwareSerialExample">this example</a>): </p>

<pre><code>SoftwareSerial mySerial(4, 5); // RX, TX

void setup(){ 
    mySerial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
    mySerial.print("HelloWurld");
}
</code></pre>
