user54871: To convert a PWM signal to a DC voltage it must be filtered with a low pass filter. How can you know which cut-off frequency should be used and how do you calculate the values for the resistor and capacitor belonging to that cut-off frequency. I do know that the cut-off frequency needs to be much higher/lower in comparison to the PWM signal, for example a factor 100 lower/higher.


user4143: The PWM frequency on the Arduino is about 500Hz by default, so you want your -3dB frequency to be below that. How far below? That's subjective. Lower gives a smoother output but a lower response speed. Since you want DC out then you can afford to go very low, unless you need it to respond to changes in the set point quickly.

54871: <p>To convert a PWM signal to a DC voltage it must be filtered with a low pass filter. How can you know which cut-off frequency should be used and how do you calculate the values for the resistor and capacitor belonging to that cut-off frequency. I do know that the cut-off frequency needs to be much higher/lower in comparison to the PWM signal, for example a factor 100 lower/higher.</p>

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 4143: <p>The PWM frequency on the Arduino is about 500Hz by default, so you want your -3dB frequency to be below that. How far below? That's subjective. Lower gives a smoother output but a lower response speed. Since you want DC out then you can afford to go very low, unless you need it to respond to changes in the set point quickly.</p>
