user33972: i am completely new to hardware programming and micro controllers and i am unable to figure out what search-engine search-term to use to find the answer i am looking for.
the project
i am working on a project that will use an arduino to control the opening and closing of a window; in a shed. the project i am trying to achieve is further described here.
the question
i want to know what are the limitations of wire length in an arduino project and what do i need to have to be able to extend that wire length capacity?
i currently have those "common" 20cm wires you get off ebay... which i dont think will be long enough.

user35430: The stepper motor 28byj-48 seems to be a 5V motor (datasheet). I've seen it being used with a A3967 driver, which means that it does not draw more than 750 mA of current.
I'll go with the length you mentioned in the comments:

for this example lets say 3m

The rest is Physics: the resistance of a wire is
R = p * l/A

where l is the length of the wire and A is the area (dependent on the diameter).
A voltage drop calculator can now tell you how much voltage is left at the end of the wire.
I would have estimated a 0.75 mm² (AWG 18), but you might even be fine with 0.5mm² (AWG 20) according to the calculator. But: better safe than sorry.

Also from the comments:

i have micro servo SG90 working as expected. my expectation is that the large one will work similarly (of course with more power requirements)

A stepper motor needs a totally different setup than a servo. The servo is connected with simple 4 pins, the stepper needs a motor driver (H-bridge). Connecting the stepper motor directly to the Arduino may destroy your board.

33972: <p>i am completely new to hardware programming and micro controllers and i am unable to figure out what search-engine search-term to use to find the answer i am looking for.</p>
<h1>the project</h1>
<p>i am working on a project that will use an arduino to control the opening and closing of a window; in a shed. the project i am trying to achieve is further described <a href="https://robotics.stackexchange.com/questions/20046/28byj-48-gear-cog-attachment-guidance?noredirect=1#comment33027_20046">here</a>.</p>
<h1>the question</h1>
<p>i want to know what are the limitations of wire length in an arduino project and what do i need to have to be able to extend that wire length capacity?</p>
<p>i currently have those &quot;common&quot; 20cm wires you get off ebay... which i dont think will be long enough.</p>
 35430: <p>The stepper motor 28byj-48 seems to be a 5V motor (<a href="https://components101.com/sites/default/files/component_datasheet/28byj48-step-motor-datasheet.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">datasheet</a>). I've seen it being used with a <a href="https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Robotics/A3967.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A3967 driver</a>, which means that it does not draw more than 750 mA of current.</p>

<p>I'll go with the length you mentioned in the comments:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>for this example lets say 3m</p>
</blockquote>

<p>The rest is Physics: the resistance of a wire is</p>

<pre><code>R = p * l/A
</code></pre>

<p>where l is the length of the wire and A is the area (dependent on the diameter).</p>

<p>A <a href="https://www.calculator.net/voltage-drop-calculator.html?material=copper&amp;wiresize=1079&amp;voltage=5&amp;phase=dc&amp;noofconductor=1&amp;distance=3&amp;distanceunit=meters&amp;amperes=0.75&amp;x=50&amp;y=22" rel="nofollow noreferrer">voltage drop calculator</a> can now tell you how much voltage is left at the end of the wire.</p>

<p>I would have estimated a 0.75 mm² (AWG 18), but you might even be fine with 0.5mm² (AWG 20) according to the calculator. But: better safe than sorry.</p>

<hr>

<p>Also from the comments:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>i have micro servo SG90 working as expected. my expectation is that the large one will work similarly (of course with more power requirements)</p>
</blockquote>

<p>A stepper motor needs a totally different setup than a servo. The servo is connected with simple 4 pins, the stepper needs a motor driver (H-bridge). Connecting the stepper motor directly to the Arduino may destroy your board.</p>
