user13391: I didn't find answers which solves my problem with the max232 yet.
I connected it like this to my Arduino uno, so my Arduino provides the +5V VCC and the ground:
max232 connection

The only thing what is differences are that I do a loopback at the RS232 side and I use 1µF for every capacitor even for the bypass one. I did a loopback so I can see if the max232 works. I don't get anything out of it when I send some data to it.
I measure +8.7V on pin2 and -8.15V on pin 6.
My Arduino code:
/*
  Software serial multiple serial test

 Receives from the hardware serial, sends to software serial.
 Receives from software serial, sends to hardware serial.

 The circuit: 
 * RX is digital pin 10 (connect to TX of other device)
 * TX is digital pin 11 (connect to RX of other device)

 created back in the mists of time
 modified 25 May 2012
 by Tom Igoe
 based on Mikal Hart's example

 This example code is in the public domain.

 */
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(10, 11); // RX, TX

void setup()  
{
  // Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
  Serial.begin(9600);

  // set the data rate for the SoftwareSerial port
  mySerial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() // run over and over
{
  if (mySerial.available())
    Serial.print(mySerial.read());
  if (Serial.available())
    mySerial.write(Serial.read());
}

What did I do wrong or is my max232 broken?
EDIT
I think the serial monitor (same baudrate) doesn't write to the ports so I rewrite some code.
loop code:
int i = 0;
void loop() // run over and over
{
  if(i == 10)
    i = 0;

  mySerial.write(i);
  Serial.print(mySerial.read());
  i++;
  delay(3000);
}

In serial monitor I get strange values back for a cascade counter.
Values:
-1 45 49 52 53 52 57 53 ...
These numbers aren't ascii code for ectual numbers I think.
EDIT 2
Now the loopback works thanks to the answer below.
Now I replaced the loopback with the module FUM DCF-U.
The loop code has changed to this:
void loop() // run over and over
{
  if(Serial.available())
    Serial.println(Serial.read());
}

The problem is that the result is '000000000000000000000000000000000...' in a fast rate and not every second.
The module gets its 3.3V and is connected to the same GND as the MAX232.
Pin connections:
Arduino - MAX232
11 - 11
0 - 12
MAX232 - FUM DCF-U
14 - 3
13 - 4
Thanks in advance

user10794: SoftwareSerial cannot both send and receive at the same time, as it does receiving inside an ISR, and turns interrupts off when sending. Thus this will never work properly.
I suggest you switch to HardwareSerial. Or, if you want to see the results, send using SoftwareSerial and receive using HardwareSerial. For example:
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
SoftwareSerial mySerial (10, 11); // RX, TX

void setup ()
  {
  Serial.begin (115200);
  mySerial.begin (115200);
  }  // end of setup

unsigned long lastSend;
char c = ' ';
void loop ()
  {
  // time for another test send?
  if (millis () - lastSend >= 500)
    {
    mySerial.print (c++);
    if (c > 'z')
      {
      c = ' ';
      Serial.println ();
      }    
    lastSend = millis ();
    }

  // check for response
  if (Serial.available ())
    Serial.print (char (Serial.read ()));
  }  // end of loop

I tested that as a simple loopback and it worked fine. Connect pin 11 (Tx) to pin 0 (Rx). Disconnect the wire to pin 0 whilst uploading.

13391: <p>I didn't find answers which solves my problem with the max232 yet.
I connected it like this to my Arduino uno, so my Arduino provides the +5V VCC and the ground:
<a href="https://www.google.be/search?q=max232&amp;biw=2144&amp;bih=1127&amp;tbm=isch&amp;imgil=fyy0lqGALI9HtM%253A%253BcH09mn8Z6FvbpM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fsodoityourself.com%25252Fmax232-serial-level-converter%25252F&amp;source=iu&amp;pf=m&amp;fir=fyy0lqGALI9HtM%253A%252CcH09mn8Z6FvbpM%252C_&amp;dpr=0.9&amp;usg=__KByygPTJOBdI1tDfqv3X0dFdvZ4%3D&amp;ved=0CDEQyjdqFQoTCOG0i8i32McCFYtVPgodYpMMFg&amp;ei=pfbmVaHODour-QHiprKwAQ#imgrc=fyy0lqGALI9HtM%3A&amp;usg=__KByygPTJOBdI1tDfqv3X0dFdvZ4%3D" rel="nofollow noreferrer">max232 connection</a>
<a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/B2iBp.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/B2iBp.jpg" alt="Connection on board"></a></p>

<p>The only thing what is differences are that I do a loopback at the RS232 side and I use 1µF for every capacitor even for the bypass one. I did a loopback so I can see if the max232 works. I don't get anything out of it when I send some data to it.
I measure +8.7V on pin2 and -8.15V on pin 6.</p>

<p>My Arduino code:</p>

<pre><code>/*
  Software serial multiple serial test

 Receives from the hardware serial, sends to software serial.
 Receives from software serial, sends to hardware serial.

 The circuit: 
 * RX is digital pin 10 (connect to TX of other device)
 * TX is digital pin 11 (connect to RX of other device)

 created back in the mists of time
 modified 25 May 2012
 by Tom Igoe
 based on Mikal Hart's example

 This example code is in the public domain.

 */
#include &lt;SoftwareSerial.h&gt;

SoftwareSerial mySerial(10, 11); // RX, TX

void setup()  
{
  // Open serial communications and wait for port to open:
  Serial.begin(9600);

  // set the data rate for the SoftwareSerial port
  mySerial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() // run over and over
{
  if (mySerial.available())
    Serial.print(mySerial.read());
  if (Serial.available())
    mySerial.write(Serial.read());
}
</code></pre>

<p>What did I do wrong or is my max232 broken?</p>

<p><strong>EDIT</strong></p>

<p>I think the serial monitor (same baudrate) doesn't write to the ports so I rewrite some code.</p>

<p>loop code:</p>

<pre><code>int i = 0;
void loop() // run over and over
{
  if(i == 10)
    i = 0;

  mySerial.write(i);
  Serial.print(mySerial.read());
  i++;
  delay(3000);
}
</code></pre>

<p>In serial monitor I get strange values back for a cascade counter.</p>

<p>Values:
-1 45 49 52 53 52 57 53 ...</p>

<p>These numbers aren't ascii code for ectual numbers I think.</p>

<p><strong>EDIT 2</strong></p>

<p>Now the loopback works thanks to the answer below.
Now I replaced the loopback with the module FUM DCF-U.
The loop code has changed to this:</p>

<pre><code>void loop() // run over and over
{
  if(Serial.available())
    Serial.println(Serial.read());
}
</code></pre>

<p>The problem is that the result is '000000000000000000000000000000000...' in a fast rate and not every second.</p>

<p>The module gets its 3.3V and is connected to the same GND as the MAX232.</p>

<p>Pin connections:</p>

<p>Arduino - MAX232</p>

<p>11 - 11</p>

<p>0 - 12</p>

<p>MAX232 - FUM DCF-U</p>

<p>14 - 3</p>

<p>13 - 4</p>

<p>Thanks in advance</p>
 10794: <p>SoftwareSerial cannot both send and receive at the same time, as it does receiving inside an ISR, and turns interrupts off when sending. Thus this will never work properly.</p>

<p>I suggest you switch to HardwareSerial. Or, if you want to see the results, send using SoftwareSerial and receive using HardwareSerial. For example:</p>



<pre class="lang-C++ prettyprint-override"><code>#include &lt;SoftwareSerial.h&gt;
SoftwareSerial mySerial (10, 11); // RX, TX

void setup ()
  {
  Serial.begin (115200);
  mySerial.begin (115200);
  }  // end of setup

unsigned long lastSend;
char c = ' ';
void loop ()
  {
  // time for another test send?
  if (millis () - lastSend &gt;= 500)
    {
    mySerial.print (c++);
    if (c &gt; 'z')
      {
      c = ' ';
      Serial.println ();
      }    
    lastSend = millis ();
    }

  // check for response
  if (Serial.available ())
    Serial.print (char (Serial.read ()));
  }  // end of loop
</code></pre>

<p>I tested that as a simple loopback and it worked fine. Connect pin 11 (Tx) to pin 0 (Rx). Disconnect the wire to pin 0 whilst uploading.</p>
