user10867: Some of the other questions on SE discuss the use of spaced repetition systems such as Anki and Mnemosyne to learn tactics, openings and other aspects of chess (see especially Effectiveness of a spaced repetition system (SRS) for memorizing tactical patterns for long-term skill gain?). 
(I am also aware that memorisation should never be done at the cost of understanding (see Understanding vs. Memorization).
My question, however, is about older memorisation techniques that don't rely on current SRS software. So far, I have found only one example of spaced repetition that does not rely on a computer. It comes from Hans Bouwmeester's book Schaken als vak: brug naar het professionele schaak (1976; English: Chess as a profession: bridge towards professional chess). (Bouwmeester coached people like Jan Timman, Gert Ligterink and Paul van der Sterren.) 
At the end of a chapter about building up a card index or filing system for opening theory, he briefly describes a method for memorising opening variations (pp. 96-97). Assuming that you can subdivide your opening repertoire into 16 groups, you can review it in the following way (with 1.5 to 2 hours of study per day): 
Day  1:     1
Day  2:     2   1
Day  3:     3   2
Day  4:     4   3   1
Day  5:     5   4   2
Day  6:     6   5   3
Day  7:     7   6   4
Day  8:     8   7   5   1
Day  9:     9   8   6   2
Day 10:     10  9   7   3
Day 11:     11  10  8   4
Day 12:     12  11  9   5
Day 13:     13  12  10  6
Day 14:     14  13  11  7
Day 15:     15  14  12  8
Day 16:     16  15  13  9   1
Day 17:     1   16  14  10  2
Day 18:     2   1   15  11  3
Day 19:     3   2   16  12  4
Day 20:     4   3   1   13  5
Day 21:     5   4   2   14  6
Day 22:     6   5   3   15  7
Day 23:     7   6   4   16  8

So, every day, you take a "new" group, you review the group from the day before, the group from 3 days earlier, the group from 1 week earlier and the group that was new 15 days earlier. 
Bouwmeester implies that there are other methods, but he does not mention any. Is anybody aware of other methods (possibly from other chess books)? Have Dvoretsky, Jusupov or Aagaard written anything about this in their books?

user10867: I went through a number of chess books where advice on memorisation techniques might be expected, but I did not find anything that resembles Bouwmeester's proposed technique. Below is what I found; the books are listed in chronological order, except for Soltis.
Maizelis (1960)
Ilya Maizelis: The Soviet Chess Primer (English translation, 2014; original Russian edition, 1960)

Opening variations should not be taken on board by "cramming", and
learnt by heart. The mechanical assimilation of a series of moves in
some line or other is perhaps not difficult, but to say the least it
is useless. (Page 373)
You should play through opening variations on a chessboard, looking
carefully into the rationale of the manoeuvres involved. You must not
simply accept on trust everything written in the handbooks; you need
to form an independent assessment of the positions that arise. You are
therefore definitely not advised to play through opening after
opening, particularly at a fast pace. (Page 376)

Suetin (1974)
A. Suetin: Hoe men de opening speelt (1974; "How to Play the Opening"; originally in Russian).
In the book's last chapter, which discusses the study of openings, Suetin points out that the study of openings requires a good memory, but one should not blindly memorise as many variations as possible.
Players should find games that illustrate the variations that they have chosen to learn. Some players are better at remembering visual features such as positions, while others are better at remembering move sequences. "It is not feasible to provide a recipe that works for everyone." Players should note down their games and analyse them; they can then consult books to check for better continuations.
Euwe (1977)
Max Euwe: Praktische schaaklessen 3: Openingsrepertoire (1977).
Euwe warns against blindly following what is printed in books, but offers no advice on how to memorise openings.
Mednis (1982)
Edmar Mednis: How to Play Good Opening Moves. (1982) Revised by Burt Hochberg (2002).
Mednis points out that it is much more important to understand how to play good opening moves than to have memorised many complicated variations. He cites the match between Capablanca and Kostic as an example. Kostic was noted for his memorisation of openings (and games generally), while Capablanca admitted that he was no expert in opening theory. Nevertheless, Capablanca swept the first five games, after which Kostic resigned the match.
Awerbach, Kotow & Judowitsch (1983)
J. Awerbach, A. Kotow, M. Judowitsch: Schachbuch für Meister von Morgen: Ein Lehr- und Trainingswert - nicht nur für den Nachwuchs (1983; originally in Russian).
The chapter on openings was written by Judowitsch. The last part of the chapter discusses how to learn openings. It contains the usual advice about understanding, healthy opening principles and the analysis of master games, but nothing about memorisation techniques.
Kostjew (1987)
Alexander Kostjew: Schach lehren leicht gemacht (1987; originally in Russian).
Like several other authors, Kostjew points out that is is important to understand the idea(s) behind the main variations in one's repertoire. These can be learnt by studying a few games that use these variations (chapter I, section 18).
Samarian (2007)
Sergiu Samarian: Das systematische Schachtraining. Trainigsmethode, Strategien und Kombinationen (9th ed., 2007). This is the German chess federation's official instruction manual.
The book's last chapter discusses how to choose an opening repertoire and how to collect and analyse opening variations. It does not describe a memorisation technique. However, the book's introduction recommends players to memorise and understand one or two exemplary games for each of the themes discussed in the book.
Lars Bo Hansen (2009)
Lars Bo Hansen: Improve Your Chess by Learning from the Champions (2009)
Lars Bo Hansen says it is important to have a broad opening repertoire in order to adapt to your opponent, but does not give advice on how to study openings.
Stewart (2013)
William Stewart: Chess Psychology: The Will to Win (2013).
Chapter 5, "How to Study Chess", discusses how to organise a regimen for chess study. Stewart recommends a schedule with 30% tactics, 25% positional play, 20% endgames, 15% openings and 10% psychology. He also advises not to learn openings via memorisation.

Memorization of certain positions is important for any kind of study,
but really understanding the core concepts of what is happening on the
board is a lot more important than automatically knowing what response
to make to your opponent's move.

In spite of admitting that memorisation is important, Stewart does not say anything about efficient memorisation techniques.
Soltis (2010)
Andrew Soltis: Studying Chess Made Easy (2010).
At last a book that is honest about the importance of memorisation.
Chapter 4 discusses "the right was to study an opening".
Soltis writes, "Every player memorizes. Grandmasters do it more than anyone else," and that "all good opening play is part memory and part understanding".
To start learning a new opening, "a good first step is to look briefly at a large number of games that were played in that line". You should not look exclusively at recent grandmaster games, since the most instructive games are often several decades old.
An alternative approach is to find a book about the opening, especially one with good verbal descriptions. Soltis has much more to say about studying openings, but gives no advice on memorisation techniques.
Update 1: Dan Heisman
In a tweet on 11 August 2016, chess instructor Dan Heisman wrote, "[I]n all my chess reading I have never read about a player using a memorization technique & most analysis doesn't require it".
Update 2: Art of Memory Wiki and Forum
Memorisation in chess was discussed in a few threads on the Art of Memory Forum:

Memorizing Chess Openings and Classic Games,
Memorizing Chess: Methods and Material,
My system for random chess pieces.

However, the page Memorizing Chess Games on the Art of Memory wiki is still a stub.
(The thread memory techniques on Chess.com from 2011 discusses an alternative to memorising opening lines, i.e. playing lots of games in the chose opening, starting with games that are won or lost in 20 moves or less.)
Update 3: Mnemonics and Blindfold Chess
Staffan A. Svensson: Mnemonics and Blindfold Chess (2003, PDF): discusses several aspects of mnemonics and mnemonic systems that are relevant to blindfold chess.

10867: <p>Some of the other questions on SE discuss the use of spaced repetition systems such as Anki and Mnemosyne to learn tactics, openings and other aspects of chess (see especially <a href="https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/8100/effectiveness-of-a-spaced-repetition-system-srs-for-memorizing-tactical-patter">Effectiveness of a spaced repetition system (SRS) for memorizing tactical patterns for long-term skill gain?</a>). 
(I am also aware that memorisation should never be done at the cost of understanding (see <a href="https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/5280/understanding-vs-memorization/5286#5286">Understanding vs. Memorization</a>).</p>

<p>My question, however, is about older memorisation techniques that don't rely on current SRS software. So far, I have found only one example of spaced repetition that does not rely on a computer. It comes from Hans Bouwmeester's book <em>Schaken als vak: brug naar het professionele schaak</em> (1976; English: <em>Chess as a profession: bridge towards professional chess</em>). (Bouwmeester coached people like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Timman" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jan Timman</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Ligterink" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gert Ligterink</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_der_Sterren" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Paul van der Sterren</a>.) </p>

<p>At the end of a chapter about building up a card index or filing system for opening theory, he briefly describes a method for memorising opening variations (pp. 96-97). Assuming that you can subdivide your opening repertoire into 16 groups, you can review it in the following way (with 1.5 to 2 hours of study per day): </p>

<pre><code>Day  1:     1
Day  2:     2   1
Day  3:     3   2
Day  4:     4   3   1
Day  5:     5   4   2
Day  6:     6   5   3
Day  7:     7   6   4
Day  8:     8   7   5   1
Day  9:     9   8   6   2
Day 10:     10  9   7   3
Day 11:     11  10  8   4
Day 12:     12  11  9   5
Day 13:     13  12  10  6
Day 14:     14  13  11  7
Day 15:     15  14  12  8
Day 16:     16  15  13  9   1
Day 17:     1   16  14  10  2
Day 18:     2   1   15  11  3
Day 19:     3   2   16  12  4
Day 20:     4   3   1   13  5
Day 21:     5   4   2   14  6
Day 22:     6   5   3   15  7
Day 23:     7   6   4   16  8
</code></pre>

<p>So, every day, you take a "new" group, you review the group from the day before, the group from 3 days earlier, the group from 1 week earlier and the group that was new 15 days earlier. </p>

<p>Bouwmeester implies that there are other methods, but he does not mention any. Is anybody aware of other methods (possibly from other chess books)? Have Dvoretsky, Jusupov or Aagaard written anything about this in their books?</p>
 10867: <p>I went through a number of chess books where advice on memorisation techniques might be expected, but I did not find anything that resembles Bouwmeester's proposed technique. Below is what I found; the books are listed in chronological order, except for Soltis.</p>
<h2>Maizelis (1960)</h2>
<p>Ilya Maizelis: <em>The Soviet Chess Primer</em> (English translation, 2014; original Russian edition, 1960)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Opening variations should not be taken on board by &quot;cramming&quot;, and
learnt by heart. The mechanical assimilation of a series of moves in
some line or other is perhaps not difficult, but to say the least it
is useless. (Page 373)</p>
<p>You should play through opening variations on a chessboard, looking
carefully into the rationale of the manoeuvres involved. You must not
simply accept on trust everything written in the handbooks; you need
to form an independent assessment of the positions that arise. You are
therefore definitely not advised to play through opening after
opening, particularly at a fast pace. (Page 376)</p>
</blockquote>
<h2>Suetin (1974)</h2>
<p>A. Suetin: <em>Hoe men de opening speelt</em> (1974; &quot;How to Play the Opening&quot;; originally in Russian).</p>
<p>In the book's last chapter, which discusses the study of openings, Suetin points out that the study of openings requires a good memory, but one should not blindly memorise as many variations as possible.
Players should find games that illustrate the variations that they have chosen to learn. Some players are better at remembering visual features such as positions, while others are better at remembering move sequences. &quot;It is not feasible to provide a recipe that works for everyone.&quot; Players should note down their games and analyse them; they can then consult books to check for better continuations.</p>
<h2>Euwe (1977)</h2>
<p>Max Euwe: <em>Praktische schaaklessen 3: Openingsrepertoire</em> (1977).</p>
<p>Euwe warns against blindly following what is printed in books, but offers no advice on how to memorise openings.</p>
<h2>Mednis (1982)</h2>
<p>Edmar Mednis: <em>How to Play Good Opening Moves</em>. (1982) Revised by Burt Hochberg (2002).</p>
<p>Mednis points out that it is much more important to understand how to play good opening moves than to have memorised many complicated variations. He cites the match between Capablanca and Kostic as an example. Kostic was noted for his memorisation of openings (and games generally), while Capablanca admitted that he was no expert in opening theory. Nevertheless, Capablanca swept the first five games, after which Kostic resigned the match.</p>
<h2>Awerbach, Kotow &amp; Judowitsch (1983)</h2>
<p>J. Awerbach, A. Kotow, M. Judowitsch: <em>Schachbuch für Meister von Morgen: Ein Lehr- und Trainingswert - nicht nur für den Nachwuchs</em> (1983; originally in Russian).</p>
<p>The chapter on openings was written by Judowitsch. The last part of the chapter discusses how to learn openings. It contains the usual advice about understanding, healthy opening principles and the analysis of master games, but nothing about memorisation techniques.</p>
<h2>Kostjew (1987)</h2>
<p>Alexander Kostjew: <em>Schach lehren leicht gemacht</em> (1987; originally in Russian).</p>
<p>Like several other authors, Kostjew points out that is is important to understand the idea(s) behind the main variations in one's repertoire. These can be learnt by studying a few games that use these variations (chapter I, section 18).</p>
<h2>Samarian (2007)</h2>
<p>Sergiu Samarian: <em>Das systematische Schachtraining. Trainigsmethode, Strategien und Kombinationen</em> (9th ed., 2007). This is the German chess federation's official instruction manual.</p>
<p>The book's last chapter discusses how to choose an opening repertoire and how to collect and analyse opening variations. It does not describe a memorisation technique. However, the book's introduction recommends players to memorise and understand one or two exemplary games for each of the themes discussed in the book.</p>
<h2>Lars Bo Hansen (2009)</h2>
<p>Lars Bo Hansen: <em>Improve Your Chess by Learning from the Champions</em> (2009)</p>
<p>Lars Bo Hansen says it is important to have a broad opening repertoire in order to adapt to your opponent, but does not give advice on how to study openings.</p>
<h2>Stewart (2013)</h2>
<p>William Stewart: <em>Chess Psychology: The Will to Win</em> (2013).</p>
<p>Chapter 5, &quot;How to Study Chess&quot;, discusses how to organise a regimen for chess study. Stewart recommends a schedule with 30% tactics, 25% positional play, 20% endgames, 15% openings and 10% psychology. He also advises not to learn openings via memorisation.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Memorization of certain positions is important for any kind of study,
but really understanding the core concepts of what is happening on the
board is a lot more important than automatically knowing what response
to make to your opponent's move.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>In spite of admitting that memorisation is important, Stewart does not say anything about efficient memorisation techniques.</p>
<h2>Soltis (2010)</h2>
<p>Andrew Soltis: <em>Studying Chess Made Easy</em> (2010).</p>
<p>At last a book that is honest about the importance of memorisation.</p>
<p>Chapter 4 discusses &quot;the right was to study an opening&quot;.
Soltis writes, &quot;Every player memorizes. Grandmasters do it more than anyone else,&quot; and that &quot;all good opening play is part memory and part understanding&quot;.
To start learning a new opening, &quot;a good first step is to look briefly at a large number of games that were played in that line&quot;. You should not look exclusively at recent grandmaster games, since the most instructive games are often several decades old.</p>
<p>An alternative approach is to find a book about the opening, especially one with good verbal descriptions. Soltis has much more to say about studying openings, but gives no advice on memorisation techniques.</p>
<h2>Update 1: Dan Heisman</h2>
<p>In a <a href="https://twitter.com/danheisman/status/763599041552756736" rel="nofollow noreferrer">tweet on 11 August 2016</a>, chess instructor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Heisman" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><strong>Dan Heisman</strong></a> wrote, &quot;[I]n all my chess reading I have never read about a player using a memorization technique &amp; most analysis doesn't require it&quot;.</p>
<h2>Update 2: Art of Memory Wiki and Forum</h2>
<p>Memorisation in chess was discussed in a few threads on the Art of Memory Forum:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://mt.artofmemory.com/forums/memorizing-chess-openings-and-classic-games-2268.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Memorizing Chess Openings and Classic Games</a>,</li>
<li><a href="http://mt.artofmemory.com/forums/memorizing-chess-methods-and-material-5221.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Memorizing Chess: Methods and Material</a>,</li>
<li><a href="http://mt.artofmemory.com/forums/my-system-for-random-chess-pieces-848.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">My system for random chess pieces</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>However, the page <a href="http://mt.artofmemory.com/wiki/Memorizing_Chess_Games" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Memorizing Chess Games</a> on the Art of Memory wiki is still a stub.</p>
<p>(The thread <a href="https://www.chess.com/nl/forum/view/chess-openings/memory-techniques" rel="nofollow noreferrer">memory techniques</a> on Chess.com from 2011 discusses an alternative to memorising opening lines, i.e. playing lots of games in the chose opening, starting with games that are won or lost in 20 moves or less.)</p>
<h2>Update 3: Mnemonics and Blindfold Chess</h2>
<p>Staffan A. Svensson: <a href="http://sigmasociety.com/artigos/Staffan_A_Svensson_MNEMONICS_AND_BLINDFOLD_CHESS.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Mnemonics and Blindfold Chess</a> (2003, PDF): discusses several aspects of mnemonics and mnemonic systems that are relevant to blindfold chess.</p>
