text: user9072: Question: What are some instances of polythetic datasets in biology? In particular, I am looking for a dataset to benchmark a machine learning algorithm optimized via episodic training.
  
  On polythetic classification
  The conventional definition of a conceptual or monothetic class is that its members must possess certain properties in common [1]. For example, in the MNIST database of handwritten digits, images can be classified into 10 distinct classes (i.e. digits) where all instances of any given class possess the same set of attributes (e.g. zeros are typically written as ellipses).
  In contrast, a polythetic class encompasses members that might share a number of characteristics, but none of these attributes is essential for membership of that group or class. For example, one could group green zeros together with red ones in one polythetic class, and red zeros together with green ones in another one, as shown below.
  
  Are there any instances of biological datasets with similar properties? I am particularly thinking of genetics data (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms) where perhaps a certain mutation A counteracts the effect of mutation B? Any pointers are welcome.
  
  user2108: I may not be understanding exactly what you are talking about, but it seems to me that nearly any set of classes of interest must be polythetic. Most groups of comparable things differ in some characteristics but also have characteristics in common, and none of those characters is 100% identical with membership in the class.
  Some examples off the top of my head:
  
  Biological species / taxonomic groups (classify according to phenotypic characters)
  Biological species / taxonomic groups (classify according to molecular sequence e.g. DNA)
  Cell types (classify according to cell epitopes)
  Cell types (classify according to transcriptional profile)
  Ecosystems (classify according to species profile)
  Disease state (classify according to any one of many molecular profiles)
  Members of population groups (classify according to genetic variation)
  
  etc.
  
original_text: 9072: <p><strong>Question:</strong> What are some instances of polythetic datasets in biology? In particular, I am looking for a dataset to benchmark a machine learning algorithm optimized via episodic training.</p>
  <hr />
  <p><strong>On polythetic classification</strong></p>
  <p>The conventional definition of a conceptual or monothetic class is that its members must possess certain properties in common [<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2799807.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">1</a>]. For example, in the MNIST database of handwritten digits, images can be classified into 10 distinct classes (i.e. digits) where all instances of any given class possess the same set of attributes (e.g. zeros are typically written as ellipses).</p>
  <p>In contrast, a polythetic class encompasses members that might share a number of characteristics, but none of these attributes is essential for membership of that group or class. For example, one could group green zeros together with red ones in one polythetic class, and red zeros together with green ones in another one, as shown below.</p>
  <p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/oOS3G.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/oOS3G.png" alt="Example polythetic classification" /></a></p>
  <p>Are there any instances of biological datasets with similar properties? I am particularly thinking of genetics data (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms) where perhaps a certain mutation A counteracts the effect of mutation B? Any pointers are welcome.</p>
   2108: <p>I may not be understanding exactly what you are talking about, but it seems to me that nearly any set of classes of interest must be polythetic. Most groups of comparable things differ in some characteristics but also have characteristics in common, and none of those characters is 100% identical with membership in the class.</p>
  <p>Some examples off the top of my head:</p>
  <ol>
  <li>Biological species / taxonomic groups (classify according to phenotypic characters)</li>
  <li>Biological species / taxonomic groups (classify according to molecular sequence e.g. DNA)</li>
  <li>Cell types (classify according to cell epitopes)</li>
  <li>Cell types (classify according to transcriptional profile)</li>
  <li>Ecosystems (classify according to species profile)</li>
  <li>Disease state (classify according to any one of many molecular profiles)</li>
  <li>Members of population groups (classify according to genetic variation)</li>
  </ol>
  <p>etc.</p>
  