Amasoboza (Energy)
Okusinziira ku Charles Muwanga , "amasoboza"(energy)ge maanyi agasoboza ebisoboka agasoboza ebikolebwa, mu mibiri gyaffe, mu makolero, mu njuba na buli ekikolebwa. Awatali masoboza , tewali kisoboka!!
Amasoboza bwe busobozi okukola omulimu .Amasoboza kiva mu kugattika(blending) bigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa”. Amasoboza gajjira mu mbeera za njawulo :
• Amooki =Amasoboza ag’obwoki (heat/thermal energy)
• Amatangaazo =amasoboza ag’ekitangaala Light )
• Amaviiso =amasoboza ag’okuva ( Motion /kinetic)
• Amasannyalazo =Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (Electrical
• Amakyusabuziba =Amasoboza agakyusa obuziba (Chemical energy)
• Amakyusabuziizi =Amasoboza agakyusa obuziizi( Nuclear energy )
• Amessikirizo =Amasoboza ag'ensikirizo ennene (Gravitational)
• Amasikirizo =Amasoboza ag’ensikirizo =(attraction energy).
Abantu betaaga amasoboza okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo ebyetaagisa okwetusaako bye baagala mu bulamu .Ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi eby’ebidduka nazo zeetaaga amasoboza okukola emirimi gyazo.
Amasoboza ga bika bibiri :
• Amasoboza amatereke( Stored /potential energy )
• Amasoboza agakola(working energy). Gano gaba masoboza ag’okuva (kinetic energy0.
Emmere omuntu gy’alya ebaamu amakyusabuziba(chemical energy) .O ubiri gw’omuntu gutereka amasoboza gano okusobozesa omuntu okuba n’amaanyi agakola emirimu , okutambula oba okuzannya.
Amasoboza ge gaviirako obusobozi okukola (ability to do work) .Muwanga agamba nti Oluganda lubadde lukozesa ekigambo kimu "maanyi"okuvvuunula force , energy, ne power. Kino kibadde kiremesa omwogezi w'oluganda okuba n'endowooza ey'amasoboza(energy) , empalirizo(force), n'amaanyi(power)nga emiramwa egirimu amakulu ag'enjawulo mu syansi w'ebyobuzimbe(Physics).
Ku mulundi guno tuyinza okwogera ku :
(i)Amasoboza ag'emmere (food energy.Anti gava mu kulya!Ge gasobozesa omubiri okukola buli gye gukola.
(ii) Amasoboza ag'ekitangaala(Light energy) ge gasobozesa okulaba.
(iii) Amasoboza aga nabbugumya(thermal energy). Gano ge masoboza era agayitibwa amasoboza ag'okwokya oba ag'ebbugumu (hrat energy) agareetera ebintu okwokya era ge gajjiisa emmere.
Waliwo "amasoboza ag'okuva"(kinetic energy) nga gano ge "masoboza agakola"(working energy) n'amasoboza amatereke(potential or stored energy). Amasoboza amatereke era ge "masoboza ameebafu".
Amasoboza (Energy)
Enziring’ana y’emiramwa gy’amasoboza (tentative)
I. Amasoboza
II. Ebika by’amasoboza
III. Ensibuko z’amasoboza
IV. Embeera z’amasoboza
I. Akakwate wakati w’Amasoboza n’Obulamu ku Nsi Ebyetaago by’obulamu ebisookerwako
Buli kiramu ku Nsi kirina ebyetaago ebisookerwako okukisobozesa okuba ekiramu. Ebyetaago by’ekiramu ebisookerwako ebitaano bye bino:
(i) Ekitangaala ky’enjuba(Sunlight) (ii) Empewo(Air) (iii) Amazzi (water) (iv) Ebbugumu (v) Emmere
Ebyetaago by’obulamu ebirala nja kubirambulula mu kitabo ekirala eky’Essomabiramu (Biology). Mu kitabo kino ka njogere ku mugaso gw’ekitangaala ky’enjuba eri obulamu kubanga enjuba ye nakazaala w’amasoboa gonna ku Nsi.
Mu butuufu ,ekitangaala ky’enjuba kyekisinga okuba eky’omugaso eri ebiramu kubanga y’ensibuko y’amasoboza ageetaaagisa ebimera n’ensolo. Ensolo zirya ebimera okufuna amasoboza gebyetaaga okukula, okuzaala , okutambula, n’okukola. Olowooza ki ekibaawo singa omuntu amala ennaku eziwera nga talidde mmere ?
Enjuba y’ensibuko y’amasoboza, ebbugumu n’ekitangaala. Ebimera byetaaga ekitangaala okukola emmere yabyo eyitibwa ebisukaali (sugars) okusobozesa ekitangattisa(photosynthesis).
Ebimera bitereka emmere, ebisukaali , mu bikoola byabyo olwo ensolo ne zirya ebimera bin one bifuna amasoboza agasobozeza emibiri gyabyo okukola emirimu gyagyo egy’enjawulo. Ebimuli by’ebimera bigwa ku ttaka bbakitiriya mu ttaka ne bibivunza okubifuula nakvundira nga biyambibwako obubisiwavu n’ebbugumu okuva kun juba .
Ekitangaala ky’omusana kyetaagisa ensolo zonna yadde nga mu bigero eby’enjawulo ne mu ngeri ez’enjawulo .Eky’okulabirako luyonsa nnyingi ne lugirigimba ng’emisota , enfudu , n’amakonkome biota omusona emisana okusobola okufuna ebbugumu eryetaagisa okubisobozesa okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo.
Obuwundo n’ebinyira nsolo ezetaaya ekiro kyokka zibuna amasoboza g’enjuba okuyita mu kulya ebiramu ebirala ebiba bifunye amasoboza okuva ku njuba .Ensolo ezibeera ku ntobo za semayanja nazo zirya ebiramu ebifu ebikka wansi okuva waggulu nga bifunnde .Ebisigalira by’ebiramu ebyo bibaamu amasoboza ge byafuna okuva ku njuba.
Amasoboza ebiramu ge bifuna okuva ku njuba ge gaviirako okumulisa n’okumeruka kw’obuwakiso (pollination) era kye kisobozesa n’ebisolo okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala awali ebyetaago byakyo.
Ebimera bitereka emmere yabyo(ebisukaali) mu bikoola byabyo ate amasoboza agali mum mere y’ebimera ne gatuuka mu nsolo ezirya ebimera bino .Ebikoola bwe bikunkumuka ne bivundira mu ttaka .
Buli kiramu kyetaaga emmere okukula obulungi. Emmere gye tulya ebaamu ebiriisa(nutrients) emibiri gyaffe gye byetaaga okuzzaawo obutaffaali obukaddiye
Ebiramu bwe bifa ne bivundira mu ttaka, ebiriisa ebibibaamu bimerengukira mu ttaka ate emirandira gy’ebimera me When living things die and rot in the ground, the nutrients in them end up in the soil and get dissolved in it. As a result, plants roots are able to absorb nutrients such as salts, potassium, minerals, starch, phosphates and nitric acids from soils too.
Amasoboza ky’ekimu ku bywewuunyo eby’obutonde ebiri mu bwengula ebyomugaso enyo. Buli mulimu ogukolebwa oba ka tugambe nti buli kintu ekikolebwa mu bwengula kisoboka lwa “masoboza”. Lwaki? Amasoboza (Energy) ge maanyi agasobozesa okukola (work) .Amasoboza kiva mu kugattika (blending) ebigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa” okukola omulimu. Amasoboza kye ki ? Tunuulira embeera ekwetoolodde olaba oba waliwo okuva okw’engeri yonna . ggwe okusobola okulaba , okuwulira , oba okusenserwa ekintu kyonna kiva mu kuba nti waliwo ekireetera buli kintu okuba nga bw’okisegeera , amaanyi agatalabika agakola ekyo , amaanyi agatalabika agaviirako enkyukakyuka. Buli ky’olaba wano ekigenda mu maawo kiva ku masoboza, amaanyi agakisobozesa okukola ekyo kye kikola.
Amasoboza ge gasobozesa ensolo okutambula era ge gasobozesa n’emotoka okutambula ku nguudo oba ebibuuka okutambula mu bwengula .Amasoboza ge gasobozesa TV okulaga ebifaananayi ku ntimbe ne Leediyo okufulumya amaloboozi , okubugumya n’okwasisa ennyumba zaffe ekiro . Amasoboza getaagibwa mu mibiri gy’ebiramu , ebimera n’ensolo okukula n’okuva mu kifo ekiomu okudda mu kirala.
Bannasayansi basonjola amasoboza nga obusobozi okukola .Tegasobola kutondekebwawo yadde okusanyizibwawo. Buli ekituukiddwako mu nsi eya sayansi kivudde ku busobozi bwa muntu okukyusa amasoboza okuva mu mbeera emu okugazza mu mbeera endala okusobola okugeyambisa okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo.
Ebisookerwako ku Masoboza Amasoboza (Energy ) kye kintu ekisobozesa okukyuka okwa buli kika, Amasoboza ge gasobozesa omugendo gw’ebidduka nga eggaalo , pikipiki, emotoka, amaato, emmeeri, ennyonyi , na buli ekitambula ,ebiramu n’ebitali bilamu okuva mu kifo . Amasoboza ge gatambuza ebidduka ku nguude , amaato n’emeeri ku mazzi , ebibuuka mu bwengula .Amasoboza ge gasoboze emmere okuggya , ekitangaala okututuukako era amasoboza agakwasa omuzira ge gaguleetera okusanuuka . Bannasayansi basonjola amasoboza nga obusobozi okukola omulimu .Amasoboza kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “amaanyi agasobozesa”. Amasoboza gajjira mu mbeera za njawulo: • Amooki =Amasoboza ag’obwoki(heat/thermal energy)
• Amaviiso =amasoboza ag’okuva( Motion /kinetic) • Amasannyalazo =Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (Electrical • Amaabuluzabuziba = Chemical energy) • Amaabuluzabuziizi = Nuclear energy ) • Amasoboza ag’essikirzo = Gravitational) • Amasoboza ag’ensikirizo = attractive energy). Abantu betaaga amasoboza okukola ebintu eby’enjawulo ebyetaagisa okwetusaako bye baagala mu bulamu .Ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi eby’ebidduka nazo zeetaaga amasoboza okukola emirimi gyazo.
Emigaso gy’amasoboza mu kakyo kano
Oluganda lubadde lukozesa ekigambo kimu , amaanyi, okutegeeza amsoboza oba empalirizo. Kati nno nneebaza Katonda oyo namugereka ataremererwa ansobozesezza ku mulembe guno Omutebi okwawula emiramwa gino okuva ku mulamwa gw’amaanyi(Power).
Mu butuufu Olulimi okutandika okufuuka olwa sayansi kirwetaagisa okwawula emiramwa gino esatu .Ki kulu okutegeera nti buli ekigenda mu maaso mu bulamu ne mu butondewaliwo amaanyi ag’enjawulo agakisobozesa okugenda mu maaso. Amaanyi agasobozesa gano ge gayitibwa “amasoboza”(energy).
Emiganso gy’amasoboza ntoko. Abantu bakozesa amasoboza mu bye’entambula, okufumba, okubugumya enju , okunnyogoza eby’okunywa, mu makolero n’ebitondekero, okumulisa ekiro, ebyamasanyu , okunokoolayo ebimu.
Ate era amasoboza ag’ekitangaala ky’enjuba ge gayamba ebirime okukola emmere yabyo n’okukula mu kiyitibwa ekitangattisa (photosynthesis).
Emigaso gy’amasoboza agasobozesa buli kintu ekigenda mu maaso mu butonde awamu ne mu sayansi ne tekinologiya gyeyolekera :
(i) Awaka waffe: • Okufumba tukozesa amasoboza ag’ebbugumu oba okwokya • Okulaba tweyambisa amasoboza ag’ekitangaala • Okukozesa ennyanguyirizi nga kompyuta ,emotokola, leediyo, ne endagabifaananyi twetaaga amasoboza ag’ebbugumu , amasannyalaze , n’ekitangaala (ii) Mu makolero oba ebitondekero nga gano wansi kyetaagisa amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze : • Ebitondekero ebikola ku byuma(metal industry) • Ebitondekero eby’enkyusabuziba(Chemical industries) • Ebitondekero ebirongoosereza ebirime (agriculturalproducts processing industries) • Ebitondekero eby’empapula , • Ebitondekero eby’engoye
Mu butuufu bannamakolero bayinza okweyambisa ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’enjawulo okutondekawo amasannyalaze, amaanyi, n’ebbugumu. Mu nsibuko zino mulimu: • Ebyanda (Coal). • Amati(wood) • Enfuumo y’amazzi(Steam) • Ebisigalira by’ebirime(agricultural waste) • Ebisigalira ebya buli kika (residues)
II. Ebika by’amasoboza Amasoboza ga bika bibiri: • Amasoboza amatereke( Stored /potential energy ) • Amasoboza agakola (working energy). Gano gaba masoboza ag’okuva (kinetic energy).
Ebiti by’Amasoboza Amasoboza Amatereke Gano masoboza amebafu n’amasoboza ag’obusangiro Amasoboza ak’Okuva Amasoboza agali mu kuva ge masoboza agakola.Amasoboza agakola gabaamu okuva kw’amayengo, obusannyalazo, obuziba(atomu), molekyo, n’ebintu eby’enjawulo. Buli kiti ky’amasoboza kirimu ebika eby’enjawulo ebiyitibwa embeera(Forms) 1 Amasoboza ag’enkyusabuziba (Chemical enerby) Amasoboza ag’enkyusabuziba ge masoboza amatereke mu nkwaso z’obuziizi oba ziyite enkwaso za atomu ne molekyo. Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo=Olubugmu olw’amayengo(radiant energy) . Gano gaba masoboza gwa mugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti agava mu njuba nga gayita mu mayengo agegonyola (transeverse waves).Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo galimu ekitangaala ekirabika, emigendo egya-x,emigendo gya-ggama, n’amayengo ga lediyo. Amasoboza ag’enjuba kyakulabirako kya masoboza ag’oluyengo. 2 Amasoboza ag’obuziizi (Nuclear Energy) Gano ge masoboza amatereke mu buziizi bwa atomu, ntegeeza mu nnyukiriyasi y’akaziba.Amasoboza ag’obuziizi ge masoboza agakuumira awamu obuziizi bw’akaziba(bwa atomu). Obuziizi bwa atomu ya Yulaniyaamu kyakulabirako kya masoboza g’obuziizi. Amasoboza aga nabbugumya(Thernal energy) Amasoboza aga nabbugumya era ge masoboza ag’okwokya oba amasoboza ag’ebbugumu(heat energy).Gava ku kujugumira(ibration) n’okutambula kw’obuziba(atomu) ne molekyo mu bintu.Amasoboza agannabbugumyamagombe(geothermal energy) kya kulabirako kya masoboza ga nabbugumya. 3 Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo amatereke(Stored Mechanical energy)
Gano ge masoboza amatereke mu bintu nga tubiteekako empalirizo. Seppulingi ezikkatiddwa ne labba bbandi oba butida ezireeguddwa byakulabirako bya musoboza ga kitambuzo amatereke. Amasoboza ag’okuva(Motion energy). Okutambula kw’ebintu ky’ekiyitibwa okuva. Amasoboza amatereke ag’essikrizo (Gravitational potential energy) Amasoboza ag’essikirizo ge masoboza ag’ekifo oba obusangiro obuli waggulu.Eky’okulabirako ge mazzi agali mu ttanka eziwanikiddwa ku kasozi akawanvu.Amazzi bwe gasumululwa okukka mu maka agali wansi w’olusozi gafuuka masoboza ag’okuva oba amasoboza agakola. Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (Electrical energy) Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gaba masoboza agali mu kuva oba amasoboza agakola kubanga gabaamu omugendo gw’obusannyalazo.Ekimyansuko n’amasannyalaze bya kulabirako by’amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze kuba gombi gabaamu omugendo gw’obusannyalazo. Amasoboza ag’Ebivuga(Sound energy) Okuvuga gwe mugendo gw’amasoboza okuyita mu bintu mu mbeera ey’amayengo.
Emmere omuntu gy’alya ebaamu amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) .Omubiri gw’omuntu gutereka amasoboza gano okusobozesa omuntu okuba n’obusobozi okukola emirimu , okutambula oba okuzannya.
(i)Amasoboza Amatereke (Stored/Potential energy)
Amasoboza amatereke amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) gaba masoboza amatereke amakyusabuziba .Kino kika kya masoboza matereke agekuusiza ku kwabuluza oba oba okutondeka kw’enkwaso ez’obuziba (chemical bonds).
Amasoboza amakyusabuziba gaterekebwa mu mmere, amafuta ne bbaatule era gafulumizibwa mu mbeera z’amasoboza endala wakati mu nkyukakyuka ez’obuziba bwa atomu. Mu amasoboza amatereke (potentai energy) mulimu:
(a) Amasoboza amatereke mu mmere n’ebyokunywa
(b) Amasoboza amatereke mu bbaatule oba mu manda
(c) Amasoboza amatereke mu mazzi. Ekyokulabirako: amazzi amateefu oba ago agatali ga biyiriro.
(d) Amasoboza amatereke mu mibiri gyaffe nga tuli mu kifo kimu ate nga tetulina kye tukola.
Emmere gy’alidde eba masoboza matereke singa omuntu talina ky’akozesa mubiri gwe nga okukola emirimu oba okutambulako.
(e) Amasoboza amatereke ag’ekitambuzo (Potential mechanical energy). Gano ge masoboza agasangibwa mu bintu ebireguuka nga seppulingi oba butida oba labbabbandi . (f) Omuteeko gw’ebiramu (Biomass) y’entuumo y’ebiramu ( organic material) eva mu bimera n’ebirime era omuteeko gw’ebiramu nsibuko y’amasoboza ezzibwa obujja . Omuteeko gw’ebiramu oba entuumo y’ebiramu(Biomass) ebaamu amasoboza amatereke (stored energy) okuva ku njuba.Ebimera biyingiza amasoboza g’enjuba okuyita mu kiyitibwa ekitangattisa(photosynthesis). Amasoboza amatereke mu mafuta, enku, amanda oba ekibiriiti ekikoleeza omuliro nago gali mu kiti kino. Entuumo y’ebiramu bw’eyokebwa, amasoboza amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) agasangibwa mu ntuumo y’ebiramu gafulumizibwa nga ebbugumu oba okwokya. Omuteeko gw’ebiramu guyinza okwokyebwa butereevu oba ne guteekebwa mu mbeera ey’amafuta g’ebiramu agekikulukusi (liquid biofuels) ne ggasi w’ebiramu ebyokyebwa ng’ebyaffuta (fuels). Ebyokulabirako by’entuumo z’ebiramu n’emigaso gyazo egy’amasoboza girimu: • Amati n’ebisigalira by’amati(wood )—Bino byokyebwa okubugumya ebizimbe , okutondekawo ebbugumu erikozesebwa mu bitondekero n’okutondeka amasannyalaze ( to generate electricity) • Ebirime by’ebyamalimiro ne kazambi w’entuumo y’ebiramu ebyokyebwa ng’ebyaffuta ( fuel) oba okufuulibwa ebyaffuta eby’ekikulukusi(biofuels) • Kasasiro—ayokyebwa okutondeka amasannyalaze mu bipango by’amasannyalaze oba okufuulibwa ggaasi w’ebiramu okuva mu ttaka. • Kazambi w’ensolo—Bino bifuulibwa ggasi w’ebiramu (biogas) ayinza okwokyebwa ng’entuumo y’ebyaffuta. Okuteeka entuumo y’ebiramu mu mbeera z’Amasoboza endala Entuumo y’ebiramu eyinza okufuulibwa embeera z’amasoboza endala nga ggaasi ya metani oba mafuta g’ebidduka nga etani (ethanol) ne dizero ow’ebiramu (bio diesel).
(f) Amasoboza amatereke mu bizito ebiwanikiddwa waggulu.
(i). Amasoboza g’obuziba (atomic energy). Gano era gayitibwa matereke ga atomu.
(j) Amasoboza ag’obuziizi (Nuclear energy).Gano era gayitibwa matereke aga nnyukiriya. (k). Amasoboza ag’ekikyusabuziizi .Gamo g’amasoboza ak’ekika ekya kemiko nga aga bbatule n’emmere . Amasoboza ag’obuziba era ge masoboza aga atomu ate amasoboza ag’obuziizi ge masoboza aga nnyukiriya.
Amasoboza aga atomu (atomic energy) n’amasoboza aga nnyukiriyaasi (nuclear energy) ge masoboza agafulumizibwa mu “bitomeggero by’obuziizi” oba biyite “ebitomeggero bya nnyukiriya” (nuclear reactors).
Nampa (neutron) bw’eyabuluza mu buziizi (nnyukiriyaasi) bw’obuziba (atomu) obutinniinya, kino kiyitibwa ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fisson). Singa obuziizi bubiri (nnyukiriyaasi bbiri) zegattisibwa wamu ku bwoki obwa digiri bukadde na bukadde, kino kiyitibwa ekyegattisobuziizi (nuclear fusion) oba ekyegattiso kya nnyukiriyaasi.
(ii)Amasoboza agakola (working energy) =Amasoboza agali mu kuva (kinetic energy)
Gano era gayitibwa masoboza agali mu kuva (kinetic energy). Amasoboza agali mu kuva (kinetic energy) oba amasoboza agakola galimu amasoboza ag’enjuba , ag’amasannyalaze, aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) oba ag’ebbugumu (heat energy), agetaagisa okwasisa amataala, okufumba emmere .
Ensibuko y’amasoboza gonna eri mu masoboza ag’ekitangaala ky’enjuba (Solar light Energy) .
Gano era oyinza okugayita amaanyi ag’enjuba. Mu “lubugumu lw’enjuba” (solar radiation) mulimu ebbugumu eriri emabega wa langi emmyufu (infrared heat), amayengo ga Lediyo (radio waves), emigendo gya ggama (Gamma rays), amayengo amatiniwavu (micro waves), n’ekitangaala ekya U-vi (ultraviolet).
n’ebimera byetaaga amasoboza g’enjuba (solar energy) okukola emmere yabyo
(a) Amasoboza ag’ekitangaala n’Amasoboza ag’ebbugumu(Light and heat energy)
Mu kufumba emmere kyetaagisa amasoboza ag’ebbugumu nga wano wansi:
Oyinza okweyambisa amasoboza ag’engeri ez’enjawulo okukola omulimu gwonna. Oyinza okutega amasoboza amatereke n’ago agali mu kuva ag’ebiyiriro by’amazzi agategwa mu mazzi agakulukulukuta okuva waggulu ne gagwa wansi okuyita mu buwanvu obugere.
(a) Amasoboza ag’ebidduka (vehicular energy)
(b) Amasoboza ag’ensolo eziri mu kutambula (mu kuva)
(c) Amasoboza ag’ebigwa. Singa omuyembe guva ku muti nga gugwa wansi ku ttaka, gubaamu amasoboza ag’okuva. Kyokka nga gukyali waggulu ku muti, gubaamu masoboza matereke. Amasoboza ag’ebikulukuta ng’amabibiro g’amazzi agakola amasannyalaze. Muno mulimu amasoboza ng’ ebiyiriro by’amazzi nga ebiyiriro bya ssezibwa oba amabiriro ga Kiira oba Nalubaale. Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gava mu kutondekawo n’okukozesa amaanyi g’amasannyalaze okumala ekiseera mu ssaawa eza kirowaati, megawaati oba gigawaati.
(d) Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo (Mechanical Energy) Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo (mechanical energy) g’amasoboza agatambuza ebitundu by’ennyanguyirizi (machine). Amasoboza ag’ekitambuza era gekuusiza ku kutambula okubeerawo mu mibiri gy’ensolo ng’omuntu.
III.Ensibuko z’amasoboza (Sources of Energy) Ensibuko zino zombi ziyinza okukyusibwa okufuuka ensibuko ez’omutendera ogw’okubiri ng’amasannyalaze .Ensibuko z’amasoboza zirimu: Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka (Primary energy sources) Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogwokubiri (Secondary energy Sources) Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezizzibwawo(Renewable energy sources) Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitazzibwawo(Non-renewable energy sources) Amasannyalaze agava mu mazzi (Hydropower) Amasannyalaze Entuumo y’ebiramu(Biomass) Gasoliini Etano(ethernal) Amafuta aga Dizero Dizero w’ebiramu(Biodiesel) Ggaasi ow’obutonde Empewo(wind) Woyiro ne Petuloliyaamu (i)Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka Ensibuko ez’omutendera ogusooka zeezo ezivaamu ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogw’okubiri ng’amasannyalaze ne ayidologyeni. Tukozesa ensibuko z’amasoboza (energy sources) za njawulo okukola emirimu oba okutondekawo ebintu eby’enjawulo .Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka z’ezo eziyitibwa ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde (Natural sources).Ensibuko z’amasoboza era zirimu: (a) Ensubuko ezizzibwa obujja (renewable) (b) Ensibuko ezitazzibwa bujja( nonrenewable)
Ensibuko z’amasoboza era zibaamu ezo ezisobola okuzzibwawo n’ezitazzibwawo. Bw’oba okozesa amasannyalaze mu maka go , okusinziira mu ggwanga ki mw’oli , amaanyi g’amasannyalaze ago gaba gufulumuzibwa okuyita mu bipango by’amazzi , okwokya ebyanda, ekyabuluzo ky’obuziizi , okunokoolayo ensibuko entono. N’olwekyo ebye bye njogeddeko waggulu ziyitibwa nsibuko za masoboza(energy sources).Tanka ya ggaasi ebaamu ggaasi eyinza okuba ng’esibuse mu petulooliyaamu omulongose okuva mu bifuta(crude oil) oba etano(ethanol) ava mu kulimu n’okulongoosereza empeke za kasooli(corn).
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezizzibwawo(Renewable) Amasoboza g’enjuba ( Solar energy) agasobola okufuulibwa amasanyalaze ,ekitangaala , n’ebbugumu . Wansi olaba ekipango ekigazi nga kitunudde butereevu mu njuba okusobola okuyiniza amasoboza g’enjuba olwo gasobole okufuulibwa butereevu amasannyalaze agayinza okuwa amaanyi agakola ebintu ebikozesebwa bingi ddala.
• Entuumo y’ebiramu (Biomass).Muno tujjamu amasannyalazi , okufumbisa,n’ebyentambula . Amasoboza agava mu bisigalira by’ebimera nga enku , ebisigalira by’emiti, gampeke(ethane) okuva mu mpeke za kasooli, ne gampeke , amafuta ag’ekikulukusi (biodiesel)okuva mu woyiro w’ensigo z’enva endiirwa ( vegetable oil). • Amaanyi g’amazzi(hydropower). Amaanyi g’amazzi (Hydropower) okuva ku mawujjo g’amazzi gavaamu amasannyalaze agakozesebwa mu makolero , awaka , ne mu bitongole eby’enjawulo . • Nabbugumya okuva mu magombe g’ensi(Geothermal) • Empewo oba Embuyaga(wind) naye evaamu amasannyalaze Masanyalaze • Enjuba (The Sun) . Eno etuwa amasannyalaze, ekitangaala, n’ebbugumu. Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitazzibwawo (Non-renewable energy) Abantu bafuna amasoboza agasinga obungi okuva mu nsibuko z’amasoboza ezitazzzibwa wo(nonrenewable energy sources), omuli • Amasoboza aga nakavundira w’ebiramu muvaamu woyiro oba Petulooliyamu. Gano gakozesebwa mu by’entambula n’entondeka y’ebyamaguzi • Gaasi ow’obutonde. Okufumba,masannyalaze , eby’entambula • Ebyanda(Coal). Ntondeka ya bwa maguzi n’amasannyalaze • Yulaniyaamu. Masannyalaze Bwe wetegereza obulungi ensibuko z’amasoboza g’ensi nnyingi tezizzibwawo kubanga obungi bwazo buliko ekkomo .Eky’okulabirako ge mafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuels) aga petuloliyamu agatondekebwawno emyaka bukadde egiyise okuva mu bisigalira by’ebisolo n’ebimera by’ mu mayanja ebyafa edda .
Muno mulimu ebyanda(Coal) ,ggaasi ow’obutonde, petuloloyaamu, ne yulaniyaamu.Ensibuko z’amasoboza zino zikozeseba okukola amasannyalaze , okwasisa amaka gaffe, okutambuza ebidduka, n’okutondeka ebikole. Ensibuko z’amasoboza zino ziyitibwa mafuta aga nakavundira w’ebyali ebiramu (fossil fuels ) kubanga gatondekebwawo oluvannyuma lw’emyaka bukadde okuyita mu bbugumu erisibuka mu buziba bw’ensi awamu n’akanyigirizi okuva mu njazi n’ettaka ku bisigalira by’ebimera ebyafa n’ebitonde nga daatamu ez’obusirikitu . Eky’okulabirako ekirala eky’ensibuko y’amasoboza agataddizibwawo y’endagabuzimbe(elementi) eya yulaniyaamu eno nga atomu zaayo zisobola okwabulukuka okuyita mu kiyitibwa ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission) okutondekawo obwoki (ebbugumu) n’amasannyalaze . Abantu bakozesa ensibuko z’amasoboza agazzibwawo n’ago agatazzibwa wo okufulumya amasannyalaze agetaagisa mu maka, amakolereo, amatendekero, n’amaduuka oba ebifo ebya bbizinensi eby’enjawulo. Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gasobozesa ebyuma bikalimagezi, amataala mu bbalibbu, ennyinyogoza ,n’ennyanguyirizi endala ez’enjawulo. Amafuta agasinga agakozesebwa ennyanguyirizi nga ebidduka gava mu bifuta (crude oil) n’ebikuukusi ebirala ebya ayidolokaboni (hydrocarbon liquids) ebitali nsibuko zizzibwa bujja. Ebifuta (Crude oil) Ebifuta (Crude oil) mugattiko gwa ayidolokaboni ezatondekebwa okuva mu bimera n’ensolo ebyaliwo emyaka bukadde na bukadde . Ebifuta mafuta ga nakavundira (fossil fuels) era bibeerawo nga ebikulukusi mu magombe g’ensi eyo mu miwaatwa gy’enjazi ez’omugalamiro(sedimentary rocks) n’okumpi ne safeesi mu nsenyu enkalu . Amafuta aga petulooliyamu gaba mafuta agajjibwa mu bifuta ne ayidolokaboni endala eziri mu ggaasi ez’obutonde(natural gas). Ebitondekebwa okuva mu petuloloyaamu( Petroleum products) era biyinza okukolebwa okuva mu byanda(coal) , ggasi ow’obutonde , n’entuumo z’ebiramu . Yulaniyaamu Enjuba okutwalira awamu bwaguuga bwa senkulungo eya ggaasi ayidologyeni eri mu mbeera eya ekyegattisabuziba(fuson) n’okufulumya amasoboza amayitirivu ennyo .
Mu bipango by’obuziizi bannasayansi baabuluza akaziizi ka yulaniyaamu (uranium atom) mu kiyitibwa ekyabuluzabuziba(fission) , ekintu ekiviirako okufulumya amasoboza amayitirivu. Jjukira nti amasoboza ag’obuziizi(Nuclear energy) gaba masoboza okuva mu buziizi(core,nucleus ) bw’akaziba(atomu) Obuziba(atoms) bwe butaffaali obutini mu molekyu obuzimba ggaasi, ebikulukusi, n’enkalubo . Obuziba bbwo nabwo buzimbibwa obutoffaali busatu obuyitibwa obukonta, nampa , n’obusannyalazo . Akaziba kalina obuziizi (nucleus /core) obwetooloddwa obusannyalazo. Obukontanyo buba n’ekisannyalazo ky’amasannyalaze (electrical charge) ekya pozitiivu ate obusannyalazo buba n’ekisannyalzo eky’amasannyalaze ekya negatiivu.Nampa tezirina kisannyalazo ky’amasannyalaze . Waliwo amasoboza mayitirivu mu nkwaso ezikuumira awamu obuziizi (nuclues).Amasoboza g’obuziizi (nuclear energy) gano gayinza okufulumizibwa singa enkwaso ezo ziba zikutuddwa. Enkwaso (bonds) ziyinz okukutulibwa okuyita mu kyabuluzo ky’obuziizi (nuclear fission) era amasoboza gano gayinza okweyambisibwa okutondekawo amasannyalaze. Mu kyabuluzo ky’obuziizi (in nuclear fission obuziba (atomu) zabuluzibwa, ekintu ekiviirako amasoboza okufulumizibwa.Ebipango by’obuziizi byonna bikozesa bikozesa ekyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission) era ebipango by’obuziizi ebisinga byeyambisa buziba bwa yulaniyamu (uranium atoms). Mu kyabuluzabuziizi (nuclear fission), nampawengwa (nampa) etomera akaziba ka yulaniyaamu n’egyabuluzaamu, ekiviirako okufulumya amasoboza amangi mu mbeera ey’okwokya n’oluyengo .
Nampa endala zifulumizibwa buli kaziba ka yulaniyaamu lwe kaabulukuka. Nampa zino zeyongerayo okutomera obuziba bwa yuraniyamu obulala era kino ne kyeyongerayo bwe kityo emirundi n’emirundi. Kino ky’ekiyitibwa olugyegere lw’ekyukyusanya olw’obuziizi (nuclear chain reaction). Ekikyusanya kino(this reaction ) kikugirwa mu bitomeggero by’ekipango ky’amaanyi g ‘obuziizi ( nuclear power plant reactors) okutondekawo ebbugumu eriba ryetaagibwa .
Amasoboza g’obuziizi (nuclear energy) era gayinza okufulumizibwa mu kyegattisabuziizi (nuclear fusion) obuziba mwe bwegattira oba okwekwata awamu (fuse together) okutondekawo akaziba akanene okusingawo .Eno y’ensibuko y’amasoboza mu njuba n’emmunyenye. Ekyegattisabuziizi(nuclear fusion) mulamwa gwakunoonyereza okugenda mu maaso ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ag’ebbugumu n’ekitondeko ky’amasannyalaze(electricity generation), naye tekinnaba kukakasibwa oba nga tekinologiya ono anaaba w’amagoba olw’obuzibu obw’okukufuga ekikyusanyakyobuziizi (controlling fusion reaction). Amafuta ag’Obuziizi (Nuclear fuel) Yuraniyamu g’amafuta agasinga okukozesebwa mu bipango by’obuziizi (nuclear plants) okwabuluza obuziizi( for nuclear fission). Yulaniyamu (Uranium) kitwaribwa okuba ensibuko y’amasoboza agatazzibwa bujja (nonrenewable energy source), yadde nga kyuma kya bulijjo ekisangibwa mu byazi mu bitundu eby’enjawulo ku Nsi. Ebipango by’amasoboza ag’obuziizi(nuclear power plants) kyokka gakozesa ng’amafuta ekika kya yuraniyaamu ekiyitibwa U-235 kubanga obuziba bwa yuraniyamu ow’ekika kino bwablukuka mangu . Yadde nga yuraniyaamu asangibwa ku nsi okusinga siriva , ekika kya U-235 tekisangikasangika. Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezizzibwa obujja n’ezitazzibwa bujja zisobola okweyambisibwa okufulumya ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’outendera ogw’okubiri ng’amasannyalaze .
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’Obutonde (Natural sources of energy) Ensibuko z’amasoboza era tuyinza okuzinnyonnyola nga ez’obutonde n’ezo ezitondekebwawo omuntu :
(i)Ensibuko z’amasoboza az’obutonde
• Ekitangaala ky’enjuba(sunlight) • Empewo(wind) • Amazzi (water) Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde ziva mu ngereka za Namugereka .Zino nsibuko z’amasoboza ezatondebwa Katonda. Zirimu :
• Enjuba evaamu omusana/ekitangaala • Amazzi (Water) • Empewo/Embuyaga(Air/wind) Enjuba ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ey’Obutonde
Enjuba ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza tugijjamu amasoboza ag’enjuba (solar energy) era agayitibwa amaanyi g’enjuba (solar power).Wano tweyambisa “entegeso z’amasoboza g’enjuba( solar panels ) ezeyambisibwa okutega omusana okukifuula amasoboza amatereke.
Enjuba era etuusa ku bimera ekitangaala ekibiyamba okukola emmere yabyo.Ekitangaala ekiva ku njuba era kiyamba amagumba okukula nga ga maanyi.
Amazzi ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ey’obutonde
Amazzi nsibuko y’amasoboza kubanga geyambisibwa okutondeka amasannyalaze.
Amazzi era masoboza agasobozesa okunnyonnyogoza ennyanguyirizi nga ebitondekamaanyi .
Empewo oba embuyaga ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza ey’obutonde
Embuyaga eyamba okwetolooza empujjo z’empewo(windmills). Empujjo z’empewo zeyambisibwa okupika amazzi okuva wansi okuyita mu payipu okutuuka mu ttanka.
Embuyaga era yeyambisibwa okwetolooza empujjo z’amazzi (turbines) eziyamba okutondekawo amasannyalaze.
(ii) Ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogw’okubiri: Zino z’ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo (Artificial sources). Amasannyalaze ne ayidologyeni bya njawulo ku nsibuko z’amasoboza endala kubanga zino nsibuko z’amasoboza za mutendera gwa kubiri, ekitegeeza nti zino zzo nsibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo (artificial sources of energy) okuva mu nsibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka .Ensibuko z’amasoboza zino ezitondekebwawo omuntu netissi z’amasoboza, ezeyambisibwa okutereka, okutambuza , n’okutuusa amasoboza mu mbeera ennyangu okukozesebwa . Okufaanana n’amasannyalaze, ayidologyeni nsibuko y’amasoboza ya mutendera gwa kubiri. Ayidologyeni atereka n’okutambuza amasoboza agatondekebwa okuva mu by’obugagga ebirala nga amafuta aga nakavundira(fossil fuels) , amazzi , n’entuumo y’ebiramu( biomass). Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo omuntu (Artificial sources)
Ensibuko z’amasoboza ezikolebwa omuntu zirimu:
- Amafuta (Fuel) nga ddizero (diesel) petulooli (petrol) ebikozesebwa okutambuza ebidduka n’ebitondekamaanyi (machines) endala. - Amasannyalze g’enjuba (Solar electricity) okuwa ekitangaala ennyanguyirizi n’ebirala. - Parafiini, amafuta g’ettaala ne sitoovu ezifumbirwako. - Amati/Enku (wood/fireawood), Amanda (charcoal), n’ebyanda (coal) eby’okufumbisa. - Amasannyalaze ag’amasoboza ag’amazzi (Hydro electricity) agakozesebwa mu makolero mumaka ne mu malwariro.
Amasannyalaze ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza etondekebwawo omuntu
Amasannyalaze agasinga okukozesebwa gava mu nsibuko ez’enjawulo , omuli :
Amasannyalaze ag’amaanyi ag’amazzi (Hydro electric power ). Amasannyalaze aga nabbugumya (thermal electricity) agava mu petulooli oba ddizero. Amasannyalaze ag’enjuba (Solar electricity) Amasannyalaze ag’entagenda(Static electricity) okuva mu dayinamo(dynamo) Amasannyalaze ga Ggaasi w’ebiramu (Bio-gas) agava mu kazambi w’ensolo Amasannyalaze geyambisibwa
Okuwa ekitangaala mu nnyuba Okufumba Okusannyalaza ebikozesebwa eby’amasannyalaze nga amasimu , tooki , ne bbatule Okutambuza ebitondekamaanyi by’ennyanguyirizi Amanda (Charcoal) ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza etondekebwawo omuntu
Amanda gava mu nduli na matabi ga miti .Amanda geyambisibwa okugolola n’okugolola
Petulooli ne dizero ng’ensibuko z’amasoboza ezitondekebwawo omuntu
Petulooli ne ddizero byeyambisibwa mu motoka ezitambula n’ebitondekeso by’amasannyalaze (electrical generators).
Palafiini ng’ensibuko y’amasoboza etondekebwawo omuntu
Amafuta aga parafini geyambisibwa okwasisa amataala awaka ne sitoovu okufumba Enku nayo nsibuko etondekebwawo omuntu
Amati omuli enku , ebitittiriri, ebibaawo oba embaawo biyinza okweyambisibw okufumba .okukola Amanda, okubugumyaenju mu bude obw’empewo.
Ggaasi nga ensibuko etondekebwawo omuntu
Ggaasi yeyabisibwa mu kwokya ebyuma(welding) Okufumba m’amataala.
Ebibuuzo
(a) Parafiini akozesebwa ki? (b) Tuwe ennyanguyirizi bbiri ezikozesa petulooli oba ddiezero (c) Tuweeyo ebika by’amasannyalaze by’omanyi (d) Amasannyalaze gakozesebwa ki?
Oziiyiza otya okudiibuuda amasoboza?
Obutadibuuda masoboza kitegeeza okukozesa ebyobugagga obulungi nga oziiyiza okumala gakozesa masoboza mu ngeri ey’ekyeyononero .Okwewala okwonoona oba okudibuuda amasoboza:
• Goberera ebilagiro by’enkozesa y’ennyanguyirizi. • Jjako swiiki z’ettala nga tewali azikozesa. • Jjako ebikozesa amasannyalaze nga TV, lediyo, ennyinyogoza, ppaasi , ebbinika, n’obusannyalazassimu nga tobikozesa • Kozesa abbalibu ezikekkereza amasoboza • Okuzikiza enku oba amanda ng’omaze okufumba
Lwaki kyetaagisa obutadibuuda masoboza ?
Obutadibuuda masoboza kyetaagisa kubaga :
Kikendeeza ensimbi z’osasaanya ku masoboza Kiziiyiza okudibuuda amasoboza Amasoboza gayinza okuterekerwa emirembe egirijja mu mbeera ey’amanda. Enku , n’okweyongerayo Amasoboza gayinza okuterekerwagasobole okukozesebwa oluvannyuma.
a) Nokoolayo engeri eziziiyiza okudibuuda amasoboza. ............................................................................................................. b) Tuwe ebintu bisatu eikozesebwa amasannyalaze ............................................................................................................. c) Lwwaki kyetaagisa obutadibuuda masoboza .........................................
IV. Embeera z’amasoboza (Energy forms)
Bwe twoogera ku bika by’amasoboza tetutegeeza mbeera za masoboza. Ebika by’amasoboza biri bibiri: (a) Amasoboza ameebafu (Potential energy).Gano era gayitibwa amasoboza amatereke(Stored energy) (b) Amasoboza ag’Okuva(kinetic or motion energy).Gano era gayitibwa amasoboza agakola(working energy). Embeera z’amasoboza(forms of energy) kikwata ku ngeri ez’enjawulo amasoboza gye geyolekeramu oba gye gabeeramu. Amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza ag’okuva gabeera mu mbeera bbiri . Zino z’Embeera z’amasoboza(energy forms) : (i)Embeera z’Amasoboza Ameebafu (Potential energy). Kyetaagisa okumanya enjawulo wakati w’amasoboza ameebafu n’amasoboza ag’essikirizo ‘. Ekintu gye kikoma okuba ekizito ,amasoboza gaakyo ameebafu gye kakoma okuba amangi . Amasoboza ameebafu gasangibwa mu mbeera ez’enjawulo . Gano geyorekera mu mbeera ez’amasoboza amatereke(stored energy) . Galimu: (a)Amakyusabuziba(chemical energy) . Amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agalindiridde okufulumizibwa okukola ekikyusabuziba(chemical reaction). Enkwaso z’enkyusabuziba(Chemical bonds) mu kibiriiti zitereka amasoboza agalindiridde okukyusibwa okufuulibwa amasoboza aga nabbugumya oba ag’okwokya ng’obadde asazizza akabiriiti Amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agakyusa obuziba bw’ennabuziba (elements).Amasoboza agakyusa obuziba(amakyusabuziba) gaba masoboza agaterekeddwa mu nkwaso z’obuziba=enkwaso za atomu(atomic bonds) ne molekyu. Bbaatule , entuumo z’ebiramu(biomass) , petulooli , ggaasi ow’obutonde , amanda(Charcoal) n’ebyanda(Coal) bya kulabirako by’amasoboza amakyusabuziba. Amakyusabuziba gafuulibwa amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) buli abantu lwe bookya emiti oba enku mu kyoto oba ekikoomi (fireplace) oba ne bookya gasoliini mu kitondekamaanyi ky’emotoka(Car engine). Amakyusabuziba ge masoboza agaterekeddwa mu nkwaso z’epipooli eby’enkyusabiziba (in the bonds of chemical compounds ) , ntegeeza mu buziba ne molekyu. (in atoms and molecules). Amakyusabuziba gafulumizibwa munsindikano y’enkyusabuziba (chemical reaction), ne gatondekawo ebbugumu oba obwoki nga ekitondeko. Amakyusabuziba buli lwe gafulumizibwa , okuva mu ennabuzimbe , ennabuzimbe eno ekifuula sabusitansi mpya.
Ekyokulabirako , bwe wabaawo ekibwatuko (explosion), ,amakyusabuziba agabadde amatereke gakyusibwa okufuukamu amasoboza aga nabbugumya, amasoboza ag’ekitangaala, amasoboza ag’okuva n’amasoboza ag’ebivuga(sound energy) .
Ekyoklulabirako ekirala ky’ekya enku enkalu ezirimu amakyusabuziba amatereke(potentialchemical enrgy). Enku bwe zikumibwako omuliro mu Kyoto amakyusabuziba gafulumizibwa gafulumizibwa ne gafuulibwa amasoboza aga nabbugumya n’amasoboza ag’ekitangaala. Okilaba nti enku zifuuka vvu, ekintu eky’enjawulo ku nku.
Emmere nayo kyakulabirako kirungi eky’amasoboza amatereke agayitibwa “amakyusabuziba amatereke” ( stored chemical energy). Amasoboza gano gafulumizibwa nga ekikamulabiriisa (digestion) kigenda mu maaso .Molekyu mum mere yaffe zikutulwakutulwamu obutundutundu . Enkwaso wakati w’obuziba buno bwe zitandika okutaggulukuka (loosen) , wabaawo ensindikano ey’enkyusabuziba(.chemical reaction will occur) olwo ekipooli ekipya ne kitondekebwao . Enkwaso bwe zitaggulukuka wabaawo ekiwokiso(oxidation) ekijjaawo embagirawo. Ekikyusabuziba( chemical reaction) ky’ekireetera okukutulakutula mu molekyo( is involved in breakdown of a molecule). Amasoboza agatondekebwawo gatukuuma nga tuli babugumu , okukuuma n’okuddaabiriza emimiri era ne gatusobozesa okutambula oba okusulumba .Eby’okulya eby’enjawulo bibaamu obungi bw’amasoboza bwa njawulo . Amasoboza agasangibwa mu mmere ey’enjawulo gapimibwa mu “kiro-kaloli” oba nansoboza (kilocalories) oba ensoboza( Calories). Nansoboza kiva mu bigambo “namunigina z’amasoboza(units of food energy) . Oyinza okulowoozaayo ebyokulabirako ebya amasoboza amakyusabuziba(chemical energy)?
(b) Amasoboza ag’essikirizo amatereke (gravitational potential energy).
Amasoboza agessikirizo amatereke( Gravitational energy) ge amasoboza agaba amatereke mu kintu ekiwanikiddwa waggulu .Ekintu gye kikoma okuba waggulu n’okuba nti kizito , bye kikoma okuba n’amasoboza amatereke amangi . Buli kintu kiyinza okuba n’amasoboza ameebafu naye amasoboza ag’essikirizo gaterekebwa mu bwewanifu bwa kintu .Buli ekizito gye kikoma okuwanikibwa waggulu kisigala waggulu eyo lwa mpalirizo eba ekiwaniridde eyo waggulu gye kiba kiri ne kitagwa wansi. Omuntu bw’aba avuga akagaali ka maanyi ga kifuba ku kaserengeto n’akakkiriza ku misinde , amasoboza ag’essikrizo gaba gafuulibwa amasoboza ag’okuva ( motion energy). Ebiyiriro by’amasannyalaze ag’amazzi ( Hydropower) kya kulabirako ekirala eky’amasoboza ag’essikirizo(gravitational energy), nga ezzikirizo liwaliriza amazzi okuyiika wansi ku misinde okuyita mu gawujjo g’amasannyalaze ag’amazzi ( hydroelectric turbine) okutondeka amasannyalaze.
Kikulu okumanya enjawulo wakati w’amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza ag’essikirizo . Ekituufu kiri nti buli kintu kibaamu amasoboza amatereke naye amasoboza ag’essikrizo gaterekebwa okusinziira ku bugul;umivu bw’ekintu gye kuyewanise waggulu. Buli kiseera ekizito gye kikuumirwa waggulu , wabaawo empalirizo oba manaanyi agakikuumirayo waggulu eyo .Eno y’ensonga lwaki kisigalayo ne kitagwa wansi . Olina okukimanya nti ekintu gye kikoma obuzito gye kikoma okuba n’amasoboza amatereke kubanga kiba n’enzitoya nnene\9big mass). (c) Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo(mechanical energy). Ekitambuzo mulamwa oguva mu bigambo by’oluganda “ekibalo ekitambuza ebitundu by’ensengekera”. Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo g’amasoboza agajjawo olw’ ekintu okuba mu mbeera ey’okuva oba embeera ey’okufumbekera mu kifo ekimu.Ebyokulabirako: • Ensolo nga eri mu kutambula oba okudduka • Ennyonnyi oba ekinyonyi nga kidduka mu bwengula • Ekyennyanja nga kiwuga mu mazzi Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo galimu masoboza amatereke mu bintu olwa kawereege ( tension). Seppulimgi ezikkatiddwa(Compressed spring) ne labba aleeguddwa ( stretched rubber) bya kulabirako bya masoboza ga kitambuzo . Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo gatera okubuzaabuzibwa n’amasoboza ag’okuva(Kinetic) awamu n’amasoboza amatereke ( Potential Energy) . Ka tusooke tunnyonnyoke ekigambo “kukola”( ‘Work)’.
“Okukola”‘(Work) kubaawo nga empalirizo eteekebwa ku kinyu ne kiva mu kifo oba okukyusa enkula ya kyo. Ekyokulabirako bwe nsindika olujji lwa motoka ne lweggula nsobole okufuluma , mba nkoze ku lujji luno .Kyokka mpalirizo ki ereetedde olujji luno okweggula? Wano amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo we gajjiramu . Amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo gwe mugatte gw’amasoboza ag’okuva n’amasoboza amatereke agaba mu kintu ekiba kikozesebwa okukola .Mu njogera endala, amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo ge masoboza mu kintu nga gekuusiza ku kuva kwa kyo oba ekifo we kiri oba byombi. Mu ky’okulabirako ky’olujji lwa motoka lwe njogeddeko waggulu , nze mba ndimu amasoboza amakyusabuziba amatereke nga si nalusindika kyokka bwe nnyimusa emikono gyange okusindika olujji, ekikolwa kyange kino knakyo kibaamui amasoboza ag’okuva. Bwe nsindika olujji , amasoboza gange amatereke n’amasoboza gange ag’okuva gafuulibwa amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo agavuddemu okukola oluggi ne lweggula. Wano oluggi luba lufunye amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo agaleetedde olujji okweseetula ne lweggula okumala akabanga . Wetegereze nti okukola okubaawo , walina okubaawo ekintu ekivaamu empalirizo okusobozesa ekintu ekirala okuva mu kifo ( okuseetuka). Kino kya kulabirako ekirala .Omusajja ng’abadde atema omuti n’ejjambiya .
(a) Ejjambiya ku bwayo terina masoboza ga kuva naye erina amasoboza amatereke kubanga erina obuzito n’enzitoya(weight and mass).
(b)Okusobola okuyiza omuti , aba alina okugalula ejjambiya , ekintu ekirinnyisa amasoboza gaayo amatereke olw’okuwanikibwa waggulu.
(c) Olwo n’agiwaliriza okutambulira ku misinde egiri waggulu okukka wansi(wano efuna amasoboza ag’okuva) okujisobozesa okutema omuti eguyiuze. Omugatte gw’amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza agali mu kuva ejjambiya g’efuna agajisobozesa okuyuza mu muti gwe guyitibwa amasoboza ag’ekitambuzo , agaleeterea omuti okugwa. (d) Amakyusabuziizi (nuclear energy).Amakyusabuziizi oba amasoboza ag’obuziizi(Nuclear energy ) , ge masoboza amatereke mu buziizi(nnyukiriyaasi) bw’akaziba(atomu) –amasoboza agakuumira awamu obuziba bw’akaziizi(the nucelous of the atom) . Omuwendo gw’amasoboza omunene guyinza okufulumizibwa nga obuziizi bwonna bwegasse (combined) oba bwabuluziddwamu(split apart).
(ii) Amasoboza ag’Okuva (kinetic energy).
Buli ekitambula yadde okujugumira kiba n’amasoboza ag’okuva(kinetic/motion energy) era amasoboza ago ge gasobozesa buli kintu okwenyenya, okujugumira, okukankana, okuseetuka, okutambula oba okugenda . Anasoboza ag’okuva g’amasoboza ageyolekamu kintu ekiri mu mbeera ey’okuva oba omugendo ne bwe kuba kwenyenya, kukankana oba okujugumira.Ebintu ebibamu kuva birimu ebyo ebinene ennyo, obwaguuga nga enkulungo, n’obuntu obutono oba obutini ennyo nga obutaffaali (cells) n’ obutoffaaliparticles) nga atomu , nampa, konta, obukwaki , n’obusannyalazo. Obutundutunyu obutono ennyo mu essomabuzimbe bwe buyitibwa obutunniiya (particles) era obuyitibwa “obutoffaali”(inanimate or animate small or tiny particles). Okutwalira awamu obutunniinya (particles) obusookerwako bulimu: (a) Obutoffaali obutono ennyo= Obutonniinya (b) Obutoffaali obutini ennyo = Obutinniiya (c) Obusirikitu (microscopic organisms) Weetegereze: (a) Akatono = small or very small (b) Akatini = tiny, minute , extremely small (c) Akatonniinya = subatomic particle( nampa=neutron, konta=proton) (d) Ajatinniinya = elementary particle( obusannyalazo=electrons , obukwaki=quarks ) (e) Akatoffaali = particle, animate or inanimate small, very small , or tiny particle (f) Akataffaali = living cell (g) Akatunniinya = akatoffaali(Particles) Kimanye nti ekintu gye kikoma okuba ekizito ne gye kikoma okuba ku misinde , gye kikoma okuba n’amasoboza ag’okuva . Ddira obutaasa bubiri obwenkanankana nga bulimu amazzi ekigero kye kimu , okwate amayinja abiri erimu kigero kya kikonde kyo akalala kimu kya kuna ky’ejjinja erisooka. Amayinja gombi gakwate obuwanvu bwe bumu okuva mu buli kataasa olyoke ogatemu kiseera kye kimu . Ki ekibaawo? Amazzi gaba gasamukka kyokka amazzi agali mu kataasa akaguddemu eginja eddene gasamuka nnyo okusinga ku mazzi agali mu kataasa akagudeemu ejinnja ettonoko. Amasoboza agava mu jonja eddene gasinga agava mu jinja ettono. Weetegereze: • Amayinja gombi gaba n’amasoboza amatereke nga okyagawaniridde mu ngalo zo. • Olw’okuba ogawanise waggulu ddala okuva ku ttaka , amayinja ombi galimu amasoboza ag’essikrizo • Bw’ogata ne gatandika okugwa wansi , amasoboza amatereke n’amasoboza ag’essikirizo gafuukamu amasoboza ag’okuva. Kati tutegeeze ! Jinja ki ku gambi erisinga okuba n’amasoboza ag’okuva? Eddene oba ettono ? Ebyokulabirako ebirala ebiraga amasoboza ag’okuva mulimu : • Ekitangaala okuva ku njuba • Enkulungo y’ensi n’omwezi gwayo • Abazannyi abakuba ensambaggere • Omuntu oba ensolo etambula • Eddoboozi eriva mu ng’ombe y’emotoka • Eddoboozi lyo ng’oyogera • Ekidduka ku luguudo • Ennyonyi nga eri mu mugendo gwayo mu bwengula • Essasi oba ekikompola nga oli anyize emmanduso • Okukuba okukomerera emisumaali mu muti • Amasannyalaze buli lw’osaako swiiki .Amasannyalaze mugendo gwa busannyalazo Amasoboza ag’okuva kuba kuva kwa mayengo ,obusannyalazo ,obuziizi,obuziba, molekyu , ’ebintu byonna ebiva mu kifo . Amasoboza ag’okuva ge masoboza agakukola (energy at work) era galimu Amasoboza ag’okuva ge masoboza agakola? Yee !! Gano gonna wansi masoboza agakola ekitegeeza ge masoboza agaba mu kuva:
(a) Amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy).Amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) era gayitibwa:
• amasoboza ag’ebbugumu oba • Amasoboza ag’okwokya (heat energy). • Amasoboza ag’ebyokya • Amasoboza amooki • Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze • Amasoboza ag’oluyengo(Radiant energy) Amasoboza gano gava mu kujugumira( vibration) n’okutambula( movement) kw’obuziba era ekiyitibwa okutambula kwa atomu eziri mu kintu. Ekintu bwe kibuguma oba ka tugambe nti bwe kyokyebwa , obuziba (atomu) ne molekyo zakyo zitambulo ne zitomeregana wakati mu kutebenta . Amasoboza aga nabbugumya wo mu ttaka (Geothermal energy) ge masoboza gerisangibwa mu magombe g’ensi. Ennabuzimbe =endagabuzimbe (Matter) ekolebwa mu butunniinya oba molekyu eziva mukifo ne zijugumira mu ntakoma (constantly). Singa “obwoki”(tempulikya) bw’wnnabuzimbe bulinnya kino kireetera obutunniinya era ekiyitibwa obutoffaali(particles) okweyongera okujugumira ku misinde. Amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) ga masoboza agava mu bwoki (tempulikya) bw’ennabuzimbe. Ekintu gye kikoma okwokya, molekyu zakyo gye zikoma okujugumira era amsoboza agakyo aga nabbugumya gye gakoma.
Ekyokulabirako bw’oteeka amazzi ku sigiri okugoya akawunga, amazzi gano gaba n’amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy) agali mu mbeera y’amasoboza ag’okuva olw’obutunniinya bwago obuba bujugumira. Singa ofukako ku mazzi gano ageseze mu kikopo ekirimu amata agannyogoga okole ka kyayi, amazzi gano agookya gayingiza mu butoffaali bw’amata agatookya agamu ku masoboza ga nabbugumya agagalimu .Ekikopo ky’amata kkyo kiba tekyokya nnyo ng’amazzi agasigadde mu sefuliya kubanga amasoboza aga nabbugumya agamu gavudde mu mazzi ne gayingira mu mata agabade agannyongoga. Jjukira nti obungi bw’amasoboza aga nabbugumya afali mu kintu gupimibwa mu jjoole(J). Okiraba nti amasoboza aga nabbugumya galina akakwate n’obwoki(Tempulikya) bw’ekintu. Ebbugumu oba okwokya tekitegeeza kimu n’obwoki(temperature ).Kaakati obwoki kye ki ?
Obwoki(Temperature) Obwoki bw’ekintu kitegeeza “kigero kya kwokya oba obunnyogovu” bw’ekintu .Obwoki bupimibwa mu digiri eza Serisiyaasi (°C). Obwoki era kiyinza okupimibwa mu ekigerebuzo ekya Falenayiti (Fahrenheit scale), nga kino kinnalinnya ekyabbulwa mu Mugirimaani eyali ayitibwa Falenayiti . Akabonero ka farenayiti y’ennukuta 'F'. Mu kigerebuzo kya farenayiti ( Fahrenheit scale), amazi gekwatira ku digiri eza Falenayiti asatu mu bbiri oba F 32 ° ate nga gabugumira ku digiri , F 212 °. Mu kigerebuzo ekya Selisiyaasi (Celsius scale, amazzi gekwatira ku digiri eza Serisiyaasi ova C 0° ate ne gabugumira ku digiri eza Serisiyaasi kimumi oba C 100°. Ekipimabwoki (thermometer) nyanguyirizi ekozesebwa okupima obwoki oba tempulikya. Ekirandizo, Ekibulukanyo, n’Oluyengo (Conduction, Convection and Radiation).
Okwokya oba ebbugumu liyinza okutambuzibwa okuva mu katoffaali akamu okuyingira akalala mu ngeri satu : • Ekirandizo • Ekibulukanyo • Oluyengo Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (electrical energy) Amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze (Electrical energy) gava mu kutambula kw’obutoffaali obutini ennyo obuyitibwa obusannyalazo(electrons), obuba butambulira mu waya. Ekimyansuko( Lightning) kya kulabirako ky’amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze agali mu butonde. Ennabuzimbe (Matter) ekolebwa obutoffaali obuyitibwa obuziba(atomu).Lwaki buyitibwa buziba ? Kubanga “buli wala nnyo” n’amaaso gaffe agali obukunya okulaba . Ekno kitegeeza nti okusobola okulaba obuziba bw’ennabuzimbe kitwetaagisa ennyanguyirizi ezimbulukusa obutinniinya eyitibwa enzimbulukusa (microscope). Mu kaziba(atomu) mubaamu ate obutunniinya oba obutoffaali obutini ennyo okusingawo obuyitibwa obusannyalazo (electrons) obuba mu kuva entakyuka(constantly moving). Okuva kw’obusannyalazo buno kusinziira ku muwendo gw’amasoboza akasoboza ge kalina ,okukasobozesa okuva mu kifo. Kino kitegeeza nti buli kintu kirimu amasoboza amatereke ( potential energy), naye ebimu birina amasoboza amatereke okusinga ebirala. Omuntu munnasayansi ayinza okuwaliriza obusanyalaze buno okutambulira mu kubo eggere okuva mu kifo ekimu okudda mu kirala. Waliwo ebiyitiro by’obusannyalazo eby’enjawulo ebiyitibwa ebilandizo(conductors) ebitambuza amasoboza gano. Ebintu ebimu tebiyionza kutambuza masoboza mu mbeera eno era bino biyitibwa biziiyizo( insulators). Buli omuntu munnasayansi asobola okuleetera obusanyalzo buno okutambula okuva mu kaziba akamu okudda mu kaziba akalala nga yeyambisa empalirizo za magineeti atondekawo amasoboza g’amasannyalaze ( electrical energy) .
Omugendo gw’amasannyalaze gukola gutya? Bbaatule etambuza amasoboza amakyuisabuziba(chemical energy) amatereke mu mbeera y’obutinniinya obuba busannyalaziddwa obuyitibwa obusannyalazo ( electrons), obutambulira mu waya. Ekyokulabirako , amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze gayingizibwa mu kifo okuyita mu ttaala ng’amasoboza ag’ekitangaala(light energy) n’amasoboza aga nabbugumya oba okwokya ( thermal /heat) energy.
Ekimyansuko (lightning) nago masoboza ga masannyalaze agasangibwa mu butonde , agamaanyi ennyo okuba nti tegakugirwa mu waya. Gava ku bire by’enkuba ebyetuuma awamu ne bikola amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze amayitirivu ennyo mumbeera y’amasannyalaze ag’entagenda (static electricity). Amasannyalaze gano gafuluma nga waliwo ekimyansuko olw’ebire okukuubagana ennyo.Ekikuubagano ky’ebire ky’ekiviirako ekimyansuko.
Amasoboza ag’ebivuga (Sound energy) Okuvuga (Sound ) gwe mugendo gw’amasoboza okuyita mu miyitiro egy’emigendo gy’amayengo . Okuvuga kujjawo nga empalirizo ereetedde ekintu okujugumira .Amasoboza gayita mu kintu mu mbeera ey’ejjengo . Amasoboza agatambuza ebivuga matono okusinga amasoboza ag’ebika ebirala. Engalabi ejugumira etambuza amasoboza mu kitundu nga ekivuga. Amasoboza ag’okuva gayita mu molekyo z’empewo etambula ne gatuuka ku muwulizi ng’amaloboozi oba ebivuga okuyita mu kabubi akajugumiza .Okirana nti amasoboza ag’okuva mu ngalo ezikuba engoma gafuulibwa amasoboza ag’ebivuga(sound energy).
Ebijugumiro by’ebivuga(Sound vibrations) bivaamu amayengo g’ebivuga (sound waves) agayita mu miyitiro nga : • Empewo • Amazzi Okutuuka mu matu gaffe. Amasoboza g’eddoboozi(Sound energy) gatera kupimibwa okusinziira ku kanyigirizi n’amaanyi gaago mu nigina ez’enjawulo eziyitibwa ebipasikaali ( pascals) n’ebidesibeero (decibels).
Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo.
Amasoboza ag’Oluyengo (Radiant energy) masoboza ga mugendo gwa masanyalaze ne magineeti(electromagnetic energy) ogutambulira mu mayengo agegonyola(transverse waves). Amasoboza ag’oluyengo galimu: • Ekitangaala ekirabika(visible light) • Emigendo gya X • Emigendo gya Gamam • Amayengop ga Leediyo Ektangaala n’olwkyo kika kimu eky’amasoboza ag’oluyengo.Omusana masoboza aga luyengo omuva amafuta n’ebbugumu ebikola obulamu ku Nsi. Mu butuufu amasoboza ag’oluyengo (radiant energy) ga masoboza ag’amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze na magineeti (the energy of electromagnetic waves). Mbeera y’amasoboza agayita mu bwengula .Ekyokulabairako, tuyingiza ebbugumu okuva kun juba eri ewala ennyo okuva ku Nsi okuyiyta mu lubugumu lw’amayengo, oluyengo (radiation) . Ebbugumu ly’enjuba terirandira kuyita mu kintu kya nkalubo kyokka , wabula kuyita mu bwangaala (vacuum) .Kino kisoboka lwa “mayengo ga mugendo gwa masanyalaze ne magineeti “(electromagnetic waves). Amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti Buli masoboza ag’entagenda(static energy okuva mpalirizo z’amasannyalaze ne magineeti lwe gasisinkana , galeetawo ekyebulungulo ky’amasannyalaze okuzetoloola. Bw’okwata omunyolo gw’olujji ogw’ekyuma ofuna okuyitibwamu empalirizo y’amasannyalaze eg’entagenda (electro static force) .
Ate yo empalirizo ya magineeti y’ensika esikiriza ekyuma ku magineeti. Kaakati ekyebulunguloky’amasannyalaze ekireetebwawo kiviiramo amayengo agayitibwa amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti era gayinza okutambula okuyita mu lwangaala (vacuum) , obutunniinya oba enkalubo . Waliwo ebika by’amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti bya njawulo nga byonna birina obuwanvu bw’ejjengo (wavelengths), ebinnyonnyozo (properties), enziringana (frequencies) n’amaanyi (power) ga njawulo era nga buli kimu kikolagana n’ennambuzimbe mu ngeri za njawulo. Ensengekera y’amayengo yonna okuva ku gasembayo okutuuka ku gasingayo y’eyitibwa endaga y’’omugendo gw ’amasannyalaze ne mangineeti ( the electromagnetic spectrum). Obuwanvu bw’ejjengo gye bukoma okuba wansi enziringana(frequency) gy’ekoma okuba waggulu ate obuwanvu by’ejjengo gye bukoma okuba waggulu enzirngana gy’ekoma okuba wansi. Ekitangaala ekyeru mbeera ya masoboza ga luyengo (radiant energy) era enziringana yakyo katundu katono ak’endaga y’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti. Mu ndaga eyo waggulu oba olaba amasoboza ag’olubugumu ag’enjawulo agalagibwa n’obuwanvu bw’amayengo obw’enjawulo . Amasoboza ag’oluyengo bwe gasisinkana ennabuzimbe , gakyusa ebinnyonnyozo by’ennabuzimbe.Ekyokulabirako amayengo amatiniwavu ( micro-waves), nga kino kitundu ku ndaga y’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti gwonna, bwe gateekebwako mu woveni y’amayengo amatiniwavu (microwave oven), molekyu z’amazzi mu mere gasannyalalazibwa ne kigaleetera okujugumira emirundu buwumbi mu buli sikonda , ekitondekawo okwokya okuyamba emmere okuggya . Woveni y’amayengo amatiniwavu ekolera ku sayansi wa masoboza ag’oluyengo oba kiyite amayengo g’omugendo gw’amasannyalaze ne magineeti (electromagnetic waves). Amasoboza amatereke (Energy Stored)
Amasoboza tegayinza kutondekebwawo yadde okusaanyizibwawo naye gayinza okuterekebwa mu mbeera ez’enjawulo. Engeri emu kwe kugatereka mu mbeera ey’amasoboza amakyusabuziba (chemical energy) mu bbaatule. Akayitiro(circuit) bwe kaba kakwataganyiziddwa , amasoboza amatereke mu bbaatule gafulumizibwa okutondekawo amasannyalaze. Baatule eba n’enkomerero bbiri , enkomerero eya pozitiivu n’enkomerero eya negatiivu .Singa okwataganya enkomerero eya negatiivu n’eya pozitiivu ne waya , otondekawo akayitiro(circuit ) . Obusannyalazo (electrons) bukulukuta oba butambula okuyita mu waya okutondekawo omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (electric current). Amasoboza gayinza okuterekebwa mu ngeri nnyingi endala .Gayinza okuterekebwa mu : • Mmere • Amabibiro g’amazzi • Bbaatule • Ggaasi ow’obutonde • Mu kikuumabyoka Amasoboza agakola gasangibwa mu mbeera ki ?Enkozeso z’amasoboza (Ennergy Carriers) Obusangiro bw’amasoboza buva mu nsibuko z’amasoboza ez’omutendera ogusooka era bubaamu amasoboza agayinza okukyusibwa ne gateekebwa mu mbeera endala nga okukola okw’embagirawo, ebbugumu oba okukola ebintu ebirala.Obuterekero bw’amasoboza buvaamu amasoboza buli lwe waba wetaagisa. Amasoboza ag’omutendera ogusooka Engeri y’okuyusa amasoboza Obuterekero bw’amasoboza Ebifuta Kirongooserezo Mafuta(woyiro, gasoliini, Ggaasi ow’Obutonde Ebipango by’amaanyi masannyalaze Ebyanda Bipango by’amaanyi masannyalaze Yulaniyaamu ow’obutonde Bipango by’amaanyi Masannyalaze Amasoboza ag’enjuba Bipango by’amaanyi Masannyalaze Amasoboza ag’empewo Bipango by’amaanyi(Mawujjo ga mpewo) Masannyalaze Amasoboza ag’ejjengo Bipango by’amaanyi(mawujjo g’amazzi) masannyalaze Omugendo gw’amazzi ogw’ emigga ,ebiyiriro Bipango by’amaanyi(Mawujjo g’amazzi) Masannyalaze Entuumo y’Ebiramu Bipango by ‘amaanyi Masannyalaze Nabbugumya w’amagombe Bipango by’amaanyi Masannyalaze Ekyebulungulo ky’Ensi ekya magineeti Teri mugaso gumanyiddwa kuvaamu Ekimyansuko Teri mugaso gumanyiddwa kuvaamu Obuterekero bw’amasoboza aobulala mulimu seppulingi , bbaatule, kapasita, ayidologyeni n’emiti.
Amasoboza tegasobola kutondekebwawo ate era tegasobola kusaanyizibwawo okujjako nga olina obusobozi obutondekawo enjuba, Samasoboza , ekitegeeza sekazaalira z’amasoboza gonna mu mwengula. Kyemmanyi kiri nti tewali muntu ayinza kutonda sengendo za bwengula okujjako Katonda. Olwokuba omuntu tasobola kutondekawo njuba ate ng’enjuba z’ezisibukamu amasoboza olwo amasoboza gano ne gatandika okukyusa embeera zaago , omuntu alina kumanya mbeera z’amasoboza ez’enjawulo ezetaagisa okweyambisibwa ku nsi. Amasoboza tegasaanyizibwawo wabula osobola okuyusa embeera mwe gasangibwa okuva mu mbeera emu okudda mumbeera endala gy’oba oyagadde okukola omulimu gw’oyagala okukola.
Tukozesa amasoboza ag’ekika ekya kemiko okuva mu bbaatule okufuna omugendo gw’amasannyalaze (current). Okutondekawo omukka ogwokya oba enfuumo (steam or vapour) twokya ebyanda (coal) n’amafuta ga nakavundira (fossil fuels) amalala ne bikyusa amasoboza gakyo ag’ekika ekya kemiko amatereke okugafuula amasoboza aga nabbugumya (thermal energy).
Okufumba emmere oba wetaaga okukyusa amasoboza ag’amasannyalaze okugafuula amasoboza aga nabbugumya. Nigi y’amasoboza esembayo ye jjoole (joule).
Abantu bwe bakozesa amasannyalaze , gayinza okuba nga gaavudde mu kwokya byanda(coal) , ekikyusabuziizi (nuclear reaction) , oba amawujjo g’amazzi ku migga , okunokoolayo ezimu. Okiraba nti ebyanda , obuziizi, n’ekiwujjamazzi zonna nsibuko za masoboza . Waliwo ensibuko z’amasoboza agasobozesa buli ekigenda mu maaso mu butonde mu bulamu bwaffe obwa bulijjo za njawulo kyokka ekituufu kiri nti ensibuko semasibuko y’enjuba. Embeera z’amasoboza ez’enjaulo mulimu: (i) Embeera ey’ekwokya(heat). Eno era eyitibwa mbeera ya nabbugumya(thermal). Si nabbiguma; oba embeera ey’ebbugumu(warmth). (ii) Embeera ey’ekitangaala(light ) . Eno era eyitibwa mbeera ya luyengo(radiant) (iii) Embeera ey’amasannyalaze. (iv) Embeera ey’enkyusabuziba (v) Embeera ey’enkyusobuziizi (vi) Embeera ey’essikirizo(gravitational energy) (vii) Embeera ey’ensikirizo(magnetic attraction)
Ekikola ekitangaala ky’enjuba gaba masoboza ga kyegattisatomu (fusion energy). Ekitambuza amasoboza g’ekitangaala okuva ku njuba gaba masoboza ga luyengo oba “olubugumu”(radiation energy). Olubugumu kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “oluyengo olw’ekitangaala n’ebbugumu” ate era “oluyengo” kiva mu bigambo by’oluganda “olubugumu olw’amayengo g’ekitangaala”. Amasoboza okuva ku njuba n’olwekyo • gatuwa ekitangaala emisana • gakaza engoye zaffe • gasobozesa ebimera okukola emmere yabyo ne bikula • Amasoboza agava ku njuba gafuuka amasoboza amatereke mu bimera ebiriibwa ensolo nabyo ne bifuna amasoboza. Ensolo ezirya ensolo eziridde omuddo nazo zisobola okufuna amasoboza okuva mu nsolo eziba ziridde omuddo ne zifuna amasoboza gano agasibuka mu kitangaala ky’enjuba.
VI.Okukekkereza Amasoboza (Energy Saving)
Engeri z’okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy) ziri bbiri:
(i) Enkozesa y’amasoboza etali ya kyeyonoonero (Energy conservation). Okukekkereza amasoboza kikwata ku nneeyisa eziiyiza okukozesa amasoboza amangi oba eviirako okukozesa amasoboza amatono.Ebyokulabirako:
• Nga tujjako ebikozesa amasannyalze nga tumaze okubikozesa. • Zikiza omuliro nga omaze okufumba • Buili awava omuti simbawo omuti • N’awatali miti simbawo emiti. Okuba nga tuba tusimba emiti emito (planting young trees) nkozesa etali ya kyeyonoonero kubanga kye tukozesa kiba kiddawo. • Okuddaabulula ebikozeeko oba ebyo ebiwedde okukozesebwa (recycling) • Bw’oba toil mu kisenge jjako ettaala
(ii) Okukozesa ebikekkereza amasoboza (energy efficiency).
Okukozesa ebikekkereza amasoboza kitegeeza kukozesa tekinologiya akekkereza amasoboza kukola omulimu gwe gumu.
• Sitoovu/Sigiri ezikekkereza amasoboza(energy saving stoves) • Bbalibbu ezikekkereza amasoboza (energy saving bulbs) kyokka ne zituwa ekitangaala kye kimu ng’ezo ezikozesa amangi.
Omugaso gw’okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy) i. Obutadibuuda (wastage) ii. Okukendeeza ebisale
Okuddaabulula ebikozeseddwa (Recycling)
Okudaabulula kikekkereza amasoboza n’ebyobugagga kubanga amasoboza matono ddala agaba gakozesebwa okukola ekuzzaawo oba okuddaabulula ekitondeko okusinga ago ageetagibwa okukola ekitondeko ekipya.
Okuddaabulula (recycling) ky’ekikolwa eky’okukyusa kakasiro oba ebyo ebikozeseddwa/ ebimaze okukozesebwa okusobola okubikozesa buto mu ngeri omu oba endala.
Okuddaabulula kwetaagisa amasoboza matono ate era kiziiyiza okukozesa eby’obugagga ebyetaagisa ebirala, gamba ebimera nga emiti, minero , n’amazzi.Ebimu ku biyinza okuddaabululwa nga biva mu miti z’empapula ezikozeeko , obukyupa bw’amazzi obwa pulasitiika n’obuveera nabyo biyinza okuddaaabululwa ne biddamu okukozesebwa awamu n’obukyupa bwa aluminiyaamu.
Okuddaabulula empapula okuva mu ttani y’empapula ezikozeeko kiwonya emiti egisukka mu 15 ne kimu kya kubiri eky’amazzi agandibadde gakozesebwa .
Okuddabulula obukyupa bwa oluminiyamu kikekkereza amasoboza ebitundu ebisukka mu 90% okusinga okukola obukebebwa aluminiyamu obupya okuva mu masengere ga bbooseeti (bauxite ore).
Obuvune obuyinza okuva mu nkozesa y’amasoboza (energy use)
1) Waya ezitali nkugire (Lives wires) ziyinza okukubisa n’okuttisa abantu amasannyalaze (electrocute). 2) Amasoboza g’empewo agasukkulumye gatambuza oluyiira nga omuliro gukutte 3) Amasoboza ag’omusana amasukkulumu galeeta ekyeeeya (drought).
Okwewala obubenje bw’amasoboza - Simba emiti okukendeeza emisinde n’amaanyi g’embuyaga (wind breakers). - Tokoleeza muliro kuguzannyisa - Toyingiza bintu bya kyuma nga emisumaali mu soketi za masannyalaze (into electricity sockets). (Electricity wires). - Yiga we bakozesa enzikizamuliro(fire extinguishers)
Ebibuuzo
(i) Amasoboza (Energy) kye?............................................................ (ii) Tuwe ensibuko z’amasoboza ez’obutonde………………………………….. (iii) Tusobola tutya okukekkereza amasoboza (saving energy)…………… (iv) Mugasoki oguli mu kukekkereza amasoboza ……………………………… (v) Buzibu ki obuva ku masoboza ………………………………………………… (vi) Wewala otya obubenje bw’amasoboza?………………………………………
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