Akaziba (Atomu)
Gakuweebwa Charles Muwanga !!!
Omulamwa gw'akaziba (atomu) guvudde mu kugaziya makulu(semantic extension) g'ekigambo ky'Oluganda "e Buziba" ekitegeeza ewala ennyo"(very distant).
"Akaziba"(atomu) kitegeeza akasirikitu akali ewala ennyo n'obusobozi bw'eriiso eriri obukunya(naked eye) okukalaba, ekitegeeza nti kaba ketaagisa enzimbulukuza ey'obusannyalazo (electronic microscope) ey'enjawulo.Mu bungi "akaziba" kba "obuziba" (atoms).
Obuziba =akazimbakintu=Atomu bwe butoffaali obuzimba buli kintu okuva mu buziba bwakyo.
Bw’oba oyagala okuzimba ennyumba okozesa bubbulooka obuyitibwa obutaffaali. Mu ngeri y’emu Katonda bwe yayagala okutonda buli ekiri n’ekiriwo mu butonde yakozesa katoffaali akayitibwa “akaziba” oba “akazimbakintu” kyokka ate mu kuzimba ebiramu n’akozesa kabbulooka akasingawo ku katoffaali obunene akayitibwa akataffaali (cell).
N’olwekyo bwe twogera ku bitali biramu n’ebiramu tuyinza okukozesa akatoffaali oba akaziba naye mu biramu byokka twogera ku kataffaali (cell).
Obuzimbe bw'akaziba(the structure of the atom) bulimu:
(i) Obusannyalazo (Electrons)
(ii) Nampa oba nampawengwa (neutron)
(iii)Obukontanyo Oba konta (Proton)
Mu makkati g'akaziba we wayitibwa "obuziizi bw'akaziba"(the nucleous of the atom). Mu buziizi(in the nucleus) mwe musangibwa nampa(nuetron) ne konta(proton).
Obutoffaalo(particles) obwo obukola atomu bulimu:
(a) Obutinniinya=Otoffaali obutini ennyo(elementary particles).Muno mulimu obusannyalazo(electrons) ne obukwaki(kwarks)
(b)Obutonniinya=Obutoffaalo obutono ennyo(Subatomic particles). Mu Butonniinya mulimu konta, ne nampa.
Weetegereze nti mu luganda olwa sayansi waliwo enjawulo wakati w'akatono n'akatini. Akatono kayinza okuba nga si kasirikitu oba nga kasirikitu naye nga kasinga ku katini obutono.
Obuziba(atomu) mu butonde bulimu okuva oba omugendo (motion) ngokufaanana seng’endo(celestial bodies) eziri mu bwengula nazo bwe ziri mu kuva oba omugendo ogutakoma. Obuziba buba bujugumira, bukankana, nga obusannyalazo obubulimu buva mu kifo ne bwetoloola. Bwe twogera ku kino tutwaliramu obuziba(atomu)obukola empewo oba ggaasi, kakulukusi, n’enkalubo ,n'obuziba obukola amayinja oba entebe!
N'entebe kw’otudde zirimu okuva mu ngeri emu oba endala.Kino kyewuunyisa ate nga kya mazima . Singa tewaliwo kuva kwa busannyalazo mu kaziba(atomu), tewandibaddewo masanyalaze. Okuvumbula mugobansonga (obumu bw’okukontana) ali mu atomu kye kisobozesezza bannasayansi okukola ebya eratekinologiya (electronics) n’amasanyalaze agayamba omuntu okukola ebintu ebinji ennyo ku nsi.
Omugendo gw’amasanyalaze (current) guba mugendo gwa kyagi za masannyalaze ogubaamu obusannyalazo (akasannyalazo) obutebenta nga buli kamu bwe kakoona ku kalala nga kabadde katebenta ne kireetawo amasoboza (energy) ag’amasanyalaze okutambula mu waya.
Osaana okimanye nti okukontana wakati wa atomu ezitafaanagana, ntegeeza eza erementi ez’enjawulo, kuleetawo okutomeggana kwa atomu (atomic reaction) zino, era kino kye kikiyitibwa okutomeggana kw’ekikemiko oba entomeggana z’ekikemiko (chemical reactions).
Ebikyusabuziba (chemical reactions) bigenda mu maaso mu buziba olwa "enkwaso ez'obuziba"(chemical bonds). Ekikyusabuziba kitegeeza ekibalo ekikyusa obuziba okuvaamu ekintu ekipya.
Weetegereze nti "Enkyusabuziba" kye kivvuunula "Chemical substance".Ekikyusabuziba n'enkyusabuziba byombi byekuusiza ku kukyusa ekintu mu buziba(at atomic level).
Amasannyalaze nago mugendo gwa busannyalazo(electricity is the flow of electrons) ku mutendera gw'obuziba(at atomic level). Weetegereze bino:
(a) Enkwaso oba enkwanso(Chemical bond)
(b)Empakiso(sperm)
(c)Empugiso(semen)
(d)Vatomu=atomu eviiriddwako oba okuyingiramu obusannyalazo(ion)
(e)Vatonu=vatomu eya negatiivu(negative ion)
(f)Vatopo= vatomu eya positive(positive ion)
(g)Vampa(isotope)
(h) ekisannyalazo (charge)
(i) Okusannyalaza(to charge)
Weetegereze nate :
Akaziba oba Atomu ke katinniinya oba akatoffaali akalina ebisonjozo eby'endagakintu(element). Buli kaziba ekolebwa ebintu bisatu:
i) Obukontanyo (P+) – ye namunigina y’enzitoyo erina kyagi eya pozitiivu esingayo obutini.
ii) Nampawengwa (N) – ye namunigina y’enzitoyo esigayo obutini nga terina kyagi yonna.
iii) Obusannyalazo (e-) – ye namunigina erina kyagi eya negatiivu esingayo obutini. Obuzimbe bwa buli atomu, bulimu amakkati amekulungirivu nga omupiira, obuziiz(nucleus), ebaamu obukontanyo (P+) ne nampawengwa (N). Okwetoloola nnyukiriyasi eno, obusannyalazo bwetoloola nga bw’olaba enkulungo bwezetoloola enjuba.
Enzitoyo eba n’enzitoya ate nga ebugaana ekibangirizo. Atomu bwe butoffaali bw’enzitoyo obusookerwako era tebusobola okwabuluzibwamu mu ngeri ya kikemiko eyabulijjo.
Ekigambo “atomu” kiva mu kya lugereeki oba oluyonaani “atom” ekitegeeza “ekitasobola kwabuluzibwamu”. Abayonaani baagereesa nti enzitoyo yali esobola okwabuluzibwamu obutoniinya obutasobola kulabika na liiso liri bukunya. Obutoniinya buno bwayitibwa “atomu”.
Obukontanyo ne nampawengwa busangibwa mu nnyukiriyasi. Obukontanyo bulina kyaagi eya pozitiivu (+), nampawengwa buba ne kyagi ey’ekibogwe oba ka tugambe nti tebulina kyagi yonna .
Obusannyalzo busangibwa mu miyitiro okwetoloola nyukiriyasi. Bulina kyagi eya negatiivu (-). Omuwendo gw’obukontanyo gwe gusinziirako anamba ya atomu (atomic number) ekyokulabirako H = 1. Omuwendo gw’obukontanyo mu erementi guba gwa ntakyuka (tegukyuka), ekyokulabirako H=1, Ur=92 naye omuwendo gwa nampawengwa giyinza okwawukana.
Erementi emu eyinza okubaamu omuwendo gwa nampawengwa ogw’enjawulo; embeera za erementi emu ez’enjawulo ziyitibwa vampawengwa ooba vampa (isotopes). Ebinnyonnyozo eby’ekikemiko (chemical properties) ebya vampawengwa biba bye bimu yadde nga ebinnyonnyozo eby’obuzimbe obwo kungulu (physical properties) obwa vampawengwa ezimu biyinza okuba ebyenjawulo.
Vampawengwa ezimu zifulumya olubugumu (are radioactive) ekitegeeza nti zifulumya amasoboza (they radiate energy) bwe ziba zibumbulukuka (as they decay) okudda mu mbeera enzigumivu okusingawo. Ekyokulabirako ekirala ye okisigyeni, ne namba ya atomu eya 8, eyinza okuba n’e nampawengwa 8, 9, oba 10. Ezo ze vampawengwa za okisigyeni ez’engyawulo.
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